_Taenia_, 74, 78, 79, _91_;

life-histories of species of, 83;

table of species, 89;

_T._ (_Cysticercus_) _acanthotrias_, 80;

_T. coenurus_, 81, 82;

life-history, 83;

specific characters, 90;

_T. crassicollis_, life-history, 78, 83;

specific characters, 89;

_T. echinococcus_, 80;

life-history, 83;

specific characters, 90;

_T. krabbei_, 81;

_T. marginata_, 81;

life-history, 83;

specific characters, 90;

_T._ (_Hymenolepis_) _murina_, 70, 80 n., 89;

life-history, 80, 83;

specific characters, 91;

_T. perfoliata_, 163;

_T. saginata_ (= _T. mediocanellata_), 78, 79;

life-history, 83;

specific characters, 89;

_T. serialis_, 82;

life-history, 83;

specific characters, 90;

_T. serrata_, 81;

life-history, 83, 87, 89;

specific characters, 90;

_T. solium_, 79;

life-history, 79, 83;

specific characters, 89

Taeniasis, 82

Taeniidae, _91_

Tail, of _Arenicola_, 333;

of _Nereis_, 246, 248;

regeneration of, 283

_Tanypus_, host of _Gordius_, 172

Tape-worms, 5, 74

_Taphrocampa_, 200, 204, _224_

Tardigrada, affinities, 344

_Telmatodrilus_, _378_

_Temnocephala_, 4, 53, 54, _73_

Temnocephalidae, _53_, _73_;

habits and structure, 53 f.;

affinities, 54

Tennent, on land-leeches, 408

Tentacles, in Polyclads, 15, 26;

in Triclads, 30, 36;

in _Vorticeros_, 45, 46;

in Trematodes, 53;

(peristomial), of Spionidae, 322;

(prostomial), 255, 260, 262 f.;

of _Nereis_, 248;

of _Polycirrus_, 294, 295;

of _Polygordius_, 244;

of Terebellids, use of, 289;

nerves to, 254

Tentacle-sheath, in Polyzoa, 470 {558}

Tentacular cirri = Peristomial cirri, _q.v._

Tentacular filaments, 304;

of Cirratulids, 326, 327

_Terebella_, _328_;

otocyst, 273;

fossil, 301;

_T. conchilega_, tube, 286, 287, 288;

building of tube, 289, 290;

gill, 329;

_T. nebulosa_, colour, 292;

as host, 311;

gill, 329

Terebellidae, _258_, _327_;

shape, 259;

tentacles, 263;

gill, 265;

chaetae, 266, 267;

gizzard, 271;

tube, 286;

use of tentacles, 289;

colour, 293;

phosphorescence, 296;

food of, 296;

tube containing Polynoid, 298

_Terebellides_, 299, _330_;

gill, 329

Terebelliformia, _258_, _325_;

definition, 304;

genital organs, 273;

gland shields, 287;

nephridia, 269;

nuchal organs, 273;

uncini, 266, 267;

vascular system, 252

_Terebripora_, 478

Terricola, 30, _42_

Tertiary, Polyzoa, 521

Tessin, on Rotifers, 198, 218

Testes, of _Leptoplana_, 14, 15;

of _Planaria lactea_, 38, 39;

of Acoela and Alloeocoela, 47;

of _Temnocephala_, 54;

of _Polystomum_, 57;

of Cestodes, 75, 76, 86—see also Reproductive organs

_Tetragonurus_, _389_

_Tetraonchus_, _73_

Tetraphyllidae, _91_

Tetrarhynchidae, _91_

_Tetrarhynchus_, 75, 76 n., 85, _91_

_Tetrastemma_, British species, 110;

land forms, 101, 115, 118;

fresh-water forms, 101, 118;

excretory system, 108, 109;

habits, 114;

hermaphrodite species, 109;

viviparous species, 117

_Thalamoporella_, 530

_Thalassema_, 411, 435 f., _441_, 443;

development, 439;

habits, 443

_Thelepus_, 299, _329_

_Theodisca_, _321_

Thompson, J. V., on term Polyzoa, 475

Thoracic membrane, 266, 305

Thorax, of Polychaeta, 259, 306, 337

_Thysanosoma_, _91_;

generic characters, 90;

_T. fimbriata_, life-history, 83;

specific characters, 90;

_T. giardii_, specific characters, 90

_Thysanozoon_, 13, 18, _19_, 20

Tomopteridae, 258, 291, _315_

_Tomopteris_, _315_;

colour, 294;

light-producing organ, 296;

prostomium, 259;

_T. rolasi_, 315

Tooth, in Polyzoa, 482, 522

Tortoise, _Temnocephala_ associated with, 53

Torus uncinigerus, 268

Tracks, fossil, 302

_Travisia_, _332_

_Travisiopsis_, _321_

Trematoda, 4, 51 f.;

life-histories, 71;

classification, 73

Trembley, on Turbellaria, 6;

on Polyzoa, 496, 497

Trepostomata, 520

_Triaenophorus_ (= _Tricuspidaria_), _91_;

excretory system, 84

_Triarthra_, 201, 203, 206, 211, _224_, 225, 226

Triarthridae, 200, 201, 202, 206, 207, _224_, 226

Trias, Serpulid in, 301

_Trichina_, 131, 135, _144_, 161;

_T. spiralis_, 146, 163

Trichinosis, 82, 146, 147

_Trichocephalus_, 131, 135, 136, _144_, 160, 163;

species of, 145;

_T. dispar_, 145

_Trichochaeta_, chaeta, 351

_Trichoderma_, _159_

_Trichoplax_, 93, 95

_Trichosoma_, _144_, 163;

species of, 145

Trichotrachelidae, _144_

Tricladida, _7_, 30 f.;

habits, 35 f.;

sexual reproduction, 38;

asexual reproduction, 40;

classification, 42;

British species, 31, 32, 34, 42

_Tricoma cincta_, _157_

_Tricuspidaria_, _91_

_Trigaster_, 359, _384_

_Trigonoporus_, _19_, 27

_Trinephrus_, 357, _382_ f.

_Triophthalmus_, _224_

_Triphylus_, _224_

_Tristicochaeta_, 158

Tristomatidae, _53_, 55, _73_

Tristomatinae, _73_

_Tristomum_, _73_

_Triticella_, 478, _518_, 533

_Trocheta_, 393, _407_

Trochophore, 229

_Trochopus_, _73_

_Trochosphaera_, 200, 201, _221_, 229, 230

Trochosphaeridae, _221_

Trochosphere, of Archiannelida, 243, 245;

of Polychaeta, 274, 275, 510, 512;

of Echiuroidea, 439, 510;

of Polyzoa, 510

Trochus, in Rotifers, 202, 204

Trophi, of Rotifers, 209, 210

_Trophonia_, 299, _334_;

genital organs, 273;

head, 262;

intestine, 271

Trunk, of _Nereis_, 246;

of Polychaeta, 259;

of Gephyrea, 412 f.

Tube, of Rotifers, 205;

of Polychaeta, 287 f.; composition of, 290;

fossil, 301, 302;

of Chaetopterus, 323;

of _Clymene_, 287;

of _Dodecaceria_, 326;

of _Eunice tibiana_, 290;

of Eunicidae, 285, 290, 318;

of _Haplobranchus_, 339;

of _Hekaterobranchus_, 326;

of _Hyalinoecia_, 290, 319;

of Maldanidae, 332;

of _Myxicola_, 285, 338;

of _Nereis_, 316;

of _Nicomache_, 287;

of _Onuphis_, 287, 319;

of _Owenia_, 325;

of _Pectinaria_, 285, 288, 330;

of _Polydora_, 323; {559}

of Polynoids, 285;

of _Panthalis_, 313;

of _Sabella_, 287 f.;

of _Sabellaria_, 287;

of Sabellidae, 337;

of Serpulidae, 290, 339 f., 340;

of Terebellidae, 286, 287, 288, 289, 327 f.;

of Priapuloidea, 433;

of _Echiurus_, 444

Tube-forming glands, 304

Tube-making, of Polychaeta, 287 f.

Tubicolous Polychaeta, 285, 300, 304, 306

_Tubifex_, 351, 367, 369, _378_;

chaetae, 350

Tubificidae, 350, 361, 366, _378_

_Tubulipora_, _518_, 531, 532

Turbellaria, 3 f.

Turtles, parasites of, 142

_Tylenchus_, 131, _154_, 155, 157, 160, 163

_Tylosoma_, 422, 423, _426_, _430_, 447

Typhloscolecidae, _258_, 291, _321_;

nuchal organ, 273 n.

_Typhloscolex_, 321

_Typosyllis_, regeneration of head, 283 n.

Udekem, D', on Oligochaeta, 365

_Udonella_, _73_;

_U. caligorum_, 55;

_U. pollachii_, eggs of, 58

Udonellinae, _73_

_Umbonula_, 531

_Uncinaria_, 143

Uncinate, 210, 211

Uncini, of Polychaeta, 266, 267, 304, 305

Uncus, 210

_Urnatella_, 490, 493, _518_

_Urobenus_, _388_

_Uteriporus_, _42_

Uterus, of _Leptoplana_, 8, 14;

of _Planaria_, 38, 39;

of Triclads, 40;

of Rhabdocoela, 48;

of _Temnocephala_, 54;

of _Polystomum_, 57, 59;

of Diplozoon, 60;

of _Didymozoon_, 71;

of _Calliobothrium_, 75;

of _Taenia_, 79;

of _Schistocephalus_, 86;

in Bothriidae, 87;

of Rotifers, 216

Vagina, of _Leptoplana_, 16;

in ectoparasitic Trematodes, 57 f.;

in Cestodes, 86, 87

Vaillant, on Hirudinea, 392, 405

_Valencinia_, _113_;

_V. lineformis_, _112_

_Valkeria_, 533

Vallentin, on Rotifers, 198

_Vallisnia_, _73_

_Vanadis_, _315_

Varme, 297

Vasa deferentia, of _Leptoplana_, 14, 15;

of _Planaria_, 38, 39;

of Acoela and Alloeocoela, 47;

of _Diplozoon_, 60;

of _Schistocephalus_, 86

Vasa efferentia, of _Leptoplana_, 14, 15;

of Triclads, 38

Vascular System, of Nemertinea, 106, 107;

of Archiannelida, 244;

of _Nereis_, 251 f.;

of Polychaeta, 251 f.;

of Cryptocephala, 252;

of Scoleciformia, 252;

of Terebelliformia, 252;

absence of, in certain Polychaeta, 253;

of Oligochaeta, 355;

of Leeches, 396;

of Gephyrea, 415, 436, 447;

of _Phoronis_, 455

_Vaucheria_, Rotifers in, 227

Vejdovsky, on Rhabdocoels, 46;

on _Gordius_, 164, 166;

on Oligochaeta, 365, 369, 374, 400

Vermes, 347

_Vermiculus_, _378_

Vermiformia, 461

Verrill, on Chaetognatha, 534

Vertebrates, parasites of, 163, 174, 179, 183

Verworn, on statoblasts, 501

Vesicula seminalis, of _Planaria_, 39

_Vesicularia_, 481, _518_, 533

Vesicularina, _518_, 523

Vestibule, 488, 490;

of larva, 509

Vibracular zooecium, 485, 486, 517, 524

Vibraculum, 477, 484, 485, 517, 524;

movements, 487;

function, 486

Vicarious avicularia, 482

_Victorella_, 492, 501, 505, _518_, 533

Villot, on life-history of _Gordius_, 172

_Vinella_, 521 n.

