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CELEBRATED TRAVELS AND TRAVELLERS.
THE EXPLORATION OF THE WORLD.
[Frontispiece: TRANSLATED BY DORA LEIGH]
CELEBRATED TRAVELS AND TRAVELLERS.
THE EXPLORATION OF THE WORLD.
BY JULES VERNE
WITH 59 ILLUSTRATIONS BY L. BENETT AND P. PHILIPPOTEAUX,
AND 50 FAC-SIMILES OF ANCIENT DRAWINGS.
[Illustration: _TRANSLATED FROM THE FRENCH._]
London:
SAMPSON LOW, MARSTON, SEARLE, & RIVINGTON,
CROWN BUILDINGS, 188, FLEET STREET.
1882.
[_All rights reserved._]
Celebrated Travels and Travellers,
BY JULES VERNE.
_In Three Vols., demy 8vo, each containing 400 pages and upwards of
100 Illustrations, price 12s. 6d. each; cloth extra, gilt edges,
14s._
Part I. The Exploration of the World.
Part II. The Great Navigators of the Eighteenth Century.
Part III. The Great Navigators of the Nineteenth Century.
EXPLORATION OF THE WORLD.
LIST OF MAPS AND ILLUSTRATIONS
REPRODUCED IN FAC-SIMILE FROM THE ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS,
GIVING THE SOURCES WHENCE THEY ARE DERIVED.
FIRST PART.
Map of the World as known to the Ancients.
Approach to Constantinople. Anselmi Banduri Imperium orientale, tome
II., p. 448. 2 vols. folio. Parisiis, 1711.
Map of the World according to Marco Polo's ideas. Vol. I., p. 134 of
the edition of Marco Polo published in London by Colonel Yule, 2
vols. 8vo.
Plan of Pekin in 1290. Yule's edition. Vol. I., p. 332.
Portrait of Jean de Bethencourt. "The discovery and conquest of the
Canaries." Page 1, 12mo. Paris, 1630.
Plan of Jerusalem. "Narrative of the journey beyond seas to the Holy
Sepulchre of Jerusalem," by Antoine Regnant, p. 229, 4to. Lyons,
1573.
Prince Henry the Navigator. From a miniature engraved in "The
Discoveries of Prince Henry the Navigator," by H. Major. 8vo. London,
1877.
Christopher Columbus. Taken from "Vitae illustrium virorum," by Paul
Jove. Folio. Basileae, Perna.
Imaginary view of Seville. Th. de Bry. Grands Voyages, pl. I., part
IV.
Building of a caravel. Th. de Bry. Grands Voyages, Americae, part
IV., plate XIX.
Christopher Columbus on board his caravel. Th. de Bry. Grands
Voyages, Americae, part IV., plate VI.
Embarkation of Christopher Columbus. Th. de Bry. Grands Voyages,
Americae, part IV., plate VIII.
Map of the Antilles and the Gulf of Mexico. Th. de Bry. Grands
Voyages, Americae, part V.
Fishing for Pearl oysters. Th. de Bry. Grands Voyages, Americae,
part IV., plate XII.
Gold-mines in Cuba. Th. de Bry. Grands Voyages, Americae, part V.,
plate I.
Vasco da Gama. From an engraving in the Cabinet des Estampes of the
Bibl. Nat.
La Mina. "Histoire generale des Voyages," by the Abbe Prevost. Vol.
III., p. 461, 4to. 20 vols. An X. 1746.
Map of the East Coast of Africa, from the Cape of Good Hope to the
Cape del Gado. From the French map of the Eastern Ocean, published
in 1740 by order of the Comte de Maurepas.
Map of Mozambique. Bibl. Nat. Estampes.
Interview with the Zamorin. "Hist. Gen. des Voyages," by Prevost.
Vol. I., p. 39. 4to. An X. 20 vols. 1746.
View of Quiloa. From an engraving in the Cabinet des Estampes.
Topography. (Africa).
Map of the Coasts of Persia, Guzerat, and Malabar. From the French
Map of the Eastern Ocean, pub. in 1740 by order of the Comte de
Maurepas.
The Island of Ormuz. "Hist. Gen. des Voyages." Prevost. Vol. II., p.
98.
SECOND PART.
Americus Vespucius. From an engraving in the Cabinet des Estampes of
the Bibliotheque Nationale.
Indians devoured by dogs. Th. de Bry. Grands Voyages, Americae, part
IV., plate XXII.
Punishment of Indians. Page 17 of Las Casas' "Narratio regionum
indicarum per Hispanos quosdam devastatarum," 4to. Francofurti,
sumptibus Th. de Bry, 1698.
Portrait of F. Cortes. From an engraving after Velasquez in the
Cabinet des Estampes of the Bibliotheque Nationale.
Plan of Mexico. From Clavigero and Bernal Diaz del Castillo.
Jourdanet's translation, 2nd Edition.
Portrait of Pizarro. From an engraving in the Cabinet des Estampes
of the Bib. Nat.
Map of Peru. From Garcilasso de la Vega. History of the Incas. 4to.
Bernard, Amsterdam, 1738.
Atahualpa taken prisoner. Th. de Bry. Grands Voyages, Americae, part
VI., plate VII.
Assassination of Pizarro. Th. de Bry. Grands Voyages, Americae, part
VI., plate XV.
Magellan on board his caravel. Th. de Bry. Grands Voyages, Americae,
part IV., plate XV.
Map of the Coast of Brazil. From the map called Henry 2nd's. Bibl.
Nat., Geographical collections.
The Ladrone Islands. Th. de Bry. Grands Voyages, Occidentalis Indiae,
pars VIII., p. 50.
Portrait of Sebastian Cabot. From a miniature engraved in "The
remarkable Life, adventures, and discoveries of Sebastian Cabot," by
Nicholls. 8vo. London, 1869.
Fragment of Cabot's map. Bibl. Nat., Geographical collections.
Map of Newfoundland and of the Mouth of the St. Lawrence. Lescarbot,
"Histoire de la Nouvelle France." 12mo. Perier, Paris, 1617.
Portrait of Jacques Cartier. After Charlevoix. "History and general
description of New France," translated by John Gilmary Shea, p. III.
6 vols. 4to. Shea, New York, 1866.
Barentz' ship fixed in the ice. Th. de Bry. Grands Voyages. Tertia
pars Indiae Orientales, plate XLIV.
