THE STEREOSPONDYLOUS AMPHIBIA FROM THE COAL MEASURES OF NORTH AMERICA.
DEFINITION OF THE ORDER STEREOSPONDYLIA ZITTEL, 1887.
Zittel, Handbuch der Paleontologie, Bd. III, Abth. 1, p. 397, 1887.
Large terrestrial vertebrates; largest of the class. Skull equal to
one-fourth or one-third of the entire body in at least one species,
_Metoposaurus diagnosticus_ von Meyer (242). Lateral-line canals
always present (458) on the skulls as deeply impressed grooves which,
in life, were possibly roofed-over by a cartilaginous or other
connective-tissue membrane. The sensory organs undoubtedly being
supplied by the superficial ophthalmic branch of the trigeminal
nerve, branches of which pierced the cranial elements near the
grooves, no evidence of such openings in the bottoms of the grooves;
the condition probably being analogous to _Hydrolagus colei_ and
other chimæroids. Vertebræ stereospondylous, with well-developed
neural arches from which projected the well-developed zygapophyses,
sometimes slightly amphicœlous and pierced for the notochord, such
forms being uncertainly placed in the group. Tail unknown, possibly
short. Limbs and girdles well developed (243), phalangeal formula
unknown; carpus osseous and tarsus unknown. Pectoral girdle composed
of osseous scapulæ, clavicles, interclavicle, coracoid (?); clavicles
and interclavicle ventrally sculptured. Pelvic girdle composed of
osseous pubis, ischium, and ilium (242), the pubis a small plate, in
life largely cartilaginous, the three uniting by cartilaginous union
to form the acetabulum. Ventral armature unknown, possibly wanting.
Range: Pennsylvanian to Upper Triassic.
Distribution: North America, Europe, Asia, Africa, and Australia.
=Family MASTODONSAURIDÆ Huxley, 1863.=
Huxley, Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc., XIX, p. 65, 1863.
Lydekker, R., Cat. Fossil Reptilia Amphibia, pt. IV, p. 141, 1890.
Skull triangular, and more or less elongated, with the cranial bones
very strongly sculptured, the occipital condyles ossified (49), and
large palatal vacuities; dentine of teeth with very complex plications
(502); no bony rings (242) in sclerotic; and no ventral scutes.
Bodies of vertebræ (49) fully ossified in the adult. There are large
palato-vomerine tusks on the inner side of the maxillary teeth; and
the palatines run parallel to the maxilla. The mandible has a large
postarticular process; and there is a small inner series of mandibular
teeth. In the type genus the pubes are separate from the ischia, and
do not enter into the formation of the acetabulum; and the sacral ribs
form kidney-shaped disks (393).
Represented in North America by a single tooth from the Carboniferous of
Kansas. Described by Williston as Mastodonsaurus sp. (Kans. Univ. Quart.,
VI, pp. 209-210, pl. XXI). Represented in the Triassic of Wyoming by
Anaschisma browni, Branson (49).
=Mastodonsaurus sp. indet.=
Williston, Kans. Univ. Quart., VI, p. 209, 1897.
The specimen preserved comprises the entire crown of a single vomerine (?)
tooth, 38 mm. in length by 14 mm. in diameter at base (pl. 21, fig. 6).
The immediate tip had been partly worn away in life, but was acuminate.
It is composed of a dense blackish material, with the exterior smooth,
shining black. It has about 20 narrow flutings, nearly straight, running
from the base to the tip, separating shallow grooves. A transverse section
of the base shows a narrow pulp-cavity not more than 5 mm. in diameter
which extends in about the same proportional width to beyond the middle of
the tooth, and in all probability to near the apex. The cross-section of
the tooth throughout is nearly or quite circular.
A hemisection of the tooth was made near the middle, showing a structure
most remarkably like that of _Mastodonsaurus_; so nearly alike, in fact,
that there is no difference from the large figure given by Owen of a
section of _Mastodonsaurus_ (502).
The discovery of this tooth in the Kansas Coal Measures is of great
interest, proving, as it does, the presence of true labyrinthodonts from
a lower horizon than elsewhere recorded. The discovery of _Eobaphetes
kansensis_ Moodie in the Carboniferous of Washington County (473) would
seem to indicate another labyrinthodont. The tooth from Louisville was
possibly not the first evidence of labyrinthodonts in North America, since
the discovery by Marsh of _Eosaurus acadianus_ from the Coal Measures
of Nova Scotia, possibly a member of the Stereospondylia, antedates
this discovery 30 years. The specimen is preserved in the Museum at the
University of Kansas.
AMPHIBIAN FOOTPRINTS FROM THE COAL MEASURES.
Footprints may be said to be fairly common in the Coal Measures of North
America. Especial attention has been given to the classification of these
objects by G. F. Matthew (408-413), Dawson (208-210) and others. Hay (317,
pp. 538-553) has given a catalogue of all the species described from
the Coal Measures of North America, to which the reader is referred for
further information in regard to these interesting evidences of former
animal activities. The writer has not been interested in the taxonomy
of footprints, but has studied such as have come to his notice (465). A
description of the species _Dromopus agilis_ Marsh (fig. 43) is given
here, because there is a large slab in the University of Kansas Museum
which has not been figured. Since the chief interest in the present
contribution is morphology, footprints are thus scantily dealt with. Leidy
(374), Dawson (207), Moodie (465, pl. LXIV, fig. 1) and others have given
various brief descriptions of Coal Measures footprints, probably all of
which are evidences of Amphibia which are otherwise unknown.
