A. penicilla.
A. magnifica.
A. vesiculosa.
A. volutacornis.
A. infundibula.
A. minima.
FAMILY IV.
SERPULACEA. Five Genera.
1. Genus _Spirorbis_. Pl. V.
_Animal._ Gills or respiratory organs separated or covered by an
operculum.
_Shell._ A testaceous tube turned spirally on a horizontal plane, the
lower portion of which is attached to marine substances, generally fuci:
opening of the tube terminal, rounded or angular. Found on Algæ on the
British coast. Six species.
Spirorbis nautiloidis.
S. spirilla.
S. tricostalis.
S. bicarinata.
S. carinata.
S. lamellosa.
2. Genus _Serpula_. Pl. V.
_Animal._ Body tubular, elongated, depressed, and attenuated behind;
segments numerous and narrow; small bundles of awl-shaped bristles in a
single row on each side.
_Shell._ A solid calcareous tube, brown, purple, yellow, tawny, pink,
white, or tinged with green. The shells are irregularly twisted, in
clusters, and affixed to other substances. Inhabits the coast of
Britain. Twenty-six species.
Serpula vermicularis.
S. fascicularis.
S. intestina.
S. contortuplicata.
S. plicaria.
S. glomerata.
S. decussata.
S. protensa.
S. infundibula.
S. annulata.
S. cereola.
S. filograna.
S. vermicella.
S. filaria.
S. pellucida.
S. intorta.
S. cristata.
S. spirulæa.
S. quadrangularis.
S. minima.
S. echinata.
S. sulcata.
S. costalis.
S. dentifera.
S. sipho.
S. arenaria.
3. Genus _Vermilia_. Pl. V.
_Animal._ Body tubicular, elongated and attenuated towards the posterior
part, and provided superiorly with a simple testaceous orbicular
operculum.
_Shell._ A testaceous cylindrical tube, narrowed in the rear, twisted,
and adhering by the side to marine substances, aperture round, the
margin armed with from one to three teeth. Inhabits the British coast.
Nine species.
Vermilia rostrata.
V. triquetra.
V. bicarinata.
V. eruca.
V. subcrenata.
V. plicifera.
V. scabra.
V. tæniata.
V. plicata.
4. Genus _Galeolaria_. Pl. V.
_Animal._ Distinguished from the vermilia by a very peculiar operculum.
_Shell._ In groups, testaceous, cylindrical, subangular, wavy, adhering
by the base, and open at the summit; aperture orbicular, terminated on
the side by a spatular tongue; operculum orbicular, squamose, and
consisting of from five to nine testaceous parts or valves. Inhabits the
Indian seas. Two species.
Galeolaria cæspitosa.
G. elongata.
5. Genus _Magilus_. Pl. V.
_Animal._ Unknown.
_Shell._ Usually found imbedded in a species of Madrepore. Base bent
into a spiral form, oval, with four contiguous, convex volutions (the
last of which is the largest), and prolonged into a straight waved tube,
convex above, carinated beneath. Inhabits the sea at the Isle of France.
Two species.
Magilus antiquus.
M. muricatus.
CLASS II.
CIRRHIPEDA.
_Animal._ Soft, without head or eyes, testaceous, body fixed as if
reversed, inarticulated, furnished with a mantle, having above
tentacular arms, with curled tufts multiarticulated, mouth beneath, not
projecting, dentated transverse jaws disposed in pairs. Number of arms,
unequal and varying, disposed in rows, each composed of two rows of
curled tufts of bristles; fringed; a corneous skin supported by a
pedicle. Medulla longitudinal and knotted; gills external, sometimes
concealed; circulation by heart and vessels. One Family.
FAMILY.
CIRRHIPEDA. Ten Genera.
1. Genus _Tubicinella_.
_Animal._ Body inclosed in a shell, with small setaceous and unequal
cirri.
_Shell._ Univalve, operculated, tubular, erect, a little attenuated
towards the base, bound with annular transverse ribs, truncated at both
ends, open at the summit, and closed at the base with a membrane.
Operculum with four obtuse valves. South American seas. One species.
Tubicinella balænarum.
