was the pre-Wisconsin resident of the Cascades of at least southern
Washington. Probably _fenisex_ evolved in the arid interior of British
Columbia. In color _fenisex_ is intermediate between the dark
_brunnescens_ and the pale _cuppes_ of the western spurs of the Rocky
Mountains. Probably _fenisex_ was forced southward into the eastern
Cascades by the Wisconsin ice and inhabited the area east of the range
of _brunnescens_. This eastern area was not occupied by _brunnescens_
because the basaltic talus was of small size. After the retreat of the
ice, _fenisex_ (adapted to more arid habitat than _brunnescens_), spread
northward to the relatively dry valleys of the interior of British
Columbia.
The distinctness of _brunnescens_ and _fenisex_ is maintained by
selective factors of the habitats they occupy but the zone of
intergradation between the two is broad. A tendency towards paleness is
noticeable in specimens from as far west as the eastern side of Mount
Rainier.
The pikas in the Rocky Mountain area have given rise to a number of
races. The pale, small race of northern Idaho, _cuppes_, entered
northeastern Washington with other members of the Great Basin Fauna
after the retreat of the ice.
LEPUS TOWNSENDII.--The white-tailed jack rabbit has probably lived on
the Columbian Plateau ever since or even before the time when the
Wisconsin ice bordered the plateau on the north.
LEPUS AMERICANUS.--Snowshoe rabbits were probably spread over forested
parts of Washington in pre-Wisconsin time. A coastal race,
_washingtonii_, was probably distinct from the remainder of the species
at an early time. It, and its kindred races _klamathensis_ and
_tahoensis_, are very different from races derived later from the Rocky
Mountain Fauna. From this it is deduced that _washingtonii_ was a member
of the Pacific Coastal Fauna before the advance of the last continental
glaciers.
The snowshoe rabbits now found in the Cascade Mountains of Washington
are racially distinct from populations occurring to the north and east,
but are more closely related to the northern and eastern rabbits than
they are to _washingtonii_. This race, _cascadensis_, probably lived in
the area north of the state of Washington in pre-Wisconsin interglacial
time. The snowshoe rabbit of northeastern Washington was probably a race
having an extensive range in the Rocky Mountains from which _pineus_ in
the Blue Mountains developed. The descent of the Vashon-Wisconsin
glaciers found _washingtonii_ restricted to western Oregon. It might
have persisted also in southwestern Washington but, had this been the
case, we would expect a broader zone of intergradation between
_washingtonii_ and _cascadensis_ than actually exists.
The glaciers forced _cascadensis_ southward into the Cascades of
southern Washington. The difference between _washingtonii_ and
_cascadensis_ and the narrow zone of intergradation between them,
indicate that the two races were not in contact in pre-Vashon Time. The
presence in the Cascades of Oregon of a race related to _washingtonii_
rather than _cascadensis_ also supports this view. The snowshoe rabbits
of northeastern Washington were probably eliminated from areas where the
ice was in place. The effect of the glaciers in nearby areas was
probably less on snowshoe rabbits than upon other species.
Following the retreat of the glaciers, _washingtonii_ reinvaded western
Washington and spread northward through the lowlands to the Fraser
River. In the Cascades, _cascadensis_ moved even farther north. _L. a.
pineus_ of the Rocky Mountain Fauna invaded northeastern Washington from
adjacent areas to the south. Another race, _columbiensis_, spread from
the interior valleys of British Columbia to the western part of
northeastern Washington in probably relatively recent times. The
post-Wisconsin history of the distribution of this race is uncertain.
LEPUS CALIFORNICUS.--The black-tailed jack rabbit occurs throughout the
sagebrush areas of eastern Washington, except in the Okanogan Valley. It
invaded Washington from the south recently (Couch, 1927: 313). The first
blacktails were thought to have entered Walla Walla County about 1870.
Here they were checked by the Snake River. About 1905 they crossed the
Snake River, on ice, and by 1920 had spread over much of the Columbian
Plateau. In January, 1920, they crossed the Columbia River in two
places, on ice jams, and by 1927 had spread north and west over the
sagebrush areas between the Columbia River and the Cascade Mountains.
When Couch, in 1927, published his account, he predicted that the
blacktail would eventually spread to the Okanogan Valley. This has not
yet occurred although it is still to be expected.