Virgate, 210

Visceral nervous system, of _Nereis_, 255

Vitellarium = Yolk-gland, _q.v._

Vitello-intestinal canal, in Polystomatidae, 57

Viviparous, Nemertinea, 109, 117;

Rotifers, 200, 216 f.;

Polychaeta, 256, 276

_Volvox_, Rotifers in, 227

Vortex, 44;

British species, _50_;

body-cavity, 43

Vorticellids, on Polychaeta, 299

_Vorticeros_, British species, 45, 46, _50_

Vorticidae, _50_

Vuillemin (misprinted in text), on Nematodes in deserts, 156

Walford, on Polyzoa, 521

Ward, on _Nectonema_, 168;

on _Sipunculus_, 417

Warning colours, in Polychaeta, 294, 314

Waters, on Polyzoa, 517

Wheeler, on Myzostomaria, 344

Whelk, shell occupied by _Nereis_, 298

White Cat, 317

Whitman, on Dicyemidae, 94;

on Hirudinea, 395 f., 402, 405 f.

Willemoes-Suhm, von, on _Tetrastemma agricola_, 101, 115, 117, 118

Willey, on affinities of Nemertinea, 120 n.;

on Oligochaeta, 382

Wings, of _Chaetopterus_, 295, 324

Winter-eggs, of _Mesostoma_, 48;

of Rotifers, 217;

compared with statoblasts, 493

Woodworth, on yolk-glands, 38 n.

Wreath, in Rotifers, 200

Wright, on _Phoronis_, 450, 456

Yellow-cells, in _Leptoplana_, 13 {560}

Yolk-gland, in _Planaria_, 38, 39;

in Rhabdocoelida, 47;

in _Temnocephala_, 54;

in Polystomatidae, 57;

in _Calliobothrium_, 75;

in _Schistocephalus_, 86;

in Rotifers, 199, 216

Yoruba Worm, 368, _387_

Youatt, on _Coenurus_, 82

_Yungia_, _19_, 25

Zebra, parasites of, 140

Zelinka, on Rotifers, 198, 215 n., 218, 219, 227, 229;

on Gastrotricha, 232

Zooecium, 466, 469, 474, 488, 523;

of Phylactolaemata, 495;

loss of zooecia, 481, (= calyces), 488;

primary, 506;

alterations with age, 522

Zone of budding, 279, 283

Zooid, sexual and asexual, 278 f.

Zoophytes, 465, 474

END OF VOL. II

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NOTES

[1] Hemprich and Ehrenberg, _Symbolae physicae_, Berlin, fol. 1831.

[2] Τρῆμα, a hole; referring to the orifices of the suckers.

[3] _Mémoires pour servir à l'histoire d. Polypes d'eau douce_, Leyden,

1744.

[4] _Die Parasiten des Menschen_, 1879——. Engl. Transl. by W. E. Hoyle,

i. 1886.

[5] Band 4, by M. Braun. (Mesozoa and Trematoda completed; Cestoda in

progress.)

[6] _Verm. terr. et fluv. ... succincta historia_, 1773; _Zool. Danica_,

1777.

[7] _Observations on Planariae_, Edinburgh, 1813.

[8] M. Faraday, "On the Planariae," _Medical Gazette_, Feb. 1832; and in

_Edinburgh New Philosoph. Journal_, vol. xiv. 1833, pp. 183-189.

[9] _Nov. Act. Acad. Caes. Leop.-Carol._ tom. xiii. 1827.

[10] _Ann. Sci. Nat._ (Zool.) I. tom. xv. 1828.; _ibid._ tom. xxi. 1830.

[11] _Mém. Acad. St. Pétersbourg_, 5th ser. tom. ii. 1832.

[12] _Die rhabdocoelen Turbellarien des Süsswassers._ Jena 1848.

[13] _Monographie d. Turbellarien._ I. Rhabdocoelida, 1882. Die Acoela,

Leipzig, 1892.

[14] "Die Polycladen," _Fauna u. Flora d. Golfes v. Neapel_, Monogr. XI.

1884.

[15] _Phil. Trans._ 1874, p. 105.

[16] Since no food, but only the pharynx, passes through this "mouth," the

term is unfortunate. Moreover the true mouth is the aperture placing

the stomach in communication with the pharynx (Fig. 5, _gm_).

[17] _Ann. Sci. Nat._ 1 sér. tom. xv. 1828, p. 146. "La Planaire

trémellaire ... peut parcourir ... en faisant battre rapidement ses

parties latérales à la manière des larges nageoires des Raies."

[18] _Observations on Planariae._ Edinburgh, 1813, p. 12.

[19] "Zur Anat. u. Entwickl. einiger Seeplanarien v. St. Malo," _Abh. K.

Gesellschaft d. Wiss._ Göttingen, 1868.

[20] The roof of the peripharyngeal chamber is hence known as the

"diaphragm."

[21] See Brandt, _Fauna u. Flora d. Golfes v. Neapel_, Monogr. XIII. 1885,

p. 65.

[22] See p. 94.

[23] _Verhandlungen d. med. Gesellschaft zu Würzburg_, iv. 1854, p. 223.

[24] _Enantia spinifera_ Grff. _Mittheil. d. Naturwiss. Verein. f.

Steiermark_, 1889.

[25] The sucker of _Leptoplana tremellaris_ probably does not correspond

with that of the Cotylea.

[26] Collingwood, _Trans. Linn. Soc._ 2 ser. vol. i. pt. 3, 1876, p. 83.

[27] Von Stummer-Traunfels, _Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool._ Bd. lx. 1895, p.

689.

[28] _Planocera pellucida_ Mertens, _P. simrothi_ v. Grff., _P. grubei_

Grff., _Stylochoplana sargassicola_ Mertens, _S. californica_

Woodworth, _Planctoplana challengeri_ Grff., all belonging to the

Planoceridae. See v. Graff, "Pelagische Polycladen," _Zeitschrift f.

wiss. Zoologie_, Bd. lv. 1892, p. 190.

[29] _Cambridge Natural History_, vol. iii. p. 74.

[30] Lang, "_Polycladen_," p. 629.

[31] Wheeler, _Journal of Morphology_, vol. ix. part 2, 1894, p. 195.

[32] Many Nudibranchiate Mollusca undergo this change of habitat. See

Garstang, _Journal of the Marine Biological Assoc._ n.s. i. No. 4,

1890, p. 447.

[33] Chun, "Ctenophoren," _Fauna u. Flora G. v. Neapel_, Monogr. I. 1880,

p. 180.

[34] See Lang, "_Polycladen_," p. 607.

[35] Lang, "_Polycladen_," Pl. 30, Fig. 8.

[36] _Kongl. Fysiograf. Sällskapets Handlingar_, Bd. iv. Lund, 1892-93.

[37] Whitman, _Journal of Morphology_, vol. iv. 1890, p. 361.

[38] A full account of Polyclad development is contained in Lang's

"_Polycladen_," with references to the literature of the subject.

Since the date of that work (1884) the embryology of Ctenophora has

become better known, but, though the segmentation of the egg and

early stages of development are very similar in both cases, the

elaborate investigations of E. B. Wilson (_Journ. Morphology_, vol.

vi. p. 361) show that the segmentation of Polychaet worms is again

similar. The question of the affinities of the Polycladida is also

discussed by Lang ("_Polycladen_" p. 642 _et seq._). The work of the

last decade has neither proved nor disproved his suggestion that the

Ctenophores and Polyclads have been derived from common ancestors. On

this subject the remarks made by Hatschek (_Lehrbuch d. Zoologie_, p.

319) are some of the weightiest that have appeared.

[39] Hallez, _Revue Biologique du Nord de la France_, tom. ii. 1889-90.

[40] Voigt, _Zool. Anz._ xv. p. 238.

[41] Grube, _Archiv f. Naturgeschichte_, 38 Jahrg. Bd. i. 1872, p. 273.

[42] Vejdovsky, _Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zoologie_, Bd. lx. 1895, p. 200.

[43] Woodworth, _Bulletin Mus. Comp. Zoology, Harvard_, vol. xxi. No. 1,

1891.

[44] _Mitth. Zool. Stat. Neapel_, 1882, p. 187.

[45] Wheeler, _Journal of Morphology_, vol. ix. 1894, p. 167.

[46] Dendy, _Trans. Roy. Soc. Victoria_ 1890, p. 65; Id. _Austral. Assoc.

Brisbane_, 1895, "Presid. Add. to Sect. D," p. 15.

[47] Darwin, _Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist._ vol. xiv. 1844, p. 241.

[48] Shipley, _Proc. Camb. Phil. Soc._ vol. vii. pt. 4, 1891 (with

literature).

[49] _Trans. Roy. Soc. Victoria_ from 1889 onwards. _Trans. New Zealand

Institute_, 1894-95.

[50] Moseley, _Phil. Trans._ 1874, p. 105; Id. _Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci._

vol. xlvii. 1877, p. 273; Loman, _Bijdrag tot d. Dierkunde_, Aflev.

14, 1887, p. 71; Id. _Zool. Ergeb. ein. Reise in Nieder-Ost-Indien_,

Hft. 1, p. 131; Beddard, _Zoogeography_, 1895, p. 53.

[51] _Beobachtungen ü. Anat. u. Entwickel. an der Küste von Normandie_,

1863, p. 18.

[52] _Archiv f. Naturgeschichte_, 57 Jahrg. Bd. i. Hft. 3, 1891, p. 308.

[53] Dendy, _Proc. Roy. Soc. Victoria_, vol. iv. n.s. i. 1892.

[54] Schmarda, _Neue wirbellose Thiere_, Leipzig, 1859, I. i. p. 30.

[55] _Abhandl. d. Naturf. Gesell. zu Halle_, Bd. iv. 1857, p. 33.

[56] _Arb. Zool.-Zoot. Instit. Würzburg_, Bd. v. 1882, p. 120.

[57] Woodworth (_loc. cit._ p. 38) states that in _Phagocata_ the

yolk-glands arise by proliferation from two parovaria, placed just in

front of the ordinary ovaries. Iijima, however (_Zeitschr. f. wiss.

Zool._ Bd. xl. 1883, p. 454), regarded them as derivatives of the

parenchyma.

[58] The extensive literature on this subject is fairly completely

summarised by Voigt in _Biol. Centralblatt_, vol. xiv. Nos. 20, 21,

1894. Faraday's observations (cf. p. 6, note 8) have been generally

overlooked.

[59] _Archives d. Biologie_, tom. xii. 1892, p. 437.

[60] _Mitth. Zool. Stat. Neapel_, Bd. iii. 1882, p. 187.

[61] Böhmig, _Ergebnisse d. Plankton Expedition_, Bd. ii. H. g. 1895.

[62] von Graff, _Die Acoela_, Leipzig, 1892. Appendix.

[63] The development of the _Acoela_ has been worked out recently by

Mdlle. Pereyaslawzewa (_Zapiski Novoross. Obshch. Odessa_, 17 Bd.

1892) and Gardiner (_Journal of Morphology_, xi. No. 1, 1895, p. 155)

with conflicting results. The former finds four endoderm cells, which

give rise to a larval intestine. The _Acoela_ are for her,

_Pseudacoela_. Gardiner, on the other hand, finds no trace of an

endoderm at any stage of the development of _Polychoerus caudatus_.

[64] _Tijdschr. Nederland. Dierk. Ver._ Deel ii. 1875.

[65] Von Graff, _Monographie d. Turbellarien: I. Rhabdocoeliden_, 1882.

Gamble, _Quart. Journ. Microscop. Science_, vol. xxxiv. 1893, p. 433.

[66] _Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zoologie_, Bd. lx. 1895, p. 163.

