and when they were taken ashore by these buccaneers they were stood up
in the slave market and sold to Moors, or put to work in the shipyards.
Other Yankee crews had met with the same treatment.
Now the United States had been paying its tribute regularly to the
pirates, but in the spring of 1812 the Dey of Algiers suddenly woke up
to the fact that the Americans had been measuring time by the sun while
the Moors figured it by the moon, and found that in consequence he had
been defrauded of almost a half-year's tribute money, or twenty-seven
thousand dollars. He sent an indignant message to Tobias Lear, the
American consul at Algiers, threatening all sorts of punishments, and
Mr. Lear, taking all things into account, decided it was best to pay
the sum claimed by the Dey. The United States sent the extra tribute
in the shape of merchandise by the sailing vessel _Alleghany_; but
the Dey was now in a very bad temper, and declared that the stores
were of poor quality, and ordered the consul to leave at once in the
_Alleghany_, as he would have no further dealings with a country that
tried to cheat him. At almost the same time he received a present from
England of two large ships filled with stores of war,--powder, shot,
anchors, and cables. He immediately sent out word to the buccaneers to
capture all the American ships they could, and sell the sailors in the
slave-markets. The Dey of Algiers appeared to have no fear of the United
States.
The truth of the matter was that his Highness the Dey, and also the
Bey of Tunis, had been spoiled by England, who at this time told them
confidently that the United States Navy was about to be wiped from the
seas. English merchants assured them that they could treat Captain
Smith and other Yankee skippers exactly as they pleased, since Great
Britain had declared war on the United States, and the latter country
would find herself quite busy at home. Algiers and Tripoli and Tunis,
remembering their old grudge against the Americans, assured their
English friends that nothing would delight them so much as to rid the
Mediterranean of the Stars and Stripes.
The pirates swept down on the brig _Edwin_, and laid hands on every
American they could find in the neighborhood. They stopped and boarded
a ship flying the Spanish flag, and took prisoner a Mr. Pollard, of
Virginia. Tripoli and Tunis permitted English cruisers to enter their
harbors, contrary to the rules of war, and recapture four English prizes
that had been sent to them by the American privateer _Abellino_. When
the United States offered to pay a ransom of three thousand dollars for
every American who was held as a prisoner the Dey replied that he meant
to capture a large number of them before he would consider any terms of
sale.
Our country was young and poor, and our navy consisted of only seventeen
seaworthy ships, carrying less than four hundred and fifty cannon.
England was indeed "Mistress of the Seas," with a great war-fleet of
a thousand vessels, armed with almost twenty-eight thousand guns. No
wonder that the British consul at Algiers had told the Dey "the American
flag would be swept from the seas, the contemptible navy of the United
States annihilated, and its maritime arsenals reduced to a heap of
ruins." No wonder the Dey believed him. But as a matter of fact the
little David outfought the giant Goliath; on the Great Lakes and on the
high seas the Stars and Stripes waved triumphant after many a long and
desperate encounter, and the small navy came out of the War of 1812 with
a glorious record of victories, with splendid officers and crews, and
with sixty-four ships. The English friends of the Barbary States had
been mistaken, and Algiers, Tunis, and Tripoli began to wish they had
not been so scornful of the Yankees.
It was time to show the pirates that Americans had as much right to
trade in the Mediterranean as other people. On February 23, 1815,
a few days after the treaty of peace with England was published,
President Madison advised that we should send a fleet to Algiers. Two
squadrons were ordered on this service, under command of Commodore
William Bainbridge. One collected at Boston, and the other at New York.
Commodore Stephen Decatur was in charge of the latter division.
Decatur's squadron was the first to sail, leaving New York on May 20,
1815. He had ten vessels in all, his flag-ship being the forty-four-gun
frigate _Guerrière_, and his officers and crew being all seasoned
veterans of the war with England. The fleet of the Dey of Algiers,
however, was no mean foe. It consisted of twelve vessels, well armed
and manned, six sloops, five frigates, and one schooner. Its admiral
was a very remarkable man, one of the fierce tribe of Kabyles from the
mountains, Reis Hammida by name, who had made himself the scourge
of the Mediterranean. He had plenty of reckless courage; once he had
boarded and captured in broad daylight a Portuguese frigate under the
very cliffs of Gibraltar, and at another time, being in command of three
Algerine frigates, had dared to attack a Portuguese ship of the line
and three frigates, in face of the guns leveled at him from the Rock of
Lisbon, directly opposite.