=Dromopus agilis Marsh.=
Marsh, Jour. Sci. (3), XLVIII, p. 82, pl. ii, fig. 3; pl. iii, fig. 3,
1894.
Hay, Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv., No. 179, p. 543, 1902.
Type: Specimen in the Yale University Museum.
Horizon and locality: Osage limestone (Coal Measures), near Osage City,
Kansas.
In 1894 Professor Marsh described a collection of footprints which
he had secured from Professor B. F. Mudge, of Manhattan, Kansas, who
had collected them in Osage County, Kansas, in a rock quarry, having
purchased a large quantity of rock from the quarrymen for that purpose. A
preliminary note by Mudge (490) was published in the Transactions of the
Kansas Academy of Science and later copied in the American Journal of
Science. Professor Marsh's description (406) of the remains is as follows:
"The impressions are well preserved in a calcareous shale, which
separates readily into thin slabs, each representing a surface of
the beach at the time the footprints were made upon it. A few shells
in the shale are sufficient to prove that the formation is marine
(no shells are evident in the slab at the Museum of the University
of Kansas, but the slab is quite arenaceous). Trails of annelids, or
perhaps of other invertebrates, are seen on some of the surfaces.
The footprints of vertebrate animals, however, are of paramount
importance, and the large number and variety of these here recorded
on a single surface, if they could be rightly interpreted, would form
an interesting chapter of land vertebrate life in the Carboniferous,
about which so little is at present known."
[Illustration: Fig. 43.--Footprints of _Dromopus agilis_ Marsh, from the
Coal Measures of Osage County, Kansas. Original slab in University of
Kansas Museum. Greatly reduced.]
Professor Marsh's description of _Dromopus agilis_ is as follows:
"The third series of footprints is of special interest, and indicates
an animal very distinct from the two already described. The diagram
represents the impression of the phalanges sufficiently in detail to
indicate (406) their number and general form. A striking feature in
the fore and hind feet of this animal was the long, slender digits
terminated by sharp claws. Another point of interest, as recorded in
the footprints, is that the animal in walking swung the hind feet
outward, and so near the ground that the ends of the longer toes
sometimes made trails in the mud, marking accurately the sweep of the
foot. This would seem to indicate a comparatively short hind leg,
rather than the long, slender one which the footprints themselves
naturally suggest.
"The animal which made these interesting footprints was probably a
Lacertilian rather than an Amphibian, but there is also a possibility
that it was a primitive Dinosaur."
Further on Professor Marsh remarks (p. 84):
"So far as at present known, land vertebrate life began in the
Carboniferous age, no footprints of other remains of this kind having
been detected below the Subcarboniferous. That such remains will
eventually be found in the Devonian, there can be no reasonable doubt,
and perhaps even in the Silurian, if the land surfaces then existing
can be explored."
This last statement of Marsh's was, of course, partly demonstrated by
the discovery of footprints in the Devonian rocks of Pennsylvania, which
he described in 1896 as _Thinopus antiquus_. The footprints of _Dromopus
agilis_ Marsh which are preserved in obverse in the University of Kansas
Museum are of considerably greater length than those described by
Professor Marsh. The measurements of one of the larger impressions are
appended. There appear to be series of footprints of two different animals
preserved on the large slab (5 by 7 feet), but their nature is essentially
the same.
Measurements of Large Footprint.
mm.
Greatest length 200
Greatest width 90
Length of longest toe 120
Length of shortest toe 65
Width across heel 50
The slab is No. 5 of the University of Kansas Museum of Natural History,
collected in 1873 by Professor B. F. Mudge at Osage, Kansas, and presented
by him to the museum in 1875.
The following list of Carboniferous amphibian (?) footprints is compiled
from Hay's Catalogue of Fossil Vertebrates of North America. It is given
here for the sake of completeness. Three types of amphibian footprints
are described in the body of this work and they constitute the kind of
material which an ichnologist has for the basis of his conclusions. The
material is not very satisfactory for the morphologist, though much can be
determined as to the foot structure.
Genus and species. | Author. |Horizon.| Locality.
--------------------------------+----------+--------+------------------
_Allopus littoralis_ | Marsh | CM | Osage County, KS.
_Anomæpus ? culbertsonii_ | King | " | Pennsylvania.
---- _gallinuloides_ | King | " | "
_Anthracopus ellangowensis_ | Leidy | " | "
_Baropus lentus_ | Marsh | " | Osage County, KS.
_Batrachichnus plainvillensis_ | Woodworth| " | Massachusetts.
_Cheirotherium ? heterodactylum_| ..... | " | Pennsylvania.
---- _reiteri_ | Moore | " | "
_Collettosaurus indianænsis_ | Cox | " | Indiana.
_Crucipes parvus_ | Butts | " | Missouri.
_Dromopus agilis_ | Marsh | " | Osage County, KS.
_Hylopus caudifer_ | Dawson | " | Nova Scotia.
---- _hardingi_ | Dawson | " | "
---- _logani_ | Dawson | " | "
---- _minor_ | Dawson | " | "
---- _trifidus_ | Dawson | " | "
---- sp. indet | ..... | " | "
_Limnopus vagus_ | Marsh | " | Osage County, KS.
