discarding the old notion that there were but two political ideals
clashing together in America in 1861. There were three. The Virginians
with their devotion to the idea of a league of nations in this country
were scarcely further away from Lincoln and his conception of a Federal
unit than they were from those Southerners who from one cause or another
were possessed with the desire to create a separate Southern nation.
The Virginia program was as deadly to one as to the other of these two
forces which with the upper South made up the triangle of the day. The
real event of March, 1861, was the perception both by Washington and
Montgomery that the Virginia program spelled ruin for its own. By the
middle of April it would be difficult to say which had the better reason
to desire the defeat of that program, Washington or Montgomery.
24. Lincoln, VI, 240, 301, 302; N. R., first series, IV, 109, 235, 239;
Welles, I, 16, 22-23, 25; Bancroft, II, 127, 129-130,138,139, 144; N.
and H., III, Chap. XI, IV, Chap. I. Enemies of Lincoln have accused him
of bad faith with regard to the relief of Fort Pickens. The facts appear
to be as follows: In January, 1861, when Fort Pickens was in danger of
being seized by the forces of the State of Florida, Buchanan ordered a
naval expedition to proceed to its relief. Shortly afterward--January
2--Senator Mallory on behalf of Florida persuaded him to order the
relief expedition not to land any troops so long as the Florida forces
refrained from attacking the fort. This understanding between Buchanan
and Mallory is some-times called "the Pickens truce," sometimes "the
Pickens Armistice." N. and H., III, Chap. XI; N. R., first series, 1,
74; Scott, II, 624-625. The new Administration had no definite knowledge
of it. Lincoln, VI, 302. Lincoln despatched a messenger to the relief
expedition, which was still hovering off the Florida coast, and ordered
its troops to be landed. The commander replied that he felt bound by the
previous orders which had been issued in the name of the Secretary of
the Navy while the new orders issued from the Department of War; he
added that relieving Pickens would produce war and wished to be sure
that such was the President's intention; he also informed Lincoln's
messenger of the terms of Buchanan's agreement with Mallory. The
messenger returned to Washington for ampler instructions. N. and H., IV,
Chap. I; N. R., first series, I, 109-110, 110-111.
Two days before his arrival at Washington alarming news from Charleston
brought Lincoln very nearly, if not quite, to the point of issuing
sailing orders to the Sumter expedition. Lincoln, VI, 240. A day later,
Welles issued such orders. N. IL, first series, I, 235; Bancroft, II,
138-139. On April sixth, the Pickens messenger returned to Washington.
N. and H., IV, 7. Lincoln was now in full possession of all the facts.
In his own words, "To now reinforce Fort Pickens before a crisis would
be reached at Fort Sumter was impossible, rendered so by the exhaustion
of provisions at the latter named fort. . . . The strongest anticipated
case for using it (the Sumter expedition) was now presented, and it
was resolved to send it forward." Lincoln, VI, 302. He also issued
peremptory orders for the Pickens expedition to land its force, which
was done April twelfth. N. R., first series, I, 110-111, 115. How he
reasoned upon the question of a moral obligation devolving, or not
devolving, upon himself as a consequence of the Buchanan-Mallory
agreement, he did not make public. The fact of the agreement was
published in the first message. But when Congress demanded information
on the subject, Lincoln transmitted to it a report from Welles declining
to submit the information on account of the state of the country. 10.
IL, 440-441.
25. Lincoln, VI, 241.
XVI. ON TO RICHMOND.
1. May MS, I, 23.
2. N. and H., IV, 152.
3. Hay MS, I, 45.
4. Hay MS, I, 46.
5. Hay MS, I, 5~56.
6. Sherman, I, 199.
7. Nicolay, 213.
8. N. and H., IV, 322-323, 360.
9. Bigelow, I, 360.
10. Nicolay, 229.
11. Lincoln, VI, 331-333.
12. Own Story, 55, 82.
XVII. DEFINING THE ISSUE.
1. Lincoln, VI, 297-325.
2. Lincoln, X, 199.
3. Lincoln, X, 202-203.
4. Lincoln, VI, 321.
5. Lincoln, VII, 56-57.
6. Bancroft, II, 121; Southern Historical Papers, I, 446.
7. Lincoln, VI, 304.
8. Hay MS, I, 65.
9. Lincoln, VI, 315.
10. 39 Globe, I, 222; N. and H., IV, 379.
