Dam Repairing and Dam Building
AS the Boy trudged triumphantly back toward camp, over the crest of
the moon-bright ridge, he carried the limp, furry body of the lynx
slung by its hind legs over his shoulder. He felt that his prestige
had gone up incalculably in the woodsman's eyes. The woodsman was
silent, however, as silent as the wilderness, till they descended the
other slope and came in sight of the little solitary camp. Then he
said: "That was a mighty slick shot of yourn, d'ye know it? Ye're
quicker'n chain lightnin', an' dead on!"
"Just luck, Jabe!" replied the Boy carelessly, trying to seem properly
modest.
This different suggestion Jabe did not take the trouble to controvert.
He knew the Boy did not mean it.
"But I thought as how ye wouldn't kill anything?" he went on,
teasingly.
"Had to!" retorted the Boy. "That was self-defence! Those beavers are
my beavers. An' I've always wanted a real good excuse for getting a
good lynx skin, anyway!"
"I don't blame ye a mite fer standin' by them beaver!" continued Jabe.
"They're jest all right! It was better'n any circus; an' I don't know
when I've enjoyed myself more."
"Then the least you can do, Jabe, is promise not to trap any more
beavers!" said the Boy quickly.
"Wa'al," answered Jabe, as they entered camp and began spreading their
blankets, "leastwise I'll do my best to see that no harm comes to them
beaver, nor to the pond."
Next morning, as the woodsman was starting out for the day's cruise,
the Boy said to him:
"If you're game for another night's watching, Jabe, I'll show you
something altogether different up at the pond to-night."
"Try me!" responded the woodsman.
"You'll have to be back earlier than usual, then," said the Boy.
"We'll have to get hidden earlier, and in a new place."
"I'll come back along a couple of hours afore sundown, then," answered
Jabe, swinging off on his long, mooselike stride. It was contrary to
his backwoods etiquette to ask what was in store for him; but his
curiosity was excited, and kept him company through the solitude all
day.
When Jabe was gone, the Boy went straight up-stream to the dam, taking
no special care to hide his coming. His plan was one in regard to
which he felt some guilty qualms. But he consoled himself with the
thought that whatever harm he might be doing to the little citizens of
the pond would be more than compensated by the protection he was
giving them. He was going to make a break in the dam, for the sake of
seeing just how the beavers would mend it.
On reaching the dam, however, it occurred to him that if he made the
break now the beavers might regard the matter as too urgent to be left
till nightfall. They might steal a march on him by mending the damage
little by little, surreptitiously, through the day. He had no way of
knowing just how they would take so serious a danger as a break in
their dam. He decided, therefore, to postpone his purpose till the
afternoon, so that the beavers would not come to the rescue too early.
In the meantime, he would explore the stream above the pond, and see
if there were other communities to study.
Skirting the hither side of the pond to near its head, he crossed the
little meadow and the canal, and reached the brook again about fifty
yards beyond. Here he found it flowing swift and narrow, over a rocky
bottom, between high banks; and this was its character for nearly half
a mile, as he judged. Then, emerging once more upon lower ground, he
came upon a small dam. This structure was not much over eighteen
inches in height, and the pond above it, small and shallow, showed no
signs of being occupied. There was no beaver house to be seen, either
in the water or on shore; and the water did not seem to be anywhere
more than a foot and a half in depth. As he puzzled over this--for he
did not think the beavers were likely to build a dam for nothing--he
observed a second and much larger dam far away across the head of the
pond.
Hastening to investigate this upper dam, he found it fully three feet
high, and very massive. Above it was a narrow but deep pond, between
comparatively steep shores; and along these shores he counted three
low-roofed houses. Out in the middle of the pond there was not one
dwelling; and he came presently to the conclusion that here, between
the narrow banks, the current would be heavy in time of freshet. The
lower dam, pretty obviously, was intended to reinforce the upper, by
backing a foot and a half of water against it and taking off just that
much of the pressure. He decided that the reason for locating the
three houses along the shore was that the steep bank afforded special
facilities for shore burrows.