_Nanopus candatus_ | Marsh | " | "
_Notalacerta missouriensis_ | Butts | " | Missouri.
_Notamphibia magna_ | Butts | " | "
_Palæosauropus antiquior_ | Dawson | SC | Nova Scotia.
---- _primævus_ | Lea | CM | Pennsylvania.
---- _sydenensis_ | Dawson | " | Cape Breton Isl.
---- _unguifer_ | Dawson | Cmg | Nova Scotia.
_Thenaropus leplodactylus_ | King | CM | Pennsylvania.
---- _ovoidactylus_ | King | " | "
---- _pachydactylus_ | King | " | "
---- _sphærodactylus_ | King | " | "
--------------------------------+----------+--------+------------------
Horizon abbreviations
---------------------
CM = Coal Measures.
SC = Subcarboniferous.
Cmg = Carboniferous (millstone grit).
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE FOSSIL AMPHIBIA, WITH ESPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE
AMPHIBIA FROM THE COAL MEASURES OF NORTH AMERICA.
The following literature list, containing more than six hundred titles
(1824-1916), is believed to be fairly complete. It certainly includes all
of the important contributions to the subject of the fossil Amphibia. A
few brief bibliographies of fossil Amphibia have appeared from time to
time, in special memoirs on various faunas, such as: Broili (58), Schwarz
(541), Fraas (242), von Ammon (7), and Case (98). None of these have
attempted a complete survey of the field. The references given below have
all, or nearly all, been compiled from the original sources and every
effort has been made to have them complete and accurate.
1. Abel, O. 1912. Grundzüge der Paleobiologie der Wirbelthiere.
211-220, figs. 144-150.
2. Agassiz, L. 1862. Highly interesting discovery of new Sauroid
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3. Alberti, Fr. v. 1834. Beitrag zu einer Monographic des bunten
Sandsteins, Muschelkalks und Keuper.
4. ----. 1864. Ueberblick ueber die Trias. 235-241.
5. Albrecht, P. 1883. Note sur le Basioccipital des Batraciens
Anoures. Bull, de Musee Roy. d'Hist. Nat. de Belgique, II,
195-198, with figs, and a plate.
6. American Naturalist. 1878. A new fauna, XII, 327-328 (Ed.).
7. Ammon, Ludwig Von. 1889. Die permischen Amphibien der Rheinpfalz,
Munich. 1-117, pls. 1-5, with extensive bibliography.
8. Andrews, C. W. 1895. Note on a specimen of Keraterpeton galvani
Huxley, from Staffordshire. Geol. Mag., Dec., IV, II, 81-84, fig.
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Lebewelt. 333, Karte 10.
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Wirbelthieren. Naturw. Rundschau, XXIV, 353-355.
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13. ----. 1875. Description of a new species of Labyrinthodont
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Kilkenny. Rept. Brit. Assn. Adv. Sci., 62. (Describes
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14. ----. 1884. Some additional notes on Anthracosaurus edgei Bailey.
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Mag., Dec. II, VI, 521-528, 4 woodcuts; 1885, 80-87. (A review of
Fritsch's work.)
546. ----1892. Further observation on Pareiasaurus. Phil. Trans. Roy.
Soc. London, CLXXXIII, 367.
547. Seeley, H. G. 1907. A new Labyrinthodont from the Karoo Beds,
Cape Colony. Geol. Mag., Dec. V, IV, No. X, 433-434. pl. 1.
548. ----. 1908. A Labyrinthodont tooth from the upper Karoo Beds,
South Africa. Geol. Mag., Dec. V, V, No. vi, 241-243, pl. x.
549. Smith, John. Footprints in red calciferous sandstones in a
railway cutting 2-1/4 miles N. of West Kilbride. Trans. Geol.
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550. Stejneger, Leonhard. 1904. Amphibia versus Batrachia. Science,
n.s., XX, 924.
551. ----. 1907. Herpetology of Japan and adjacent territory. Bull.
No. 58, U. S. Nat. Mus., 1-576, pls. i-xxxv, and figs.
552. Steinmann-Döderlein. 1890. Elemente der Paleontologie. Amphibia,
601.
553. Steinmann, Gustav. 1907. Einführung in die Paleontologie. Zweite
Auflage. 2 Klasse: Amphibia, Lurche, 421-427, figs.
554. Stephens, A. T. 1886. On the Biloela Labyrinthodont. Proc. Linn.
Soc. New South Wales, II ser., I, 1113.
555. ----. 1888. On some additional Labyrinthodont fossils from the
Hawksbury sandstone of New South Wales. Proc. Linn. Soc. New
South Wales, I (2), 1175-1192.
556. ----. 1888. Note on a Labyrinthodont fossil from Cockatoo Island
(Mastodonsaurus). Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales (2), I,
931-940.
557. ----. 1888. Second note on Platyceps wilkinsoni. Proc. Linn. Soc.
New South Wales, II (2), 156-158, pl. i.
558. Sternberg, C. H. 1901. The Permian life of Texas. Trans. Kans.
Acad. Sci., 94-98.
559. Stevenson, J. J. 1907. Carboniferous of the Appalachian basin.
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560. Storrie, J. 1893-4. Notes on a tooth of a species of
Mastodonsaurus. Trans. Cardif. Nat. Soc., XXVI, pt. II, 105, pl.