XVIII. THE JACOBIN CLUB.
1. White, 171.
2. Riddle, 40-52.
3. Harris, 62.
4. Public Man, 139.
5. 37 Globe, III, 1334.
6. Chandler, 253.
7. White, 171.
8. Conway, II, 336.
9. Conway, II, 329.
10. Rhodes, III, 350.
11. Lincoln, VI, 351.
12. Hay MS, I, 93.
13. Hay MS, 1, 93.
14. Bigelow, I, 400.
15. Chandler, 256.
XIX. THE JACOBINS BECOME INQUISITORS.
1. Lincoln, VII, 28-60.
2. Nicolay, 321.
3. C. W. I 3 66
4. Julian, 201.
5. Chandler, 228.
6. 37 Globe, II, 189-191; Lincoln, VII, 151-152; O. R., 341-346; 114
0. R., 786, 797; C. W., I, 5, 74, 79; Battles and Leaders, II, 132-134;
Blaine, I, 383-384, 392-393; Pearson, 1, 312-313; Chandler, 222; Porter.
7. Swinton, 79-85, quoting General McDowell's memoranda of their
proceedings.
8 37 Globe, II, 15.
9 Riddle, 296; Wade, 316; Chandler, 187.
10. C. W., 1, 74.
11. 37 Globe, II, 1667.
12. 37 Globe, II, 1662-1668, 1732-1742.
13. Lincoln, VII, 151-152.
XX. IS CONGRESS THE PRESIDENT'S MASTER.
1. 37 Globe, II, 67.
2. Rhodes, III, 350.
3. 37 Globe, II, 3328.
4. 37 Globe, II, 2764.
5. 37 Globe, II, 2734.
6. 37 Globe II, 2972-2973.
7. 37 Globe, II, 440.
8. 37 Globe, II, 1136-1139.
9. Quoting 7 Howard, 43-46.
XXI. THE STRUGGLE TO CONTROL THE ARMY.
1. N. and H., IV, 444.
2. Own Story, 84.
3. Own Story, 85.
4. Gurowski, 123.
5. Hay MS, 1, 99; Thayer, 1,125.
6. N. and H., IV, 469.
7. Hay MS, I, 93.
8. 5 0. R., 41.
9. Swinton, 79-84; C. W., 1, 270.
10. C. W., I, 270, 360, 387; Hay MS, II, 101.
11. Gorham, I, 347-348; Kelly, 34.
12. Chandler, 228; Julian, 205.
13. Hay MS, I, 101; 5 0. R., 1~
14. 5 0. R., 50.
15. 5 0. R., 54-55; Julian, 205.
16. Hay MS, I, 103.
17. Hitchcock, 439.
18. Hitchcock, 440. The italics are his.
19. 5 0. R., 58.
20. 5 0. R., 59.
21. 5 0. R, 63.
22. Own Story, 226; 5 0. R., 18.
23. C. W., I, 251-252.
24. C. W., 1, 251-253, 317-318.
25. 15 0. R., 220; Hitchcock, 439, note.
26. 14 0. R., 66.
27. 12 0. R., 61.
28. 17 0. R., 219.
29. Rhodes, IV, 19.
30. Nicolay, 306; McClure, 168.
31. 17 0. R., 435.
32. Julian, 218.
33. N. and H., V, 453.
34. Lincoln, VII, 266-267.
35. 37 Globe, II, 3386-3392.
XXII. LINCOLN EMERGES.
1. Alexander, III, 15-17.
2. 37 Globe, II, 1493.
3. Julian, 215; Conway, I, 344.
4. 37 Globe II, 2363.
5. Lincoln, VII, 171-172.
6. 37 Globe, II, 1138.
7. Lincoln, VII, 172-173.
8. Pierce, IV, 78; 37 Globe, II, 25%.
9. Schurz, I, 187.
10. London Times, May 9, 1862, quoted in American papers.
11. 128 0. R., 2-3.