2. Genus _Coronula_. Pl. V.
_Animal._ Body seated, enveloped in a shell with small setaceous and
cirrous arms.
_Shell._ Sessile, apparently indivisible, suborbicular, conoidal or
blunt, conical, the extremities truncated, the sides very thick, the
inside hollowed into radiating cells. Operculum composed of four obtuse
valves. Inhabits the North seas. Five species.
Coronula diadema.
C. testudinaria.
C. balænaris.
C. pulchra.
C. denticulata.*
3. Genus _Balanus_. Pl. V.
_Animal._ Body sessile, inclosed in an operculated shell; branchiæ
numerous, placed in two rows, unequal, articulated, ciliated; each
composed of two cirri, supported by a peduncle, and exsertile; mouth
with four transverse dentated jaws, with four hairy palpi-like
appendages.
_Shell._ Formed of six distinct coronary valves, one dorsal, one
ventral, and two pairs of laterals, with a calcareous support; operculum
forming a sort of pyramid, by four articulated pieces in the aperture of
the shell. Is found in almost all seas. Thirty species.
Balanus angulosus.
B. nigrescens.
B. roseus.
B. amphimorphus.
B. crispatus.
B. stalaciferus.
B. patellaris.
B. calycularis.
B. subimbricatus.
B. palmatus.
B. dupluconus.
B. semiplicatus.
B. lævis.
B. punctatus.
B. perforatus.
B. rugosus.
B. latus.
B. plicatus.
B. galeatus.
B. spinosus.
B. placianus.
B. sulcatus.
B. cylindraceus.
B. ovularis.
B. radiatus.
B. fistulosus.
B. Lyonsii.
· · · · ·
B. tintinabulus.*
B. miser.*
B. geniculatus.*
4. Genus _Acasta_. Pl. V.
_Animal._ Body without a peduncle, and inclosed in a multivalve shell,
found in sponge or marine bodies, mouth and tentacula placed in the
apex, or upper part of the body.
_Shell._ Patella-shaped, sub-conically oval, formed of six lateral
unequal valves forming the base, which being convex prevents the shell
from standing by itself in an erect position, when detached from the
substance which envelopes it. Inhabits the British seas. Four species.
Acasta Montaguii.
A. sulcata.
A. glans.
A. tubulosa.
5. Genus _Creusia_. Pl. V.
_Animal._ Body, subglobular, inclosed in an operculated shell; having
three or four pairs of tentacular arms: mouth at the anterior part of
the body.
_Shell._ Sessile, fixed, orbicular, conical, consisting of four united
unequal valves; attached to madrepore and other marine substances, they
are almost microscopic, and found only in the seas of hot countries.
Inhabits the China seas. Three species.
Creusia stromia.
C. spinulosa.
C. verruca.
6. Genus _Pyrgoma_. Pl. V.
_Animal._ As above.
_Shell._ Sessile, univalve, rather globular, ventricose, convex above;
apex perforated; aperture small, elliptical, operculum quadrivalve.
Inhabits the Indian seas. One species.
Pyrgoma cancellata.
7. Genus _Anatifera_. Pl. V.
_Animal._ Body covered with a shell, supported by a long tubular
tendinous peduncle; with long, numerous, and unequal tentacular arms,
which are articulated and ciliated, and emanating from the summit on one
side.
_Shell._ Compressed on the sides, with five flat valves, the valves
contiguous and unequal; the lower lateral ones the largest: the whole of
them united and kept together by means of their membranes. Inhabits the
British seas. Six species.
Anatifera lævis.
A. villosa.
A. vitrea.
A. dentata.
A. striata.
A. aculeata.
8. Genus _Pollicipes_. Pl. V.
_Animal._ Body covered by a shell, and supported on a tabular,
tendinous, scaly peduncle; with many tentacular arms.
_Shell._ Consisting of thirteen or more valves, the smallest at the
sides, which are very flat and compressed, the peduncle short, wrinkled,
rigid, and often covered with scales like shagreen. Inhabits the
European and American seas. Six species.
Pollicipes cornucopia.
P. scalpellum.
P. homii.
P. mitella.
P. peronii.
· · · · ·
P. Mortoni.*
9. Genus _Cineras_. Pl. V.
_Animal._ Body pedunculated, and encased in a membranous tunic, which is
swollen above, with an opening below the summit, from which protrude
many ciliated articulated arms.
