END AND LESSONS OF THE CRUISE TO THE PACIFIC
With the arrival of the battleship fleet at San Francisco on May 6,
1908, the longest cruise ever made by a fleet of battleships of any navy
came to an end. About one month was consumed by brief stays in various
California anchorages on the way from Magdalena Bay to San Francisco. On
the long cruise the fleet was reviewed by the Presidents of four
republics--President Roosevelt, at Hampton Roads; President Penna, at
Rio Janeiro; President Montt, at Valparaiso, and President Pardo, at
Callao. According to the log of the Louisiana, on which the Sun's
correspondent sailed, the fleet cruised 13,738.7 knots, or in round
numbers 13,750 sea miles. Estimates of the exact distance vary on the
sixteen battleships, according to the calculation of individual
navigators. Some days' runs were estimated by dead reckoning, and there
was no way of determining to a knot the distance that the ships
travelled.
The elapsed time from leaving Hampton Roads on December 16 to dropping
anchors in San Francisco harbor on May 6, was 141 days 7 hours. The
actual time of cruising for the 13,750 knots voyage was 61 days 19
hours. Practically 80 days (79 days 12 hours, to be exact) were consumed
in various ports. Of this time a period of 30 days was occupied largely
in practice at Magdalena Bay. In Trinidad there was a stay of 6 days;
in Rio, 10; Punta Arenas, 7; Callao, 9; or sixty-two days in round
numbers. The rate of steaming was practically 10 knots. Occasionally 11
and even 12 knots was tried; several times speed was reduced to 8 knots
and once or twice to 6 for experimental purposes or because of some
mishap to a ship. Such accidents were few and at most only delayed the
fleet an hour or two.
Allowing reasonable time to coal in foreign ports and eliminating the
time for target practice at Magdalena Bay and the various stops along
the California coast, the trip could have been made easily at 10 knots
steaming in less than eighty days. One day could have been saved at
Trinidad, 5 at Rio, 2 at Punta Arenas and 4 at Callao. These with 30
days at Magdalena Bay and 21 spent in California stopping places make 63
days which could have been cut off the elapsed time if the movement had
been purely military.
These data are valuable as showing what an American battleship fleet can
do if called upon in the way of steaming long distances. All the
strictly unnecessary time spent in foreign and home ports, with the
exception of Magdalena Bay, was occupied with social duties and
pleasures. The Government now knows it would take seventy-eight days
without undue speeding to send a fleet of battleships from Hampton Roads
to San Francisco, providing all coaling arrangements are made in
advance.
The longest run of the cruise was from Trinidad to Rio, a distance of
3,225 miles as the fleet sailed it, occupying thirteen days twenty
hours. There was a strong head wind, a southeast trade wind. This and
the persistent Amazon current caused the fleet to sail far out to the
eastward along the northern coast of South America. The next longest run
was from Callao to Magdalena Bay, 3,025 miles, occupying twelve days
twenty-two hours. The trip from Punta Arenas to Callao, although only
2,693 miles long, occupied twelve days ten hours, largely because the
fleet was slowed down on the way for nearly forty-eight hours to obtain
data as to slow cruising, and also because of a fog. Slow speed was
maintained for some time, in order not to enter Valparaiso harbor in
advance of schedule time.
This trip from Atlantic to Pacific was supposed by people generally to
be one of hazard and great daring. From the cruising standpoint it was
almost a picnic. There was no bad weather to speak of. Off the River
Plata there was half a storm one morning and the ships were shaken up a
little as they emerged into the Pacific from the Magellan Strait, always
a bad place. Not once, however, were table racks used on the ships and
the heaviest roll the Louisiana experienced was less than twelve
degrees. Other ships would probably tell a similar story.
There may have been some element of danger in passing through the
Magellan Strait, but otherwise the cruise was a summer jaunt over smooth
seas and for the greater part of the time under blue skies. There were
four days of intermittent fog after entering the Pacific and there were
one morning and two hours one afternoon of fog on the Atlantic a day or
two before the Strait of Magellan was reached. The passage through the
strait, the last thirty miles of which was sailed through quite a thick
fog, was accomplished, according to commanding officers generally, with
greater ease and less real danger than entering New York harbor and
sailing up the Hudson River to the usual anchorage there.
The trip was one of surprises. The coolness of the people of Trinidad
was as great a surprise as was the exuberant welcome of Brazil and other
foreign countries. Rio's welcome was the most demonstrative, Callao's
probably the most heartfelt, that of Punta Arenas the most unexpected.