The city of Algiers itself was one of the best fortified ports on the
Mediterranean. It lay in the form of a triangle, one side extending
along the sea, while the other two rose against a hill, meeting at the
top at the Casbah, the historic fortress of the Deys. The city was
guarded by very thick walls, mounted with many guns, and the harbor,
made by a long mole, was commanded by heavy batteries, so that at least
five hundred pieces of cannon could be brought to bear on any hostile
ships trying to enter.
Decatur's fleet was only a few days out of New York when it ran into a
heavy gale, and the wooden ships were badly tossed about. The _Firefly_,
a twelve-gun brig, sprung her masts, and had to put back to port.
The other ships rode out the storm, and kept on their course to the
Azores, keeping a sharp watch for any suspicious-looking craft. As they
neared the coast of Portugal the vigilance was redoubled, for here was
a favorite hunting-ground of Reis Hammida, and Decatur knew what the
Algerine admiral had done before the Rock of Lisbon. They found no
trace of the enemy here, however. At Cadiz Decatur sent a messenger
to the American consul, who informed him that three Algerine frigates
and some smaller ships had been spoken in the Atlantic Ocean, but were
thought to have returned to the Mediterranean.
Decatur wanted to take the enemy by surprise, and so sailed cautiously
to Tangier, where he learned that two days earlier Reis Hammida had gone
through the Straits of Gibraltar in the forty-six-gun frigate _Mashuda_.
The American captain at once set sail for Gibraltar, and found out there
that the wily Algerine was lying off Cape Gata, having demanded that
Spain should pay him half a million dollars of tribute money to protect
her coast-towns from attack by his fleet.
Lookouts on the _Guerrière_ reported to Decatur that a despatch-boat had
left Gibraltar as soon as the American ships appeared, and inquiry led
the captain to believe the boat was bearing messages to Reis Hammida.
Other boats were sailing for Algiers, and Decatur, realizing the ease
with which his wily opponent, thoroughly familiar with the inland sea,
would be able to elude him, decided to give chase at once.
The fleet headed up the Mediterranean June 15th, under full sail.
The next evening ships were seen near shore, and Decatur ordered the
frigate _Macedonian_ and two brigs to overhaul them. Early the following
morning, when the fleet was about twenty miles out from Cape Gata,
Captain Gordon, of the frigate _Constellation_, sighted a big vessel
flying the flag of Algiers, and signaled "An enemy to the southeast."
Decatur saw that the strange ship had a good start of his fleet, and was
within thirty hours' run of Algiers. He suspected that her captain might
not have detected the fleet as American, and ordered the _Constellation_
back to her position abeam of his flag-ship, gave directions to try to
conceal the identity of his squadron, and stole up on the stranger.
The latter was seen to be a frigate, lying to under small sail, as if
waiting for some message from the African shore near at hand. One of the
commanders asked permission to give chase, but Decatur signaled back "Do
nothing to excite suspicion."
The Moorish frigate held her position near shore while the American
ships drew closer. When they were about a mile distant a quartermaster
on the _Constellation_, by mistake, hoisted a United States flag. To
cover this blunder the other ships were immediately ordered to fly
English flags. But the crew of the Moorish frigate had seen the flag on
the _Constellation_, and instantly swarmed out on the yard-arms, and
had the sails set for flight. They were splendid seamen, and almost
immediately the frigate was leaping under all her canvas for Algiers.
The Americans were busy too. The rigging of each ship was filled with
sailors, working out on the yards, the decks rang with commands, and
messages were signaled from the flag-ship to the captains. Decatur
crowded on all sail, fearing that the Algerine frigate might escape him
in the night or seek refuge in some friendly harbor, and the American
squadron raced along at top speed, just as the Barbary pirates had
earlier chased after the little brig _Edwin_, of Salem.
Soon the _Constellation_, which was to the south of the fleet and so
nearest to the Moorish frigate, opened fire and sent several shots
on board the enemy. The latter immediately came about, and headed
northeast, as if making for the port of Carthagena. The Americans also
tacked, and gained by this manoeuvre, the sloop _Ontario_ cutting across
the Moor's course, and the _Guerrière_ being brought close enough for
musketry fire.