It should be noted that the migrational history of the black-tailed jack
rabbit is known only because the animal is large, spectacular, and
diurnal, and therefore noticed by resident ranchers, and because the
facts came to the notice of a competent biologist. Migration of a less
conspicuous mammal, for example, a mouse, would rarely be detected.
SYLVILAGUS NUTTALLII.--The cottontail might have been resident on the
Columbian Plateau during Wisconsin Time but probably it invaded, or
perhaps reinvaded, the Plateau from eastern Oregon in the Recent.
SYLVILAGUS IDAHOENSIS.--Too little is known about this rabbit in
Washington to hazard a guess as to its recent distributional history.
CERVUS CANADENSIS.--The elk emigrated from Siberia to North America in
the late Pleistocene but previous, certainly, to Vashon-Wisconsin time.
Probably the coastal race was distinct from the interior population in
the preceding interglacial cycle. The descent of the last continental
glaciers, in Washington, separated the elk of the Pacific Coastal Fauna
from the Rocky Mountain Fauna. After the retreat of the ice the coastal
race moved northward to southern British Columbia and the Rocky Mountain
race moved northward and westward through British Columbia. Northeastern
Washington was reoccupied by the Rocky Mountain elk.
Remains of elk have been found associated with human artifacts on the
northern part of the Columbian Plateau. The plateau is poorly suited to
elk but a few may have persisted there until late historic time. The
remains may have been brought by Indians from northeastern Washington.
The remains included teeth and portions of the skull and it seems
unlikely that these would have been carried any great distance.
ODOCOILEUS HEMIONUS.--The American deer probably evolved in North
America. In this respect they are unlike the elk, moose and caribou, all
of which emigrated from Asia to America in the Pleistocene. _Odocoileus
hemionus_ and _virginianus_ probably diverged from a common stock in the
Pliocene.
The black-tailed deer was probably a member of the Pacific Coastal Fauna
at an early time and distinct from the mule deer before the last
interglacial cycle. Probably the mule deer lived in the eastern Cascades
and on part of the Columbian Plateau in Wisconsin Time. They occur on
the plateau in limited numbers at present and their remains have been
found associated with human artifacts in the Grand Coulee area.
ODOCOILEUS VIRGINIANUS.--The white-tailed deer ranges from the Atlantic
to the Pacific and from Canada to Mexico. The species was probably
abundant in the Pacific Northwest in the Pleistocene, perhaps in
Vashon-Wisconsin time, but has since largely given way to the
black-tailed and mule deer. The race _O. v. leucurus_ now occupies an
extremely small range. The accounts of early naturalists indicate that
it was more abundant and had a wider range 100 years ago. Probably
_leucurus_ was once an important member of the Pacific Coastal Fauna.
The inland race, _ochrourus_, is a typical member of the Rocky Mountain
Fauna. It and _leucurus_ were probably derived from a common ancestor in
the late Pleistocene.
ALCE AMERICANUS.--The moose occurs in Washington as a casual wanderer
from the Rocky Mountain Fauna to the east.
RANGIFER MONTANUS.--The caribou occurs in northeastern Washington as a
winter migrant from the north. It was probably of more regular and
extensive occurrence in the past.
ANTILOCAPRA AMERICANA.--The antelope probably was a casual wanderer to
southeastern Washington and perhaps to the Columbian Plateau from
eastern Oregon before white man reached Washington.
BISON BISON.--The buffalo, like the antelope, probably occurred in
southeastern Washington and on the Columbian Plateau only as a casual
wanderer from Oregon in postglacial time.
OVIS CANADENSIS.--Mountain sheep reached North America from Asia in the
Pleistocene. By Vashon-Wisconsin Time they had spread southward, perhaps
to Mexico. The descent of the Vashon-Wisconsin ice in Washington
presumably separated the _canadensis_ and _californiana_ type of sheep,
the former being confined to the Rocky Mountain Fauna and the latter to
the Cascade-Sierra Nevada chain and adjacent parts of the Great Basin.
Mountain sheep probably persisted in the southern Cascades of Washington
and on the Columbian Plateau during Vashon-Wisconsin times. After the
retreat of the ice, these sheep (_californiana_) moved northward
slightly, both in the Cascades and on the Columbian Plateau. Remains of
sheep are to be found with human artifacts in the Grand Coulee area
today. When white man first reached the state, sheep existed throughout
the Cascades and on part of the Columbian Plateau. Only a pitiful
remnant remains in the extreme northern Cascades.
