STAG-BEETLE--MUSK-BEETLE--TIGER-BEETLE--COCK-TAIL--VARIOUS
BURYING-BEETLES--ROSE-BEETLE--GLOW-WORM--GROUND
AND SUN-BEETLES, ETC.--HUMBLE-BEES, HORNETS AND
THEIR ALLIES--DRAGON-FLIES--CADDIS-FLY--WATER
BOATMAN--CUCKOO-SPIT--HOPPERS, EARWIG, AND LACE-FLY.
Of the remaining objects, only a very brief description can be given.
Enough, however, will be said to assist the observer in identifying the
object, and to serve as a guide to its locality and manners. We will
first take the beetles; and as the largest is the most conspicuous, the
great Stag-beetle shall have the precedence.
This insect (plate E, fig. 5) is quite unmistakable; and, from its
very ferocious aspect, would deter many from touching it. But it is
very lamb-like in disposition, and sometimes as playful as a lamb. Its
numerous jaws can certainly pinch with much violence; but are not used
for the purpose of killing other creatures, as might be supposed.
The food of the stag-beetle is simply the juices of plants, which it
sweeps up with that little brush-like organ that may be seen in the very
centre of the jaws. In winter it buries itself in the ground, and then,
making a smooth vault, abides the winter’s cold unharmed.
Only the male beetle possesses these tremendous jaws; those of the female
being hardly one-tenth of their size, but so sharp at their points that
their bite is just as severe.
The insect that next comes under notice is the Musk-beetle (plate I, fig.
7), a beautiful and conspicuous insect, of a rich green colour above,
and a purplish blue below. Its name of musk-beetle is derived from the
fragrant scent which it emits; a scent, however, not the least like musk,
but more resembling that of roses. It is so powerful that the presence
of the insect may often be detected by the nostrils, though it is hidden
from the eyes. It may be found chiefly on willow trees.
There is another beetle that gives out a sweet scent, much resembling
that of the verbena leaf. This is the Tiger-beetle (plate D, fig. 8).
With the exception of the white spots on the wing covers, the colours of
this insect are much the same as those of the musk-beetle.
Its name seems hardly commensurate with its aspect; but never was a
title better deserved. And, space allowing, I could here draw a terrible
character; but as brevity is enforced, I can but say that this sparkling
and beautiful insect seems to have the spirit of twenty tigers compressed
into its little body.
All things have their opposites; and opposed to these perfume-bearing
beetles are some who are just insect skunks. Chief among these is the
common black Cock-tail, a creature of truly diabolical aspect. It is a
carrion eater, and intensifies the carrion odour. Still, repulsive as
it is, it has its beauties. Its wings are very beautiful, and the mode
in which these organs are packed away under their small cases is most
wonderful. It is to aid in this process that the cock-tail possesses the
faculty of turning its tail over its back. Plate H, fig. 12.
Another beetle of an abominable odour is the Burying-beetle, one of which
is shown on plate C, fig. 8. There are many burying-beetles, but this
species is the most common.
Their name is derived from their habit of burying any piece of meat
or dead animal that may be lying on the surface of the earth, not so
much for the sake of themselves as for their progeny. In the buried
animal their eggs are laid, and its putrefying substance affords them
nourishment. The rapidity with which these and similar insects will
consume even a large animal is marvellous. I have seen a large sheep
stripped to the very bones in three days, nothing but bones and wool
being left to mark the spot where it had lain.
Another kind of burying-beetle is seen on plate B, fig. 7; but instead
of dead meat it buries the droppings of living animals, those of the cow
being preferred. For this purpose it drives a perpendicular shaft into
the ground, makes up a round ball of the droppings, puts an egg into the
middle of the ball, rolls it into the hole, and after pushing some earth
after it, sets to work at another shaft.
It is evident how beneficial the labours of these insects must be;
for by their means the earth is pierced with passages for air--part
is thrown out on the surface, where it becomes regenerated by the
atmosphere--noxious substances are removed from the surface, where they
would do harm, and placed deep in the ground, where they do good.
The popular name for this beetle is the Watchman, because in the dusk of
the evening it “wheels its drowsy flight,” much as watchmen made their
sleepy rounds. It belongs to the same family of insects as the sacred
Scarabæus of the Egyptians.