Interior of Barentz' house. Th. de Bry. Grands Voyages. Tertia pars
Indiae Orientalis, plate XLVII.
Exterior view of Barentz' house. Th. de Bry. Grands Voyages. Tertia
pars Indiae Orientalis, plate XLVIII.
Map of Nova Zembla. Th. de Bry. Grands Voyages. Tertia pars Indiae
Orientalis, plate LIX.
A sea-lion hunt. Th. de Bry. Grands Voyages, Occidentalis Indiae,
pars VIII., p. 37.
A fight between the Dutch and the Spaniards. Th. de Bry. Grands
Voyages, "Historiarum novi orbis;" part IX., book II., page 87.
Portrait of Raleigh. From an engraving in the Cabinet des Estampes
of the Bibl. Nat.
Berreo seized by Raleigh. Th. de Bry. Grands Voyages. Occid. Indiae,
part VIII., p. 64.
Portrait of Chardin. "Voyages de M. le Chevalier Chardin en Perse."
Vol. I. 10 vols. 12mo. Ferrand, Rouen, 1723.
Japanese Archer. From a Japanese print engraved by Yule, vol. II., p.
206.
Attack upon an Indian Town. "Voyages du Sieur de Champlain," p. 44.
12mo. Collet, Paris, 1727.
NAMES OF THE PRINCIPAL TRAVELLERS
OF WHOM THE HISTORY AND TRAVELS ARE RELATED IN THIS VOLUME.
FIRST PART.
HANNO--HERODOTUS--PYTHEAS--NEARCHUS--EUDOXUS--CAESAR--STRABO--
PAUSANIAS--FA-HIAN--COSMOS INDICOPLEUSTES--ARCULPHE--WILLIBALD--
SOLEYMAN--BENJAMIN OF TUDELA--PLAN DE CARPIN--RUBRUQUIS--MARCO
POLO--IBN BATUTA--JEAN DE BETHENCOURT--CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS--
COVILHAM AND PAIVA--VASCO DA GAMA--ALVARES CABRAL--JOAO DA NOVA--
DA CUNHA--ALMEIDA--ALBUQUERQUE.
SECOND PART.
HOJEDA--AMERICUS VESPUCIUS--JUAN DE LA COSA--YANEZ PINZON--DIAZ DE
SOLIS--PONCE DE LEON--BALBOA--GRIJALVA--CORTES--PIZARRO--ALMAGRO--
ALVARADO--ORELLANA--MAGELLAN--ERIC THE RED--THE ZENI--THE
CORTEREALS--THE CABOTS--WILLOUGHBY--CHANCELLOR--VERRAZZANO--JACQUES
CARTIER--FROBISHER--JOHN DAVIS--BARENTZ AND HEEMSKERKE--DRAKE--
CAVENDISH--DE NOORT--W. RALEIGH--LEMAIRE AND SCHOUTEN--TASMAN--
MENDANA--QUIROS AND TORRES--PYRARD DE LAVAL--PIETRO DELLA VALLE--
TAVERNIER--THEVENOT--BERNIER--ROBERT KNOX--CHARDIN--DE BRUYN--
KAEMPFER--WILLIAM DAMPIER--HUDSON AND BAFFIN--CHAMPLAIN AND LA SALE.
PREFACE.
This narrative will comprehend not only all the explorations made in
past ages, but also all the new discoveries which have of late years
so greatly interested the scientific world. In order to give to this
work--enlarged perforce by the recent labours of modern
travellers,--all the accuracy possible, I have called in the aid of
a man whom I with justice regard as one of the most competent
geographers of the present day: M. Gabriel Marcel, attached to the
Bibliotheque Nationale.
With the advantage of his acquaintance with several foreign
languages which are unknown to me, we have been able to go to the
fountain-head, and to derive all information from absolutely
original documents. Our readers will, therefore, render to M. Marcel
the credit due to him for his share in a work which will demonstrate
what manner of men the great travellers have been, from the time of
Hanno and Herodotus down to that of Livingstone and Stanley.
JULES VERNE.
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
FIRST PART.
CHAPTER I.
CELEBRATED TRAVELLERS BEFORE THE CHRISTIAN ERA.
HANNO, 505; HERODOTUS, 484; PYTHEAS, 340; NEARCHUS, 326; EUDOXUS,
146; CAESAR, 100; STRABO, 50.
PAGE
Hanno, the Carthaginian--Herodotus visits Egypt, Lybia, Ethiopia,
Phoenicia, Arabia, Babylon, Persia, India, Media, Colchis, the
Caspian Sea, Scythia, Thrace, and Greece--Pytheas explores the
coasts of Iberia and Gaul, the English Channel, the Isle of
Albion, the Orkney Islands, and the land of Thule--Nearchus
visits the Asiatic coast, from the Indus to the Persian Gulf--
Eudoxus reconnoitres the West Coast of Africa--Caesar conquers
Gaul and Great Britain--Strabo travels over the interior of
Asia, and Egypt, Greece, and Italy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
CHAPTER II.
CELEBRATED TRAVELLERS FROM THE FIRST TO THE NINTH CENTURY.
PAUSANIAS, 174; FA-HIAN, 399; COSMOS INDICOPLEUSTES, 500; ARCULPHE,
700; WILLIBALD, 725; SOLEYMAN, 851.
Pliny, Hippalus, Arian, and Ptolemy--Pausanias visits Attica,
Corinth, Laconia, Messenia, Elis, Achaia, Arcadia, Boeotia, and
Phocis--Fa-Hian explores Kan-tcheou, Tartary, Northern India,
the Punjaub, Ceylon, and Java--Cosmos Indicopleustes, and the
Christian Topography of the Universe--Arculphe describes
Jerusalem, the valley of Jehoshaphat, the Mount of Olives,
Bethlehem, Jericho, the river Jordan, Libanus, the Dead Sea,
Capernaum, Nazareth, Mount Tabor, Damascus, Tyre, Alexandria,
and Constantinople--Willibald and the Holy Land--Soleyman
travels through Ceylon, and Sumatra, and crosses the Gulf of
Siam and the China Sea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
CHAPTER III.
CELEBRATED TRAVELLERS BETWEEN THE TENTH AND THIRTEENTH CENTURIES.