As the flag-ship came to close quarters the Moors opened fire, wounding
several men, but Decatur waited until his ship cleared the enemy's
yard-arms, when he ordered a broadside. The crew of the Algerine
frigate, which was the _Mashuda_, were mowed down by this heavy fire.
Reis Hammida himself had already been wounded by one of the first shots
from the _Constellation_. He had, however, insisted on continuing to
give orders from a couch on the quarter-deck, but a shot from the first
broadside killed him. The _Guerrière's_ gun crews loaded and fired again
before the first smoke had cleared; at this second broadside one of
her largest guns exploded, killing three men, wounding seventeen, and
splintering the spar-deck.
The Moors made no sign of surrender, but Decatur, seeing that there were
too few left to fight, and not wishing to pour another broadside into
them, sailed past, and took a position just out of range. The Algerines
immediately tried to run before him. In doing this the big _Mashuda_
was brought directly against the little eighteen-gun American brig
_Epervier_, commanded by John Downes. Instead of sailing away Downes
placed his brig under the Moor's cabin ports, and by backing and filling
escaped colliding with the frigate while he fired his small broadsides
at her. This running fire, lasting for twenty-five minutes, finished the
Moor's resistance, and the frigate surrendered.
The flag-ship, the _Guerrière_, now took charge of the Algerine prize,
and Decatur sent an officer, two midshipmen, and a crew on board her.
The _Mashuda_ was a sorry sight, many of her men killed or wounded, and
her decks splintered by the American broadsides. The prisoners were
transferred to the other ships, and orders were given to the prize-crew
to take the captured frigate to the port of Carthagena, under escort of
the _Macedonian_.
Before this was done, however, Decatur signaled all the officers to meet
on his flag-ship. In the cabin they found a table covered with captured
Moorish weapons,--daggers, pistols, scimitars, and yataghans. Decatur
turned to Commandant Downes, who had handled the small _Epervier_ so
skilfully. "As you were fortunate in obtaining a favorable position and
maintained it so handsomely, you shall have the first choice of these
weapons," he said. Downes chose, and then each of the other officers
selected a trophy of the victory. That evening the squadron, leaving
the _Mashuda_ in charge of the _Macedonian_, resumed its hunt for other
ships belonging to the navy of the piratical Dey.
The fleet was arriving off Cape Palos on June 19th when a brig was seen,
looking suspiciously like an Algerine craft. When the Americans set sail
toward her, the stranger ran away. Soon she came to shoal water, and
the frigates had to leave the chase to the light-draught _Epervier_,
_Spark_, _Torch_, and _Spitfire_. These followed and opened fire. The
strange brig returned several shots, and was then run aground by her
crew on the coast between the watch-towers of Estacio and Albufera,
which had been built long before for the purpose of protecting fishermen
and peasants from the raids of pirates. The strangers took to their
small boats. One of these was sunk by a shot. The Americans then boarded
the ship, which was the Algerine twenty-two-gun brig _Estedio_, and
captured eighty-three prisoners. The brig was floated off the shoals and
sent with a prize-crew into the Spanish port of Carthagena.
Decatur, being unable to sight any more ships that looked like Moorish
craft, and supposing that the rest of the pirate fleet would probably be
making for Algiers, gave commands to his squadron to sail for that port.
He was determined to bring the Dey to terms as quickly as possible,
and to destroy his fleet, or bombard the city, if that was necessary.
When he arrived off the Moorish town, however, he found none of the
fleet there, and no apparent preparation for war in the harbor. The next
morning he ran up the Swedish flag at the mainmast, and a white flag
at the foremast, a signal asking the Swedish consul to come on board
the flag-ship. Mr. Norderling, the consul, came out to the _Guerrière_,
accompanied by the Algerine captain of the port. After some conversation
Decatur asked the latter for news of the Dey's fleet. "By this time it
is safe in some neutral port," was the assured answer.
"Not all of it," said Decatur, "for we have captured the _Mashuda_ and
the _Estedio_."