561. Stock, Thomas. 1881. On some British specimens of the
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562. ----. 1882. Notice of some discoveries recently made in
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563. ----. 1882. Further observations on Kammplatten and Note on
Ctenopthychius pectinatus. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (5), IX,
253-257, pl. viii.
564. Strickler, Ludwig. 1899. Ueber den microscopischen Bau der
Fältenzähne von Eryops megacephalus. Paleontographica, XLVI,
85-94, 1 fig., Tafeln xi-xii.
565. Thevenin, Armand. 1905. Sur le Découverte d'Amphibiens dans le
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570. Thyng, F. W. 1906. The squamosal bone in Tetrapodous Vertebrata.
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572. Tomes, John. 1850. On the structure of the dental tissues of the
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581. Vogt, Carl. 1854. Archegosaurus und all Labyrinthodonten sind
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596. Weiss, Ch. Ernst. 1871. Paleontologisch geognostische
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Devons. Bonn. Sitzungsb. Niederrhein Gesell., 33-35.
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597. ----. 1877. Ueber Protriton petrolei von Friedrichroda in
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598. Wheatley, Chas. M. 1871. The bone cave of eastern Pennsylvania.
Amer. Jour. Sc. (3), I, 384-385.
599. White, David. 1906. Geological position of the principal
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600. ----. 1907. Report of the field work in the coal districts of
the state. Bull. No. 4, Illinois State Geol. Surv., 201. (Gives
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601. Wiedersheim, Robert. 1876. Die ältesten Formen des Carpus und
Tarsus der heutigen Amphibien. Morphol. Jahrb., Bd. 2, 421-423,
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602. ----. 1878. Ueber Labyrinthodon ruetemeyeri--Anatomie der Gehirn.
Abhandl. d. schweizer paleontol. Gesell., V, 1-56, mit 3 tafeln.
603. ----. 1879. Die Anatomie der Gymnophionen, pp. 1-101, Tafeln
i-ix. (Refers to extinct Amphibia in connection with phylogeny.)
604. ----. 1886. Lehrbuch der vergleichenden Anatomie der
Wirbelthiere. 2 Auflage.
605. ---- and W. N. Parker. 1897. Elements of the comparative anatomy
of vertebrates. Translated by W. N. Parker. Labyrinthodontia,
242, fig. 1930.
606. Wilder, H. H. 1909. History of the human body. Amphibia, 541-542.
607. Williston, S. W. 1897. Some vertebrates from the Kansas Permian.
Kans. Univ. Quart., ser. A, VI, No. I, 53, fig. Cricotus.
608. ----. 1897. A new Labyrinthodont from the Kansas Carboniferous.
Kans. Univ. Quart., VI, No. 4, ser. A, 309, fig. and pl. (Refers
tooth and skull fragments to Mastodonsaurus.)
609. ----. 1899. The Red-Beds of Kansas. Science (2), IX, 221.
610. ----. 1899. Notes on the coraco-scapula of Eryops Cope. Kans.
Univ. Quart., VIII, No. 4, 185-186, pls. xxvii-xxx. (See Moodie
(476).)
611. ----. 1900. Some fish teeth from the Kansas Cretaceous. Kans.
Univ. Quart., ser. A, IX, No. 1, Jan., pl. vi, figs. 13, 133.
612. ----.1904. The temporal arches of the Reptilia. Biol. Bull., VII,
No. 4, 175-192.
613. ----. 1908. The faunal relations of the early vertebrates. Jour.
Geol., XVII, No. 5, 389-402. Also, Outlines of geologic history,
Willis and Salisbury, 1910, 163-175.
614. ----. 1908. Lysorophus, a Permian Urodele. Biol. Bull., XV, No.
5, 229-240. Review in Rev. crit. de Paleozoologie 13th Annee, No.
2, 82.
615. ----. 1909. The skull and extremities of Diplocaulus. Trans.
Kans. Acad. Science, XXII, 122-13 1, pls. 1-5.
616. ----. 1909. New or little-known Permian vertebrates, Trematops,
new genus. Jour. Geol., XVII, No. 7, Nov., 636-658, 7 figs.
617. ----. 1909. Principal characters of the Chelydosauria, a suborder
of temnospondylous Amphibians from the Texas Permian. A. A. A. S.
Soc. Vert. Paleon.
618. ----. 1910. Dissorophus. Jour. Geol., VIII, No. 6, 526-535, pls.
i-iii.
619. ----. 1910. Cacops, Desmospondylus, new genera of Permian
Vertebrates. Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., XXI, 249-284, pls. 6-17.
620. ----. 1910. New Permian Reptiles: Rachitomous vertebræ. Jour.
Geol., XXIII, No. 7, 585-600, with figs.
621. ----. 1911. American Permian vertebrates. Amphibia, 9-14, pls.
xxxii, xxxviii.
622. ----. 1913. The primitive structure of the mandible in amphibians
and reptiles. Jour. Geol., XXI, 625-627, 11 fig.
623. ----. 1914. The osteology of some American Permian vertebrates.
Jour. Geol., XXII, No. 4,416, figs.
624. ----. 1914. Water reptiles of the past and present. Amphibia, 35,
47, and figures.
624_a_. ----. 1914. Broiliellus, a new genus of amphibians from the
Permian of Texas. Jour. Geol., XXII, No. 1, 49-56, figs. 1-2.