The explorer's fever being now hot upon him, the Boy could not stay to
examine this pond minutely. He pressed on up-stream with breathless
eagerness, thrilling with expectation of what the next turn might
reveal. As a matter of fact, the next turn revealed nothing--nor the
next, nor yet the next. But as the stream was full of turns in this
portion of its course, that was not greatly discouraging.
About a quarter of a mile, however, above the head of the narrow pond,
the ardent explorer came upon a level of sparse alder swamp. Here he
found the stream just beginning to spread over its low banks. The
cause of this spreading was a partial obstruction in mid-channel--what
looked, at first glance, like an accidental accumulation of brush and
stones and mud. A second look, however, and his heart jumped with
excitement and delight. Here was the beginning of a new pond, here
were the foundations of a new dam. He would be able to see what few
indeed of the students of the wilderness had had the opportunity to
watch--the actual process by which these wilderness engineers achieved
their great work.
All about the place the straightest and brushiest alders had been cut
down, those usually selected being at least ten or twelve feet in
height. Many of them were still lying where they fell; but a number
had been dragged to the stream and anchored securely, with stones and
turfy clay, across the channel. The Boy noted, with keenest
admiration, that these were all laid with the greatest regularity
parallel with the flow of the current, butts up stream, brushy tops
below. In this way, the current took least hold upon them, and was
obstructed gradually and as it were insidiously, without being
challenged to any violent test of strength. Already it was lingering
in some confusion, backing up, and dividing its force, and stealing
away at each side among the bushes. The Boy had heard that the
beavers were accustomed to begin their dams by felling a tree across
the channel and piling their materials upon that as a foundation. But
the systematic and thorough piece of work before him was obviously
superior in permanence to any such slovenly makeshift; and moreover,
further to discredit such a theory, here was a tall black ash close to
the stream and fairly leaning over it, as if begging to be put to some
such use.
At this spot the Boy stayed his explorations for the day. Choosing a
bit of dry thicket close by, to be a hiding-place for Jabe and himself
that night, a bunch of spruce and fir where he knew the beavers would
not come for supplies, he hurried back to the camp for a bite of
dinner, giving wide berth to all the ponds on the way. Building a tiny
camp-fire he fried himself a couple of slices of bacon and brewed a
tin of tea for his solitary meal, then lay down in the lean-to, with
the sun streaming in upon him, for an hour's nap.
The night having been a tiring one for his youthful nerves and
muscles, he slept heavily, and awoke with a start to find the sun a
good two hours nearer the horizon. Sleep was still heavy upon him, so
he went down to the edge of the brook and plunged his face into the
chilly current. Then, picking up an axe instead of his rifle, he
returned up-stream to the dam.
As he drew near, he caught sight of a beaver swimming down the pond,
towing a big branch over its shoulder; and his conscience smote him at
the thought of the trouble and anxiety he was going to inflict upon
the diligent little inhabitants. His mind was made up, however. He
wanted knowledge, and the beavers would have to furnish it, at
whatever cost. A few minutes of vigorous work with the axe, a few
minutes of relentless tugging and jerking upon the upper framework of
the dam, and he had made a break through which the water rushed
foaming in a muddy torrent. Soon, as he knew, the falling of the
pond's level would alarm the house-dwellers, and bring them out to see
what had happened. Then, as soon as darkness came, there would be a
gathering of both households to repair the break.
[Illustration: "HE CAUGHT SIGHT OF A BEAVER SWIMMING DOWN THE POND."]
Hiding in the bushes near by, he saw the water slowly go down, but for
half an hour the beavers gave no sign. Then, close beside the break, a
big fellow crawled out upon the slope of the dam and made a careful
survey of the damage. He disappeared; and presently another came, took
a briefer look, and vanished. A few minutes later, far up the pond,
several bushy branches came to the surface, as if they had been
anchored on the bottom and released. They came, apparently floating,
down toward the dam. As they reached the break, the heads of several
beavers showed themselves above water, and the branches were guided
across the opening, where they were secured in some way which the
watcher could not see. They did not so very greatly diminish the
waste, but they checked the destructive violence of it. It was
evidently a temporary makeshift, this; for in the next hour nothing
more was done. Then the Boy got tired, and went back to camp to wait
for Jabe and nightfall.