On plate C, fig. 11, is depicted the common Rose-beetle so called because
it is an insect of refined habits, and chiefly dwells in the bosom of
white roses. Yet it loves earth too, and in pursuance of its mission
falls from its rose to earth, and there digs a receptacle for its future
progeny. But though in earth, it is not of earth; and, burrow as it may,
it returns to its rose without a stain upon its burnished wings.
The curious Glow-worm, as it is called falsely, it being a beetle, and
not a worm, is shown on plate J, fig. 1. Both the male and female insect
give out this light, as I have often seen, though that of the female is
the more powerful. The two sexes are very different in appearance, as may
be seen by reference to the plate, fig. 1 being the male, and 1 _a_ the
female. The object of the light is by no means certain, nor the mode in
which it is produced.
On the same plate, fig. 11, is seen the Oil-beetle, an eccentric kind of
insect, which, when frightened, pours a drop of oil out of every joint,
just as if it were a walking oil-barrel with self-acting taps.
One of the commonest beetles, the Ground-beetle, is seen on the same
plate, fig. 10. There are very many ground-beetles, but this is one of
the handsomest and most conspicuous. The embossment of its upper surface
is worth a close examination, and its colouring is peculiarly rich and
deep.
Hot sunny days always seem to bring out a host of insects, among which
the Sun-beetles are notable examples. One of these insects is shown on
plate D, fig. 6. They are beautifully brilliant as they run among the
gravel-stones or over paths, their smooth surface glittering in the sun
resplendently.
As an aquatic balance to the terrene Sun-beetles, the Whirligigs (plate
F, fig. 4) make their appearance on the surface of the water on any light
sunny day. What rule they observe in their mazy dance is more difficult
to comprehend than the “Lancers” or a cotillon: but that there must be a
rule is clear from the wonderful way in which they avoid striking against
each other in their passage.
Every one knows the Lady Bird, with its pretty red wings and black spots.
Its larva (plate B, fig. 8) is a very singular creature, and destructive
withal, spearing and eating Aphides as ruthlessly as Polyphemus impaled
and devoured the captured sailors. It has a curious history, but there is
no room for it here.
On plate H, fig. 7, is represented one of the many Skipjack-beetles, who
afford such amusement to juveniles by their sudden leaps into the air
when laid on their backs. This feat is performed by means of a sudden
blow of the head and thorax. Farmers, however, are not all amused by it,
for it is the parent of the terrible “wire-worm,” so deadly a foe to corn
and potatoes.
Some insects prefer com when placed in granaries, and these are the
Weevils, whose grubs populate sea-biscuit, and run races across plates
for wagers. Nuts also fall victims to the weevil represented on plate I,
fig. 9, or rather to its grub, “Time out of mind the fairies’ coachmaker”.
There is a very common little green weevil shown on plate C, fig. 7,
which, although ordinary enough to the unassisted eye, yet under the
microscope glows with jewels and gold. It is, in truth, the British
Diamond-beetle. An idea of its appearance may be obtained from plate L,
fig. 6, but to give the real glory of the colouring is impossible.
One of the little insects called Death-watches is shown on plate J,
fig. 8. There are many insects that go by this name, because they make a
slight tapping sound with their heads, probably to call their mates; and
which sound has been thought to prognosticate death rather than marriage.
The curious Tortoise-beetle is depicted on plate C, fig. 6. Its chief
peculiarity is in its larval state, when it carries a kind of parasol,
formed from the remains of the leaves on which it has been feeding.
Last and least of the beetles comes one as destructive as it is small,
the Turnip-hopper. This little animal, no larger than a small pin’s head,
does great damage to the turnip crops, and is therefore hated by farmers.
It is shown, much magnified, on plate J, fig. 13.
From the beetles we proceed to the Bee tribe; and first take the
common Humble-bee, several of which are shown on plate H, fig. 10,
representing the “Red-hipped Humble-bee,” which mostly makes its nest
among stone-heaps. Fig. 11 is the common Humble-bee, that burrows in the
ground, and there builds its thimble-like cells. These cells are very
irregular in shape, and are affixed to each other without any definite
order. Of these two insects, the latter is harmless enough; but the
former becomes very fierce if its nest is approached too closely.
A magnified view of some hairs of the Humble-bee is given on plate K,
fig. 11.