624_b_. ----. 1914. Restorations of some American Permocarboniferous
amphibians and reptiles. Jour. Geol., XXII, No. 1, 57-70, figs.
1-11.
624_c_. ----. 1915. Trimerorhachis, a Permian temnospondyl amphibian.
Jour. Geol., XXIII, No. 3, 246-255, figs. 1-6.
624_d_. ----. 1916. Synopsis of the Amer. Permocarboniferous
Tetrapoda. Contrib. from Walker Museum, vol. I, No. 9, pp.
200-211, figs. 38-53.
625. Wiman, Carl. 1908. Ein Paar Labyrinthodontenreste aus der Trias
Spitzbergens. Bull. Geol. Inst. Univ. of Upsala, IX, 34-40,
Tafeln II, Nos. 17, 18.
626. ----. 1913. Ueber das Hinterhaupt der Labyrinthodonten. Bull.
Geol. Inst. of Upsala, XII, 1-7, figs. 1-8.
627. Wiman, Carl. 1914. Ueber die Stegocephalen aus der Trias
Spitzbergens. Bull. Geol. Inst. of Upsala, XIII, 1-30, pls. i-ix,
figs. 1-10, bibliography.
628. Woodward, A. Smith. 1891. Catalogue of the fossil fishes in the
British Museum, pt. II, 474. (Note on the synonymy of Pygopterus,
Colosteus, and Archegosaurus.)
629. ----. 1891. On a Microsaurian (Hylonomus wildii) from the
Lancashire Coal Field. Geol. Mag., n. s., Dec. III, VIII,
211-213, with figs.
630. ----. 1897. On a new specimen of the Stegocephalian Ceraterpeton
galvani Huxley. Geol. Mag., Dec. IV, IV, No. 397, 293, with plate.
631. ----. 1904. On two new Labyrinthodont skulls of the genera
Capitosaurus and Aphaneramma (from the Trias of Spitzbergen).
Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 170-176, with 2 pls.
632. ----. 1906. The relations of paleontology to biology. Ann. and
Mag. Nat. Hist., XVIII, No. 106, 312-318.
633. ----. 1905. Fishes and Labyrinthodonts. Paleontologica Indica, n.
s., II, Memoir No. 2, 10, 2 pls.
634. ----. 1909. On a new Labyrinthodont from Oil Shale, N. S. W. Rec.
Geol. Surv. N. S. W., VIII, pt. IV, 317-319. Pl. 51.
635. Woodward, H. B. 1887. The geology of England and Wales. The
Northumberland Coal Field, 180.
636. Woodworth, J. B. 1900. Vertebrate footprints on Carboniferous
shales of Plainville, Mass. Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., XI, 449-454,
pl. 40, fig. 1.
637. Wyman, Jeffries. 1843. Analogies which exist between the
structure of the teeth of the Lepidostei (Gars and Gar-pikes) and
those of the Labyrinthodonts (extinct Amphibia). Proc. Bost. Nat.
Hist. Soc., I, 131-132; also Silliman's Journal, 843.
638. ----. 1853. Notes on the Reptilian remains (Dendrerpeton). Quart.
Jour. Geol. Soc. London, IX, 64-66.
639. ----. 1856. On a batrachian reptile from the Coal Formation.
Proc. Amer. Assn. Adv. Sci., 10th Meeting at Albany, 172-173.
Reviews: Edinb. n. Philos. Jour. 1857, V, 360-361; Neues Jahrb.
f. Mineral., Geol. u. Paleon., I. 857, 340.
640. ----. 1858. On some remains of batrachian reptiles discovered in
the Coal Formation of Ohio. Amer. Jour. Science, XXV (2), Mar.,
158-164, fig. Review: Zeit. f. gesammt Naturwissensch., XIII, 71;
Neues Jahrb. f. Mineral., Geol. u. Paleon., 1858, 340.
641. Yakowlew, N. 1902. Neue Funde von Trias--Saurier auf Spitzbergen.
Verhandl. Russ. k. Min. Gesell., XL, 180; Nachtrag, XLI, 165.
642. Zittel, Karl Von. 1887-1890. Handbuch der Paleontologie, I Abth.,
Bd. in, 337-437, Amphibia. München u. Leipsic, R. Oldenbourg,
also Eastman's translation of above, 2, 114-139, figs.
643. ----. 1888. Ueber Labyrinthodon ruetimeyeri (Wiedersheim). Neues
Jahrb. f. Mineral., Geol. u. Paleon., Bd. II, 17. (Regards the
form as a reptile.)
644. ----. 1899. Amphibien. Geschichte der Geologie und Paleontologie.
Muenchen u. Leipzig, 1899, 827.
645. Zwick, W. 1897. Beiträge zur Kenntniss des Baues und der
Entwickelung der Amphibiengliedmassen, besonders des Carpus und
Tarsus. Zeitschr. wissen. Zool., Bd. 63, 62-144, Taf. 4-5.
AN INDEX TO THE BIBLIOGRAPHY OF FOSSIL AMPHIBIA.
The following will be of assistance to those wishing aid in finding
the literature on special phases, whether anatomical or geological, of
the fossil Amphibia. The author's name and the number of his paper in
the preceding bibliography are given in groups of classified subjects,
beginning with distribution and ending with anatomy. The various
anatomical notes of interest are especially widely scattered in papers
which often deal with a variety of other subjects.