[67] See von Graffs _Monographie_, pl. ix.; and Jensen, _Turbellaria ad

Litora Norvegiae_, Bergen, 1878, pl. iv.

[68] For the reproductive organs of Rhabdocoelida, consult von Graff,

_Monographie_, "Die Acoela"; and Böhmig, _Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool._

Bd. li. 1891, p. 167.

[69] _Untersuchungen ü. Platyhelminthen_, Giessen, 1873, p. 101.

[70] Compare the remarks on Trematodes, pp. 4-5.

[71] Haswell, _Monograph of the Temnocephaleae_. Macleay Memorial Volume.

Mem. iii. 1893.

[72] Braun, in Bronn's _Klassen u. Ordn. d. Thierreichs_, vol. iv. p. 407,

gives a valuable summary of our knowledge of this group. For figures,

see van Beneden and Hesse, _Mémoires de l'Acad. roy. de Belgique_,

tom. xxxiv. 1864, pp. 1-169. A valuable paper (with synoptic tables)

on Japanese Monogenea, by Goto, _Journ. Coll. Sci. Japan_, vol. viii.

pt. 1, 1894, has recently appeared.

[73] See Leuckart, "_Parasiten_" Bd. ii. p. 238.

[74] Zeller, _Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool._ xxii. 1872, pp. 1, 168; also Bd.

xxvii. 1876, p. 238; xlvi. 1888, p. 233.

[75] An excellent and beautifully illustrated account, by Looss, of the

Distomatidae of Frogs and Fishes may be found in Leuckart and Chun's

_Bibliotheca Zoologica_, Heft 16, 1894.

[76] Leuckart, _Parasiten d. Menschen_, "Trematoden," 1892-94; R.

Blanchard, _Traité d. Zool. médicale_, i. 1889; H. B. Ward, _Report

for 1894 of Nebraska State Board of Agric. Lincoln_, U.S.A. 1895, p.

225.

[77] Huxley, _Anat. of Invert. Animals_, 1877, p. 194.

[78] Braun, Bronn's _Thierreichs_, Bd. iv. p. 792; Leuckart, _Parasiten d.

Menschen_, 11 Abth. p. 158; Brandes, in _Spengels Zool. Jahrb. Syst.

Abtheil._ Bd. v. 1890, p. 849; v. Nordmann, _Mikr. Beitr._ i. Berlin,

1832.

[79] Heckert, _Bibliotheca Zoologica_ (Leuckart and Chun), Heft 4, 1889. I

am not aware that _Leucochloridium_ has been noticed in England.

[80] "Heterogamy" usually means the alternation of bisexual and unisexual

generations (e.g. _Rhabdonema nigrovenosum_), but is, unfortunately,

also used in the sense of Alloiogenesis, as defined above. See

Grobben, _Arbeit. Zool. zoot. Ints. Wien_, Bd. iv. 1881, p. 201.

[81] _Parasiten_, Bd. i. Abth. II. p. 152.

[82] _Festschrift f. Leuckart_, Leipzig, 1892, p. 167.

[83] _Quart. Journ. Micros. Sci._ vol. xxiii. 1883, p. 90.

[84] The intermediate host in the Sandwich Islands is said to be _Limnaea

peregra_. See Lutz, _Centralbl. f. Bakter._ xi. 1892, p. 783.

[85] The mortality in wet years, however, is said to be largely due to

pulmonary inflammation. This and other causes of death are not always

discriminated in the returns.

[86] See Thomas, _Quart. Journ. Micros. Science_, xxiii. 1883. Neumann,

_Parasites of Domesticated Animals_, translated by Fleming, 1892.

[87] Leuckart, _loc. cit._; Looss, _Archiv f. mikroskop. Anatomie_, Bd.

xlvi. 1895, p. 1.

[88] In Leuckart, _Die Parasiten d. Menschen_, pp. 521-528, 1894.

[89] Cf. p. 89.

[90] See Braun. Bronn's _Klassen u. Ordnungen d. Thierreichs_, vol. iv. p.

572.

[91] Braun, _loc. cit._ p. 573.

[92] Taken largely from Braun, _Ibid._ pp. 864-866, where the literature

of the subject is referred to fully.

[93] _Festschr. f. Leuckart_, 1892, p. 134.

[94] Cf. p. 5.

[95] _Arbeit. Inst. Wien_, iii. 1881, p. 163; see also _ibid._ ix. 1890,

p. 57.

[96] For figures of various scolices see van Beneden, _Mémoire sur les

vers Intestinaux_, 1861; Braun in Bronn's _Thierreich, Cestoda_ (in

progress), Bd. iv. Pl. xxxviii.-xlv.

[97] The mature proglottis of _Calliobothrium eschrichti_ is 8-9 mm. long,

whereas the strobila only measures 4-5 mm. in length. Species of

_Phylliobothrium_, _Anthobothrium_, and _Tetrarhynchus_ show a

similar but not an equal contrast between the size of the parent and

proglottis (P. J. van Beneden, "Les Vers Cestoides," _Nouv. Mém. de

l'Acad. Roy. d. Belgique_, tom. xxv. 1850).

[98] The difficult question of the nature of the Cestode body and Cestode

larvae is adequately discussed by Braun, _loc. cit._ p. 1167.

[99] Leuckart, _Die Parasiten d. Menschen_ [English trans. by W. E.

Hoyle]; Blanchard, _Traité de Zoologie médicale_, 1893.

[100] For a full account of the history of this subject see Leuckart,

_Parasiten d. Menschen_, p. 28; Braun, _loc. cit._ Bd. iv. p. 929 _et

seq._; Huxley, _Collected Essays_, vol. viii. p. 229.

[101] By Grassi this form is considered identical with _T. murina_. The

latter species is known, from this author's researches, to develop in

rats without migration into an intermediate host. Should Grassi's

synonymy prove correct, the presence of large numbers of this

tape-worm in man would readily receive its explanation.

[102] Leuckart, _loc. cit._ p. 752 _et seq._

[103] The distinctive features of these and the foregoing tape-worms are

given on pp. 89-90

[104] For description of the _Cercocystis_-larva see Villot, _Ann. Sci.

Nat. (Zool.)_ (6), xv. 1883, Art 4; and compare Leuckart's criticism

of this paper, "_Parasiten_," p. 979.

[105] Moniez, "Sur les Cysticerques," Paris, 1880; _Id._ "Sur les

Cestodes," 1881; Zschokke, "Recherches sur la structure anatomique et

histologique d. Cestodes," Genève, 1888.

[106] Schmidt, _Archiv f. Naturgeschichte_, Jahrg. lx. Bd. 1, 1894, p. 65.

[107] For example, the genitalia in _Dipylidium caninum_ are duplicated in

each proglottis. Other differences are noted in the following table

(pp. 89-90).

[108] See Stiles, _Centralbl. f. Bakt. u. Parasitenkunde_, 1893, xiii. p.

457 (conf. note, p. 90).

[109] Taken from Neumann, _Parasites of Domesticated Animals_, 1892, p.

448.

[110] µ = 1/1000 millimetre.

[111] For a description of these glands, and for further diagnostic details

and literature, see Stiles and Hassall, _U. S. Department of

Agriculture, Bureau of Animal Industry_, Bulletin 4, 1893.

[112] Ed. van Beneden, _Bull. Acad. Roy. Belgique_, 1876, p. 35.

[113] Whitman, _Mittheil. Zool. Stat. Neapel_, Bd. iv.; see also Braun, in

Bronn's _Thierreich_, Bd. iv. p. 253.

[114] Braun, _loc. cit._ p. 281 (with literature).

[115] Giard, "La Castration parasitaire," _Bull. Sci. d. France et de

Belgique_, 3 sér. i. 1888, p. 12.

[116] Schulze, _Abh. Akad. Berlin_, 1891, p. 1.

[117] _Arch. Naturg._ lviii. 1891, p. 66.

[118] _P. Boston Soc._ vol. vi. 1848.

[119] _Zeitschr. wiss. Zool._ Bd. v. 1854, p. 344.

[120] _Arch. Anat._ 1858, p. 289.

[121] _Ibid._ 1858, p. 558.

[122] _Mem. Ac. St. Petersb._ ser. vii. tom. xiv. 1869.

[123] _Zeitschr. wiss. Zool._ Bd. xliii. 1886, p. 481.

[124] R. von Willemoes-Suhm, _Ann. Nat. Hist._ ser. iv. xiii. 1874, p. 409.

[125] Semper, _Zeitschr. wiss. Zool._ Bd. xiii. 1863, p. 558.

[126] L. von Graff, _Morphol. Jahrb._ Bd. v. 1879, p. 430.

[127] W. A. Silliman, _Zeitschr. wiss. Zool._ Bd. xli. 1885, p. 48.

[128] du Plessis, _Zool. Anz._ vol. xv. 1892, p. 64.

[129] J. von Kennel, _Arb. Inst. Würzburg_, Bd. iv. 1877-78, p. 305.

[130] H. N. Moseley, _Ann. Nat. Hist._ ser. iv. vol. xv. 1875, p. 165.

[131] See Hubrecht, in _Verh. Ak. Amsterdam_, vol. xx. 1880; and in _Quart.

J. Micr. Sci._ vol. xx. 1880, p. 431.

[132] "Nemertinen," _Fauna und Flora G. von Neapel_, 22 Monogr. 1895.

[133] _Beiträge zur Naturgeschichte der Turbellarien_, Griefswald, 1851.

[134] _Arb. Inst. Würzburg_, Bd. iii. 1876, p. 115.

[135] _Ibid._ Bd. iv. 1877, p. 305.

[136] _Zool. Anz._ vol. viii. 1885, p. 51.

[137] _Quart. J. Micr. Sci._ vol. xxv. 1885, suppl. p. 1.

[138] _Zeitschr. wiss. Zool._ Bd. xli. 1885, p. 48.

[139] _Ibid._ Bd. liii. 1892, p. 322, and _Fauna und Flora G. von Neapel_,

22 Monogr. 1895.

[140] _Ann. Sci. Nat._ (5) vol. xvii. 1873.

[141] _Zeitschr. wiss. Zool._ Bd. iv. 1853, p. 178.

[142] Our knowledge of British species is mainly due to M‘Intosh (_British

Annelids_, Ray Society, 4to, 1873) and Riches (_Journ. Mar. Biol.

Ass._ vol. iii. 1893-1895, p. 1).

[143] _Fauna und Flora G. von Neapel_, 22 Monogr. 1895.

[144] See M‘Intosh, _British Annelids_, Ray Society, 4to, 1873.

[145] _Loc. cit._

[146] References to these works are given on p. 101.

[147] _Zitschr. wiss. Zool._ Bd. xli. 1885, p. 48.

[148] _Nature_, vol. xlvi. 1892, p. 611.

[149] _Zool. Anz._ vol. xv. 1892, p. 64.

[150] _Zeitschr. wiss. Zool._ Bd. lix. 1895, p. 83.

[151] _Arb. Inst. Würzburg_, Bd. iv. 1877-1878, p. 305.

[152] _Journ. Mar. Biol. Ass._ vol. iii. 1893-1895, p. 22.

[153] _Quart. J. Micr. Sci._ vol. xxiii. 1883, p. 349; _Ibid._ vol. xxvii.

1887, p. 605.

[154] Cf. Willey, _Amphioxus and the Ancestry of the Vertebrates_,

Macmillan, 1894.

[155] _Ann. Sci. nat._ 7, sér. vol. xiii. 1892, p. 321.

[156] E. Rohde, _SB. Ak. Berlin_, 1892, p. 515.

[157] R. Hesse, _Zeitschr. wiss. Zool._ Bd. liv. 1892, p. 548.