Mountain sheep of the Rocky Mountain race probably existed in small
numbers in the Blue Mountains of southeastern Washington until historic
times. Sheep from the Blue Mountains or adjacent Idaho invaded
northeastern Washington shortly after that region was freed from
Wisconsin ice. These sheep were exterminated shortly after the coming of
the white man.
OREAMNOS AMERICANUS.--Fossil remains of the mountain goat have been
discovered at Washtuckna Lake, associated with those of the lion, horse,
and camel. Probably the mountain goat had an extensive range in
Washington at the time of a glacial advance previous to the Wisconsin
glaciation. In Wisconsin Time the mountain goat was confined to the
southern Cascades. Strangely enough, it seems not to have crossed the
Columbia River to become established in the Cascades of Oregon. After
the retreat of the ice it moved northward through the Cascades.
A mountain goat recently taken in northeastern Washington seemingly
wandered to the area from Idaho.
EXPLANATION OF TREATMENT
The order of arrangement of the following accounts is that of Miller
(1924) with some modifications. For example, the Chiroptera are arranged
according to Tate (1942), the Sciuridae according to Bryant (1945) and
the Cetacea according to Scheffer (1942). A few other minor changes are
included.
Although the principal purpose of this report is to describe and
interpret the distribution of the various species and races of mammals
that occur in Washington, a brief description and account of the habits
of the animals is included. Each species account begins with a
description, based principally on external characters. This is followed
by pertinent information regarding the range of the species, its
relationships within the genus and a brief account of its habits. The
habits are dealt with in most detail for the species that are of
greatest economic importance.
The accounts of subspecies are largely technical. The account of the
type specimen is rather complete. Subspecific diagnoses are brief,
stating often only the principal racial characters. Standard external
measurements are usually given for each subspecies. All measurements,
unless otherwise stated, are in millimeters and weights are in grams.
Specimens are adult, unless otherwise stated.
No formal list of specimens examined is included. Localities from which
specimens have been examined are usually shown on the distribution maps
by solid circles. Open circles indicate localities from which specimens,
not examined by me, have been recorded by other persons. Most of these
records are published but a few are based on authentic trappers'
reports, photographs, or other evidence. Unusual occurrences of animals
outside their natural ranges are not shown on the maps. Not every record
from well within the range of a subspecies has been plotted, but care
has been taken to plot all records of occurrences from peripheral areas.
When more than one race of a species occurs in Washington, specimens
from localities where the geographic range of one subspecies meets or
approaches that of another are listed as "marginal occurrences" in the
paragraph on the distribution of the race to which they are best
referred. Marginal occurrences are listed from north to south and from
west to east. The authority for the record, if published, is given. When
the record is based on specimens examined by the author, the collection
containing the specimen is indicated as follows:
(E.S.B.) Ernest S. Booth collection. College Place, Washington.
(J.M.E.) J. M. Edson collection, Bellingham, Washington.
(K.U.) University of Kansas, Museum of Natural History, Lawrence,
Kansas.
(M.V.Z.) Museum of Vertebrate Zoölogy, University of California,
Berkeley, California.
(U.S.N.M.) United States National Museum, Washington, D. C.
Specimens from the Biological Surveys Collection are included
here.
(V.B.S.) Victor B. Scheffer collection. United States National
Museum, Washington, D. C.
(W.S.C.) Washington State College, Charles R. Conner Museum,
Pullman, Washington.
(W.S.M.) Washington State Museum, University of Washington,
Seattle, Washington.
(W.W.D.) Walter W. Dalquest collection, Seattle, Washington.
In all, 230 kinds (species and subspecies) of mammals are listed for the
state of Washington. Of these, 9 kinds (opossum, eastern gray squirrel,
fox squirrel, 3 kinds of Old World rats, house mouse, nutria, and
eastern cottontail) have been introduced into Washington from elsewhere.
The dog of the Indians might be listed as a tenth introduced species.
The grizzly bear, the sea otter, the wolf, the moose, one race of
mountain sheep, one race of mountain goat, and, if they ever occurred in
the state, the pronghorn antelope and bison, are nearly or completely
extinct in Washington. Mammals other than cetaceans possibly occurring
in Washington, but of which satisfactory record is lacking, are
mentioned in a hypothetical list at the end of the accounts of species.