There were two highly spectacular events on the cruise--the welcome at
sea on the morning of January 29 by a squadron of the Argentine navy off
the mouth of the River Plate and the entrance to and exit from
Valparaiso harbor on the afternoon of February 14. The American and
Argentine fleets exchanged national salutes on the high seas. Many naval
officers believe this was the first time such an act of courtesy ever
took place.
No naval officer ever remembered such a ceremonious call as was made at
Valparaiso. With the Chilean ensign at the fore the ships made a great
curve in the shape of a crescent in the harbor. On entering the port the
ships fired a national salute of twenty-one guns in unison. On leaving
the harbor each ship fired twenty-one guns as a personal salute to
Chile's President, who had come out to review the parade. The day was
glorious, the hills were crowded with people, the shipping in the harbor
was all dressed. Every naval officer agreed that it was the most
spectacular naval parade he ever saw. All were glad that this happened
in a port of Chile, a country which not long ago was not over-friendly
to us. The messages exchanged between Admiral Evans and the President
and other officials of Chile were extremely cordial, and there can be no
doubt that the visit to Valparaiso was highly beneficial in fully
restoring good feeling between the countries.
All naval officers are of opinion that professionally the cruise was of
great benefit both to the men and the ships. It was absolutely true, as
Admiral Evans telegraphed the Navy Department from Magdalena Bay, that
the vessels were in better condition when they arrived there than when
they left Hampton Roads. They had been shaken down, as the expression
goes. They had become a coherent force. A large quantity of work had
been done on each of them such as is usually done in navy yards. The
longer the cruise continued the more the truth of the naval saying that
"the place for ships to be is at sea, not in navy yards" seemed
confirmed.
A large part of the routine work on the ships was taken up with drills
preliminary to target practice. The purpose of a warship is to shoot; it
is a truism to say it. Hence the large amount of time given to learning
how to shoot accurately and quickly was precisely what was needed on the
fleet. The value of all this work will become known when the Navy
Department decides to make public such of the records as may be deemed
desirable regarding the work at Magdalena Bay. One may not speak freely
of that work, but it is not beyond the limits of propriety to say that
the American people will not be ashamed of the men behind the guns when
even partial results are made known.
The voyage revealed the cruising qualities of the ships and many lessons
were learned from incidental mishaps--as many lessons were learned at
Magdalena Bay from similar causes as to the way to improve target
shooting.
On the Atlantic coast there were frequent minor breakdowns, boilers,
condensers, steering engines and the like needing repairs. All these
incidents showed not only how and where mishaps were likely to occur,
but showed that it was possible to make repairs in such cases at sea.
Although several ships dropped out of the column at various times only
once was the fleet slowed down, and then only for a few hours while
repairs were going on. The ships might fly "breakdown" pennants but they
kept up right along. On the Pacific coast there were very few mishaps,
and these chiefly relating to steering gear. One of the ships had a
cylinder accident coming up to Santa Barbara roadstead, but the ship
kept right along in the column.
There is little doubt that if pleasure stops had not been made it would
have been comparatively easy to take the fleet right on around the world
without docking or sending them to a navy yard for repairs. Many
officers in the fleet regret that such a course was not adopted, once it
was decided to have the fleet encircle the globe, so as to make a record
such as the naval world has scarcely dreamed of.
The trip has also been valuable in determining not only the cruising
capability of the ships but also the best cruising speed. Although it
was proved that the ships could go faster than ten knots it was found
that from ten to eleven knots was the most trustworthy speed to be
maintained. You could depend upon ships at that speed. Valuable data as
to coal consumption and wear and tear on machinery have also been
secured. From the engineering standpoint Uncle Sam has learned now
exactly what his ships can do in sustained steaming under favorable
conditions of weather.
By way of contrast between the fine cruising record of the battleship
fleet and that of the Russian fleet on its way to Japan, one should read
the diary of one of the Russian naval officers who sailed under
Rojestvensky, which was published about a year ago. It had this to say
about the Russian ships:
"There are continual mishaps to the various ships. One gets sand in her
valves. Although six miles off shore, she must have scraped a shoal.
Another gets hot bearings and the whole fleet is stopped. Another breaks
her condensers, another smashes her propeller blade, another breaks her
piston rod. With most of them the steering gear is continually getting
out of order. Naval constructors are in demand night and day."
Nothing of that kind happened with the American ships. They were sent
out to cruise and they did cruise, accidents in no way interfering with
their steady progress.