_Shell._ Composed of five testaceous oblong valves, two at the sides of
the aperture and three on the back, not covering the whole of the body;
supported by a peduncle of a greenish colour with several longitudinal
stripes. Inhabits the British coast. One species.
Cineras vittata.
10. Genus _Otion_. Pl. V.
_Animal._ Body pedunculated, enveloped in a membranous tunic, which is
ventricose above; two horn-like tubes, directed backwards, truncated,
and open at their points, and situated in the apex of the tunic; having
a lateral opening, with many articulated and ciliated arms.
_Shell._ Composed of two testaceous valves, attached near the lateral
opening, the centre aperture admitting the animal’s tentaculæ, the
singular form of which prevents its being blended with the genus cineras
without a further examination of its structure. Inhabits the North seas.
Two species.
Otion Cuvieri.
O. Blainvillii.
CLASS III.
CONCHIFERA.
_Animal._ Soft, inarticulated, always fixed in a bivalve shell, without
head or eyes, having the mouth naked, concealed, and without any hard
parts; a large mantle enveloping the whole of the body, forming two
laminiform lobes; the edges detached or sometimes united in front. Gills
or respiratory organs external, situated on each side between the body
and the mantle; circulation simple, the heart with one ventricle; some
few ganglions of the different nerves, but no knotted medullary cord.
_Shell._ Always bivalve, enveloping the animal entirely or partially,
sometimes free, sometimes affixed; the valves most frequently united on
one side by a hinge or ligament. Sometimes attached to the shell are
testaceous accessory pieces. Twenty families.
FAMILY I.
TUBICOLA. Six Genera.
1. Genus _Aspergillum_. Pl. V.
_Animal._ Entirely unknown.
_Shell._ Oval, somewhat elongated, striated longitudinally, conic,
club-shaped, having two valves incrusted on one side of the club, open
at its attenuated extremity, and terminated at the other by a convex
disk, pierced by a number of small perforations, and encircled by a
dilated margin of papyraceous tubes, resembling a plaited ruff—smaller
extremity always open. This is a well known, but rare shell, found in
sandy places in low water in the Indian ocean. Four species.
Aspergillum Javanum.
A. vaginiferum.
A. Novæ Zælandiæ.
A. agglutinans.
2. Genus _Clavagella_. Pl. VI.
_Animal._ Unknown.
_Shell._ A tubular sheath, testaceous, attenuated, and open before;
terminating posteriorly in an oval, sub-compressed club, roughened by
spiniform tubes—one valve fixed in the side of the club, the other free
in the tube. Inhabits the Indian seas. Four species.
Clavagella aperta.
C. cristata.
C. tibialis.
C. Brocchii.
3. Genus _Fistulana_. Pl. VI.
_Animal._ Provided with two protuberant calcareous tubes, covering parts
of its body at the open end of the tube, each of which is terminated
with from five to eight cup-shaped calcareous or corneous appendages. It
inhabits the sand, and perforates wood, stones, and sometimes shells.
_Shell._ Lamarck asserts that the tube and shell of this genus are quite
distinct. They have the shell free and detached within the sheath, and
neither of the valves fixed into the partition of the tube, which is
most generally testaceous, closed, and retort-shaped at the posterior
extremity. Inhabits the Indian seas. Four species.
Fistulana clava.
F. corniformis.
F. gregata.
F. lagenula.
4. Genus _Septaria_. Pl. VI.
_Animal._ Unknown.
_Shell._ A very long testaceous tube, gradually attenuated to its upper
end, and divided internally by vaulted divisions seldom complete, the
extremity of which is terminated by two slender tubes without interior
partitions. Specimens of this genus have been found five feet long.
Found in sand on the shores of the Indian seas. Two species.
Septaria arenaria.
S. maculata.
5. Genus _Teredina_. Pl. VI.
A fossil genus; consisting of a testaceous cylindrical sheath, the
posterior extremity closed, and exhibiting the two valves of the shell
it encloses; the anterior end open. Two fossil species.