Of the 220 kinds of native mammals, known to occur in the state, 23 are
marine (4 pinnipeds, 19 cetaceans). The 197 living, native, land mammals
include 6 orders, 20 families, 58 genera and 101 full species.
CHECK LIST OF MAMMALS
CLASS MAMMALIA--mammals
Order MARSUPALIA--marsupials
Family DIDELPHIIDAE--opossums
Genus =Didelphis= Linnaeus--opossums
_Didelphis virginiana virginiana Kerr_ opossum
Order INSECTIVORA--insectivores
Family TALPIDAE--moles
Genus =Neurotrichus= Gunther--shrew-mole
_Neurotrichus gibbsii gibbsii_ (Baird) }
_Neurotrichus gibbsii minor_ Dalquest } Gibbs shrew-mole
and Burgner }
Genus =Scapanus= Pomel--western American moles
_Scapanus townsendii_ (Bachman) Townsend mole
_Scapanus orarius orarius_ True }
_Scapanus orarius yakimensis_ Dalquest } coast mole
and Scheffer }
_Scapanus orarius schefferi_ Jackson }
Family SORICIDAE--shrews
Genus =Sorex= Linnaeus--long-tailed shrews
_Sorex cinereus cinereus_ Kerr }
_Sorex cinereus streatori_ Merriam } cinereous shrew
_Sorex merriami merriami_ Dobson Merriam shrew
_Sorex trowbridgii trowbridgii_ Baird }
_Sorex trowbridgii destructioni_ Scheffer } Trowbridge shrew
and Dalquest }
_Sorex vagrans vagrans_ Baird }
_Sorex vagrans monticola_ Merriam } wandering shrew
_Sorex obscurus obscurus_ Merriam }
_Sorex obscurus setosus_ Elliot } dusky shrew
_Sorex palustris navigator_ (Baird) mountain water-shrew
_Sorex bendirii bendirii_ (Merriam) }
_Sorex bendirii albiventer_ Merriam } Bendire water-shrew
Genus =Microsorex= Coues--pigmy shrew
_Microsorex hoyi washingtoni_ Jackson pigmy shrew
Order CHIROPTERA--bats
Family VESPERTILIONIDAE--vespertilionid bats
Genus =Myotis= Kaup--mouse-eared bats
_Myotis lucifugus carissima_ Thomas }
_Myotis lucifugus alascensis_ Miller } big myotis
_Myotis yumanensis sociabilis_ }
H. W. Grinnell }
_Myotis yumanensis saturatus_ Miller } Yuma myotis
_Myotis keenii keenii_ (Merriam) Keen myotis
_Myotis evotis evotis_ (H. Allen) } long-eared myotis
_Myotis evotis pacificus_ Dalquest }
_Myotis thysanodes thysanodes_ Miller fringe-tailed myotis
_Myotis volans longicrus_ (True) } hairy-winged myotis
_Myotis volans interior_ Miller }
_Myotis californicus caurinus_ Miller } California myotis
_Myotis californicus californicus_ }
(Audubon and Bachman) }
_Myotis subulatus melanorhinus_ (Merriam) small-footed myotis
Genus =Lasionycteris= Peters--silver-haired bat
_Lasionycteris noctivagans_ (Le Conte) silver-haired bat
Genus =Corynorhinus= H. Allen--long-eared bats
_Corynorhinus rafinesquii townsendii_ } long-eared bat
(Cooper) }
_Corynorhinus rafinesquii intermedius_ }
H. W. Grinnell }
Genus =Pipistrellus= Kaup--pipistrelles
_Pipistrellus hesperus hesperus_ (H. Allen) western pipistrelle
Genus =Eptesicus= Rafinesque--serotine bats
_Eptesicus fuscus bernardinus_ Rhoads big brown bat
Genus =Lasiurus= Gray--hairy-tailed bats
_Lasiurus cinereus cinereus_ (Beauvois) hoary bat
Genus =Antrozous= H. Allen--nyctophiline bats
_Antrozous pallidus cantwelli_ Bailey pallid bat
Order CARNIVORA
Family URSIDAE--bears
Genus =Ursus= Linnaeus--bears
_Ursus americanus altifrontalis_ Elliot }
_Ursus americanus cinnamomum_ } black bear
(Audubon and Bachman) }