The Algerine could not believe this, and told the American so. Then
Decatur sent for a wounded lieutenant of the _Mashuda_, who was on his
ship, and bade him confirm the statement. The Moorish officer of the
port immediately changed his tactics, dropped his haughty attitude, and
gave Decatur to understand that he thought the Dey would be willing to
make a new treaty of peace with the United States.
Decatur handed the Moor a letter from the President to the Dey, which
stated that the Republic would only agree to peace provided Algiers
would give up her claim to tribute and would cease molesting American
merchantmen.
The Moor wanted to gain as much time as possible, hoping his fleet
would arrive, and said that it was the custom to discuss all treaties in
the palace on shore. Decatur understood the slow and crafty methods of
these people, and answered that the treaty should be drawn up and signed
on board the _Guerrière_ or not at all. Seeing that there was no use in
arguing with the American the Moorish officer went ashore to consult
with the Dey.
Next day, June 30th, the captain of the port returned, with power to act
for his Highness Omar Pasha. Decatur told him that he meant to put an
end to these piratical attacks on Americans, and insisted that all his
countrymen who were being held as slaves in Algiers should be given up,
that the value of goods taken from them should be paid them, that the
Dey should give the owners of the brig _Edwin_ of Salem ten thousand
dollars, that all Christians who escaped from Algiers to American ships
should be free, and that the two nations should act toward each other
exactly as other civilized countries did. Then the Moorish officer began
to explain and argue. He said that it was not the present ruling Dey,
Omar Pasha, called "Omar the Terrible" because of his great courage,
who had attacked American ships; it was Hadji Ali, who was called the
"Tiger" because of his cruelty, but he had been assassinated in March,
and his prime minister, who succeeded him, had been killed the following
month, and Omar Pasha was a friend of the United States. Decatur replied
that his terms for peace could not be altered.
The Moor then asked for a truce while he should go ashore and confer
with the Dey. Decatur said he would grant no truce. The Algerine
besought him to make no attack for three hours. "Not a minute!" answered
Decatur. "If your squadron appears before the treaty is actually signed
by the Dey, and before the American prisoners are sent aboard, I will
capture it!"
The Moorish captain said he would hurry at once to the Dey, and added
that if the Americans should see his boat heading out to the _Guerrière_
with a white flag in the bow they would know that Omar Pasha had agreed
to Decatur's terms.
An hour later the Americans sighted an Algerine war-ship coming from the
east. Decatur signaled his fleet to clear for action, and gave orders
to his own men on the _Guerrière_. The fleet had hardly weighed anchor,
however, before the small boat of the port captain was seen dashing out
from shore, a white flag in the bow. The excited Moor waved to the crew
of the flag-ship. As soon as the boat was near enough Decatur asked
if the Dey had signed the treaty, and set the American captives free.
The captain assured him of this, and a few minutes later his boat was
alongside the flag-ship, and the Americans, who had been seized and held
by the pirates, were given over to their countrymen. Some of them had
been slaves for several years, and their delight knew no bounds.
In so short a time did Decatur succeed in bringing the Dey to better
terms than he had made with any other country. When the treaty had
been signed the Dey's prime minister said to the English consul, with
reproach in his voice, "You told us that the Americans would be swept
from the seas in six months by your navy, and now they make war upon us
with some of your own vessels which they have taken." As a fact three of
the ships in Decatur's squadron had actually been won from the English
in the War of 1812.
The _Epervier_, commanded by Lieutenant John Templer Shubrick, was now
ordered to return to the United States, with some of the Americans
rescued from Algiers. The fate of the brig is one of the mysteries of
the sea. She sailed through the Straits of Gibraltar July 12, 1815, and
was never heard of again. She is supposed to have been lost in a heavy
storm in which a number of English merchantmen foundered near the West
Indies.
Algiers had now been brought to her knees by Decatur, and he was free
to turn to Tunis and Tripoli. The rulers of each of these countries had
been misled by the English agents exactly as had the Dey of Algiers, and
the Bey of Tunis had allowed the British cruiser _Lyra_ to recapture
some English prizes that the American privateer _Abellino_ had taken
into harbor during the War of 1812. Like Algiers, both Tunis and Tripoli
were well protected by fleets and imposing forts. Decatur, however,
had now learned that downright and prompt measures were the ones most
successful in dealing with the Moors, who were used to long delays and
arguments. He anchored off Tunis on July 26th, and immediately sent word
to the Bey that the latter must pay the United States forty-six thousand
dollars for allowing the English _Lyra_ to seize the American prizes,
and that the money must be paid within twelve hours.