[158] E. Rohde, _Zool. Beitr._ Bd. i. 1885, p. 11.

[159] E. Rohde, _Zool. Anz._ xvii. 1894, p. 38.

[160] _Monographie der Nematoden_, 4to, Berlin, 1866.

[161] _Zeit. Physiol. Chem._ vol. xiv. 1890, p. 318.

[162] N. A. Cobb, _P. Linn. Soc. N.S. Wales_, 2nd ser. vol. vi. 1891, p.

143.

[163] _Monographie der Nematoden_, Berlin, 1866, p. 192.

[164] _Zool. Anz._ vol. xvi. 1893, p. 432.

[165] _Arch. Naturg._ 60 Jahrg. Bd. i. 1894, p. 255.

[166] _SB. Ak. Berlin_, 1891, p. 57.

[167] [Hamann subsequently withdrew these statements.]

[168] Leuckart, _The Parasites of Man_, English Trans. by W. E. Hoyle,

Edinburgh, 1886, p. 56.

[169] O. Bütschli, _Zeitschr. wiss. Zool._ Bd. xxvi. 1876, p. 103.

[170] O. Hamann, _Centrlb. Bakter._ vol. xi. 1892, p. 501.

[171] _Zeitschr. wiss. Zool._ vol. xxiii. 1873, p. 402.

[172] _Ibid._ vol. xlii. 1885, p. 708.

[173] _Ann. Nat. Hist._ 5th ser. vol. ix. 1882, p. 301.

[174] _Macleay Memorial Volume_, Sydney, 1893, p. 252; and _Proc. Linn.

Soc. N.S.W._ 2nd ser. vol. v. 1890, p. 449.

[175] 4th edition, 1880.

[176] _Compendium der Helminthologie_, Hannover, 1878, and _Nachtrag_,

1889.

[177] A. Heller, "Darmschmarotzen" in v. Liemssen's _Handb. d. sp. Path. u.

Ther._ vol. vii.

[178] Cobbold's _Parasites_, London, 1879, p. 246.

[179] _Arch. Zool. exper._ 1 sér. tom. vii. 1878, p. 283.

[180] _Arch. Zool. exper._ 1 sér. tom. vii. 1878, p. 283.

[181] Balbiani, _Anat. Physiol._ 7th year, 1870-71, p. 180.

[182] _A Treatise on Parasites and Parasitic Diseases._ English Trans. by

G. Fleming, London, 1892.

[183] _Journ. Roy. Agric. Soc._ 3rd series, vol. iv. 1893.

[184] _Sci. Mem. Medic. Officers, Army of India_, vol. vii. 1892, p. 51.

[185] Shipley, _Proc. Phil. Soc. Camb._ vol. viii. 1892-95, p. 211.

[186] "The Distribution, etc., of _Filaria sanguinis hominis_," _Trans. of

7th Inter. Congress of Hygiene_, vol. i. 1892, p. 79.

[187] v. Linstow, _Arch. mikr. Anat._ vol. xl. 1892, p. 498.

[188] zur Strassen, _Zeitschr. wiss. Zool._ vol. liv. 1892, p. 655.

[189] Rud. Leuckart, _Abh. Sachs. Ges._ vol. xiii. 1887, p. 567.

[190] _Macleay Memorial Vol._ Sydney, 1893, p. 253.

[191] _Centrbl. Bakter._ vol. viii. 1890, p. 489.

[192] J. Percival, _Nat. Sci._ vol. vi. 1895, p. 187.

[193] A. Strubell, _Bibl. Zool._ Bd. i. Heft 2, 1888, p. 1.

[194] _C. R. Ac. Sci._ cxviii. 1894, p. 549.

[195] _Bihang Svenska Ak. Handl._ viii. No. 11, 1883.

[196] _Anat. Untersuch. ü. freilebende Nordsee-Nematoden_, Leipzig, 1886.

[197] Cobb, _P. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales_, 2nd ser. viii. 1893, p. 389.

[198] _Zeitschr. wiss. Zool._ Bd. xvii. 1867, p. 539.

[199] Panceri, _Atti Acc. Napoli_, vii. 1878, No. 10.

[200] Panceri, _Atti Acc. Napoli_, vii. 1878, No. 10.

[201] _Arch. Naturg._ 35 (i.), 1869, p. 112.

[202] _Zeitschr. wiss. Zool._ Bd. xlii. 1885, p. 708.

[203] _Arch. Naturg. Jahrg._ iii. Bd. i. 1837, p. 52; and van Beneden,

_Animal Parasites_, p. 91. International Sci. Series.

[204] F. Vejdovsky, _Zeitschr. wiss. Zool._ Bd. xliii. 1886, p. 369;

_Zeitschr. wiss. Zool._ Bd. xlix. 1888, p. 188.

[205] _Arch. mikr. Anat._ Bd. xxxvii. 1891, p. 239.

[206] _Arch. mikr. Anat._ Bd. xxxiv. 1889, p. 248.

[207] A. E. Verrill, _P. U. S. Mus._ vol. ii. 1879, p. 165.

[208] O. Bürger, _Zool. Jahrb. Anat._ Bd. iv. 1891, p. 631.

[209] H. B. Ward, _Bull. Mus. Harvard_, vol. xxiii. 1892-93, p. 135.

[210] _Mem. Acc. Torino_, 2nd ser. vol. xl. 1890, p. 1.

[211] _Centrlb. Bakter._ Bd. ix. 1891, p. 760.

[212] _Zeitschr. wiss. Zool._ Bd. vii. 1856, p. 1.

[213] _Zool. Anz._ vol. x. 1887, p. 602.

[214] Von Linstow, Hannover, 1878, and Nachtrag, 1889.

[215] H. B. Ward, _P. Amer. Ac._ new ser. vol. xix. 1892, p. 260.

[216] _Jen. Zeitschr._ Bd. xxv. 1891, p. 113.

[217] _Bibl. Zool._ Bd. ii. Heft 7. 1893.

[218] _Jen. Zeitschr._ Bd. xxv. 1891, p. 113.

[219] _Zool. Anz._ Bd. xv. 1892, p. 195.

[220] _Zool. Anz._ vol. xv. 1892, p. 52.

[221] _Zool. Anz._ vol. viii. 1885, p. 19.

[222] Shipley, _Quart. J. Micr. Sci._ vol. xxxix. 1896.

[223] O. Hertwig, _Jen. Zeitschr._ Bd. xiv. 1880, p. 196.

[224] P. Gourret, _Ann. Mus. Marseille_, tom. ii. Mem. 2, 1884, p. 103.

[225] _Bibl. Zool._ vol. i. 1888-89, p. 1.

[226] Scott, _Annals of Scottish Natural History_, 1892 and 1893.

[227] E. Béraneck, _Rev. Zool. Suisse_, vol. iii. 1895, p. 137.

[228] _Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist._ 6th ser. vol. xiii. 1894, p. 440.

[229] _Archiv Naturg._ 58 Jahrg. Bd. i. 1892, p. 333.

[230] I Chetognati, _Flora u. Fauna d. Golfes von Neapel_, Mon. v. 1883.

[231] _loc. cit._

[232] _loc. cit._

[233] _The Rotifera_, two vols, and supplt. London, 1886-89.

[234] _Phil. Trans._ vol. xix. No. 220, p. 254 (abridged ed. vol. iii.

1705, p. 651).

[235] _Ibid._ vol. xxiii. No. 283, p. 1304 (abridged ed. vol. v. p. 6).

[236] _Ibid._ vol. xxiii. No. 295, p. 1784 (abridged ed. vol. v. p. 175).

[237] _Ibid._ No. 337, vol. xxviii. 1714, p. 160.

[238] _Employment for the Microscope._ London, 1785.

[239] Paris, 1841.

[240] _Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci._ vol. i. 1853, pp. 3-8, 65-76.

[241] _Trans. Micr. Soc. London_, vol. i. (n.s.), 1853, pp. 1-19.

[242] _Verh. Ges. Würzb._ vol. iv. 1854; _Zeitschr. wiss. Zool._ vols. iii.

vi. 1851-55.

[243] _Zeitschr. wiss. Zool._ vols. vii. ix. xii. 1856-58-63.

[244] London, 1861.

[245] _Zeitschr. wiss. Zool._ vol. xxxix. 1883.

[246] _Ann. Nat. Hist._ ser. 6, vol. v. 1890, p. 1; viii. 1891, p. 34.

[247] _Jen. Zeitschr. Nat._ vol. xix. 1886; and _Zeitschr. wiss. Zool._

vols. xliii. xlix. 1886-90.

[248] _Zeitschr. wiss. Zool._ vol. xliv. 1886, p. 273.

[249] _Ibid._ vol. xliv. p. 396; xlvii. 1888, p. 353; liii. 1892, p. 1.

[250] For additions see Rousselet, _J. Roy. Micr. Soc._ 1893 and 1897.

[251] See p. 228.

[252] _Quart. Journ. Micr. Soc._ (n.s.) vol. xxiv. 1884, p. 352.

[253] The definition of the Orders and systematic position of the genera

and species referred to under this head will be found in a following

section (pp. 220 f.).

[254] Reprinted in Baker's _Employment for the Microscope_, 1785, pp. 267

f.

[255] "_Wheel Animals_, though found with most Certainty in Leaden Gutters,

etc. are often discovered in the Waters of some Ditches, and likewise

in Water that has stood a considerable Time even in the House; for I

have often met with them, in sufficient Plenty, in a Sort of slimy

Matter that is apt to be produced on the Sides of Glasses and other

Vessels, that are kept long with the _Infusions of Hay_ or other

_Vegetables_; and probably they are wafted thither by the Air, when

in the Condition of little dry Globules."

[256] Gosse's account of the "Structure, Functions, and Homologies of the

Manducatory Organs in the Class Rotifera" (in _Phil. Trans._ 1856)

remains as the most complete anatomical account we have, though his

attempt to identify these parts with the modified limbs of the

Arthropod mouth has met with no support from subsequent workers.

Gosse rendered these parts clearly visible by the use of dilute

caustic alkali.

[257] A modification of this type is seen in the parasite _Drilophagus_,

where the unci and rami are two-pronged at the end, but the trophi

are not movable on one another, but protrusible as a whole to serve

as an organ of attachment to the Oligochaete _Lumbriculus_, to which

this Rotifer attaches itself. See Vejdovsky, "Ueb. _Drilophaga

bucephalus_," etc., in _SB. Böhm. Ges. Jahrg._ 1882 (1883), p. 390.

[258] "Zur Rotatorien Württemburgs," in _Jahresb. Ver. Würt._ vol. l. 1894,

p. 57.

[259] Similarly Hudson and Zelinka both regard the dorsal antenna as formed

by the coalescence of two antennae. These retain their distinctness

in _Asplanchna_; in some Bdelloida the single antenna is supplied by

a pair of nerves.

[260] _C. R. Ac. Sci._ cxi. 1890, p. 310; cxiii. 1891, p. 388.

[261] _Acta Univ. Lund._ xxviii. 1891-92.

[262] [See, however, Calman, _Natural Science_, xiii. 1898, p. 43.]

[263] _Zeitschr. wiss. Zool._ xxii. 1872, p. 455.

[264] _Arch. Zool. Exp._ sér. 2, i. 1883, p. 131.

[265] _Zeitschr. wiss. Zool._ xliv. 1886, p. 273.

[266] _Ibid._ liii. 1892, p. 1.

[267] [See further Jennings, _Bull. Mus. Harvard_, xxx. 1896, p. 1;

Erlanger and Lauterborn, _Zool. Anz._ xx. 1897, p, 452; and Lenssen,

_Zool. Anz._ xxi. 1898, p. 617.]