The effect on the men was most beneficial. They got the sea habit, so to
speak. They were in splendid health. You could almost see youngsters
growing robust from day to day. Discipline improved all the time. The
men, like the ships, were shaken down into a cohesive force, with
wholesome, fresh, American youngsters, hundreds of them right off the
farm, as the bone and sinew of the fighting force. They are a fine set
of men, and no fighting force in the world can compare with them in what
is called morale. In every port their conduct elicited enthusiastic
commendation from the authorities high and low. They honored their
uniform. Contrast this also with the conduct of the Russian crews, as
the Russian naval officer already quoted records in his diary:
"A transport, the Malay, is largely loaded with lunatics. She is about
to return to Russia with lunatics, drunkards, invalids and men deported
for crimes. The crews are all hard cases, beachcombers and the like,
picked up in the Madagascar ports. All the officers carry loaded
revolvers; mutiny breaks out among the lunatics and other prisoners; the
officers suppress it with slaughter."
It's many a year since an American naval officer carried a loaded
revolver because of fear of his men. The scum of the country is not
found in the American navy these days. No brighter, more hard working,
loyal men in the world are to be found than those behind the guns on the
Atlantic fleet, and when the ships left Magdalena Bay no crews on any
warships in the world were in more efficient fighting shape.
Although much has been said about the need of a hospital ship to
accompany the fleet, and the Relief did join the ships at Magdalena Bay,
the truth of the matter is that each of the ships cared for its sick
adequately on the way around. Surgeon-General Rixey lamented publicly
that when the fleet left Hampton Roads it had no hospital ship with it.
While there can be no doubt that some cases could receive better
attention on a hospital ship than on a battleship, especially in the way
of better quarters and possibly better diet, it is also true that none
of the sick on the fleet suffered seriously from the lack of a hospital
ship, unless it was in tubercular cases. Such could have been put on
shore for better air and sustained treatment in various places had it
been necessary. The sick on each ship were not more than from twenty to
twenty-five cases on an average and a large part of these were trivial,
slight accidents of colds and the like.
There were the usual number of deaths. No one can say that any of these
lives would have been spared had there been a hospital ship with the
fleet. Some of these cases developed on a single run, when it would have
been impossible to transfer them to the hospital ship. This comment is
not meant in any way as taking sides in the hospital ship controversy.
It is meant to declare that it is quite feasible for a great fleet while
cruising to take care of its sick successively, even if no hospital ship
be at hand.
One great drawback to the full enjoyment and probably to the full
development of the benefits of the cruise was the condition of Admiral
Evans' health. Soon after leaving Trinidad, his old enemy, rheumatism,
took hold of him and laid him low for the rest of the voyage.
Complications in the nature of stomach troubles followed. The Admiral
suffered intensely from pain. At times he was in a most serious
condition, as the country now knows. The correspondents with the fleet
did not feel it necessary to reveal the grave condition of the Admiral's
health, largely because of the misunderstandings that might arise, to
say nothing of possible complications. For the most part they kept
silent, recording, however, at every opportunity any favorable change in
his condition.
Nevertheless, although Admiral Evans was a gravely sick man, the truth
is that he was always in command of his fleet up to the time when he
left it at Magdalena Bay. He might have done more work with it in the
way of manoeuvring had he been well. His work may have been negative
rather than positive, but he was in command all the time. He directed
all important movements. He was informed of every situation. He gave
every important order himself. He also kept up with the routine and
many painful hours did he spend signing documents and going over routine
work.
The details of an Admiral's task are burdensome even to a well man. Yet
Admiral Evans insisted on keeping up with most of the work even when
every stroke of the pen caused him severe pain. Never did he have more
loyal subordinates.
Particularly was this true of Rear Admiral C. M. Thomas. Had the latter
made unfavorable representations to the Navy Department of the condition
of Admiral Evans he possibly might have secured the command of the fleet
for himself. Not for one moment would he have listened to such a
suggestion, and no one dared to make it to him. Robley D. Evans never
had more loyal friend or more faithful subordinate officer than Charles
M. Thomas. He deserves lasting honor from the country for his record on
this cruise, to say nothing of the enviable record throughout his long
service to his flag.
California's welcome to the fleet was characteristic of the ardent
temperament of that commonwealth. It received the men and the ships with
an acclaim such as might have been bestowed justly had they returned to
an American port victorious on the high seas over an enemy. The people
seemed to go mad in their enthusiasm. The demonstrations began when
Admiral Evans left Magdalena Bay in the latter part of March by the
advice of his physicians, to go to Paso Robles, Cal., for a stay on
land. His flagship took him to San Diego and his presence in California
seemed to stimulate the people into a sort of frenzied patriotism.