There are some bees which make their nests in old walls, where they
either dig for themselves a hole, or oftener take advantage of a
nail-hole, and so save themselves much trouble. One of these bees is
shown on plate H, fig. 2, and is chiefly remarkable for the beautifully
tufted extremities of its middle pair of legs.
On plate D, fig. 7, is seen the common Hornet, one of the really terrible
of our insects. It mostly makes its nest in hollow trees, and it behoves
one to keep very clear of the neighbourhood. The nest is made of
wood-fibre, nibbled, and made into a primitive papier-maché.
Two of the Saw-flies may be seen on plate J. Fig. 2 is the common green
Saw-fly, and fig. 3 the dreaded Turnip-fly. These are called Saw-flies
because they are furnished with saw-like implements, by means of which
they cut grooves in certain plants, and in those grooves lay their eggs.
Mention has already been made of the little Ichneumon fly. One of these
insects is shown magnified on plate J, fig. 12 _a_, and one of the large
species is depicted on plate H, fig. 3. The threefold appendage to the
tail is the ovipositor, or instrument by means of which they pierce their
victims and deposit their eggs.
There are some allied insects that pierce vegetables instead of
insects; and one of their works may be seen figured on plate A, where a
bramble-branch has been perforated by them. The well-known oak-apples,
plate B, fig. 6, are caused by a Cynips, as the little creature is
called; and so is the common Bedeguar of the rose, seen on plate C, fig.
2.
The last of these insects that will be named is the beautiful Fire-tail,
plate D, fig. 5, one of the most brilliant insects that our island can
boast. There are many British species of this insect, but they all much
resemble each other, and are insect cuckoos, laying their eggs in the
nests of other insects.
From the bees, we pass to the Flies; and first take a most singular
insect, shown on plate H, fig. 5. This insect is found on the blackberry
blossoms, and the upper part of its body is so transparent that the leaf
on which it sits can be seen through it. It is swift of wing and wary,
requiring a quick eye and hand for its capture.
On the same plate, fig. 6, is shown one of the traveller’s pests, a fly
that bites, or rather bores, the skin, and that with such virulence that
it can even strike its poisoned dart through a cloth coat, and make its
victim to lament for many an hour after.
One of the various hoverer-flies is shown on plate J, fig. 9. The larva
of this insect is very remarkable, on account of its curious breathing
apparatus. The larva is properly called the Rat-tailed Maggot, and is
shown on the same plate, fig. 8 _a_. The body of the creature is found
buried in the mud at the bottom of stagnant pools or cisterns, and the
respiration is carried on through the telescopic tail, which is long
enough to protrude through the mud, and to convey the necessary oxygen to
the system through two flexible air-tubes that pass through the “tail”.
It will be remembered that in mentioning the Green Oak Moth, the
Destroying Empis was also noticed. One of these flies is shown on plate
J, fig. 5, with the poor Tortrix in its grasp. Plate K, fig. 1, shows its
foot, and fig. 3 its head, together with its long beak.
The beak of this fly somewhat reminds one of the corresponding portion of
the Gnat, which insect is not itself depicted, though on plate F, fig.
10, is shown the wonderful little egg-boat which it makes. This insect
glues together its eggs in such a manner that they are formed into a
true lifeboat, which cannot be upset, or sunk, or filled with water, but
floats securely on the surface until the young are hatched. That object
accomplished, the gnat-larvæ tumble into the water, and there undergo
their transformation.
The last of the two-winged flies that will be mentioned is the common
Daddy Long Legs, or Crane-fly, which seems to set such little value on
its limbs. It is a very injurious insect in its larval state, feeding
on roots, and doing great damage. Plate H, fig. 1, shows a very pretty
species, covered with yellow rings.
Every one must have noticed the beautiful and active insects that are
with great truth called Dragon-flies. Their habits and peculiarities
would demand a volume; and here they can but be mentioned. Plate F,
fig. 6, shows the common Flat Dragon-fly, that may be seen chasing and
following flies of all sizes, and even butterflies. Fig. 8 is the elegant
Demoiselle, the male of which is shown here, with its dark purple spots
on the wings and dark blue body. The female is of a uniform green. Its
larva is shown at fig. 8 _a_, where the singular leafy gills may be seen
at the end of its tail. Fig. 7 shows another very common Dragon-fly, very
thin and ringed with blue circlets.
On the same plate, fig. 12, may be seen several varieties of the objects
known to fishermen as “Caddis” cases. These are residences built by the
larva of the common Caddis, or Stone-fly, which is represented on the
same plate, fig. 9.