[268] It does not appear to us that Zelinka is justified by his account of

the development in regarding this cup as other than a part of the

disc.

[269] The classification we have adopted is a modification of that made by

Hudson and Gosse; we have divided up their first Order Rhizota into

two, and split off from Flosculariidae the family Apsilidae; removed

the Asplanchnaceae from the admittedly heterogeneous Order Ploima,

made distinct families in the Ploima for Microcodonidae and

Rhinopidae, and created a third new Order for the Seisonaceae.

Ehrenberg, Gosse, and Hudson, being the authors of most of the

genera, are designated by their initials only.

[270] This second species has also been found in the Northern United

States.

[271] This Order has been monographed recently by Janson in _Abh. Ver.

Brem._ Bd. xii. Beilage, 1893, p. 1.

[272] See Hudson in _Month. Micr. Journ._ vol. vi. 1871, pp. 121, 215, and

_Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci._ (n.s.) xii. 1872, p. 333; Lankester,

_ibid._ p. 338; Levander in _Act. Soc. Faun. Fenn._ xi. 1894.

[273] In _Denk. Ak. Wien_, vol. vii. 1854, 2 Abth., p. 15. As has been

suggested by Deby and by Daday, it is not impossible that _Hexarthra_

is identical with _Pedalion_ (and in this case the latter name, as

newer, should be suppressed in favour of the former); but we must

suppose that Schmarda's figure of the front view is a combination,

more or less from memory or notes, of two sketches or notes taken

some time before publication; the one a side view somewhat obliquely

flattened, showing the two eyes as in Levander's Fig. 3; the other a

front view, showing the two pairs of lateral limbs in their correct

positions under pressure.

[274] The male of _Rhinops vitrea_ is exceptional in possessing a complete,

functional alimentary canal, with mastax, stomach, and intestine

(Rousselet). That of _Proales werneckii_ has a mastax, but no

intestine (Rothert).

[275] For a full account of this group see Claus in _Festschr. Z.-B. Ges.

Wien_, 1876, p. 75; and Plate in _Mt. Stat. Neapel_, vol. vii.

1886-87, p. 234; _Ann. Nat. Hist._ ser. 6, vol. ii., 1888, p. 86.

[276] [Eighteen more have since been recorded.]

[277] I have recently found a large species of this genus dwelling in the

shell of the large Cladoceran Crustacean, _Eurycercus lamellatus_. It

is remarkable for its power of completely telescoping its extremities

within the middle segments, and for its immense foot-glands, both

characters being doubtless correlated with its habitat. Rousselet

identifies it with _P. petromyzon_.

[278] _Month. Micr. Journ._ vol. ix. 1873, p. 287; _Journ. Quekett Club_,

ser. 2, vol. ii. 1884-86, p. 231.

[279] See Dr. Hudson's very suggestive presidential addresses to the Royal

Microscopical Society, published in their Journal, vols. ix.-xi.

1889-91.

[280] _Euchlanis lynceus._—This is clearly not an _Euchlanis_, and of the

six names referred to—_Ploesoma_, _Gomphogaster_, _Gastropus_,

_Gastroschiza_, _Bipalpus_, and _Dictyoderma_—the first has priority,

and the other five drop by the laws of zoological nomenclature.

[281] _Journ. Quekett Club_, ser. 2, vol. v. 1892-94, p. 205.

[282] _Trans. Micr. Soc._ (n.s.) i. 1853, p. 18 (read Dec. 31, 1851): "We

may say, therefore, that the Rotifera are organized upon the plan of

an Annelid larva.... I do not hesitate to draw the conclusion ...

that _the Rotifera are the permanent forms of Echinoderm larvae_, and

hold the same relation to the Echinoderms that the Hydriform Polypi

hold to the Medusae, or that _Appendicularia_ holds to the

Ascidians."

[283] _Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci._ (n.s.) vol. xvii. 1877, p. 399.

[284] _Ibid._ (n.s.) vol. xx. 1880, p. 381.

[285] _Arb. Z. Inst. Wien_, vols. i. iii. v. 1878-84; _Lehrbuch der

Zoologie_, part iii. 1891.

[286] _Zeitschr. wiss. Zool._ vol. xliv. 1886, p. 1.

[287] _The Microscope_ (Detroit), 1887-88.

[288] _Zeitschr. wiss. Zool._ xlix. 1890, p. 209.

[289] _Ann. Sci. Nat._ ser. 3, vol. xv. 1851, p. 158.

[290] _Zeitschr. wiss. Zool._ vol. xlv. 1887, pp. 401-467, t. xx-xxii.

[291] The breadth of the latter is estimated from Reinhard's figure.

[292] The Echiuroid Gephyrea (see p. 434) are by some authorities

considered to be a division of the Chaetopoda.

[293] Another worm, _Histriobdella_ (_Histriodrilus_) _homari_, which is

parasitic on the eggs of the lobster, and which occurs on our coast,

has been placed amongst the Archiannelida. It is a minute form, with

peculiarities in its anatomy which render its affinities uncertain.

[294] _Quart. J. Micr. Sci._ xxvii. 1887, p. 109.

[295] _J. Mar. Biol. Assoc._ vol. i. (n.s.) 1889-90, p. 119.

[296] Schimkewitsch, _Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool._ lix. 1895, p. 46.

[297] Hatschek, _Arb. Zool. Inst. Wien_, iii. 1881, p. 79.

[298] Fraipont, "Le Genre Polygordius," _Fauna u. Flora des Golfes v.

Neapel_, Monogr. xiv. 1887.

[299] T. J. Parker, _Lessons in Elementary Biology_, London, 1891, p. 267,

gives a full account of the anatomy and development of _Polygordius_.

[300] "Die Capitelliden," _Fauna u. Flora d. Golfes v. Neapel_, Monogr.

xvi. 1887, p. 350.

[301] _Encyclopaedia Britannica_, 9th ed., Art. "Mollusca," p. 652.

[302] Benham, "The Post-Larval Stage of _Arenicola_," _J. Mar. Biol.

Assoc._ iii. (n.s.) 1893, p. 48.

[303] The blood is colourless in Syllidae and Nephthydidae.

[304] Ehlers states that some Eunicidae have green blood.

[305] Benham, _Quart. J. Micr. Sci._ xxxix. 1896, p. 1.

[306] Schaeppi, _Jena. Zeit._ xxviii. 1894, p. 217.

[307] Goodrich, _Quart. J. Micr. Sci._ xxxiv. 1893, p. 387.

[308] Benham, _Quart. J. Micr. Sci._ xxxii. 1891, p. 325. See also Bourne

(nephridium of _Polynoë_), _Tr. Linn. Soc._ (_Zool._), ii. 1883, p.

357; Meyer, for nephridium of Terebellidae, Sabellidae, and

Cirratulidae, in _Mt. Zool. Stat. Neapel_, vii. 1887, p. 592.

[309] It is worthy of note that in _Aeolosoma_ alone amongst the

Oligochaeta does the brain lie in the prostomium in the adult.

[310] Andrews, "The Eyes of Polychaetes," _J. Morph._ vii. 1892, p. 169.

[311] Wistinghausen, "Entwick. v. _N. dumerilii_," _Mt. Zool. Stat.

Neapel_, x. 1891, p. 41.

[312] This is a modification of the classification proposed by me at the

meeting of the British Association at Oxford, 1894 (see Report, p.

696). For further characteristics of these Orders and sub-Orders see

below Chap. XII. Ehlers, "Die Borstenwürmer," 1864, gives a

historical survey of the group, and enumerates the earlier

classifications.

[313] In _Coabangia_ (see p. 284) the anus is near the anterior end, on the

ventral surface.

[314] It is doubtful whether these organs are palps or only lateral lips.

[315] Pruvot traced the nerve supply to these organs, and thus established

their homology. _Arch. d. Zool. Expér._ (ser. 2) iii. 1885, p. 211.

[316] Meyer, "Stud. ub. d. Körperbau der Anneliden," _Mt. Zool. Stat.

Neapel_, vii. 1887, p. 592; viii. 1888, p. 462. In this work a great

number of important and interesting anatomical facts are recorded

with respect to the Terebelliformia and Sabelliformia, as well as

certain details as to the structure and development of the nephridia.

[317] In some of the members of this family paired lateral tentacles appear

to exist.

[318] It is possible that some of these may be peristomial.

[319] Individual cases in which chaetae are present have been recorded.

[320] Meyer, _loc. cit._

[321] Haswell, _P. Linn. Soc. N.S. Wales_, vii. 1883, p. 251.

[322] Eisig, "Die Capitelliden," _Fauna u. Flora G. v. Neapel, Monogr._

xvi. 1887, p. 331.

[323] Compare with this the muscular organ of _Dinophilus_, p. 243,

_Protodrilus_, and a similar structure which occurs in Terebellids.

[324] Korschelt, "Über Ophryotrocha puerilis," _Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool._

lv. 1893, p. 224.

[325] Eisig, _Mt. Zool. Stat. Neapel_, ii. 1881, p. 255.

[326] They are specially large also in the Typhloscolecidae; while

Racovitza (_Ann. Mag. N. H._ (ser. 6), xv. 1895, p. 279) has recently

suggested that the caruncle of Amphinomidae belongs to the category

of nuchal organs, and compares it with the ciliated lappets of

_Pterosyllis_.

[327] Ehlers, _Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool._ liii. 1892, p. 217.

[328] See Claparède and Metschnikoff, "Beit. zur Kennt. d. Entwick der

Chaetopoden," _Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool._ xix. 1869, p. 163; and

Fewkes, "On the Development of certain Worm Larvae," _Bulletin Mus.

Harvard_, xi. 1883, p. 167.

[329] For an account of the anatomy and development of a Trochosphere, see

Hatschek, on _Eupomatus_, in _Arbeit. Zool. Inst. Wien_, vi. 1885.

Also Meyer, _Mt. Zool. Stat. Neapel_, viii. 1888, p. 462; and for

Polynoid larva see Häcker, _Zool. Jahrb. Abth. Anat._ viii. 1895, p.

245.

[330] See Meyer (ref. on p. 261).

[331] Many of the Polynoids are sexually dimorphic.

[332] Claparède, "Annélides Chétopodes du Golfe de Naples," Supplement,

1870; and Wistinghausen, _Mt. Zool. Stat. Neapel_, x. 1891, p. 41.

[333] Claparède used the term "epigamous" for this phase; Ehlers employed

the term "epitokous," whilst he called the "Nereid" phase "atokous,"

under the impression that the worm did not become mature in this

condition.

[334] Malaquin gives a detailed account of the asexual reproduction in

Syllidae in _Recherches sur les Syllidiens_, Lille, 1893, and in

_Revue Biol. d. Nord de la France_, iii. 1891. See also St. Joseph,

"Les annelides polychétes des côtes de Dinard," _Ann. Sci. Nat.

Zool._ (7th ser.) i. 1886, p. 134.

[335] Alex. Agassiz, _Boston J. Nat. Hist._ vii. 1863, p. 384.

[336] Huxley, _Edinb. New Philosoph. Journ._ 1855, i. p. 113.

[337] "Challenger" Reports, vol. xii. 1885, "Polychaeta," p. 198; and Oka,

_Zoolog. Centralbl._ ii. 1895, p. 591.

[338] Two new heads have been observed in _Typosyllis variegata_ by

Langerhans, and two new tails in another _Syllis_.

[339] Dalyell, _The Powers of the Creator revealed, etc._, vol. ii. 1853,

p. 225 _et seq._

[340] von Kennel, _Arb. Zool. Instit. Würzburg_, vi. 1883, p. 259.