That evening the backwoodsman, forgetting the fatigue of his day's
cruising in the interest of the Boy's story, was no less eager than
his companion; and the two, hurrying through an early supper, were off
for the pond in the first purple of twilight. When they reached the
Boy's hiding-place by the dam the first star was just showing itself
in the pallid greenish sky, and the surface of the pond, with its
vague, black reflections, was like a shadowed mirror of steel. There
was not a sound on the air except the swishing rush of the divided
water over the break in the dam.
The Boy had timed his coming none too early; for the pond had dropped
nearly a foot, and the beavers were impatient to stop the break. No
sooner had night fairly settled down than suddenly the water began to
swirl into circles all about the lower end of the pond, and a dozen
heads popped up. Then more brush appeared, above the island-house, and
was hurriedly towed down to the dam. The brush which had been thrust
across the break was now removed and relaid longitudinally, branchy
ends down stream. Here it was held in place by some of the beavers
while others brought masses of clayey turf from the nearest shore to
secure it. Meanwhile more branches were being laid in place, always
parallel with the current; and in a little while the rushing noise of
the overflow began to diminish very noticeably. Then a number of
short, heavy billets were mixed with shorter lengths of brush; and all
at once the sound of rushing ceased altogether. There was not even the
usual musical trickling and tinkling, for the level of the pond was
too low for the water to find its customary stealthy exits. At this
stage the engineers began using smaller sticks, with more clay, and a
great many small stones, making a very solid-looking piece of work. At
last the old level of the dam crest was reached, and there was no
longer any evidence of what had happened except the lowness of the
water. Then, all at once, the toilers disappeared, except for one big
beaver, who kept nosing over every square inch of the work for perhaps
two minutes, to assure himself of its perfection. When he, at last,
had slipped back into the water, both Jabe and the Boy got up, as if
moved by one thought, and stretched their cramped legs.
"I swan!" exclaimed the woodsman with fervour. "If that ain't the
slickest bit o' work I ever seen! Let's go over and kind of inspect
the job fer 'em!"
Inspection revealed that the spot which had just been mended was the
solidest portion of the whole structure. Wherever else the water might
be allowed to escape, it was plain the beavers intended it should have
no more outlet here.
From the mended dam the Boy now led Jabe away up-stream in haste, in
the hope of catching some beavers at work on the new dam in the
alders. Having skirted the long pond at a distance, to avoid giving
alarm, the travellers went with the utmost caution till they reached
the swampy level. Then, indifferent to the oozy, chilly mud, they
crept forward like minks stealing on their prey; and at last, gaining
the fir thicket without mishap, they lay prone on the dry needles to
rest.
As they lay, a sound of busy splashing came to their ears, which
promptly made them forget their fatigue. Shifting themselves very
slowly and with utter silence, they found that the place of ambush
had been most skilfully chosen. In perfect hiding themselves,
they commanded a clear and near view of the new dam and all its
approaches.
There were two beavers visible, paddling busily on the foundations
of the dam, while the overflowing water streamed about them,
covering their feet. At this stage, most of the water flowed
through the still uncompacted structure, leaving work on the top
unimpeded. The two beavers were dragging into place a long birch
sapling, perhaps eleven feet in length, with a thick, bushy top.
When laid to the satisfaction of the architects,--the butt, of course,
pointing straight up-stream,--the trunk was jammed firmly down
between those already placed. Then the more erect and unmanageable of
the branches were gnawed off and in some way--which the observers
with all their watchfulness could not make out--wattled down among
the other branches so as to make a woven and coherent mass. The
earth and sod and small stones which were afterwards brought and
laid upon the structure did not seem necessary to hold it in place,
but rather for the stoppage of the interstices.