Still keeping to plate F, and referring to fig. 1, is seen the
horrid-looking Water-scorpion, a creature which, though it does not
sting, has much of the scorpion nature, and so bites. Fig. 1 _a_ shows
the same insect as it appears when flying.
At fig. 3 is seen the Water Boatman, so called because it lies on its
back, which is ridged like the keel of a boat, and then rows itself about
by means of its middle pair of legs, which closely resemble oars.
Fig. 5 shows a very curious object which is common enough on the margin
of pools, and runs on the surface of the water as if it were dry land.
When alarmed, it shuts up all its legs, and looks just like a piece of
dry grass or thin stick.
Another insect much resembling it, is the common Gerris, seen on plate
I, fig. 6. It may be seen on every pond or still water, running over
its surface, and is furnished with wings wherewith it can fly to great
distances. I have found specimens on the tops of hills, far from any
water, and hiding under stones out of the sun’s heat. Fig. 1 shows the
common May-fly.
All gardeners have been annoyed with the curious production called the
Cuckoo-spit. This proceeds from the larva of one of the hoppers, and on
removing the frothy substance, the little soft, greenish insect may be
found within. The perfect insect is shown on plate C, fig. 1 _a_, and the
exudation itself at fig. 1.
There is another hopper seen on plate B, fig. 2, called from its colour
the Scarlet Hopper. It is common enough on ferns, and may be found
chiefly in the open spots of forests where ferns abound.
On plate J, fig. 7 _a_, is the common Green Grasshopper, as it appears
when standing; and on fig. 7, the same insect as it appears when using
its wings.
The common Earwig, plate I, fig. 8, is introduced for the purpose of
showing the very beautiful wing which this insect possesses, and which is
seen expanded at fig. 8 _a_.
The very lovely, though ill-odoured, Lace-wing Fly is shown on plate J,
fig. 4, and its very remarkable eggs at 4 _a_. Each egg is placed at
the end of a footstalk, whereby it is kept out of the reach of certain
predacious insects.
Various shells are drawn on one or two of the plates, but there is
not space for any description. Their names may be found on the Index
to Plates. Plate G contains certain fungi and mosses. Fig. 1 is that
peculiar plant which reindeer scrape from under the snow in the winter
time. Fig. 2 was once dreaded by rustics as “Witch’s butter”. Fig. 6
shows the curious Earth-star, chiefly remarkable for its resemblance to
the marine Star-fish.
INDEX.
A.
Adela, 153.
Admiral Butterfly, 156.
Armadillo, 87.
B.
Bat, 4.
Bedeguar, 172.
Bird-nest moss, 176.
Blind-worm, 45.
Blue Butterfly, 160.
Brimstone Butterfly, 163.
Brimstone Moth, 147.
Buff-tip Moth, 132.
Burnet Moth, 113.
Burying Beetle, 116.
C.
Cabbage Butterfly, 161.
Caddis, 174.
Clear-wing Moth, 149.
Cock-tail Beetle, 166.
Crane-fly, 173.
Cray-fish, 81.
Cuckoo-spit, 175.
Cup Moss, 176.
Cynips, 172.
D.
Death-watch, 169.
Drinker Moth, 123.
Dragon-flies, 174.
E.
Earwig, 175.
Eft, 65.
Elephant Hawk Moth, 130.
Emperor Moth, 126.
Empis, 140.
F.
Field Mouse, 17.
Fire-tail, 172.
Frog, 55.
G.
Galls, 171.
Gerris, 175.
Glow-worm, 167.
Gnat Eggs, 173.
Gold-tailed Moth, 133.
Grasshopper, 175.
Ground Beetle, 168.
H.
Harvest Mouse, 20.
Hopper, scarlet, 175.
---- Cuckoo, 175.
Hornet, 171.
Hoverer Fly, 172.
Humble-bee, 170.
Hydrometra, 174.
I.
Ichneumon, Microgaster, 162.
L.
Lace-wing Fly, 176.
Lackey Moth, 143.
Lady-bird, 169.
Lampern, 78.
Lappet Moth, 145.
Leaf Miners, 141.
Lizard, 43.
Long-horn Moths, 152.
M.
Magpie Moth, 148.
Mason Bee, 124.
May-fly, 175.