BENJAMIN OF TUDELA, 1159-1173; PLAN DE CARPIN, OR CARPINI,
1245-1247; RUBRUQUIS, 1253-1254.
The Scandinavians in the North, Iceland and Greenland--Benjamin
of Tudela visits Marseilles, Rome, Constantinople, the
Archipelago, Palestine, Jerusalem, Bethlehem, Damascus, Baalbec,
Nineveh, Baghdad, Babylon, Bassorah, Ispahan, Shiraz, Samarcand,
Thibet, Malabar, Ceylon, the Red Sea, Egypt, Sicily, Italy,
Germany, and France--Carpini explores Turkestan--Manners and
customs of the Tartars--Rubruquis and the Sea of Azov, the
Volga, Karakorum, Astrakhan, and Derbend . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
CHAPTER IV.
MARCO POLO, 1253-1324.
I.
The interest of the Genoese and Venetian merchants in
encouraging the exploration of Central Asia--The family of Polo,
and its position in Venice--Nicholas and Matteo Polo, the two
brothers--They go from Constantinople to the Court of the
Emperor of China--Their reception at the Court of Kublai-Khan--
The Emperor appoints them his ambassadors to the Pope--Their
return to Venice--Marco Polo--He leaves his father Nicholas and
his uncle Matteo for the residence of the King of Tartary--The
new Pope Gregory X.--The narrative of Marco Polo is written in
French from his dictation, by Rusticien of Pisa . . . . . . . . 43
II.
Armenia Minor--Armenia--Mount Ararat--Georgia--Mosul, Baghdad,
Bussorah, Tauris--Persia--The Province of Kirman--Comadi--
Ormuz--The Old Man of the Mountain--Cheburgan--Balkh--Cashmir--
Kashgar--Samarcand--Kotan--The Desert--Tangun--Kara-Korum--
Signan-fu--The Great Wall--Chang-tou--The residence of
Kublai-Khan--Cambaluc, now Pekin--The Emperor's fetes--His
hunting--Description of Pekin--Chinese Mint and bank-notes--The
system of posts in the Empire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
III.
Tso-cheu--Tai-yen-fou--Pin-yang-fou--The Yellow River--
Signan-fou--Szu-tchouan--Ching-tu-fou--Thibet--Li-kiang-fou--
Carajan--Yung-tchang--Mien--Bengal--Annam--Tai-ping--Cintingui--
Sindifoo--Te-cheu--Tsi-nan-fou--Lin-tsin-choo--Lin-sing--Mangi--
Yang-tcheu-fou--Towns on the coast--Quin-say or
Hang-tcheou-foo--Fo-kien . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
IV.
Japan--Departure of the three Venetians with the Emperor's
daughter and the Persian ambassadors--Sai-gon--Java--Condor--
Bintang--Sumatra--The Nicobar Islands--Ceylon--The Coromandel
coast--The Malabar coast--The Sea of Oman--The island of
Socotra--Madagascar--Zanzibar and the coast of Africa--
Abyssinia--Yemen--Hadramaut and Oman--Ormuz--The return to
Venice--A feast in the household of Polo--Marco Polo a Genoese
prisoner--Death of Marco Polo about 1323 . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
CHAPTER V.
IBN BATUTA, 1328-1353.
Ibn Batuta--The Nile--Gaza, Tyre, Tiberias, Libanus, Baalbec,
Damascus, Meshid, Bussorah, Baghdad, Tabriz, Mecca and Medina--
Yemen--Abyssinia--The country of the Berbers--Zanguebar--Ormuz--
Syria--Anatolia--Asia Minor--Astrakhan--Constantinople--
Turkestan--Herat--The Indus--Delhi--Malabar--The Maldives--
Ceylon--The Coromandel coast--Bengal--The Nicobar Islands--
Sumatra--China--Africa--The Niger--Timbuctoo . . . . . . . . . . 77
CHAPTER VI.
JEAN DE BETHENCOURT, 1339-1425.
I.
The Norman cavalier--His ideas of conquest--What was known of
the Canary Islands--Cadiz--The Canary Archipelago--Graciosa--
Lancerota--Fortaventura--Jean de Bethencourt returns to Spain--
Revolt of Berneval--His interview with King Henry III.--Gadifer
visits the Canary Archipelago--Canary Island or "Gran Canaria"--
Ferro Island--Palma Island . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
II.
The return of Jean de Bethencourt--Gadifer's jealousy--
Bethencourt visits his archipelago--Gadifer goes to conquer Gran
Canaria--Disagreement of the two commanders--Their return to
Spain--Gadifer blamed by the King--Return of Bethencourt--The
natives of Fortaventura are baptized--Bethencourt revisits
Caux--Returns to Lancerota--Lands on the African coast--Conquest
of Gran Canaria, Ferro, and Palma Islands--Maciot appointed
Governor of the archipelago--Bethencourt obtains the Pope's
consent to the Canary Islands being made an Episcopal See--His
return to his country and his death . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
CHAPTER VII.
CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS, 1436-1506.
I.
Discovery of Madeira, Cape de Verd Islands, the Azores, Congo,
and Guinea--Bartholomew Diaz--Cabot and Labrador--The
geographical and commercial tendencies of the middle ages--The
erroneous idea of the distance between Europe and Asia--Birth of
Christopher Columbus--His first voyages--His plans rejected--His
sojourn at the Franciscan convent--His reception by Ferdinand
and Isabella--Treaty of the 17th of April, 1492--The brothers
Pinzon--Three armed caravels at the port of Palos--Departure on
the 3rd of August, 1492 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
II.
First voyage: The Great Canary--Gomera--Magnetic variation--
Symptoms of revolt--Land, land--San Salvador--Taking
possession--Conception--Fernandina or Great Exuma--Isabella, or
Long Island--The Mucaras--Cuba--Description of the island--
Archipelago of Notre-Dame--Hispaniola or San Domingo--Tortuga
Island--The cacique on board the _Santa-Maria_--The caravel of
Columbus goes aground and cannot be floated off--Island of
Monte-Christi--Return--Tempest--Arrival in Spain--Homage
rendered to Christopher Columbus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
III.