_Ursus chelan_ Merriam grizzly bear
Family PROCYONIDAE--raccoons and allies
Genus =Procyon= Storr-raccoons
_Procyon lotor psora_ Gray }
_Procyon lotor excelsus_ Nelson and } raccoon
Goldman }
Family MUSTELIDAE--weasels and allies
Genus =Martes= Pinel--martens and fisher
_Martes caurina caurina_ (Merriam) } western marten
_Martes caurina origenes_ (Rhoads) }
_Martes pennanti_ (Erxleben) fisher
Genus =Mustela= Linnaeus--weasels, ferrets and minks
_Mustela erminea invicta_ Hall }
_Mustela erminea fallenda_ Hall }
_Mustela erminea olympica_ Hall } ermine
_Mustela erminea streatori_ (Merriam) }
_Mustela erminea gulosa_ Hall }
_Mustela erminea murica_ (Bangs) }
_Mustela frenata washingtoni_ (Merriam) }
_Mustela frenata altifrontalis_ Hall }
_Mustela frenata effera_ Hall } long-tailed weasel
_Mustela frenata nevadensis_ Hall }
_Mustela vison energumenos_ (Bangs) mink
Genus =Gulo= Pallas--wolverines
_Gulo luscus luteus_ Elliot wolverine
Genus =Lutra= Brisson--river otters
_Lutra canadensis pacifica_ Rhoads }
_Lutra canadensis vancouverensis_ Goldman } river otter
Genus =Enhydra= Fleming--sea otter
_Enhydra lutris nereis_ (Merriam) sea otter
Genus =Spilogale= Gray--civet cats or spotted skunks
_Spilogale gracilis saxatilis_ Merriam } civet cat or
_Spilogale gracilis latifrons_ Merriam } spotted skunks
Genus =Mephitis= Geoffroy and Cuvier--striped skunks
_Mephitis mephitis hudsonica_ Richardson }
_Mephitis mephitis major_ (Howell) }
_Mephitis mephitis notata_ (Howell) } striped skunk
_Mephitis mephitis spissigrada_ Bangs }
Genus =Taxidea= Waterhouse--American badger
_Taxidea taxus taxus_ (Schreber) badger
Family CANIDAE--foxes, coyote, wolves and dogs
Genus =Vulpes= Oken--foxes
_Vulpes fulva cascadensis_ Merriam red fox
Genus =Canis= Linnaeus--coyote, wolves and dogs
_Canis latrans testes_ Merriam }
_Canis latrans incolatus_ Hall } coyote
_Canis lupus fuscus_ Richardson wolf
_Canis familiaris_ Linnaeus dog
Family FELIDAE--cats
Genus =Felis= Linnaeus--true cats
_Felis concolor oregonensis_ Rafinesque } cougar or
_Felis concolor missoulensis_ Goldman } mountain lion
Genus =Lynx= Kerr--lynxes and bobcats
_Lynx canadensis canadensis_ Kerr Canadian lynx
_Lynx rufus fasciatus_ Rafinesque }
_Lynx rufus pallescens_ Merriam } bobcat
Order PINNIPEDIA--seals and walruses
Family OTARIIDAE--eared seals
Genus =Zalophus= Gill--Californian sea lions
_Zaluphus californianus_ (Lesson) California sea lion
Genus =Eumetopias= Gill--Steller sea lion
_Eumetopias jubata_ (Schreber) Steller sea lion
Genus =Callorhinus= Gray--Alaska fur seal
_Callorhinus ursinus cynocephalus_
(Walbaum) Alaska fur seal
Family PHOCIDAE--hair seals
Genus =Phoca= Linnaeus--hair seals
_Phoca vitulina richardii_ (Gray) hair seal
Order RODENTIA--rodents
Family SCIURIDAE--squirrels and allies
Genus =Tamias= Illiger--chipmunks
_Tamias minimus scrutator_ (Hall and }
Hatfield) } least chipmunk
_Tamias minimus grisescens_ (Howell) }
_Tamias amoenus caurinus_ (Merriam) }
_Tamias amoenus felix_ Rhoads }
_Tamias amoenus ludibundus_ (Hollister) }
_Tamias amoenus affinis_ Allen } yellow-pine chipmunk
_Tamias amoenus canicaudus_ (Merriam) }