Mole, 34.
Mouse, Field, 17.
---- Harvest, 20.
---- Shrew, 26.
Musk Beetle, 165.
N.
Newt, 65.
O.
Oak-apples, 172.
Oak Egger-moth, 115.
Oak Moth, 137.
Oil Beetle, 168.
Orange-tip, 161.
P.
Peacock Butterfly, 160.
Pill Millepede, 86.
Plume Moths, 150.
Privet Hawk-moth, 130.
Puss Moth, 110.
R.
Rat, Water, 21.
Rat-tailed Maggot, 172.
Reindeer Moss, 176.
Rose Beetle, 167.
S.
Shrew, 26.
---- Water, 32.
Shrimp, Fresh-water, 85.
Skipjack Beetle, 169.
Snake, 49.
Stag Beetle, 164.
Stickleback, 74.
Sting-fly, 172.
Stone-fly, 174.
Sun Beetle, 168.
T.
Tiger Beetle, 165.
---- Moth, 94.
Toad, 59.
Tortoise Beetle, 170.
Turnip Fly, 171.
---- Hopper, 170.
V.
Vapourer Moth, 136.
Viper, 48.
Volucella, 171.
W.
Watchman Beetle, 167.
Water Scorpion, 174.
---- Boatman, 174.
Weasel, 39.
Weevils, 169.
Whirligig Beetle, 168.
Witch Butter, 176.
Woodlouse, 86.
INDEX TO PLATES.
A. (_Front_)
1. Tubercled Gall on Bramble-stem.
2. Track of Leaf-Miner on Bramble-leaf.
3. Gnat-Clearwing Moth.
4. Buff-tip Moth.
--_a._ Caterpillar of do.
5. Privet Moth.
--_a._ Caterpillar of do.
6. Snail (_Helix nemoralis_).
7. Do. (_Helix nemoralis_) var.
8. Do. (_Helix cantiana_).
9. Do. (_Helix ericetorum_).
10. Do. (_Helix lapicida_).
11. Shell (_Cyclostoma_).
12. Do. (_Zonites_).
13. Do. (_Helix caperata_).
14. Do. (_Pupa_).
15. Do. (_Clausilia_).
B.
1. Green Oak Moth (_Tortrix_).
2. Scarlet Hopper (_Cercopis_).
3. Burnet Moth.
--_a._ Cocoon of do.
4. Puss Moth.
--_a._ Caterpillar of do.
5. Tiger-Moth (Arctia).
--_a._ Caterpillar of do.
--_b._ Cocoon of do.
6. Oak-galls.
7. Watchman Beetle (_Geotrupes_).
8. Lady-bird (_Coccinella_).
--_a._ Larva of do.
C.
1. Cuckoo-spit.
--_a._ Cuckoo Hopper (_Tettigonia_).
2. Bedeguar of Rose.
3. Brimstone Moth.
--_a._ Caterpillar of do.
4. Emperor Moth.
--_a._ Caterpillar of do.
--_b._ Cocoon of do.
5. Elephant Hawk-Moth.
--_a._ Caterpillar of do.
6. Tortoise Beetle (_Cassida_).
7. Green Weevil.
8. Burying-Beetle (_Necrophorus_).
9. Twenty-Plume Moth.
10. Green Adela.
11. Rose-Beetle.
D.
1. Blue Butterfly (_Alexis_).
--_a._ Do. Wings closed.
--_b._ Caterpillar of do.
--_c._ Pupa of do.
2. Orange-tip Butterfly.
3. Vapourer Moth, Male.
--_a._ Do Female.
4. Red Admiral.
--_a._ Caterpillar of do.
--_b._ Pupa of do.
5. Fire-tail (_Chrysis_).
6. Sun Beetle.
7. Hornet.
8. Tiger Beetle.
--_a._ Do Flying.
E.
1. Drinker Moth, Male.
--_a._ Do. Female.
--_b._ Do. Caterpillar.
--_c._ Do. Cocoon.
--_d._ Do. Chrysalis.
--_e._ Do. Eggs.
2. Humble-bee Fly (_Bombyllus_).
3. Magpie Moth.
--_a._ Do. Chrysalis.
--_b._ Do. Caterpillar.
4 Gold-tailed Moth (_Porthesia_).
--_a._ Do. Caterpillar.
5. Stag-Beetle.
F.