I. Geological and Geographical Distribution.
Devonian:
North America: Marsh, 407.
Europe: Lohest, 381; Weiss, 596; Thevenin, 566.
Mississippian:
North America: Branson, 50; Barrell, 21; Lea, 371-372.
Scotland: Huxley, 331-334; Atthey, n; Hancock and Atthey, 305.
Coal Measures (Pennsylvanian):
North America: Agassiz, 2; Butts, 82, 83; Case, 86,
94; Cope, 105, 107, 115, 116, 118, 122, 123, 126,
127, 131, 145, 152, 167, 176; Dawson, 200-225;
Eastman, 230; Hay, 316; Jaekel, 347; King,
356, 357; Marsh, 404, 406; G. F. Matthew,
408-413; Moodie, 458-465. 469-475, 478, 479,
482-486; Mudge, 490; Newberry, 495-498; Raymond,
531; Schwarz, 540, 541; Williston, 608;
Wyman, 639, 640.
Europe: Andrews, 8; Atthey, n; Bailey, 12-13;
Barkas, 15-20; Bolton, 42-43; Credner, 179-194
(see also under Permian); Davis, 199; Dunlop,
229; Embleton and Atthey, 235; Etheridge,
241; Fritsch, 251; Gaudry, 263-268, 278, 281,
282; Gergens, 291; Goldfuss, 297; Hancock and
Atthey, 304-310; Lydekker, 394; von Meyer,
422, 426, 436; Oldham, 500; Owen, 507-509,
514, 515; Schwarz, 540; Thevenin, 565-568;
Weiss, 597; Woodward, 629, 630; Woodworth,
636.
Australia: Stephens, 557; Woodward, 634.
Permian:
North America: Broili, 55, 56, 58, 63, 65; Case, 86-93,
95-100; Cope, 129, 132-133, 137, 138, 140-144,
156, 169, 170-175; Emmons, 237; Gregory, 299;
W. D. Matthew, 414, 415; Moodie, 457, 458,
476, 477; Sternberg, 558; Strickler, 564; Williston,
607, 609, 610, 614, 615, 616, 617-624.
Europe: Ammon, 7; Branco, 48; Broili, 59, 60, 61,
62, 66; Credner, 179-195; Deichmueller, 224,
225; Eichwald, 233; Emery, 236; Fritsch, 251;
Gaudry, 258-261, 269-282; Geinitz, 287; Geinitz
und Deichmueller, 289, 290; Goldfuss, 295, 296;
von Huene, 324-327; Huxley, 328; Jaekel, 344,
345; Le Roy, 375; Lloyd, 379; Lortet, 382; von
Meyer, 428, 436, 442; Roemer, 534; Trautschold,
573; Twelvetrees, 576.
Africa: Broom, 68-71-73, 74.
Asia: Lydekker, 384, 386; Huxley, 333; Woodward, 633.
Triassic:
North America: Branson, 49; Cope, 106, in, 121,
157; Emmons, 237; Leidy, 373; Lucas, 383.
Europe: Alberti, 4; Burmeister, 80, 81; Fraas, 242-245,
247_a_; von Huene, 323; Huxley, 329; Jaeger,
338-341; Metcalfe, 417; von Meyer, 421, 425,
439; Miall, 453; Owen, 505; Quenstedt, 527;
Seeley, 544; Storrie, 560; Ward, 588; Wiedersheim,
602; Woodward, 631.
Spitzbergen: Wiman, 625-627; Woodward, 631;
Yakowlew, 641; Seeley, 547.
Africa: Broom, 69; Huxley, 330; Owen, 517, 519-520.
Asia: Lydekker, 384-391; Owen, 510, 511.
Australia: Huxley, 330; Stephens, 554, 555.
Jurassic:
Europe: Dollo, 226.
Comanchean:
North America: Marsh, 405; Moodie, 480, 481.
Europe: Vidal, 579, 580.
Cretaceous:
North America: Cope, 128; Hatcher, 314; Lambe,
365, 366; Williston, 611.
Tertiary:
Europe: Beyrich, 36; Bieber, 37; Cuvier, 197; Fraas,
246, 247; Günther, 301; Laube, 367-370; von
Meyer, 424, 430, 444, 446, 447; Portis, 525;
Scheuchzer, 535; Tschudi, 574-575; Walterstorff,
585-586.
Pleistocene:
North America: Brown, 76; Wheatley, 598.
South America: Lydekker, 393.
Asia: Clark, 103; Lydekker, 393; Owen, 506.
Europe: Lydekker, 393.
II. Phylogeny of Amphibia.
Arldt, 10; Baur, 22-25, 31; Boulenger, 44; Branson, 49;
Budgett, 79; Cope, 153, 166, 173; Davison, 198; Dollo,
228; Gadow, 256; Gaudry, 280, 282; Gregory, 299,
300, 300_a_; Haeckel, 312; Huxley, 337; Kingsley, 358;
Moodie, 489_b_; Owen, 512; Pollard, 524; Quenstedt,
527; Thevenin, 567-568; Versluys, 578; Vogt, 581;
Wiedersheim, 601.
III. Ontogeny of Amphibia.
Ammon, 7; Credner, 187; Fritsch, 251; Hay, 315; von
Meyer, 422; Thevenin, 566.