While this was going on at the dam, a rustling of branches and
splashing of water turned the watchers' attention up-stream. Another
beaver came in sight, and then another, each partly floating and
partly dragging a straight sapling like the first. It seemed that the
dam-builders were not content to depend altogether on the crooked,
scraggly alder-growth all about them, but demanded in their
foundations a certain proportion of the straighter timbers and denser
branches of the birch. It was quite evident that they knew just what
they were doing, and how best to do it.
While the building was going on, yet another pair of beavers appeared,
and the work was pressed with a feverish energy that produced amazing
results. The Boy remembered a story told him by an old Indian, but
not confirmed by any natural history which he had come across, to the
effect that when a pair of young beavers set out to establish a new
pond, some of the old ones go along to lend a hand in the building of
the dam. It was plain that these workers were all in a tremendous
hurry; and the Boy could see no reason for haste unless it was that
the majority of the workers had to get back to their own affairs. With
the water once fairly brought under control, and the pond deep enough
to afford a refuge from enemies, the young pair could be trusted to
complete it by themselves, get their house ready, and gather their
supplies in for the winter. The Boy concluded to his own satisfaction
that what he was now watching was the analogue, in beaver life, to one
of those "house-raising" bees which sometimes took place in the
Settlement, when the neighbours would come together to help a man get
up the frame of a new house. Only, as it seemed to him, the beavers
were a more serious and more sober folk than the men.
When this wilderness engineering had progressed for an hour under the
watchers' eyes, Jabe began to grow very tired. The strain of physical
immobility told upon him, and he lost interest. He began to feel that
he knew all about dam-building; and as there was nothing more to learn
he wanted to go back to camp. He glanced anxiously at the young face
beside him--but there he could see no sign of weariness. The Boy was
aglow with enthusiasm. He had forgotten everything but the wonderful
little furry architects, their diligence, their skill, their
cooperation, and the new pond there growing swiftly before his eyes.
Already it was more than twice as wide as when they had arrived on the
scene; the dam was a good eight inches higher; and the clamour of the
flowing stream was stopped. No, Jabe could see no sympathy for himself
in that eager face. He was ashamed to beg off. And moreover, he was
loyal to his promise of obedience. The Boy, here, was Captain.
Suppressing a sigh, Jabe stealthily and very gradually shifted to an
easier position, so stealthily that the Boy beside him did not know he
had moved. Then, fixing his eyes once more upon the beavers, he tried
to renew his interest in them. As he stared, he began to succeed
amazingly. And no wonder! The beavers all at once began to do such
amazing things. There were many more of them than he had thought; and
he was sure he heard them giving orders in something that sounded to
him like the Micmac tongue. He could not believe his ears. Then he saw
that they were using larger stones, instead of mud and turf, in their
operations--and floating them down the pond as if they were corks. He
had never heard of such a thing before, in all his wilderness
experience. He was just about to compliment the Boy on this
unparalleled display of engineering skill, when one particularly large
beaver, who was hoisting a stone as big as himself up the face of the
dam, let his burden slip a little. Then began a terrible struggle
between the beaver and the stone. In his agonizing effort--which his
companions all stopped work to watch--the unhappy beaver made a loud,
gurgling, gasping noise; then, without a hint of warning, dropped the
stone with a splash, turned like lightning, and grabbed Jabe violently
by the arm.
The astonishing scene changed in a twinkling; and Jabe realized that
the Boy was shaking him.
"A nice one to watch beavers, you are!" cried the Boy, angry and
disappointed.
"Why--where've they all gone to?" demanded Jabe, rubbing his eyes.
"They're the most interestin' critters I ever hearn tell of!"
"Interesting!" retorted the Boy, scornfully. "So interesting you went
to sleep! And you snored so they thought it was an earthquake. Not
another beaver'll show a hair round here to-night. We'd better go
home!"
Jabe grinned sheepishly, but answered never a word; and silently, in
Indian file, the Boy leading, the two took the trail back to camp.