6. Genus _Teredo_. Pl. VI.
_Animal._ Body very much elongated, vermiform: mantle very fine,
tubular, opening only at front and below for the issue of a teat-shaped
foot; mouth small; very short, distinct tubes; the inferior or
respiratory one somewhat larger than the superior; labial appendages
short and striated; branchiæ very long, narrow, united, and prolonged
throughout the extent of the tubular cavity of the mantle; only one
large contractile muscle between the valves; at the point of junction of
the mantle and tubes is a muscular ring, in which is implanted a pair of
corneo-calcareous appendages.
_Shell._ Thick, solid, very short or annular, open before and behind;
valves equal, equilateral, angular and trenchant before, only touching
each other by the opposite edges; no hinge; a considerable spoon-like
cavity; only one feeble muscular impression. Tube more or less distinct
from the substance in which the animal lives, cylindrical, straight or
winding, and closing with age at the buccal extremity so as to envelope
the animal and its shell; at the other end it is always open, and
divided internally into two syphons by a partition in the middle.
Inhabits the European seas in timber. Three species.
Teredo navalis.
T. palmulata.
T. gigantea.
FAMILY II.
PHOLADARIA. Two Genera.
1. Genus _Pholas_. Pl. VI.
_Animal._ Without a tubular sheath, projecting anteriorly into two
united tubes, frequently surrounded by a common skin, and the posterior
extremity provided with a short muscular foot, flattened at its
extremity.
_Shell._ Multivalve, equivalve, transverse, gaping at both ends, with
various accessory pieces either on the hinge or below it. Inhabits the
Indian seas and American shores. Eighteen species.
Pholas dactyla.
P. orientalis.
P. candida.
P. dactiloides.
P. papyracea.
P. tuberculata.
P. silicula.
P. callosa.
· · · · ·
P. costata.*
P. clavata.*
P. ovum.*
P. lancellata.*
P. crispata.*
P. truncata.*
P. californica.*
P. penita.*
P. oblongata.*
P. cuneiformis.*
2. Genus _Gastrochæna_. Pl. VI.
_Animal._ Unknown.
Always without accessory pieces, therefore easily distinguished from the
Pholas.
_Shell._ Equivalve, somewhat cuneiform with a very large oval and
oblique aperture anteriorly; posterior extremity nearly closed; hinge
linear; marginal and without teeth. Three species.
Gastrochæna cuneiformis.
G. mytiloides.
G. modiolina.
FAMILY III.
SOLENEA. Four genera.
1. Genus _Solen_. Pl. VI.
_Animal._ Body cylindroid, much elongated; the mantle in form of a canal
open at both ends, closed in the rest of its extent by a thick epidermis
which surrounds it; a cylindroid anterior foot.
_Shell._ Equivalve, extremely inequilateral, the summits very small, and
entirely at the commencement of the dorsal line; one or two teeth in the
hinge. Inhabits the seas of America and Europe. Twenty-one species.
Solen vaginus.
S. corneus.
S. pygmæus.
S. ambiguus.
S. Dombeii.
S. Javanicus.
S. Caribæus.
S. violaceus.
S. antiquatus.
S. vaginoides.
S. siliqua.
S. cultellus.
S. planus.
S. constrictus.
S. coarctatus.
· · · · ·
S. ensis.*
S. minutus.*
S. viridis.*
S. centralis.*
S. rostratus.*
S. giganteus.*
2. Genus _Panopæa_. Pl. VI.
_Animal._ Unknown.
The situation of the ligament, and the prominency of the apex, are the
characters which distinguish it from the Mya.
_Shell._ Regular oval, elongated, gaping at both ends, equivalve,
inequilateral; summit little marked and anterodorsal; hinge complete;
similen formed by a conical primary tooth, before a short, compressed,
ascending callosity, ligament exterior, attached to the callosity; two
muscular impressions. Inhabits the Mediterranean Sea. One species.
Panopæa Aldrovandi.
3. Genus _Solecurtus_. Pl. VI.
_Animal._ Unknown.
_Shell._ Oval, elongated, equivalve, subequilateral, with edges nearly
straight and parallel, the extremities equally rounded, and, as it
were, truncated; summits but little marked; hinge without teeth, or
formed by some rudimentary primary teeth, ligament projecting, affixed
to thickened callosities; two distinct rounded muscular
impressions.—Mediterranean Sea and coasts of America. Ten species.