[341] Leidy, _Proc. Acad. Nat. Hist. Philadelphia_, 1883, p. 204.

[342] Giard, _C. R. Soc. Biol._ v. 1893, p. 473.

[343] See M‘Intosh, _Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist._ (ser. 4) ii. 1868, p. 276.

[344] Lankester has suggested that a strong acid is secreted for the

purpose, see _Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist._ (ser. 4) i. 1868, p. 233.

[345] M‘Intosh, _Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist._ (ser. 6) xiii. 1894, p. 1.

[346] Dalyell, _The Powers of the Creator revealed_, ii. 1853, p. 217.

[347] Watson, _Journ. R. Mic. Soc._ 1890, p. 685; see also Dalyell, _loc.

cit._ ii. p. 195.

[348] Schmiedeberg, _Mt. Zool. Stat. Neapel_, iii. 1882, p. 373.

[349] For pelagic forms, see Camille Viguier, _Arch. de Zool. Expér._ (ser.

2) iv. 1886, p. 347; also Reibisch, _Die pelag. Phyllodociden u.

Typhloscoleciden d. Plankton Exped._ 1895.

[350] Lankester, _Journ. Anat. and Physiol._ 1868, p. 114; and 1870, p.

119; see also MacMunn, "On the Chromatology of the Blood in some

Invertebrates," _Quart. J. Micr. Sci._ xxv. 1885, p. 469.

[351] For coloured pictures of worms consult Schmarda, "Neue wirbellose

Thiere," 2nd part, 1861; Milne Edwards in Cuvier's "Règne Animal"

(Ed. Disciples de Cuvier).

[352] Semper, _Animal Life_, "Internat. Sci. Series," 1881, p. 401.

[353] The experiments were made by Mr. Garstang at the Laboratory of the

Marine Biological Association, and are recorded by Poulton in _The

Colours of Animals_, "Internat. Sci. Series," 1890, p. 201.

[354] Panceri, _Atti Acad. Sci. Napoli_, vii. 1875.

[355] M‘Intosh, H.M.S. "Challenger" Reports, "Polychaeta," vol. xii. p. ix.

[356] For an account of these worms see M‘Intosh, _loc. cit._ p. 257.

[357] For a list of parasitic Polychaetes see St. Joseph, _Ann. Sci. Nat._

(ser. 7) v. 1888, p. 141.

[358] Semper, _loc. cit._ p. 340.

[359] See "Challenger Reports," and St. Joseph, _loc. cit._

[360] "Challenger" Reports, _loc. cit._ p. xxx.

[361] See Hornell, _Fauna of Liverpool Bay_, Report III. 1892, p. 126.

[362] Zittel, _Handbuch d. Palaeontologic_ (_Palaeozoologie_), i. 1876-80,

p. 562.

[363] Ehlers, _Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool._ xviii. 1868, p. 241.

[364] The Chaetopteridae may have to be placed elsewhere in the system, as

they are peculiarly modified, and present features recalling the

Cryptocephala, from which it is possible they have descended.

[365] Meyer (_Mt. Zool. Stat. Neapel_, vii. 1887, p. 669, note) suggests

that the tentacular filaments of Cirratulids are really prostomial,

but have shifted back on to the peristomium, or even farther.

[366] It is probable that the genital ducts of _Sternaspis_ and

Chlorhaemids are modified nephridia.

[367] The character of head and parapodium in each family will be gathered

from the figures accompanying the general description in Chap. X., so

that _detailed_ description is unnecessary. In all cases the chaetae

form valuable specific characters.

The examples of the various families are British, unless the opposite

is expressly stated; but most of them are not confined to our shores,

and the foreign localities are usually given. No attempt is made to

enumerate all the British species.

The following books may be found useful for identifying the worms:—

Claparède, _Recherches anat. sur les Annélides observées dans les

Hebrides_, 1861; _Annélides Chétopodes du golfe de Naples_, 1868,

and Suppl., 1870.

Cunningham and Ramage, "Polychaeta Sedentaria of the Firth of

Forth," _Trans. Roy. Soc. Edinburgh_, xxxiii. 1888, p. 635.

80Ehlers, _Die Borstenwürmer_, 1868.

Johnston, "British Museum Catalogue of Non-Parasitical Worms,"

1865.

M‘Intosh, "British Annelida," _Trans. Zool. Soc._ ix. 1877, p. 371;

"Invert. Marine Fauna of St. Andrews; Annelida," _Ann. Mag. Nat.

Hist._ (4) xiv. 1874, p. 144.

Malmgren, "Nordiska Hafs-Annulater," _Öfversigt af K. Vet.-Akad.

Förhandlingar_, 1865, pp. 51, 181, 355; and "Annulata Polychaeta,"

_ibid._ 1867, p. 127.

St. Joseph, "Les Annélides Polychétes des côtes de Dinard," _Ann.

Sci. Nat._ (_Zool._) (7) vol. i. 1886, p. 127; v. 1888, p. 141;

xvii. 1894, p. 1; xx. 1895, p. 185.

[368] Malaquin, _Recherches sur les Syllidiens_, 1893; for structure of the

gizzard, see also Haswell, _Quart. J. Micr. Sci._ xxvi. 1886, p. 471;

and xxx. 1889, p. 31.

[369] See M‘Intosh's Memoirs, _loc. cit._

[370] Herein are included the various genera formed by Kinberg, Malmgren,

and others.

[371] It appears to be the same as _P. grubiana_ Clap.

[372] Marenzeller has shown that Johnston's _P. scolopendrina_ is not

identical with that of Savigny, and suggests the above name for it.

[373] F. Buchanan, "Report on Polychaetes, Part I." _Sci. Proc. Roy. Dublin

Soc._ vii. (n.s.) 1893, p. 169.

[374] _Polyodontes_ Ran. deserves mention as being a large, rare form with

peculiar pedal gland; cf. Eisig (ref. on p. 268), p. 324; and

Buchanan, _Quart. J. Micr. Sc._ xxxv. 1894, p. 433.

[375] Many authorities regard this species as synonymous with Savigny's _P.

laminosa_.

[376] According to a verbal communication from Mr. J. Hornell of Jersey,

they belong to _P. maculata_ Müll., while Mr. Garstang believes them

to belong to _Eulalia viridis_.

[377] These segmentally-arranged brown spots may perhaps be photogenic.

[378] Greef, _Acta Ac. German._, xxxix. 1877.

[379] Greef, _Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool._ xlii. 1885, p. 432.

[380] Buchanan, _Quart. J. Micr. Sci._ xxxv. 1894, p. 445.

[381] Buchanan, _Sci. Proc. R. Dublin Soc._ viii. (n.s.) 1893, p. 169.

[382] Reibisch, _Phyllodociden u. Typhloscoleciden d. Plankton Exped._

1895.

[383] The British species is usually referred to as _C. insignis_ Baird,

but Joyeux Laffuie (_Arch. Zool. Exp._ (ser. 2) viii. 1890, p. 244)

has shown that there is only one European species. It is possible

that there is a closer affinity with the Sabelliformia than is at

present supposed.

[384] Compare _Sternaspis_, p. 336.

[385] For literature, see Benham, _Quart. J. Micr. Sci._ xxxix. part 1,

1896, p. 1.

[386] F. Buchanan, _Quart. J. Micr. Sci._ xxxi. 1890, p. 175.

[387] In some genera there are no gills, _e.g._ _Leaena_.

[388] These characters are not necessarily generic.

[389] Eisig, "Die Capitelliden," _Fauna u. Flora G. v. Neapel_, Monogr.

xvi. 1887.

[390] Ed. Meyer., _Arch. mikr. Anat._ xxi. 1882, p. 769.

[391] Vejdovsky, _Denk. Akad. Wien_, xliii. 1882, part 2, p. 33; and

Rietsch, _Ann. Sci. Nat._ (_Zool._) ser. 6, xiii. 1882, art. 5.

[392] For anatomy see Meyer, _Mt. Zool. Stat. Neapel_, vii. 1887.

[393] Andrews, _Journ. Morph._ v. 1891, p. 271.

[394] A. G. Bourne, _Quart. J. Micr. Sci._ xxiii. 1883, p. 168.

[395] Closely allied is _Manayunkia_ Leidy, which occurs in fresh-water

lakes of America. Another fresh-water genus is _Coabangia_ Giard,

which perhaps deserves the creation of a special family. The anus is

ventral and anterior. The chaetae are peculiarly arranged, dorsal

uncini being present only on four segments. The first body segment

carries a ventral bundle of five great "palmate" chaetae.

[396] For the anatomy see Meyer, _Mt. Stat. Neapel_, vii. 1887; see also

above, p. 306.

[397] von Graff, "Myzostomida," "Challenger" Reports, part 27, vol. x.

1884; and "Supplement," part 61, vol. xx. 1887.

[398] Marenzeller, _Anz. Akad. Wien_, xxxii. p. 192.

[399] _Mt. Zool. Stat. Neapel_, xii. 1896, p. 227; where, too, see

literature.

[400] Beard, _Mt. Zool. St. Neap._ v. 1884, p. 544.

[401] _Quart. J. Micr. Sci._ (n.s.) vol. iv. 1864, p. 258; and v. pp. 7,

99.

[402] _Zeitschr. wiss. Zool._ xix. 1869, p. 563.

[403] _De Lumbrici terrestris Historia naturali_, Brussels, 1829.

[404] _Naturg. ein. Wurm-Arten d. süssen u. salzigen Wasser_, Copenhagen,

1771.

[405] _Trans. Roy. Soc. Victoria_, vol. i. 1888, p. 1.

[406] _Phil. Trans._ clxxxvi. 1895, A, p. 383.

[407] _Mém. cour. Ac. Belg._ lii. 1890-93.

[408] _Quart. J. Micr. Sci._ xxxi. 1890, p. 83.

[409] Beddard, _Ibid._ xxxiii. 1892, p. 325.

[410] Beddard, _Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist._ (6) xiii. 1894, p. 205.

[411] _Mém. Soc. Zool. France_, iii. 1890, p. 223.

[412] _Vegetable Mould and Earthworms_, London, 1881.

[413] _Zool. Anz._ xi. 1888, p. 72.

[414] See Fletcher, _P. Linn. Soc. N.S.W._ (2) iii. 1889, p. 1542.

[415] In _Sitzungs-Ber. Böhm. Ges._ 1889, p. 183.

[416] See Dr. Rosa in _Ann. Hofmus. Wien_, vi. 1891, p. 379.

[417] _Entwickelungsgeschichtliche Untersuchungen_, Prag, Heft i. 1888, p.

33.

[418] See Kleinenberg, _Quart. J. Micr. Sci._ xix., 1879, p. 206.

[419] Both Col. Feilden and Mr. Trevor-Battye found specimens in Kolguiev.

[420] _Neue wirbellose Thiere_, Leipzig, ii. 1861, p. 11.

[421] _Kew Bull. Misc. Information_, No. 46, 1890.

[422] _Rev. Biol. Nord France_, i. 1889, p. 197.

[423] _SB. Ges. naturf. Berlin_, 1893, p. 19.

[424] _System u. Morph. d. Oligochaeten_, Prag, 1884.

[425] See my text-book of Zoogeography (Cambridge, 1895) for fuller

treatment.

[426] _Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist._ (6) ix. 1892, p. 12.

[427] Darwin, _Vegetable Mould and Earthworms_, p. 121.

[428] "An Attempt to classify Earthworms," _Quart. J. Micr. Sci._ xxxi.

1890, p. 201.

[429] Oxford, 1895.