IV. Structure and Morphology of Amphibia.
Lateral-line System of Sensory Organs: Andrews, 8; Baur,
31; Branson, 49; Fraas, 242, 2470; Huxley, 333; Malbranc,
401; Miall, 450; von Meyer, 436; Moodie, 458,
465, 478, 488; Thevenin, 568.
Pineal Eye: Cope, 160; Credner, 187; Jaekel, 346.
Morphology of the Skull: Albrecht, 5; Baur, 24, 27, 29,
31; Boulenger, 44; Branson, 49; Broili, 55, 56, 66;
Case, 85, 93, 98; Cope, 136, 177; Credner, 187-191;
Fraas, 242, 247_a_; Fritsch, 251; Fuchs, 255; Gaupp,
283; Goodrich, 298; Jaekel, 347; Maggi, 397, 398;
von Meyer, 428, 436, 439; Moodie, 458, 478; Owen,
511; Seeley, 546; Thevenin, 568; Thyng, 570; Williston,
612, 614, 615, 616, 619; Wiman, 626; Woodward,
631.
Brain: Wiedersheim, 602; Moodie, 487.
Ear: Cope, 159; Broom, 75.
Eye: Cope, 105, 107; Moodie, 478.
Teeth: Broili, 58; Credner, 194; Fraas, 242; Fritsch, 251;
Jaekel, 342; Owen, 502, 503, 504, 505; Seeley, 548;
Strickler, 564; Tomes, 571-572; Williston, 608; Wyman,
637.
Gills: Budgett, 79; Credner, 187; Cope, 123; Fritsch,
251; Gaudry, 268; Thevenin, 566-568; von Meyer,
436.
Vertebræ and Ribs: Baur, 25, 26; Broili, 61; Case, 98;
Cope, 133, 136, 142, 148, 153; Credner, 179-193;
Fraas, 242; Fritsch, 251; Gadow, 256; Gegenbaur,
284; Jaekel, 344, 348; Lillie, 378; Marsh, 404; von
Meyer, 436; Mivart, 456; Moodie, 468; Schwarz,
540, 541; Thevenin, 565-568; Williston, 620.
Pectoral and Pelvic Arches: Broili, 62; Broom, 72; Cope,
161; Credner, 180-185; Fritsch, 251; Gregory, 299,
300_a_; Gegenbaur, 285; Jaekel, 347; Moodie, 478;
Williston, 610, 616.
Limbs, Carpus, and Tarsus: Baur, 22, 23, 28; Cope, 161;
Credner, 180-185; Emery, 236; Fritsch, 251; Gregory,
299-3003; Jaekel, 347; Wiedersheim, 601; Zwick, 645.
Clasping Organs: Barkas, 16; Blanchard, 39; Braun, 52;
Hilton, 319; Moodie, 461; Fritsch, 251; Stock, 561;
Newberry, 498.
Muscles: Moodie, 464.
Alimentary Canal: Moodie, 471, 474, 478.
Integument, Scales, and Structure of Bone: Jaekel, 343;
Moodie, 464, 465, 478; Broili, 62; Dawson, 208.
Footprints: Barrell, 21; Branson, 50; Brodie, 54; Bulls,
82-83; Dawson, 207, 208; Fritsch, 251; Geinitz, 288;
Hickling, 318; King, 356-357; Lea, 371, 372; Leidy,
374; Marsh, 406; G. F. Matthew, 408-413; Owen,
504; Moodie, 465; Pabst, 521; Smith, 549; Woodworth,
636.
INDEX.
PAGE.
Aistopoda 5, 77
Alimentary Canal 25, 58
Amblyodon 178
A. problematicum 179
American Museum 1, 8
Ames Limestone 12
Amphibamus 127
A. grandiceps 2, 7, 15, 128
A. thoracatus 132
Amphibamidæ 127
Amphibia 3
Classification 46
Definition 49
Discovery in Carboniferous 6
Geographic and Geologic Distribution 9
History of Classification 39
Anaschisma, Lateral Line System of 35
Anisodexis 164
Anthracosauridæ 187
Apoda 33
Archegosaurus 1, 7, 35
Arm 29
Atlas 27
Axis 27
Baphetes 188
B. minor 189
B. planiceps 6, 188
Baur, George 39
Brachydectes newberryi 177
Branchiosauria 4, 50
Branchiosauridæ 51
Branchiosaurus 53
Branson, E. B. 38, 192
Brown, N. H. 12
Budgett, J. S. 78
Cannelton Slates 10, 15
Carr, J. C. 13, 14, 22
Case, E. C. 9, 182
Caudata 67
Cephalerpeton ventriarmatum 133
Cercariomorphus parvisquamis 139
Clepsydrops Shales 9
Cocytinidæ 67
Cocytinus gyrinoides 68
Cope, E. D. 1, 7, 9, 34, 42, 43, 131, 207
Credner, Hermann 1, 24, 52
Cricotidæ 180
Ctenerpeton alveolatum 168
Dawson, Sir J. W. 7, 8, 19, 20, 32, 66, 194, 197
Dean, Bashford 1, 32, 187
Dendrerpeton 19, 194
D. acadianum 194
D. oweni 196
Dermal Appendages 197
Devonian 10, 37
Diceratosaurus 8, 116
D. lævis 121
D. punctolineatus 117
D. robustus 123
Diplocaulia 34
Dromopus 37, 201
D. aduncus 37
D. agilis 201
Eobaphetes 191
E. kansensis 192