Second Voyage: Flotilla of seventeen vessels--Island of Ferro--
Dominica--Marie-Galante--Guadaloupe--The Cannibals--Montserrat--
Santa-Maria-la-Rodonda--St. Martin and Santa Cruz--Archipelago
of the Eleven Thousand Virgins--The island of St. John Baptist,
or Porto Rico--Hispaniola--The first Colonists massacred--
Foundation of the town of Isabella--Twelve ships laden with
treasure sent to Spain--Fort St. Thomas built in the Province of
Cibao--Don Diego, Columbus' brother, named Governor of the
Island--Jamaica--The Coast of Cuba--The Remora--Return to
Isabella--The Cacique made prisoner--Revolt of the Natives--
Famine--Columbus traduced in Spain--Juan Aguado sent as
Commissary to Isabella--Gold-mines--Departure of Columbus--His
arrival at Cadiz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
IV.
Third Voyage: Madeira--Santiago in the Cape Verd Archipelago--
Trinidad--First sight of the American Coast in Venezuela, beyond
the Orinoco, now the Province of Cumana--Gulf of Paria--The
Gardens--Tobago--Grenada--Margarita--Cubaga--Hispaniola during
the absence of Columbus--Foundation of the town of San Domingo--
Arrival of Columbus--Insubordination in the Colony--Complaints
in Spain--Bovadilla sent by the king to inquire into the conduct
of Columbus--Columbus sent to Europe in fetters with his two
brothers--His appearance before Ferdinand and Isabella--Renewal
of royal favour . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
V.
Fourth Voyage: A Flotilla of four vessels--Canary Islands--
Martinique--Dominica--Santa-Cruz--Porto-Rico--Hispaniola--
Jamaica--Cayman Island--Pinos Island--Island of Guanaja--Cape
Honduras--The American Coast of Truxillo on the Gulf of Darien--
The Limonare Islands--Huerta--The Coast of Veragua--Auriferous
Strata--Revolt of the Natives--The Dream of Columbus--
Porto-Bello--The Mulatas--Putting into port at Jamaica--
Distress--Revolt of the Spaniards against Columbus--Lunar
Eclipse--Arrival of Columbus at Hispaniola--Return of Columbus
to Spain--His death, on the 20th of March, 1506 . . . . . . . . 150
CHAPTER VIII.
THE CONQUEST OF INDIA, AND OF THE SPICE COUNTRIES.
I.
Covilham and Paiva--Vasco da Gama--The Cape of Good Hope is
doubled--Escales at Sam-Braz--Mozambique, Mombaz, and Melinda--
Arrival at Calicut--Treason of the Zamorin--Battles--Return to
Europe--The scurvy--Death of Paul da Gama--Arrival at Lisbon . . 164
II.
Alvares Cabral--Discovery of Brazil--The coast of Africa--
Arrival at Calicut, Cochin, Cananore--Joao da Nova--Gama's
second expedition--The King of Cochin--The early life of
Albuquerque--The taking of Goa--The siege and capture of
Malacca--Second expedition against Ormuz--Ceylon--The Moluccas--
Death of Albuquerque--Fate of the Portuguese empire of the
Indies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
SECOND PART.
CHAPTER I.
THE CONQUERORS OF CENTRAL AMERICA.
I.
Hojeda--Americus Vespucius--The New World named after him--Juan
de la Cosa--Vincent Yanez Pinzon--Bastidas--Diego de Lepe--Diaz
de Solis--Ponce de Leon and Florida--Balboa discovers the
Pacific Ocean--Grijalva explores the coast of Mexico . . . . . . 207
II.
Ferdinand Cortes--His character--His appointment--Preparations
for the expedition, and attempts of Velasquez to stop it--
Landing at Vera-Cruz--Mexico and the Emperor Montezuma--The
republic of Tlascala--March upon Mexico--The Emperor is made
prisoner--Narvaez defeated--The _Noche Triste_--Battle of
Otumba--The second siege and taking of Mexico--Expedition to
Honduras--Voyage to Spain--Expeditions on the Pacific Ocean--
Second Voyage of Cortes to Spain--His death . . . . . . . . . . 224
III.
The triple alliance--Francisco Pizarro and his brothers--Don
Diego d'Almagro--First attempts--Peru, its extent, people, and
kings--Capture of Atahualpa, his ransom and death--Pedro
d'Alvarado--Almagro in Chili--Strife among the conquerors--Trial
and execution of Almagro--Expeditions of Gonzalo Pizarro and
Orellana--Assassination of Francisco Pizarro--Rebellion and
execution of his brother Gonzalo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253
CHAPTER II.
THE FIRST VOYAGE ROUND THE WORLD.
Magellan--His early history--His disappointment--His change of
nationality--Preparations for the expedition--Rio de Janeiro--
St. Julian's Bay--Revolt of a part of the squadron--Terrible
punishment of the guilty--Magellan's Strait--Patagonia--The
Pacific--The Ladrone Islands--Zebu and the Philippine Islands--
Death of Magellan--Borneo--The Moluccas and their Productions--
Separation of the _Trinidad_ and _Victoria_--Return to Europe by
the Cape of Good Hope--Last misadventures . . . . . . . . . . . 279
CHAPTER III.
THE POLAR EXPEDITIONS AND THE SEARCH FOR THE NORTH-WEST PASSAGE.
I.
The Northmen--Eric the Red--The Zenos--John Cabot--Cortereal--
Sebastian Cabot--Willoughby--Chancellor . . . . . . . . . . . . 307
II.
John Verrazzano--Jacques Cartier and his three voyages to
Canada--The town of Hochelaga--Tobacco--The scurvy--Voyage of
Roberval--Martin Frobisher and his voyages--John Davis--Barentz
and Heemskerke--Spitzbergen--Winter season at Nova Zembla--
Return to Europe--Relics of the Expedition . . . . . . . . . . . 334
CHAPTER IV.
VOYAGES OF ADVENTURE AND PRIVATEERING WARFARE.
Drake--Cavendish--De Noort--Walter Raleigh . . . . . . . . . . . 362
CHAPTER V.
MISSIONARIES AND SETTLERS. MERCHANTS AND TOURISTS.
I.
Distinguishing characteristics of the Seventeenth Century--The
more thorough exploration of regions previously discovered--To
the thirst for gold succeeds Apostolic zeal--Italian Missionaries
in Congo--Portuguese Missionaries in Abyssinia--Brue in Senegal
and Flacourt in Madagascar--The Apostles of India, of Indo-China,
and of Japan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381
II.