Solecurtus radiatus.
S. strigilatus.
S. legumen.
· · · · ·
S. fragilis.*
S. costatus.*
S. Caribæus.*
S. lucidus.*
S. Nuttallii.*
S. subteres.*
S. Californianus.*
4. Genus _Glycimeris_. Pl. VI.
_Animal._ Unknown.
The few species of this genus yet known have been blended, by previous
authors, either with the Mya or Solen, but from either they are easily
distinguished.
_Shell._ Covered with epidermis, slightly irregular, elongated, gaping
at both ends, equivalve, exceedingly inequilateral; summits little
marked; hinge toothless; a longitudinal callosity. Ligament exterior,
affixed to very projecting callosities on the shortest side of the
shell; two distinct muscular impressions. Inhabits the North seas. Two
species.
Glycimeris margaritacea.
G. siliqua.
FAMILY IV.
MYARIA. Two genera.
1. Genus _Mya_. Pl. VI.
_Animal._ Subcylindrical, enveloped in a mantle pierced only with one
interior and inferior hole for the passage of a very small and conical
foot; the tubes very considerable, and completely united; a tolerably
large mouth, oval, and with simple lips; very small labial appendages:
branchial laminæ inconsiderable; the external very short, the internal
united with that of the opposite side.
_Shell._ Surrounded with a thick epidermis, which is prolonged upon the
tubes and the edges of the mantle of the animal; tolerably solid, with
fine trenchant edges; the summits very little marked; hinge dissimilar;
one or two oblique cardinal folds, divergent, behind a horizontal
spoon-shaped hollow upon the left valve, corresponding with a hollow;
horizontal and cardinal in the right valve; two distinct muscular
impressions. Inhabits the British and American coasts. Eight species.
Mya truncata.
M. arenaria.
M. erodona.
M. solenimyalis.
· · · · ·
M. hyalina.*
M. cancellata.*
M. acuta.*
M. mercenaria.*
2. Genus _Anatina_. Pl. VI.
_Animal._ Unknown.
_Shell._ Transverse, subequivalve, gaping at both valves, or in one
only; no cardinal teeth; one broad primary tooth in both valves,
projecting interiorly; a lateral plate running obliquely under the
primary teeth. Sometimes there is a fissure extending from the apex,
giving the appearance of a second plate or rib. Inhabits the British and
American seas. Twelve species.
Anatina laterna.
A. truncata.
A. subrostrata.
A. trapezoides.
A. rugosa.
A. imperfecta.
A. longirostris.
A. globulosa.
A. myalis.
A. rupicola.
· · · · ·
A. Leana.*
A. papyracea.*
FAMILY V.
MACTRACEA. Seven genera.
1. Genus _Lutraria_. Pl. VI.
_Animal._ Body oval, much compressed, or subcylindrical; the mantle
enclosed only in the half of its inferior side: foot small and
projecting but little beyond the abdominal mass, tubes long, distinct or
united. This genus is perfectly distinct from the Mactra, to which it
formerly belonged, on account of its having no lateral teeth. It is
called by De Blainville, Lutricola, from its being found very deep in
mud or sand at the mouth of rivers.
_Shell._ Oval or elongated, regular, equivalve, more or less
inequilateral, sometimes but slightly gaping: edges always simple and
trenchant; summits feebly marked; hinge subsimilar, formed by two very
small divergent cardinal teeth; two very distinct muscular impressions
united by a palleal impression profoundly sineous to the rear. Inhabits
the seas of Europe and America. Fourteen species.
Lutraria solenoides.
L. rugosa.
L. compressa.
L. piperata.
L. tellinoides.
L. candida.
L. elliptica.
L. papyracea.
L. plicatella.
L. crassiplica.
L. complanata.
· · · · ·
L. lineata.*
L. Nuttallii.*
L. caniculata.*
2. Genus _Mactra_. Pl. VI.
_Animal._ Body oval and pretty thick; edges of the mantle thick, smooth,
or without tentacular papillæ, augmented behind by two indistinct tubes;
mouth small and oval; labial appendages narrow; branchial laminæ very
small, and united in their length among themselves and with those of the
opposite side; foot oval, trenchant, very long.