The fleet stopped at five California anchorages on the way from
Magdalena to San Francisco, the real terminus of the cruise as ordered
originally by President Roosevelt. There was a stay of four days at San
Diego, of seven days in the four anchorages adjacent to Los Angeles, the
fleet being split up into four divisions; of five days in Santa Barbara
and of four days in Monterey and Santa Cruz. At each port the welcome
was overwhelming. Streets and buildings were decorated, flowers were
scattered on the streets before the marching sailors and thrown in
profusion into vehicles in which the officers rode. Los Angeles
particularly devoted its attention to entertaining the bluejackets.
Santa Barbara gave one of its wonderful flower shows. It was the most
novel and beautiful entertainment of the cruise. The other cities
entertained with dinners, balls and receptions. The keynote of the
functions was one of great rejoicing on the part of California, not only
because the United States had a great fleet of battleships, but because
California was enabled to see them all at one time.
The arrival of the fleet at San Francisco on May 6 was characterized by
such a demonstration of enthusiasm and an outpouring of the people as
the country never saw before. Tens of thousands came hundreds of miles
to see the entrance through the Golden Gate. Admiral Evans, who had
returned to the command of his flagship the day before at Monterey, led
the fleet into the harbor. The hills were black with spectators. The
harbor was crowded with beautifully decorated shipping carrying
thousands on the water to see the show. The Pacific fleet of eight
armored cruisers and auxiliaries lay inside the bay. With the Battle
Fleet was the torpedo flotilla that made the trip around South America
at the same time that the Battle Fleet went around.
The Atlantic and Pacific fleets joined in one and then Admiral Evans
made a circle, nearly two miles in diameter, leading no less than
forty-two men of war of the United States, the largest number of
American warships ever assembled together since the civil war, and the
most powerful fleet ever seen in the Western hemisphere, a fleet greater
in size and power than any nation had ever gathered together before with
the exception of Great Britain.
Following the arrival of the fleet there was a great land parade in San
Francisco, the next day, in which 6,000 bluejackets joined with the
regular army troops and state national guard and other organizations. It
was the largest parade of the kind since the great Dewey parade in New
York ten years before. Admiral Evans rode in the line. It was his last
public appearance as a Commander-in-Chief. The people cheered the
bluejackets wildly, but they went mad over Admiral Evans. They made a
hero out of him because of his persistent and plucky struggle with pain
and disease. Although thousands of men marched in the parade there
really was only one man in it--Fighting Bob Evans. All the others were a
mere escort. His naval sun went down that day in a veritable blaze of
glory.
The next day Secretary Metcalf of the Navy Department reviewed the
combined fleets, passing through the lines on the gunboat Yorktown and
receiving a salute of seventeen guns from each ship as "the personal
representative of the President." The next day Admiral Evans gave up
command formally to Admiral Thomas at a hotel, where that evening
Admiral Evans was taken in a wheeled chair to the dining room where a
banquet in honor of Secretary Metcalf and the officers of the fleet was
being held and where Admiral Evans, wan and feeble and scarcely able to
stand, electrified his audience by declaring impassionedly that what
this country needs "is more battleships and fewer statesmen." On the day
following Rear Admiral Thomas hoisted his flag as Commander-in-Chief, to
be relieved five days later by Rear Admiral Charles S. Sperry.
Under the latter's command the fleet went to Puget Sound to give the
people of that region an opportunity to see the ships, such as had been
given along the California coast. There were the usual rounds of
entertainment and then the fleet scattered to various places to make
repairs and to prepare to resume the voyage around the world by way of
Australia, the Orient and the Mediterranean.
The arrival of the fleet at San Francisco marked the real end of the
cruise. With that there was accomplished the specific purpose for which
it was ordered to the Pacific. What that purpose was may never be
revealed. All the naval officers concerned felt that the rest of the
trip to the home stations of the ships would be largely a pleasure
jaunt. All agreed that with the arrival at San Francisco the record of a
momentous cruise by a momentous fleet had been made up.
"It really deserves a corner by itself on the bookshelf," says
the _Boston Transcript_ of
THE CITY THAT WAS
A Requiem of Old San Francisco
by
WILL IRWIN
This tribute to the San Francisco that passed away with the
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A PRINCESS AND ANOTHER
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* * * * *
Transcriber's Notes:
Hyphenation, punctuation, and spelling standardized when a predominant
preference was found in this book; otherwise unchanged. Simple
typographical errors remedied; most retained.
Some illustrations have been moved from their original positions.
End of Project Gutenberg's With the Battle Fleet, by Franklin Matthews