The Dutch in the Spice Islands--Lemaire and Schouten--Tasman--
Mendana--Queiros and Torres--Pyrard de Laval--Pietro della
Valle--Tavernier--Thevenot--Bernier--Robert Knox--Chardin--De
Bruyn--Kaempfer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387
CHAPTER VI.
I.
THE GREAT CORSAIR.
William Dampier; or a Sea-King of the Seventeenth Century . . . 409
II.
THE POLE AND AMERICA.
Hudson and Baffin--Champlain and La Sale--The English upon the
coast of the Atlantic--The Spaniards in South America--Summary
of the information acquired at the close of the 17th century--
The measure of the terrestrial degree--Progress of cartography--
Inauguration of Mathematical Geography . . . . . . . . . . . . . 415
[Illustration: THE EXPLORATION OF THE WORLD. PART I.]
CHAPTER I.
CELEBRATED TRAVELLERS BEFORE THE CHRISTIAN ERA.
HANNO, 505; HERODOTUS, 484; PYTHEAS, 340; NEARCHUS, 326; EUDOXUS,
146; CAESAR, 100; STRABO, 50.
Hanno, the Carthaginian--Herodotus visits Egypt, Lybia, Ethiopia,
Phoenicia, Arabia, Babylon, Persia, India, Media, Colchis, the
Caspian Sea, Scythia, Thrace, and Greece--Pytheas explores the
coasts of Iberia and Gaul, the English Channel, the Isle of Albion,
the Orkney Islands, and the land of Thule--Nearchus visits the
Asiatic coast, from the Indus to the Persian Gulf--Eudoxus
reconnoitres the West Coast of Africa--Caesar conquers Gaul and
Great Britain--Strabo travels over the interior of Asia, and Egypt,
Greece, and Italy.
The first traveller of whom we have any account in history, is Hanno,
who was sent by the Carthaginian senate to colonize some parts of
the Western coast of Africa. The account of this expedition was
written in the Carthaginian language and afterwards translated into
Greek. It is known to us now by the name of the "Periplus of Hanno."
At what period this explorer lived, historians are not agreed, but
the most probable account assigns the date B.C. 505 to his
exploration of the African coast.
Hanno left Carthage with a fleet of sixty vessels of fifty oars each,
carrying 30,000 persons, and provisions for a long voyage. These
emigrants, for so we may call them, were destined to people the new
towns that the Carthaginians hoped to found on the west coast of
Libya, or as we now call it, Africa.
The fleet successfully passed the Pillars of Hercules, the rocks of
Gibraltar and Ceuta which command the Strait, and ventured on the
Atlantic, taking a southerly course. Two days after passing the
Straits, Hanno anchored on the coast, and laid the foundation of the
town of Thumiaterion.
Then he put to sea again, and doubling the cape of Solois, made
fresh discoveries, and advanced to the mouth of a large African
river, where he found a tribe of wandering shepherds camping on the
banks. He only waited to conclude a treaty of alliance with them,
before continuing his voyage southward. He next reached the Island
of Cerne, situated in a bay, and measuring five stadia in
circumference, or as we should say at the present day, nearly 925
yards. According to Hanno's own account, this island should be
placed, with regard to the Pillars of Hercules, at an equal distance
to that which separates these Pillars from Carthage.
They set sail again, and Hanno reached the mouth of the river
Chretes, which forms a sort of natural harbour, but as they
endeavoured to explore this river, they were assailed with showers
of stones from the native negro race, inhabiting the surrounding
country, and driven back, and after this inhospitable reception they
returned to Cerne. We must not omit to add that Hanno mentions
finding large numbers of crocodiles and hippopotami in this river.
Twelve days after this unsuccessful expedition, the fleet reached a
mountainous region, where fragrant trees and shrubs abounded, and it
then entered a vast gulf which terminated in a plain. This region
appeared quite calm during the day, but after nightfall it was
illumined by tongues of flame, which might have proceeded from fires
lighted by the natives, or from the natural ignition of the dry
grass when the rainy season was over.
In five days, Hanno doubled the Cape, known as the Hespera Keras,
there, according to his own account, "he heard the sound of fifes,
cymbals, and tambourines, and the clamour of a multitude of people."
The soothsayers, who accompanied the party of Carthaginian explorers,
counselled flight from this land of terrors, and, in obedience to
their advice, they set sail again, still taking a southerly course.
They arrived at a cape, which, stretching southwards, formed a gulf,
called Notu Keras, and, according to M. D'Avezac, this gulf must
have been the mouth of the river Ouro, which falls into the Atlantic
almost within the Tropic of Cancer. At the lower end of this gulf,
they found an island inhabited by a vast number of gorillas, which
the Carthaginians mistook for hairy savages. They contrived to get
possession of three female gorillas, but were obliged to kill them
on account of their great ferocity.
This Notu Keras must have been the extreme limit reached by the
Carthaginian explorers, and though some historians incline to the
belief that they only went to Bojador, which is two degrees North of
the tropics, it is more probable that the former account is the true
one, and that Hanno, finding himself short of provisions, returned
northwards to Carthage, where he had the account of his voyage
engraved in the temple of Baal Moloch.
After Hanno, the most illustrious of ancient travellers, was
Herodotus, who has been called the "Father of History," and who was
the nephew of the poet Panyasis, whose poems ranked with those of
Homer and Hesiod. It will serve our purpose better if we only speak
of Herodotus as a traveller, not an historian, as we wish to follow
him so far as possible through the countries that he traversed.
Herodotus was born at Halicarnassus, a town in Asia Minor, in the
year B.C. 484. His family were rich, and having large commercial
transactions they were able to encourage the taste for explorations
which he showed. At this time there were many different opinions as
to the shape of the earth: the Pythagorean school having even then
begun to teach that it must be round, but Herodotus took no part in
this discussion, which was of the deepest interest to learned men of
that time, and, still young, he left home with a view of exploring
with great care all the then known world, and especially those parts
of it of which there were but few and uncertain data.