12. Lincoln, VII, 270-274.
13. Carpenter, 2021.
14. Galaxy, XIV, 842-843.
15. Lincoln, VII, 270-277; 37 Globe, II, 3322-3324, 3333.
16. Julian, 220; 37 Globe, II, 3286-3287.
17. Lincoln, VII, 280-286.
XXIII. THE MYSTICAL STATESMAN.
1. Carpenter, 189.
2. Recollections, 161.
3. Recollections, 161-164; Carpenter, 119.
4. Carpenter, 116.
5. Carpenter, 90.
6. Chapman, 449-450.
7. Carpenter, 187.
8. Lincoln, VIII, 52-53.
9. Lincoln, VIII, 50-51.
XXIV. GAMBLING IN GENERALS.
1. Reminiscences, 434.
2. Recollections, 261.
3. Galaxy, 842.
4. Galaxy, 845.
5 Carpenter, 22.
6. O. R., 80-81.
7. C. W., I, 282.
8. Lincoln, VIII, 15.
9. Julian, 221.
10. Thayer, 1, 127.
11. Welles, 1,104; Nicolay, 313.
12. Thayer, 1,129.
13. Thayer, 1, 161.
14. Reminiscences, 334-335, 528; Tarbell, II, 118-120; Lincoln, VIII,
28-33.
15. Chase, 87-88.
16. Lincoln, VII, 40.
XXV. A WAR BEHIND THE SCENES.
1. Bigelow, I, 572.
2. 37 Globe, III, 6.
3. 37 Globe, III, 76.
4. Lincoln, VII, 57-60.
5. Lincoln, VII, 73.
6. Swinton, 231.
7. C. W., 1, 650.
8. Bancroft, II, 365; Welles, 1, ~198.
9. N. and H., VI, 265.
10. Welles, I, 205; Alexander, III, 185.
11. Welles, 1, 196-198.
12. Welles, 1, 201-202.
13. Welles, I, 200.
14. Lincoln, VII, 195-197.
XXVI. THE DICTATOR, THE MARPLOT, AND THE LITTLE MEN.
1. Harris, 64.
2. Gurowski, 312.
3. Sherman Letters, 167.
4. Julian, 223.
5. Recollections, 215; Barnes, 428; Reminiscences, XXXI, XXXI I, XXXVI
II. Nicolay and Hay allude to this story, but apparently doubt its
authenticity. They think that Weed "as is customary with elderly men
exaggerated the definiteness of the proposition."
6. Jullan, 225.
7. Lincoln, VIII, 154.
8. Raymond, 704.
9. Recollections, 193-194.
10. Lincoln, VII I, 206207.
11. 37 Globe, III, 1068.
12. Riddle, 278.
13. Welles, I, 336.
14. Lincoln, VIII, 235-237.
15. Welles, I, 293.
16. Lincoln, VIII, 527.
17. Lincoln, IX, 3A.
18. Lincoln, VIII, 307-308.
19. Barnes, 428; Reminiscences, XXX, XXXIII-XXXVIII.
This story is told on the authority of Weed with much circumstantial
detail including the full text of a letter written by McClellan. The
letter was produced because McClellan had said that no negotiations took
place. Though the letter plainly alludes to negotiations of some sort,
it does not mention the specific offer attributed to Lincoln. Nicolay
and Hay are silent on the subject. See also note five, above.
20. Tribune, July 7, 1863.
21. Tribune, July 6, 1863.
22. Lincoln, IX, 17.
23. Lincoln, IX, 20-21.
XXVII. THE TRIBUNE OF THE PEOPLE.
1. Rhodes, III, 461; Motley's Letters, II, 146.
2. Reminiscences, 470.
3. Hay, Century.?
4. Carpenter, 281-282.
5. Van Santvoord.
6. Hay, Century, 35.
7. Carpenter, 150.
8. Recollections, 97.
9. Recollections, 80.
10. Carpenter, 65.
11. Carpenter, 65-67.
12. Carpenter, 64.
13. Recollections, 267.
14. Carpenter, 64.
15. Recollections, 83-84.
16. Carpenter, 152.
17. Carpenter, 219.
18. Recollections, 103-105.
19. Lincoln, X, 274-275.
20. Recollections, 103.
21. Recollections, 95-96.
22. Hay, Century.
23. Rankin, 177-179.
24. Hay, Century, 35.
25. Carpenter.
26. Thayer, I, 198-190.
27. Thayer, I, 196-197.
28. Thayer, I, 199-200.
29. Carpenter, 104.
30. Lincoln, VIII, 112-115.
31. Lincoln, IX, 210.
XXVIII. APPARENT ASCENDENCY.
1. Lincoln, IX, 284.
2. Lincoln, IX, 219-221.
3. Lincoln, X, 38-39.
4. 38 Globe, I, 1408.