Eosauravus 1, 87, 176
Eosaurus acadianus 7, 189
Eoserpeton tenuicorne 124
Erierpeton branchialis 69
Erpetobrachium mazonensis 152
Erpetosaurus 97
E. acutirostris 108
E. minutus 105
E. obtusus 99
E. radiatus 98
E. sculptilis 106
E. tabulatus 101
E. tuberculatus 110
Eryopidæ 182
Eryops 23, 34, 182
Euamphibia 46, 49
Eumicrerpeton parvum 57
Eurythorax sublævis 172
Eye 25, 131
Footprints 15, 201
Fritsch, Anaton 5, 54, 77, 78
Fritschia curtidentata 85
Gergens, Dr. 6
Gurley, W. F. E. 9, 12
Hay, O. P. 8, 129
Hussakof, Louis 1, 16, 172
Huxley, Thomas H. 3, 137
Hylerpeton 83
H. dawsonii 83
H. intermedium 84
H. longidentatum 84
Hylonomidæ 79
Hylonomus 79
H. latidens 81
H. lyelli 80
H. multidens 81
H. wymani 81
Hylopus logani 6
Hyoid 25
Hyphasma lævis 7
Ichthycanthidæ 173
Ichthycanthus 173
I. ohiensis 173
I. platypus 174
Ichthyerpeton squamosum 137
Jaekel, Otto 8, 118
Joggins, The South (Nova Scotia) 19
Kammplatten 5
Kittanning Coal 15, 16
Lacoe, R. D. (Collection of) 1
Lateral Line System 32
Leg 3, 95
Lepospondylia 76
Leptophractus 169
L. dentatus 171
L. lineolatus 171
L. obsoletus 169
Linton, Ohio, Coal Measures 16
Amphibia of 18
Logan, William 6
Louisville, Kansas 10
Lydekker, Richard 44, 77
Lyell, Charles 19, 20
Macrerpetidæ 183
Macrerpeton 184
M. deani 186
M. huxleyi 184
Mandible 25, 103
Marsh, O. C. 10, 37, 189, 202
Mastodonsauridæ 20
Mastodonsaurus sp. indet 200
Matthew, G. F. 8, 22
Mauch Chunk 37
Mazon Creek Shales 7, 12
Amphibia of 13
Mazonerpeton 61
M. costatum 63
M. longicaudatum 61
Meyer, Hermann von 6
Micrerpeton 51
M. caudatum 52
Microsauria 4, 34 76
Relation to Reptilia 77
Mississippian Amphibia 37
Molgophidæ 149
Molgophis 149
M. brevicostatus 150
M. macrurus 149
M. wheatleyi 151
Morphology of Coal Measures Amphibia 23
Muscle 32
Myocommata 30
Necturus 33, 56
Newberry, J. S. (Collections of) 1, 8, 17, 18
Nyraniidæ 137
Occiput 25
Odonterpeton triangularis 111
Œstocephalus 145
O. rectidens 147
O. remex 145
Operculum 172
Osage City, Kansas 10
Palate 24, 104
Parabatrachus 7
Pectoral Girdle 29, 107
Pelion 7, 72
P. lyelli 73
Peliontidæ 72
Pelvic Girdle 29
Phlegethontia 155
P. linearis 156
P. serpens 156
Phoenix Tunnel, Pennsylvania 10
Pholidogaster 3
Pitcairn, Pennsylvania 12
Platystegos loricatum 199
Pleuroptyx clavatus 12, 19, 153
Proteida 67
Proterpeton gurleyi 12, 178
Ptyoniidæ 141
Ptyonius 141
P. marshii 143
P. nummifer 144
P. pectinatus 141
P. serrula 144
P. vinchellianus 143
Raniceps 7
Ribs 27
Salientia 72
Saurerpeton latithorax 165
Sauropleura 157
S. digitata 159
S. (Anisodexis) enchodus 164
S. foveata 163
S. longidentata 162
S. newberryi 160
S. pauciradiata 160
S. scutellata 158
Sauropleuridæ 30, 157
Scales 31, 197
Schwarz, Hugo 8, 28
Sclerotic plates 24
Scutes 162
Skin 164, 197
Skull 23
Smilerpeton aciedentatum 82
South Joggins, Nova Scotia 7, 19
Sparodus sp. 66
Spondylerpeton spinatum 181
Stegopidæ 113
Stegops 113
S. divaricata 114
Stereospondylia 5, 34, 200
Sternum 30
Tarsus 176
Teeth 25
Temnospondylia 5, 34, 180
Thinopus antiquus 10, 37
Thyrsidium fasciculare 147
Traquair, R. H. 5
Triton walthi 50
Tuditanidæ 86
Tuditanus 86
T. brevirostris 89
T. longipes 90
T. minimus 92
T. punctulatus 87
T. walcotti 94
Twin Mounds, Kansas 22
Udden, J. A. 11
Urocordylidæ 116
Ventral Scutellæ 30
Vertebræ 27, 181
Vertebral Column 27
Wiedersheim, Robert 30
Williston, S. W. 2, 10, 200
Wyman, Jeffries 7
Zamenis flagellum 5
* * * * *
Transcriber Note
Images were moved to prevent splitting paragraphs. Hyphenation was
standardized to the most prevalent form. The table on page 201 was
modified (Horizon names and Kansas were abbreviated) to reduce the width.