He left Halicarnassus in 464, being then twenty years of age, and
probably directed his steps first to Egypt, visiting Memphis,
Heliopolis, and Thebes. He seems to have specially turned his
attention to the overflow of the banks of the Nile, and he gives an
account of the different opinions held as to the source of this
river, which the Egyptians worshipped as one of their deities. "When
the Nile overflows its banks," he says, "you can see nothing but the
towns rising out of the water, and they appear like the islands in
the AEgean Sea." He tells of the religious ceremonies among the
Egyptians, their sacrifices, their ardour in celebrating the feasts
in honour of their goddess Isis, which took place principally at
Busiris (whose ruins may still be seen near Bushir), and of the
veneration paid to both wild and tame animals, which were looked
upon almost as sacred, and to whom they even rendered funeral
honours at their death. He depicts in the most faithful colours, the
Nile crocodile, its form, habits, and the way in which it is caught,
and the hippopotamus, the momot, the phoenix, the ibis, and the
serpents that were consecrated to the god Jupiter. Nothing can be
more life-like than his accounts of Egyptian customs, and the
notices of their habits, their games, and their way of embalming the
dead, in which the chemists of that period seem to have excelled.
Then we have the history of the country from Menes, its first king,
downwards to Herodotus' time, and he describes the building of the
Pyramids under Cheops, the Labyrinth that was built a little above
the Lake Moeris (of which the remains were discovered in A.D. 1799),
Lake Moeris itself, whose origin he ascribes to the hand of man, and
the two Pyramids which are situated a little above the lake. He
seems to have admired many of the Egyptian temples, and especially
that of Minerva at Sais, and of Vulcan and Isis at Memphis, and the
colossal monolith that was three years in course of transportation
from Elephantina to Sais, though 2000 men were employed on the
gigantic work.
After having carefully inspected everything of interest in Egypt,
Herodotus went into Lybia, little thinking that the continent he was
exploring, extended thence to the tropic of Cancer. He made special
inquiries in Lybia as to the number of its inhabitants, who were a
simple nomadic race principally living near the sea-coast, and he
speaks of the Ammonians, who possessed the celebrated temple of
Jupiter Ammon, the remains of which have been discovered on the
north-east side of the Lybian desert, about 300 miles from Cairo.
Herodotus furnishes us with some very valuable information on Lybian
customs; he describes their habits; speaks of the animals that
infest the country, serpents of a prodigious size, lions, elephants,
bears, asps, horned asses (probably the rhinoceros of the present
day), and cynocephali, "animals with no heads, and whose eyes are
placed on their chest," to use his own expression; foxes, hyenas,
porcupines, wild zarus, panthers, etc. He winds up his description
by saying that the only two aboriginal nations that inhabit this
region are the Lybians and Ethiopians.
According to Herodotus the Ethiopians were at that time to be found
above Elephantina, but commentators are induced to doubt if this
learned explorer ever really visited Ethiopia, and if he did not, he
may easily have learnt from the Egyptians the details that he gives
of its capital, Meroe, of the worship of Jupiter and Bacchus, and
the longevity of the natives. There can be no doubt, however, that
he set sail for Tyre in Phoenicia, and that he was much struck with
the beauty of the two magnificent temples of Hercules. He next
visited Tarsus and took advantage of the information gathered on the
spot, to write a short history of Phoenicia, Syria, and Palestine.
We next find that he went southward to Arabia, and he calls it the
Ethiopia of Asia, for he thought the southern parts of Arabia were
the limits of human habitation. He tells us of the remarkable way in
which the Arabs kept any vow that they might have made; that their
two deities were Uranius and Bacchus, and of the abundant growth of
myrrh, cinnamon and other spices, and he gives a very interesting
account of their culture and preparation.
We cannot be quite sure which country he next visited, as he calls
it both Assyria and Babylonia, but he gives a most minute account of
the splendid city of Babylon (which was the home of the monarchs of
that country, after the destruction of Nineveh), and whose ruins are
now only in scattered heaps on either side of the Euphrates, which
flowed a broad, deep, rapid river, dividing the city into two parts.
On one side of the river the fortified palace of the king stood, and
on the other the temple of Jupiter Belus, which may have been built
on the site of the Tower of Babel. Herodotus next speaks of the two
queens, Semiramis and Nitocris, telling us of all the means taken by
the latter to increase the prosperity and safety of her capital, and
passing on to speak of the natural products of the country, the
wheat, barley, millet, sesame, the vine, fig-tree and palm-tree. He
winds up with a description of the costume of the Babylonians, and
their customs, especially that of celebrating their marriages by the
public crier.
[Illustration: The Marriage Ceremony.]
After exploring Babylonia he went to Persia, and as the express
purpose of his travels was to collect all the information he could
relating to the lengthy wars that had taken place between the
Persians and Grecians, he was most anxious to visit the spots where
the battles had been fought. He sets out by remarking upon the
custom prevalent in Persia, of not clothing their deities in any
human form, nor erecting temples nor altars where they might be
worshipped, but contenting themselves with adoring them on the tops
of the mountains. He notes their domestic habits, their disdain of
animal food, their taste for delicacies, their passion for wine, and
their custom of transacting business of the utmost importance when
they had been drinking to excess; their curiosity as to the habits
of other nations, their love of pleasure, their warlike qualities,
their anxiety for the education of their children, their respect for
the lives of all their fellow-creatures, even of their slaves, their
horror both of debt and lying, and their repugnance to the disease
of leprosy which they thought proved that the sufferer "had sinned
in some way against the sun." The India of Herodotus, according to M.
Vivien de St. Martin, only consisted of that part of the country
that is watered by the five rivers of the Punjaub, adjoining
Afghanistan, and this was the region where the young traveller
turned his steps on leaving Persia. He thought that the population
of India was larger than that of any other country, and he divided
it into two classes, the first having settled habitations, the
second leading a nomadic life. Those who lived in the eastern part
of the country killed their sick and aged people, and ate them,
while those in the north, who were a finer, braver, and more
industrious race, employed themselves in collecting the auriferous
sands. India was then the most easterly extremity of the inhabited
world, as he thought, and he observes, "that the two extremities of
the world seem to have shared nature's best gifts, as Greece enjoyed
the most agreeable temperature possible," and that was his idea of
the western limits of the world.
Media is the next country visited by this indefatigable traveller,
and he gives the history of the Medes, the nation which was the
first to shake off the Assyrian yoke. They founded the great city of
Ecbatana, and surrounded it with seven concentric walls. They became
a separate nation in the reign of Deioces. After crossing the
mountains that separate Media from Colchis, the Greek traveller
entered the country, made famous by the valour of Jason, and studied
its manners and customs with the care and attention that were among
his most striking characteristics.