_Tamias amoenus luteiventris_ Allen }
_Tamias ruficaudus simulans_ (Howell) red-tailed chipmunk
_Tamias townsendii townsendii_ Bachman }
_Tamias townsendii cooperi_ Baird } Townsend chipmunk
Genus =Marmota= Blumenbach--marmots
_Marmota monax petrensis_ Howell woodchuck
_Marmota flaviventris avara_ (Bangs) yellow-bellied marmot
_Marmota caligata cascadensis_ Howell hoary marmot
_Marmota olympus_ (Merriam) Olympic marmot
Genus =Citellus= Oken--ground squirrels
_Citellus townsendii townsendii_ (Bachman) Townsend ground
squirrel
_Citellus washingtoni_ Howell Washington ground
squirrel
_Citellus columbianus columbianus_ (Ord) }
_Citellus columbianus ruficaudus_ Howell } Columbian ground
squirrel
_Citellus beecheyi douglasii_
(Richardson) Beechey ground squirrel
_Citellus lateralis tescorum_ (Hollister) }
_Citellus lateralis connectens_ (Howell) } golden-mantled ground
_Citellus saturatus_ (Rhoads) } squirrel
Genus =Sciurus= Linnaeus--tree squirrels
_Sciurus griseus griseus_ Ord western gray squirrel
_Sciurus carolinensis hypophaeus_ Merriam eastern gray squirrel
_Sciurus niger_ Linnaeus, subsp.? fox squirrel
Genus =Tamiasciurus= Trouessart--red squirrels
_Tamiasciurus hudsonicus streatori_ }
(Allen) }
_Tamiasciurus hudsonicus richardsoni_ } red squirrel
(Bachman) }
_Tamiasciurus douglasii douglasii_ }
(Bachman) } Douglas squirrel
Genus =Glaucomys= Thomas--American flying squirrels
_Glaucomys sabrinus oregonensis_ }
(Bachman) }
_Glaucomys sabrinus bangsi_ (Rhoads) } northern flying
_Glaucomys sabrinus columbiensis_ Howell } squirrel
_Glaucomys sabrinus latipes_ Howell }
_Glaucomys sabrinus fuliginosus_ (Rhoads) }
Family HETEROMYIDAE--pocket mice, kangaroo mice and kangaroo rats
Genus =Perognathus= Weid--pocket mice
_Perognathus parvus parvus_ (Peale) } great basin pocket
_Perognathus parvus lordi_ (Gray) } mouse
_Perognathus parvus columbianus_ Merriam }
Genus =Dipodomys= Gray--kangaroo rats
_Dipodomys ordii columbianus_ (Merriam) Ord kangaroo rat
Family GEOMYIDAE--pocket gophers
Genus =Thomomys= Weid--smooth-toothed pocket gophers
_Thomomys talpoides devexus_ Hall and }
Dalquest }
_Thomomys talpoides columbianus_ Bailey }
_Thomomys talpoides aequalidens_ }
Dalquest }
_Thomomys talpoides wallowa_ Hall }
and Orr }
_Thomomys talpoides fuscus_ Merriam }
_Thomomys talpoides yakimensis_ Hall }
and Dalquest }
_Thomomys talpoides shawi_ Taylor }
_Thomomys talpoides immunis_ Hall and }
Dalquest } northern pocket
_Thomomys talpoides limosus_ Merriam } gopher
_Thomomys talpoides douglasii_ }
(Richardson) }
_Thomomys talpoides glacialis_ Dalquest }
and Scheffer }
_Thomomys talpoides tacomensis_ Taylor }
_Thomomys talpoides pugetensis_ Dalquest }
and Scheffer }
_Thomomys talpoides tumuli_ Dalquest }
and Scheffer }
_Thomomys talpoides yelmensis_ Merriam }
_Thomomys talpoides couchi_ Goldman }
_Thomomys talpoides melanops_ Merriam }
Family CASTORIDAE--beavers
Genus =Castor= Linnaeus--beavers
_Castor canadensis leucodonta_ Gray }
_Castor canadensis idoneus_ Jewett and } beaver
Hall }
Family MURIDAE--rats and mice
Genus =Onychomys= Baird--grasshopper mice
_Onychomys leucogaster fuscogriseus_ } northern grasshopper
Anthony } mouse