[430] See especially Vejdovsky, _Syst. u. Morph. Olig._ Prag, 1884.

[431] Vejdovsky, _Monographie der Enchytraeiden_, Prag, 1879. Michaelsen,

"Synopsis der Enchytraiden," _Abh. Ver. Hamburg_, xi. 1889, p. 1.

[432] J. P. Moore, "The Anatomy of _Bdellodrilus_," _J. Morphol._ x. 1895,

p. 497.

[433] Beddard, _Trans. Roy. Soc. Edin._ xxxv. 1890, p. 629, and xxxvi.

1892, p. 1.

[434] A. G. Bourne, "On the Naidiform Oligochaeta," _Quart. J. Micr. Sci._

xxxii. 1891, p. 335.

[435] F. E. Beddard, _Trans. Roy. Soc. Edin._ xxxvi. 1892, p. 273.

[436] Vejdovsky, _System u. Morph. d. Oligochaeten_, Prag, 1884.

[437] "Anatomical Notes on _Sutroa_," _Zoe._ ii. 1892, p. 321.

[438] "Pacific Coast Oligochaeta," _Mem. California Acad. Sci._ vol. ii.

[439] _Quart. J. Micr. Sci._ xxxvi. 1894, p. 307.

[440] See Spencer, _Proc. Roy. Soc. Vict._ v. 1893, and Fletcher, _P. Linn.

Soc. N.S.W._ 1886-1888, for Australian forms; Rosa, _Ann. Mus. civ.

Genova_, vi. 1886, x. 1890, and xii. 1892, for Oriental species, etc.

[441] See Fletcher and Spencer, already quoted, for Australian species.

[442] Eisen, "Anat. Studies on _Ocnerodrilus_," _Proc. Calif. Acad._ (2)

iii. 1892, p. 228.

[443] Beddard, _Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist._ (6) x. 1892, p. 74.

[444] Beddard, _P. Z. S._ 1885 and 1895, for Antarctic Acanthodrilids;

Michaelsen, in _Jahrb. Hamburg. Anst._ 1888-95, for _Benhamia_.

[445] For a general account of the Eudrilidae, see my Monograph of the

Order Oligochaeta, Oxford, 1895.

[446] _Nouv. Arch. Mus. Paris_, viii. 1872, p. 5.

[447] The scattered literature of this family is due to Benham, Michaelsen,

Perrier, Rosa, and others.

[448] Rosa, "Revisione dei Lumbricidae," _Mem. Acc. Torino_ (2), xliii.

1893, p. 399; also the Rev. H. Friend's numerous and useful papers,

and especially "A New Species of Earthworms," _Proc. Roy. Irish Ac._

(3) ii. 1891-93, p. 402; and "The Earthworms of Ireland," _Irish

Nat._ v. 1896, p. 69, etc.

[449] In the tables the figures refer to the segments of the body. Opposite

the name of each species are two sets of lines; the upper series

indicate the segments occupied by the clitellum; the lower series

those occupied by the tubercula pubertatis. The dots indicate the

occasional extension of the clitellum or of the tubercula.

[450] "Annelés," vol. iii. 1889-90, p. 477, in the _Suites à Buffon_.

[451] See v. Kennel, _Zool. Jahrb._ ii. 1887, p. 37.

[452] _Nouvelle Monographie des Sangsues médicinales._ Paris, 1857.

[453] _Quart. J. Micr. Sci._ xxvi. 1886, p. 317.

[454] See Grube, "Annulaten" of Middendorff's _Sibirische Reise, Zoology_,

1851, p. 20; and Kowalevsky, _Bull. Ac. St. Petersb._ v. June 1896.

[455] See ref. on p. 395.

[456] Asajiro Oka, _Zeitschr. wiss. Zool._ lviii. 1894, p. 79.

[457] See Bürger, quoted on p. 403.

[458] _Loc. cit._

[459] _Quart. J. Micr. Sci._ xxiv. 1884, p. 419; see also _ibid._ xxxiv.

1893, p. 545, which is mainly a criticism of Bolsius' additions to

the very considerable literature upon the Leech nephridium.

[460] "Spermatophores as a Means of Hypodermic Impregnation," _J. Morphol._

iv. 1891, p. 361.

[461] _Zeitschr. wiss. Zool._ lviii. 1894, p. 440; and _Zool. Jahrb. Anat._

iv. 1891, p. 697.

[462] "Annelés," vol. iii. 1889-90, p. 493, in the _Suites à Buffon_.

[463] Whitman quotes with regretful approval (_Proc. Americ. Acad._ xx.

1884-85, p. 76) Sir J. Dalyell's remark, "It does not appear that the

history of the leech has advanced in proportion to the number of

_literati_ who have rendered it the subject of discussion," and adds

on his own account the following severe indictment of his

predecessors: "As a considerable share of the work done in this

direction is purely systematic, it is somewhat surprising that not a

single description of any Hirudo has been given with sufficient

accuracy and completeness for a close comparison of even its more

important external characters with those of other species."

[464] "Hirudinées de l'Italie," etc., _Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino_, vol. ix.

1894, No. 192. See also Apathy, "Süsswasser-Hirudineen," _Zool.

Jahrb. Syst._ iii. 1888, p. 725.

[465] _Zeitschr. f. die gesammt. Naturwiss._ vi. 1872, p. 422.

[466] But Pennant in his _British Zoology_ has referred to a leech which is

even larger. Upon the huge Basking shark (_Selache_) the fishermen

sometimes observe a leech, which invariably drops off when the fish

is brought to the surface, "of a reddish colour and about 2 feet in

length"; this may be a _Pontobdella_.

[467] _Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist._ (6) xii. 1893, p. 75.

[468] _Memorie sulla Storia e Notomia degli Animali senza Vertebre_, 1823.

[469] _Histoire Naturelle des Animaux sans Vertèbres_, vol. iii. 1816, p.

76.

[470] _Le Règne Animal_, 2nd ed. 1830.

[471] γέφῦρα = a bridge, _Ann. Sci. Nat._ (3), vol. vii. 1847, p. 340.

[472] Fischer, _Abh. Ver. Hamburg_, Bd. xiii. 1895, p. 1.

[473] Cuénot, _Arch. Zool. exp._ (2) ix. 1891, p. 593.

[474] _Bull. Mus. Harvard_, vol. xxi. 1891, p. 143.

[475] Shipley, _Quart. J. Micr. Sci._ vol. xxxi. 1890, p. 1.

[476] _Stud. Johns Hopkins Univ._ vol. iv. 1887-90, p. 389.

[477] Conn, _Stud. Johns Hopkins Univ._ vol. iii. 1884-87, p. 351.

[478] _Arb. Instit. Wien_, Bd. v. 1884, p. 61.

[479] Shipley, _Quart. J. Micr. Sci._ vol. xxxii. 1891, p. 111.

[480] _Proc. Roy. Soc. Edin._ xviii. 1892, p. 17.

[481] Selenka, _Die Sipunculiden_. Semper's _Reisen im Archipel d.

Philippinen_, vol. iv. 1883.

[482] _Stud. Johns Hopkins Univ._ vol. iv. 1887-90, p. 389.

[483] Selenka, _Challenger Reports_, vol. xiii. 1885.

[484] _Ann. Sci. nat._ (7) vol. xx. 1895, p. 1.

[485] _Zool. Anz._ ix. 1886, p. 574.

[486] This is not true of all species.

[487] _Acta Ac. German, Halle_, xli. Part II. No. 1, 1879.

[488] _Recueil Zool. Suisse_, iii. 1886, p. 313.

[489] _Vide_ p. 335.

[490] _P. Phys. Soc. Edinb._ vol. i. 1856, p. 165; and _Edinb. New Phil.

Journ._ vol. iv. (n.s.) 1856, p. 313; _Ann. Sci. Nat._ 4th ser. vol.

xi. 1859, p. 150; and F. D. Dyster, _Tr. Linn. Soc. London_, vol.

xxii. 1859, p. 251.

[491] _Ann. Sci. Nat._ 4th ser. vol. x. 1858, p. 11.

[492] "Beiträge zur Anatomie der Phoronis," _Inaug. Dissert. Prag._ 1889,

and _Zeitschr. wiss. Zool._ vol. li. 1891, p. 480.

[493] _P. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales_, 1st ser. vol. vii. 1883, p. 606; and 2nd

ser. vol. vii. 1893, p. 340.

[494] _Quart. J. Micr. Sci._ vol. xxx. 1890, p. 125.

[495] _Challenger Reports_, vol. xxvii. 1888; and _Proc. Roy. Soc. Edinb._

vol. xi. 1882, p. 211.

[496] _Proc. Roy. Soc. London_, vol. xxxiv. 1883, p. 371.

[497] _Zapiski Acad. St. Petersb._ vol. xi. No. 1, 1867 (Russian). Abstract

in _Arch. Naturg._ Jahrg. xxxiii. 1867, Bd. ii. p. 235.

[498] Caldwell, _loc. cit._ Foettinger, _Arch. Biol._ vol. iii. 1882, p.

679; Gegenbaur, _Zeitschr. wiss. Zool._ vol. v. 1854, p. 345; Krohn,

_Arch. Anat._ Jahrgang 1858, p. 289; Metschnikoff, _Nachricht. k.

Ges. Wiss. Göttingen_, No. 12, 1869, p. 227, and _Zeitschr. wiss.

Zool._ vol. xxi. 1871, p. 233; J. Müller, _Arch. Anat._ Jahrgang

1846, p. 101; Schneider, _Monatsber. Ak. wiss. Berlin_, 1861, p. 934,

and _Arch. Anat._ Jahrgang 1862, p. 47; Wagener, _Arch. Anat._

Jahrgang 1847, p. 202; Wilson, _Amer. Natural._ vol. xiv. 1880.

[499] _Proc. Roy. Soc. Edinb._ vol. xxi. 1896, p. 59; and _Zool. Anz._ xix.

1896, p. 266.

[500] The account given in the following pages has been deliberately

restricted, for the most part, to British species. Our own fauna

contains an assemblage of Polyzoa which is so representative that it

has seemed better to do some justice to the British forms than to

attempt to cover the whole ground in the limited number of pages

devoted to this group. Those who desire to make a wider study of the

subject should refer, for marine forms, to Busk's _Catalogue of

Marine_ _Polyzoa in the Collection of the British Museum_, Parts

I.-III. 1852, 1854, 1875; to the _Challenger_ Reports on Polyzoa,

Parts 30 (1884), 50 (1886), and 79 (1888); for references and lists

of species, to Vine's _Report on Recent Marine Polyzoa, Cheilostomata

and Cyclostomata_ (Report, 55th meeting Brit. Ass. Aberdeen, 1885,

pp. 481-680); [and to Nickles and Bassler, _Synopsis Amer. Foss.

Bryozoa incl. Bibliography_ (Bull. U.S. Geol. Survey, No. 173,

1900)]. References to the literature of the fresh-water forms will be

found below, in Chap. XVIII.

[501] Hooker, quoted by Landsborough, _Hist. Brit. Zoophytes_, 1852, p.

346.

[502] _Rare and Remarkable Animals of Scotland_, ii. 1848, p. 15.

[503] _Arch. Zool. Exp._ 2 sér. x. 1892.

[504] Kraepelin, _Abh. Ver. Hamburg_, x. 1887, No. ix. p. 19; κάμπτειν, to

bend; δέρμα, skin.

[505] Parts of the ectocyst of some calcareous forms are covered by an

external investment of cells, which give rise to secondary

thickenings, ridges, and other growths.

[506] From the _Quart. J. Micr. Sci._ xxxiii. 1892.