Herodotus seems to have been well acquainted with the geography of
the Caspian Sea, for he speaks of it as a Sea "quite by itself" and
having no communication with any other. He considered that it was
bounded on the west by the Caucasian Mountains and on the east by a
great plain inhabited by the Massagetae, who, both Arian and
Diodorus Siculus think, may have been Scythians. These Massagetae
worshipped the Sun as their only deity, and sacrificed horses in its
honour. He speaks here of two large rivers, one of which, the Araxes,
would be the Volga, and the other, that he calls the Ista, must be
the Danube. The traveller then went into Scythia, and he thought
that the Scythians were the different tribes inhabiting the country
that lay between the Danube and the Don, in fact a considerable
portion of European Russia. He found the barbarous custom of putting
out the eyes of their prisoners was practised among them, and he
notices that they only wandered from place to place without caring
to cultivate their land. Herodotus relates many of the fables that
make the origin of the Scythian nation so obscure, and in which
Hercules plays a prominent part. He adds a list of the different
tribes that composed the Scythian nation, but he does not seem to
have visited the country lying to the north of the Euxine, or Black
Sea. He gives a minute description of the habits of these people,
and expresses his admiration for the Pontus Euxinus. The dimensions
that he gives of the Black Sea, the Bosphorus, of the Propontis, the
Palus Maeotis and of the AEgean Sea, are almost exactly the same as
those given by geographers of the present day. He also names the
large rivers that flow into these seas. The Ister or Danube, the
Borysthenes or Dnieper, the Tanais, or Don; and he finishes by
relating how the alliance, and afterwards the union between the
Scythians and Amazons took place, which explains the reason why the
young women of that country are not allowed to marry before they
have killed an enemy and established their character for valour.
After a short stay in Thrace, during which he was convinced that the
Getae were the bravest portion of this race, Herodotus arrived in
Greece, which was to be the termination of his travels, to the
country where he hoped to collect the only documents still wanting
to complete his history, and he visited all the spots that had
become illustrious by the great battles fought between the Greeks
and Persians. He gives a minute description of the Pass of
Thermopylae, and of his visit to the plain of Marathon, the
battlefield of Plataea, and his return to Asia Minor, whence he
passed along the coast on which the Greeks had established several
colonies. Herodotus can only have been twenty-eight years of age
when he returned to Halicarnassus in Caria, for it was in B.C. 456
that he read the history of his travels at the Olympic Games. His
country was at that time oppressed by Lygdamis, and he was exiled to
Samos; but though he soon after rose in arms to overthrow the tyrant,
the ingratitude of his fellow-citizens obliged him to return into
exile. In 444 he took part in the games at the Pantheon, and there
he read his completed work, which was received with enthusiasm, and
towards the end of his life he retired to Thurium in Italy, where he
died, B.C. 406, leaving behind him the reputation of being the
greatest traveller and the most celebrated historian of antiquity.
After Herodotus we must pass over a century and a half, and only
note, in passing, the Physician Ctesias, a contemporary of Xenophon,
who published the account of a voyage to India that he really never
made; and we shall come in chronological order to Pytheas, who was
at once a traveller, geographer, and historian, one of the most
celebrated men of his time. It was about the year B.C. 340 that
Pytheas set out from the columns of Hercules with a single vessel,
but instead of taking a southerly course like his Carthaginian
predecessors, he went northwards, passing by the coasts of Iberia
and Gaul to the furthest points which now form the Cape of
Finisterre, and then he entered the English Channel and came upon
the English coast--the British Isles--of which he was to be the
first explorer. He disembarked at various points on the coast and
made friends with the simple, honest, sober, industrious inhabitants,
who traded largely in tin.
Pytheas ventured still further north, and went beyond the Orcades
Islands to the furthest point of Scotland, and he must have reached
a very high latitude, for during the summer the night only lasted
two hours. After six days further sailing, he came to lands which he
calls Thule, probably the Jutland or Norway of the present day,
beyond which he could not pass, for he says, "there was neither land,
sea, nor air there." He retraced his course, and changing it
slightly, he came to the mouth of the Rhine, to the country of the
Ostians, and, further inland, to Germany. Thence he visited the
mouth of the Tanais, that is supposed to be the Elbe or the Oder,
and he retuned to Marseilles, just a year after leaving his native
town. Pytheas, besides being such a brave sailor, was a remarkably
scientific man: he was the first to discover the influence that the
moon exercises on the tides, and to notice that the polar star is
not situated at the exact spot at which the axis of the globe is
supposed to be. Some years after the time of Pytheas, about B.C. 326
a Greek traveller made his name famous. This was Nearchus, a native
of Crete, one of Alexander's admirals, and he was charged to visit
all the coast of Asia from the mouth of the Indus to that of the
Euphrates. When Alexander first resolved that this expedition should
take place, which had for its object the opening up of a
communication between India and Egypt, he was at the upper part of
the Indus. He furnished Nearchus with a fleet of thirty-three
galleys, of some vessels with two decks, and a great number of
transport ships, and 2000 men. Nearchus came down the Indus in about
four months, escorted on either bank of the river by Alexander's
armies, and after spending seven months in exploring the Delta, he
set sail and followed the west line of what we call Beloochistan in
the present day.
He put to sea on the second of October, a month before the winter
storms had taken a direction that was favourable to his purpose, so
that the commencement of his voyage was disastrous, and in forty
days he had scarcely made eighty miles in a westerly direction. He
touched first at Stura and at Corestis, which do not seem to answer
to any of the now-existing villages on the coast; then at the Island
of Crocala, which forms the bay of Caranthia. Beaten back by
contrary winds, after doubling the cape of Monze, the fleet took
refuge in a natural harbour that its commander thought that he could
fortify as a defence against the attacks of the barbarous natives,
who, even at the present day, keep up their character as pirates.
After spending twenty-four days in this harbour, Nearchus put to sea
again on the 3rd of November. Severe gales often obliged him to keep
very near the coast, and when this was the case he was obliged to
take all possible precautions to defend himself from the attacks of
the ferocious Beloochees, who are described by eastern historians
"as a barbarous nation, with long dishevelled hair, and long flowing
beards, who are more like bears or satyrs than human beings." Up to
this time, however, no serious disaster had happened to the fleet,
but on the 10th of November in a heavy gale two galleys and a ship
sank. Nearchus then anchored at Crocala, and there he was met by a
ship laden with corn that Alexander had sent out to him, and he was
able to supply each vessel with provisions for ten days.