The United States consul, Mordecai M. Noah, carried Decatur's message
to the Bey. The Moorish ruler was seated on a pile of cushions at
a window of his palace, combing his long, flowing black beard with
a tortoise-shell comb set with diamonds. Mr. Noah politely stated
Decatur's terms.
"Tell your admiral to come and see me," said the Bey.
"He declines coming, your Highness," answered the consul, "until these
disputes are settled, which are best done on board the ship."
The Bey frowned. "But this is not treating me with becoming dignity.
Hammuda Pasha, of blessed memory, commanded them to land and wait at the
palace until he was pleased to receive them."
"Very likely, your Highness," said Mr. Noah, "but that was twenty years
ago."
The Bey considered. "I know this admiral," he remarked at length; "he is
the same one who, in the war with Sidi Yusuf, burned the frigate." He
referred to Decatur's burning the _Philadelphia_ in the earlier warfare.
The consul nodded. "The same."
"Hum!" said the Bey. "Why do they send wild young men to treat for peace
with old powers? Then, you Americans do not speak the truth. You went
to war with England, a nation with a great fleet, and said you took her
frigates in equal fight. Honest people always speak the truth."
"Well, sir, and that was true. Do you see that tall ship in the bay
flying a blue flag?" The consul pointed through the window. "It is the
_Guerrière_, taken from the British. That one near the small island, the
_Macedonian_, was also captured by Decatur on equal terms. The sloop
near Cape Carthage, the _Peacock_, was also taken in battle."
The Bey, looking through his telescope, saw a small vessel leave the
American fleet and approach the forts. A man appeared to be taking
soundings. The Bey laid down the telescope. "I will accept the admiral's
terms," said he, and resumed the combing of his beard.
Later he received Decatur with a great show of respect. The American
consul was also honored, but the British was not treated so well. When
a brother of the prime minister paid the money over to Decatur the Moor
turned to the Englishman, and said, "You see, sir, what Tunis is obliged
to pay for your insolence. You should feel ashamed of the disgrace you
have brought upon us. I ask you if you think it just, first to violate
our neutrality and then to leave us to be destroyed or pay for your
aggressions?"
Having settled matters with Tunis, Decatur sailed for Tripoli, and
there sent his demands to the Pasha. He asked thirty thousand dollars
in payment for two American prizes of war that had been recaptured by
the British cruiser _Paulina_, a salute of thirty-one guns to be fired
from the Pasha's palace in honor of the United States flag, and that the
treaty of peace be signed on board the _Guerrière_.
The Pasha pretended to be offended, summoned his twenty thousand Arab
soldiers and manned his cannon; but when he heard how Algiers and Tunis
had already made peace with Decatur, and saw that the Americans were
all prepared for battle, he changed his tactics and sent the governor
of Tripoli to the flag-ship to treat for peace. The American consul
told Decatur that twenty-five thousand dollars would make good the lost
prize-ships, but that the Pasha was holding ten Christians as slaves in
Tripoli. Decatur thereupon reduced the amount of his claim on condition
that the slaves should be released. This was agreed to. The prisoners,
two of whom were Danes, and the others Sicilians, were sent to the
flag-ship, and by way of compliment the band of the _Guerrière_ went
ashore and played American airs to the delight of the people.
The American captain now ordered the rest of his squadron to sail to
Gibraltar, while the _Guerrière_ landed the prisoners at Sicily. As the
flag-ship came down the coast from Carthagena she met that part of the
Algerine fleet that had put into Malta when the Americans first arrived
in the Mediterranean. The _Guerrière_ was alone, and Decatur thought
that the Moors, finding him at such a disadvantage, might break their
treaty of peace, and attack him. He called his men to the quarter-deck.
"My lads," said he, "those fellows are approaching us in a threatening
manner. We have whipped them into a treaty, and if the treaty is to be
broken let them break it. Be careful of yourselves. Let any man fire
without orders at the peril of his life. But let them fire first if they
will, and we'll take the whole of them!"