_Shell._ The Mactra has a peculiar hinge distinguishing it from all
other genera. It is triangular, with a curved or angular compressed
tooth on each valve, with a small oblique cavity on each side, to which
is attached the ligament. Two lateral teeth, one near the primary tooth
and one near the ligament. The shape of the shell is subtriangular or
oblong; exterior smooth, striated, or ribbed transversely; two muscular
impressions united by a narrow marginal tongue. Inhabits the British and
American coasts. Forty-four species.
Mactra spengleri.
M. striatella.
M. carinata.
M. straminea.
M. Australis.
M. violacea.
M. fasciata.
M. turgida.
M. plicataria
M. rufescens.
M. maculata.
M. subplicata.
M. triangularis.
M. lactea.
M. abbreviata.
M. crassatella.
M. helvacea.
M. grandis.
M. stultorum.
M. maculosa.
M. ovalina.
M. castanea.
M. rufa.
M. squalida.
M. brasiliana.
M. donacina.
M. depressa.
M. lilacea.
M. trigonella.
M. deltoides.
M. alata.
· · · · ·
M. gigantea.*
M. solida.*
M. oblonga.*
M. californica.*
M. arctata.*
M. nucleus.*
M. alba.*
M. similis.*
M. fragilis.*
M. lateralis.*
M. deaurata.*
M. planulata.*
M. tellinoides.*
3. Genus _Crassatella_. Pl. VI.
_Animal._ Unknown.
_Shell._ Close, suborbicular or transverse, striated longitudinally,
denticulated, regular, equivalve, inequilateral, summits well marked,
and turned to the front: primary teeth somewhat divergent with a hollow
at the side; no lateral teeth nor obsolete ones; ligament internal and
inserted into a pit in the hinge. It is easily known from the Mactra and
Lutraria by the valves fitting exactly. The living species of this genus
only exist in the seas of Australasia, while in a fossil state we find
at least seven species in France. Eleven species.
Crassatella kingicola.
C. donacina.
C. sulcata.
C. rostrata.
C. glabrata.
C. subradiata.
C. contraria.
C. cuneata.
C. Erycinæa.
C. cycladea.
C. striata.
4. Genus _Erycina_. Pl. VI.
_Animal._ Unknown.
_Shell._ Somewhat longer than high, subtrigonal, regular equivalved,
inequilateral, gaping but little or not at all; summits well marked and
a little inclined to the front; hinge subsimilar; two unequal cardinal
teeth converging to the summit; two oblong, compressed, short, and
inserted lateral teeth; ligament internal and situated in a pit. Owing
to the equivocal character of this genus it is somewhat difficult to
judge of the hinge. Inhabits the Indian and American seas. Two species.
Erycina cardioides.
E. striata.
5. Genus _Ungulina_. Pl. VI.
_Animal._ Unknown.
_Shell._ Vertical or sublongitudinal, a little irregular, not gaping,
equivalve, subequilateral, with summits a little marked; hinge dorsal,
formed by a cardinal tooth; two long muscular impressions, one short
primary cleft tooth in each valve, with an oblong groove divided in the
middle of the margin, ligament internal inserted in a pit. Two species.
Ungulina oblonga.
U. transversa.
6. Genus _Solemya_. Pl. VI.
_Animal._ Unknown.
_Shell._ Covered with a thick epidermis, enclosing it entirely except at
the extremities, regular, somewhat thick, oval, elongated, straight and
parallel edges, also rounded at its two extremities, valves equal, very
inequilateral; the anterior side much longer than the posterior; summits
feebly marked; hinge subsimilar, formed by a cardinal tooth, dilated,
compressed, and a little reflexed above; subexterior ligament inserted
upon the tooth, and nearly at the posterior extremity of the shell; two
small, rounded, widely separated muscular impressions, without any
visible abdominal impression. Four species.
Solemya Australis.
S. Mediterranea.
· · · · ·
S. velum.*
S. borealis.*
7. Genus _Amphidesma_. Pl. VI.
_Animal._ Very imperfectly known.