After many disasters and a skirmish with some of the natives,
Nearchus reached the extreme point of the land of the Orites, which
is marked in modern geography by Cape Morant. Here, he states in his
narrative that the rays of the sun at mid-day are vertical, and
therefore there are no shadows of any kind; but this is surely a
mistake, for at this time in the Southern hemisphere the sun is in
the Tropic of Capricorn; and, beyond this, his vessels were always
some degrees distant from the Tropic of Cancer, therefore even in
the height of summer this phenomenon could not have taken place, and
we know that his voyage was in winter.
Circumstances seemed now rather more in his favour; for the time of
the eastern monsoon was over, when he sailed along the coast which
is inhabited by a tribe called Ichthyophagi, who subsist solely on
fish, and from the failure of all vegetation are obliged to feed
even their sheep upon the same food. The fleet was now becoming very
short of provisions; so after doubling Cape Posmi Nearchus took a
pilot from those shores on board his own vessel, and with the wind
in their favour they made rapid progress, finding the country less
bare as they advanced, a few scattered trees and shrubs being
visible from the shore. They reached a little town, of the name of
which we have no record, and as they were almost without food
Nearchus surprised and took possession of it, the inhabitants making
but little resistance. Canasida, or Churbar as we call it, was their
next resting-place, and at the present day the ruins of a town are
still visible in the bay. But their corn was now entirely exhausted,
and though they tried successively at Canate, Trois, and Dagasira
for further supplies, it was all in vain, these miserable little
towns not being able to furnish more than enough for their own
consumption. The fleet had neither corn nor meat, and they could not
make up their minds to feed upon the tortoises that abound in that
part of the coast.
Just as they entered the Persian Gulf they encountered an immense
number of whales, and the sailors were so terrified by their size
and number, that they wished to fly; it was not without much
difficulty that Nearchus at last prevailed upon them to advance
boldly, and they soon scattered their formidable enemies.
[Illustration: Nearchus leading on his followers against the
monsters of the deep.]
Having changed their westerly course for a north-easterly one, they
soon came upon fertile shores, and their eyes were refreshed by the
sight of corn-fields and pasture-lands, interspersed with all kinds
of fruit-trees except the olive. They put into Badis or Jask, and
after leaving it and passing Maceta or Mussendon, they came in sight
of the Persian Gulf, to which Nearchus, following the geography of
the Arabs, gave the misnomer of the Red Sea.
They sailed up the gulf, and after one halt reached Harmozia, which
has since given its name to the little island of Ormuz. There he
learnt that Alexander's army was only five days' march from him, and
he disembarked at once, and hastened to meet it. No news of the
fleet having reached the army for twenty-one weeks, they had given
up all hope of seeing it again, and great was Alexander's joy when
Nearchus appeared before him, though the hardships he had endured
had altered him almost beyond recognition. Alexander ordered games
to be celebrated and sacrifices offered up to the gods; then
Nearchus returned to Harmozia, as he wished to go as far as Susa
with the fleet, and set sail again, having invoked Jupiter the
Deliverer.
He touched at some of the neighbouring islands, probably those of
Arek and Kismis, and soon afterwards the vessels ran aground, but
the advancing tide floated them again, and after passing Bestion,
they arrived at the island of Keish, that is sacred to Mercury and
Venus. This was the boundary-line between Karmania and Persia. As
they advanced along the Persian coast, they visited different places,
Gillam, Indarabia, Shevou, &c., and at the last-named was found a
quantity of wheat which Alexander had sent for the use of the
explorers.
Some days after this they came to the mouth of the river Araxes,
that separates Persia from Susiana, and thence they reached a large
lake situated in the country now called Dorghestan, and finally
anchored near the village of Degela, at the source of the Euphrates,
having accomplished their project of visiting all the coast lying
between the Euphrates and Indus. Nearchus returned a second time to
Alexander, who rewarded him magnificently, and placed him in command
of his fleet. Alexander's wish, that the whole of the Arabian coast
should be explored as far as the Red Sea, was never fulfilled, as he
died before the expedition was arranged.
It is said that Nearchus became governor of Lysia and Pamphylia, but
in his leisure time he wrote an account of his travels, which has
unfortunately perished, though not before Arian had made a complete
analysis of it in his Historia Indica. It seems probable that
Nearchus fell in the battle of Ipsu, leaving behind him the
reputation of being a very able commander; his voyage may be looked
upon as an event of no small importance in the history of navigation.
We must not omit to mention a most hazardous attempt made in B.C.
146, by Eudoxus of Cyzicus, a geographer living at the court of
Euergetes II, to sail round Africa. He had visited Egypt and the
coast of India, when this far greater project occurred to him, one
which was only accomplished sixteen hundred years later by Vasco da
Gama. Eudoxus fitted out a large vessel and two smaller ones, and
set sail upon the unknown waters of the Atlantic. How far he took
these vessels we do not know, but after having had communication
with some natives, whom he thought were Ethiopians, he returned to
Mauritania. Thence he went to Tiberia, and made preparations for
another attempt to circumnavigate Africa, but whether he ever set
out upon this voyage is not known; in fact some learned men are even
inclined to consider Eudoxus an impostor.
We have still to mention two names of illustrious travellers, living
before the Christian era; those of Caesar and Strabo. Caesar, born
B.C. 100, was pre-eminently a _conqueror_, not an _explorer_, but we
must remember, that in the year B.C. 58, he undertook the conquest
of Gaul, and during the ten years that were occupied in this vast
enterprise, he led his victorious Legions to the shores of Great
Britain, where the inhabitants were of German extraction.
As to Strabo, who was born in Cappadocia B.C. 50, he distinguished
himself more as a geographer than a traveller, but he travelled
through the interior of Asia, and visited Egypt, Greece, and Italy,
living many years in Rome, and dying there in the latter part of the
reign of Tiberius. Strabo wrote a Geography in seventeen Books, of
which the greater part has come down to us, and this work, with that
of Ptolemy, are the two most valuable legacies of ancient to modern
Geographers.