1. Water Scorpion.
--_a._ Do. Flying.
2. Amber Shell (_Succinea_).
3. Water Boatman.
4. Whirligig Beetle.
5. Hydrometra.
6. Dragon-Fly (_Libellula_).
7. Do. (_Agrion_).
8. Do. Demoiselle (_Calepteryus_).
--_a._ Do. Larva.
9. Stone-Fly (_Phryganea_).
10. Eggs of Gnat.
11. Caddis-cases, composed--
_a._ Of flat stones.
_b._ Of bark.
_c._ Of sand.
_d._ Of grass.
_e._ Of grass-stems.
_f._ Of shells.
12. Water shells.
_g._ Planorbis.
_h._ Ancylus.
_i._ Lymnæus.
_k._ Paludina.
G.
1. Reindeer Moss (_Cladonia_).
2. Witch-butter (_Tremella_).
3. Polytrichum.
4. Bird-nest Moss (_Nidularia_).
5. Xylaria.
6. Earth-star (_Geastrum_).
--_a._ Do. closed.
7. Arscyria.
8. Cup-moss (_Cenomyce_).
9. Scarlet Cup-moss (_Peziza_).
10. Marchantia.
H.
1. Crane-fly.
2. Mason Bee (_Megachile_).
3. Ichneumon (_Pimpla_).
4. Adela Long-horn.
5. Volucella.
6. Sting-fly (_Chrysops_).
7. Skipjack Beetle (_Elater_).
8. Peacock Butterfly.
--_a._ Do. wings closed.
--_b._ Do. Caterpillar.
9. White-Plume Moth.
10. Red-tailed Humble-Bee.
11. Common do.
12. Cock-tail Beetle (_Goërius_).
I.
1. May-fly (_Ephemera_).
2. Scorpion-fly.
3. Brimstone Butterfly.
4. Cabbage White Butterfly.
--_a._ Do. Caterpillar.
5. Oak Egger-Moth, female.
--_a._ Do. Cocoon.
6. Gerris.
7. Musk Beetle.
8. Earwig.
--_a._ Do. flying.
9. Nut Weevil.
J.
1_a_. Glow-worm, male.
--_b._ Do. female.
2. Green Saw-fly (_Tenthredo_).
3. Turnip-fly.
4. Lace-wing Fly.
--_a._ Eggs of do. on lilac branch.
5. Empis.
--_a._ Do. killing Oak-moth.
6. Ichneumon (_Microgaster_) and cocoons.
7. Grasshopper, flying.
--_a._ Do. walking.
8. Death-watch (_Anobium_).
9. Hoverer-fly.
--_a._ Rat-tailed Maggot.
10. Ground Beetle (_Carabus_).
11. Oil Beetle.
12. Cocoon of Microgaster, magnified.
--_a._ Microgaster, magnified.
13. Turnip-hopper (_Haltica_), magnified.
--_a._ Do. natural size.
14. Cyclops, magnified, showing egg-sacs.
15. Scarlet Spider (_Trombidium_), magnified.
--_a._ Do. natural size.
K.
MICROSCOPICAL.
1. Foot of Empis.
2. Pollen--_a._ Sunflower.
_b._ Passion Flower.
_c._ Lily.
3. Head of Empis.
4. Foot of Male Water-Beetle (_Dyticus_).
5. Trunk of Blue-bottle Fly.
6. Foot of Frog, showing circulation.
7. Petal of Geranium, showing stomata.
8. Battledore Scales of Blue Butterfly.
9. Scale of Fritillary Butterfly.
10. Eye of Butterfly.
11. Hairs of Humble-Bee.
L.
MICROSCOPICAL.
1 and 3. Scales of various Butterflies.
2. Eye of Hemerobius.
4. Wing of Peacock Butterfly.
5. Poppy seeds.
6. Wing-case of Green Weevil.
7. Egg of Red Underwing Moth.
8. ---- of Small White Butterfly.
9. ---- of Tortoiseshell Butterfly.
10. ---- of Lathonia Butterfly.
[Illustration: B]
[Illustration: C]
[Illustration: D]
[Illustration: E]
[Illustration: F]
[Illustration: G]
[Illustration: H]
[Illustration: I]
[Illustration: J]
[Illustration: K]
[Illustration: L]
End of Project Gutenberg's The Common Objects of the Country, by J. G. Wood