5. Bancroft, II, 429-430; Moore, VI, 497-498
6. Grant, II, 123.
7. Lincoln, X, 90-91.
XXIX. CATASTROPHE.
1. Nicolay, 440.
2. Carpenter, 130; Hay MS.
3. Nicolay, 440.
4. Lincoln, X, 25-26.
5. 37 Globe, II, 2674.
6. Nicolay, 352.
7. Lincoln, X, 49.
8. Lincoln, X, 5~54.
9. Rankin, 381-387; Hay, Century.
10. Carpenter, 217.
11. Carpenter, 81.
12. Carpenter, 218.
13. Hay, Century, 37.
14. Lincoln, X, 89.
15. Carpenter, 131.
16. Lincoln, X, 122-123.
17. Carpenter. 168-169.
18. Carpenter, 30-31.
19. Lincoln, X, 129.
XXX. THE PRESIDENT VERSUS THE VINDICTIVES.
1. Lincoln, X, 139-140.
2. Chittenden, 379.
3. Lincoln, X, 140-141.
4. Carpenter, 181-183.S. N. and H., X, 95-100.
5. Hay MS, I, 1617; N. and H., IX, 120121.
XXXI. A MENACING PAUSE.
1. Reminiscences, 398.
2. Globe, I, 3148.
3. Riddle, 254.
4. Greeley, II, 664-666.
5. N. and H., 186190.
6. Gilmore, 240.
7. Gilmore, Atlantic. & Gilmore, 243-244.
9. Hay MS, I, 7677; N. and H., 167-173; Carpenter, 301-302.
10. N. and H., IX, 338-339.
11. Carpenter, 223-225.
12. Carpenter, 282; also, N. and H., IX, 364.
13. N. and H., IX, 188.
14. N. and H., IX, 192.
15. N. and H., IX, 195.
16. N. and H IX, 212, note.
17. Lincoln, X, 164-166.
XXXII. THE AUGUST CONSPIRACY.
1. Julian, 247.
2. Times, August 1, 1864.
3. Herald, August 6, 1864.
4. Sun, June 30, 1889.
5. N. and H., IX, 250.
6. N. and H., IX, 218.
7. Times, August 18, 1864. & N. and H., IX, 197.
9. Herald, August 18, 1864.
10. Lincoln, X, 308.
11. N. and H., IX, 250.
12. Lincoln, X, 203-204.
13. N. and H., IX, 221.
14. Ibid.
15. Herald, August 26, 1864.
16. Tribune, August 27, 1864.
17. Times, August 26, 1864.
XXXIII. THE RALLY TO THE PRESIDENT.
1. Herald, August 24, 1864.
2. Times, August 26, 1864~
3. Pierce, IV, 197-198.
4. Pearson, 11,150-151.
5. Herald, August 23, 1864.
6. Pearson, II, 168.
7. Ibid. The terms offered Davis were not stated in the Atlantic
article. See Gilmore, 289-290.