[507] _Ibid._ p. 123.

[508] _Quart. J. Micr. Sci._ xxxiii. 1892, p. 147. The experiment was

conducted in a laboratory, and the results may not be perfectly

normal with regard to the time occupied.

[509] See also Joliet, _Arch. Zool. Exp._ vi. 1877, p. 202, and explanation

of plate viii. for another series of observations.

[510] See especially G. J. Allman, _Monograph of the Fresh-water Polyzoa_,

Ray Society, 1856, p. 41; and H. Nitsche, _Zeitschr. wiss. Zool._

xxi. 1871, p. 479.

[511] Ray Society, 4to, 1856.

[512] _Zoological Researches and Illustrations_, v. "On Polyzoa." Cork,

1830.

[513] "Symbolae Physicae," 1831, and _Abh. Ak. Berlin_, 1832, i. p. 377,

etc.

[514] _T. cit._ p. 92.

[515] Vol. i. 1880, Introduction, p. cxxxi.

[516] _Élémens de Zoologie_, 2nd ed. _Animaux sans Vertèbres_, 1843, pp.

238, 312. Prof. A. Milne-Edwards has kindly written to me, informing

me that he believes this to have been the first occasion on which the

term was thus used.

[517] _Phil. Trans._ vol. cxliii, 1853, p. 62.

[518] Nitsche, _Zeitschr. wiss. Zool._ xx. 1870, p. 34.

[519] πρωκτός, anus; ἐντός, within; ἐκτός, without.

[520] λοφός, crest or tuft.

[521] γυμνός, naked; λαιμός, throat.

[522] φυλάσσω, I guard.

[523] κύκλος, circle; στόμα, mouth.

[524] χεῖλος, lip.

[525] κτείς, κτενός, comb.

[526] Miss E. C. Jelly, _Synonymic Cat. Recent Marine Bryozoa_, London,

1889.

[527] _Zeitschr. wiss. Zool._ xxi. 1871, p. 421.

[528] Fischer, _Nouv. Arch. Mus. Paris_, ii. 1866, p. 293.

[529] Ehlers, _Abh. Ges. Göttingen_, xxi. 1876, p. 3, and Joyeux-Laffuie,

(as _Delagia_) _Arch. Zool. Exp._ 2 sér. vi. 1888, p. 135.

[530] Busk, "Challenger" Reports, Parts 30 and 50.

[531] Hincks, _Brit. Marine Polyzoa_, Introduction, p. cxxxv.

[532] Hincks, _Brit. Mar. Polyzoa_, i. p. 558.

[533] See Hincks, _Brit. Mar. Polyzoa_, i. p. lxiv.; and Busk, _Cat. of

Marine Polyzoa in the British Museum_, part ii. 1854, p. 103.

[534] _J. Linn. Soc._ xv. 1881, p. 359.

[535] "Challenger" Report, part xxx. 1884, pl. ix.

[536] Hincks, _Brit. Mar. Polyzoa_, i. p. 58.

[537] _Brit. Mus. Cat._ part ii. 1854, p. 106; Hincks, _t. cit._ p. 181 n.

[538] p. 475.

[539] _Barentsia_ Hincks (= _Ascopodaria_ Busk) differs from _Pedicellina_

in that each stem has a muscular swelling at its base. The genus is

represented by two British species, _B. gracilis_ Sars and _B.

nodosa_ Lomas.

[540] _Arch. Zool. Exp._ 2 sér. ix. 1891, p. 91.

[541] For structure, see Davenport, _Bull. Mus. Harvard_, xxiv. 1893, p. 1.

[542] λοξός, oblique; σῶμα, body.

[543] _Quart. J. Micr. Sci._ xxvii. 1887, pl. xxi. Fig. 10.

[544] For a recent account of the Entoprocta, see Ehlers, "Zur Kenntniss d.

Pedicellineen," _Abh. Ges. Göttingen_, xxxvi. 1890, No. iii.

[An important account of the structure of marine Ectoprocta is given

by Calvet, "Contribution à l'Histoire Naturelle des Bryozoaires

Ectoproctes Marins," _Trav. Inst. Zool. Montpellier_, N.S., Mém. No.

8, 1900.]

[545] Kraepelin, K., "Die deutschen Süsswasser-Bryozoen."—_Abh. Ver.

Hamburg_, x. 1887, No. 9, p. 95.

[546] Jullien, _Bull. Soc. Zool. France_, x. 1885, p. 92.

[547] Hincks, _Brit. Marine Polyzoa_, i. p. 132.

[548] _T. cit._, p. 167.

[549] Quoted by Kraepelin, _t. cit._, p. 83.

[550] Kraepelin, _Abh. Ver. Hamburg_, xii. 1893, No. 2, p. 65.

[551] _Zool. Anz._, xvi. 1893 (1894), p. 385.

[552] Hyatt, _Proc. Essex Institute_ (U.S.A.) (reprint from vols. iv., v.

1866-1868), p. 9.

[553] _Rare and Remarkable Animals of Scotland_, ii. 1848, p. 93.

[554] Trembley, _Mém. Hist. Polypes_, 1744; iii. _Mém._, p. 217. The same

processes are described by Baker, _Employment for the Microscope_,

new ed. 1785, p. 311.

[555] Oka, _J. Coll. Japan_, iv. 1891, p. 90.

[556] Hyatt, _t. cit._ p. 99.

[557] Verworn, _Zeitschr. wiss. Zool._ xlvi. 1888, p. 119.

[558] Dalyell, _t. cit._ p. 94.

[559] Kraepelin, _Abh. Ver. Hamburg_, x. 1887, No. 9, p. 141.

[560] _Phil. Trans._ 1837, p. 396.

[561] _Zeitschr. wiss. Zool._ xxi. 1871, p. 426.

[562] _J. Coll. Japan_, iv. 1891, p. 113.

[563] _Zool. Anz._ xii. 1889, p. 508. This paper contains references to M.

Jullien's writings on the mechanism of protrusion.

[564] [See _P. Cambridge Soc._ vol. xi. Part 1, 1901.]

[565] _Zeitschr. wiss. Zool._ xlvi. 1888, p. 124.

[566] Kraepelin, _Abh. Ver. Hamburg_, xii. 1893, No. 2, p. 47; Braem,

_Bibl. Zool._ (Bd. ii.) Heft 6, 1890, pp. 66 f.

[567] Cf. Kraepelin, _Abh. Ver. Hamburg_, x. 1887, No. 9, pp. 154 f.

[568] _T. cit._ p. 83.

[569] Joliet, _Arch. Zool. Exp._ vi. 1877, p. 262.

[570] Kraepelin, _Abh. Ver. Hamburg_, xii. 1893, No. 2, p. 22.

[571] Harmer, _Quart. J. Micr. Sci._ xxxiv. 1893, p. 211.

[572] _Arch. Zool. Exp._ 2 sér. x. 1892, p. 557.

[573] _Phil. Trans._ 1837, p. 408.

[574] _Brit. Marine Polyzoa_, Introduction, pp. lxxxvi, xc.

[575] _Arch. Zool. Exp._ vi. 1877, p. 261.

[576] _Recherches sur l'Embryologie des Bryozoaires_, 4to Lille, 1877.

[577] Prouho, _loc_. _cit_.

[578] _Arch. Zool. Exp._ 2 ser. v. 1887, p. 446.

[579] _Quart. J. Micr. Sci._ xxxiv. 1893, p. 199; xxxix. part i. 1896, p.

71.

[580] Jullien, _Mém. Soc. Zool. France_, iii. 1890, p. 381.

[581] Cori, _Zeitschr. wiss. Zool._ lv. 1893, p. 626.

[582] Oka, _J. Coll. Japan_, iv. 1891, p. 109; viii. 1895, p. 339.

[583] Cf. Seeliger, _Zeitschr. wiss. Zool._ xlix. 1890, p. 168; and l.

1890, p. 560.

[584] Cf. Milne-Edwards (H.), _Ann. Sci. Nat._ 2 ser. vi. 1836, pp. 5, 321.

[585] See Norman, _Ann. Nat. Hist._ ser. 6, xiii. 1894, p. 114.

[586] See Holdsworth, _P. Zool. Soc._ pt. xxvi. 1858, p. 306.

[587] _Brit. Mar. Polyzoa_, Introduction, p. cxxii.

[588] _Ann. Nat. Hist._ ser. 5, xx. 1887, p. 91.

[589] _Aetea_, _Eucratea_, and certain other forms were separated off by

Mr. Busk as a distinct division, the Stolonata.

[590] Most of the writings of this author are referred to on pp. 277, 278

of Miss Jelly's _Synonymic Catalogue_, referred to on p. 523.

[591] _Catalogue of Marine Polyzoa in the Collection of the British

Museum_, parts i.-iii. 1852-1875; and _Challenger Reports_, Parts 30

(1884) and 50 (1886).

[592] _Trans. and Proc. R. Soc. Victoria_, xxiii. 1887, p. 187, and _Tr. R.

Soc. Victoria_, iv. 1895, p. 1.

[593] _Tr. Zool. Soc._ xiii. 1895, p. 223.

[594] Zittel, _Text Book of Palaeontology_ (Eng. Trans.), 1900, p. 257

(Bryozoa, by E. O. Ulrich).

[595] _Paléontologie Française. Terrains Crétacés_, tome v., Bryozoaires,

8vo. Paris, 1850-1851. This great work refers, however, to recent as

well as to fossil species.

[596] _Heteropora_, of which recent species exist, is placed by Dr. Gregory

in the Trepostomata.

[597] _Quart. J. Geol. Soc._ l. 1894, pp. 72, 79.

[598] See, however, Vine, _Ann. Nat. Hist._ ser. 5. xiv. 1884, pp. 87, 88,

and _P. Yorksh. Geol. Soc._ xii. 1891, p. 74, for possible Palaeozoic

Ctenostomes (_Ascodictyon_, _Rhopalonaria_, and _Vinella_).

[599] Two vols. 8vo. London (Van Voorst), 1880.

[600] 8vo. London (Dulau), 1889.

[601] One or two genera of Cheilostomata may be mistaken for Cyclostomata.

In case of doubt, 7 _et seq_. must be worked through.

[602] Certain varieties of adherent species occasionally assume an erect

form.

[603] For _Celleporella_ (colony minute: orifice tubular), see 41 _et seq._

[604] _Rhynchozoon_ (see No. 61), in which the primary orifice becomes much

obscured by the development of a large mucro, is placed in this

section.

[605] Hincks, _J. Linn. Soc._ xxi. 1889, p. 123.

[606] _Micropora complanata_, Norman, should be placed in the genus

_Lepralia_. See Hincks, _Ann. Nat. Hist._ 5 ser. xix. 1887, p. 304.

[607] See Norman, _Ann. Nat. Hist._ ser. 6, xiii. 1894, p. 113.

[608] Hincks, "Marine Polyzoa" (reprints from _Ann. Nat. Hist._ 1880-91),

Index, p. v. note. (Replacing _Rhynchopora_, preoccupied for a

Brachiopod.)

[609] A form of _Lepralia pallasiana_, in which a mucro is developed, may

be mistaken for _Umbonula_ (see characters given for _Lepralia_ under

No. 59).

[610] See _Arch. Zool. Exp._ 2 ser. vi. 1888, p. 135 (as _Delagia_), and

_ibid._ x. 1892, p. 594. [See also _J. Mar. Biol. Ass._ v., 1897-99,

p. 51.]

[611] F. S. Conant, _Johns Hopkins Univ. Circ._ vol. xv. 1896, p. 82.

[612] _Ibid._ vol. xiv. 1896, p. 77.