8. Tribune, August 27', 1864.
9. Sun, June 30, 1889.
10. Sun, June 30, 1889; Pearson, II, 160-161.
11. Pearson,, II, 164.
12. Pearson, II, 166.
13. Sun, June 30, 1889.
14. Tribune, August 30, 1864.
15. Pearson, II, 162.
16. Tribune, September 3, 1864.
17. Pearson, 11,165.
18. Sun, June 30, 1889.
19. Pearson, II, 167; Tribune, September 7, 1864.
20. Tribune, September 6, 1864.
21. Sun, June 30, 1889.
22. Tribune, September 9, 1864.
23. Tribune, September 7, 1864.
24. Tribune, September 12, 1864.
25. Tribune, September 22, 1864.
XXXIV. "FATHER ABRAHAM."
1. N. and H., IX, 339.
2. Ibid.
3. Arnold, 390.
4. Chandler, 274-276.
5. The familiar version of the retirement of affair is contained in
the Life of Chandler issued by the Detroit Post and Tribune without
an author's name. This book throughout is an apology for Chandler. In
substance its story of this episode is as follows: Chandler beheld with
aching heart the estrangement between Lincoln and Wade; he set to work
to bring them together; at a conference which he had with Wade, in Ohio,
a working understanding was effected; Chandler hurried to Washington;
with infinite pains he accomplished a party deal, the three elements of
which were Lincoln's removal of Blair, Fremont's resignation, and Wade's
appearance in the Administration ranks. Whatever may be said of the
physical facts of this narrative, its mental facts, its tone and
atmosphere, are historical fiction. And I have to protest that the
significance of the episode has been greatly exaggerated. The series
of dates given in the text can not be reconciled with any theory
which makes the turn of the tide toward Lincoln at all dependent on a
Blair-Fremont deal. Speaking of the tradition that Chandler called
upon Lincoln and made a definite agreement with him looking toward the
removal of Blair, Colonel W. O. Stoddard writes me that his "opinion, or
half memory, would be that the tradition is a myth." See also, Welles,
II, 156-158.
6. Lincoln, X, 228-229.
7. Times, September 24, 1864.
8. Times, September 28, 1864.
9. N. and H., IX, 364.
10. Thayer, II, 214; Hay MS.
11. N. and H., IX, 377.
12. Thayer, II, 216; Hay MS, III, 29.
13. Lincoln, X, 261.
14. N. and H., IX, 378-379.
XXXV. THE MASTER OF THE MOMENT.
1. Lincoln, X, 283.
2. N. and H., IX, 392-394.
3. N. and H., IX, 210-211.
4. One of the traditions that has grown up around Lincoln makes the
passage of the Thirteenth Amendment a matter of threats. Two votes were
needed. It was discovered according to this simpleminded bit of art that
two members of the opposition had been guilty of illegal practices, the
precise nature of which is conveniently left vague. Lincoln, even in
some highly reputable biographies, sent for these secret criminals,
told them that the power of the President of the United States was
very great, and that he expected them to vote for the amendment. The
authority for the story appears to be a member of Congress, John B.
Aley. Reminiscences, 585-586; Lord Charnwood, Abraham Lincoln, 335-336.
To a great many minds it has always seemed out of key. Fortunately,
there is a rival version. Shrewd, careful Riddle has a vastly different
tale in which Lincoln does not figure at all, in which three necessary
votes were bought for the amendment by Ashley. Riddle is so careful to
make plain just what he can vouch for and just what he has at second
hand that his mere mode of narration creates confidence. Riddle,
324-325. Parts of his version are to be found in various places.
5. Nicolay, Cambridge, 601.
6. Lincoln, X, 38-39, and note; XI, 89.
7. 38 Globe, II, 903.
8. 38 Globe, II, 1127.
9. 38 Globe, 11,1129; Pierce, IV, 221-227.
10. Recollections, 249.
11. Nicolay, 503-504; Lincoln, XI, 43.
12. Lincoln, XI, 4446.
XXXVI. PREPARING A DIFFERENT WAR.
1. Grant, II, 459.
2. Tarbell, II, 229.
3. N. and H., IX, 457.
4. Pierce, IV, 236.
5. Lincoln, XI, 84-91.
XXXVII. FATE INTERPOSES.
1. Tarbell, II, 231-232.
2. Pierce, IV, 235.
3. Tarbell, II, 232.
4. Recollections, 116.
5. Nicolay, 531.
6. N. and H., X, 283-284.
7. Julian, 255.
8. Recollections, 249.
9. Recollections, 119.
10. Nicolay, 532.
11. Recollections, 119-120; Carpenter, 293; Nicolay, 532; Tarbell, II,
235.
12. Nicolay, 539.
13. Thayer, II, 219; Hay MS,
14. Riddle, 332.
15. Nicolay, 530.