THE COMMON LIZARD--SUDDEN CURTAILMENT--BLIND-WORM--A
CURIOUS DANCE--THE VIPER--CURE FOR ITS BITE--THE COMMON
SNAKE--SNAKE-HUNTING--CURIOUS PETS--SNAKE AND FROG--CASTING
THE SKIN--EGGS OF THE SNAKE--HYBERNATION--THE FROG--THE
TADPOLE--THE EDIBLE FROG--THE TOAD--TOADS IN FRANCE--TOAD’S
TEETH--VALUE OF TOADS--MODE OF CATCHING PREY--POISON OF THE
TOAD--CHANGE OF ITS SKIN.
I have already said that the birds must be entirely passed over in this
little work; and therefore we make a jump down two steps at once, and
come upon the Reptiles, of whom are many British examples.
The first reptile of which we shall treat is the common little Lizard
that is found in profusion on heaths, or, indeed, on most uncultivated
grounds.
[Illustration: THE COMMON LIZARD.]
It is an agile and very pretty little creature, darting about among
the grass and heather, and twisting about with such quickness that its
capture is not always easy. Sunny banks and sunny days are its delight;
and any one who wishes to see this elegant little reptile need only visit
such a locality, and then he will run little risk of disappointment.
There is one peculiarity about it that is rather startling. If suddenly
seized, it snaps off its tail, breaking it as if it were a stick of
sealing wax, or a glass rod. Several lizards possess this curious
faculty, and of one of them we shall presently treat.
The food of this lizard is composed of insects, which it catches with
great agility as they settle on the leaves or the ground. If captured
without injury--a feat that cannot always be accomplished, on account of
the fragility of its tail--it can be kept in a fern case, and has a very
pretty effect there.
One of the chief beauties of this animal is its brilliant eye; and this
feature will be found equally beautiful in many of the reptiles, and
especially in that generally-hated one, the toad.
In the winter-time the lizard is not seen; for it is lying fast asleep in
a snug burrow under the roots of any favourable shrub, and does not show
itself until the warm beams of the sun call it from its retreat.
The next British lizard that I shall mention is one that is generally
considered as a snake, and a poisonous one; both ideas being equally
false. It is popularly known by the name of the Blind-worm, or
Slow-worm; and is not a snake at all, but a lizard of the Skink tribe,
without any legs.
[Illustration: BLIND-WORM.]
The scientific name for it is _Anguis fragilis_; and it is called fragile
on account of its custom of snapping itself in two, when struck.
Only very lately, I saw an example of this strange propensity, and was
the cause of it. Near Dover, there is a small wood, where vipers are
reported to dwell; and as I was walking in the wood, I caught a glimpse
of a snake-like body close by my foot. I struck, or rather stabbed, it
with a little stick--for it had a very viperine look about it--and with
success rather remarkable, for the very slight blow that the creature
could have received from so insignificant a weapon, used in such a
manner. The viper was clearly cut into two parts, but how or where
could not be seen, owing to the thick leaves and grass that rose nearly
knee-high.
On pushing among the leaves, I found with regret that the creature was
only a blind-worm.
A curious performance was being exhibited by the severed tail, a portion
of the animal about five inches long; this was springing and jumping
about with great liveliness and agility, entirely on its own account, for
by this time the blind-worm itself had made its escape, and all search
was unavailing.
Some ten minutes or so were consumed in looking for the reptile itself;
and by that time the activity of the tail was at an end, and it was
lying flat on the ground, coiled into a curve of nearly three-fourths of
a circle. I gave it a push with the stick, when I was startled by the
severed member jumping fairly into the air, and recommencing its dance
with as much vigour as before. This performance lasted for some minutes,
and was again exhibited when the tail was roused by another touch from
the stick. Nearly half-an-hour elapsed before the touch of the stick
failed to make the tail jump, and even then it produced sharp convulsive
movements.
The object of this strange compound of insensibility and irritability may
perhaps be, that when an assailant’s attention is occupied by looking at
the tail, the creature itself may quietly make its escape.
The food of the blind-worm is generally of an insect nature, and it seems
to be fond of small slugs. The country people declare that it is guilty
of various crimes, such as biting cattle and similar offences, of which
bite an old author says that, “unless remedy be had, there followeth
mortality or death, for the poyson thereof is very strong”.
Fortunately for us, we have but one poisonous reptile, the viper; and
the slow-worm is as innocent of poison as an earthworm. It is true that,
if provoked, it will sometimes bite; but its mouth is so small, and its
teeth so minute, that it cannot even draw blood.
The names that are given to it are hardly in accordance with its
formation, for it is not very sluggish in its movements, although it can
be easier taken than the lizard; while it is anything but blind, and its
eyes, though small, are brilliant. Perhaps the epithets ought to have
been applied to the givers, and not to the receiver.
As for the real snakes, there are but two species in England, one being
called the Viper, or Adder, and the other the Ringed, or Grass-snake. The
Viper is rather to be avoided, as it is possessed of poison-fangs, and if
irritated, is not slow in using them.
Of this latter I have little to say, and would not have mentioned it
excepting for two reasons: the one to enable any person to distinguish
it from the common snake, and to avoid, as far as possible, the chance
of being bitten; and the other to tell how to heal the bite, should so
untoward an event happen.
Poisonous snakes may be readily known by the shape of their head and
neck; the head being very wide at the back, and the neck comparatively
small. Some persons compare the head of a poisonous snake to the ace of
spades, which comparison, although rather exaggerated, gives a good idea
of the poison-bearing head. It has a cruel and wicked look about it also,
and one recoils almost instinctively.
[Illustration: VIPER.]
Should a person be bitten by the viper, the effects of the poison may be
much diminished by the liberal use of olive oil; and the effect of the
oil is said to be much increased by heat. Strong ammonia, or hartshorn,
as it is popularly called, is also useful, as is the case with the stings
of bees and wasps, and for the same reason. The evil consequences of the
viper’s bite vary much in different persons, and at different times,
according to the temperament of the individual or his state of health.
I may as well put in one word of favour for the viper before it is
dismissed. It is not a malignant creature, nor does it seek after
victims; but it is as timid as any creature in existence, slipping away
at the sound of a footstep, and only using its fangs if trodden on
accidentally, or intentionally assaulted.
The second English snake is the common harmless Ringed Snake; which
does not bite, because it has no teeth to speak of; and does not poison
people, because it has no venom at all.
[Illustration: COMMON SNAKE.]
Its only mode of defence is by pouring forth a most unpleasant, pungent
odour, which adheres to the hands or clothes so pertinaciously, that many
washings are required before it is expelled. Yet it is sparing enough
even of this solitary weapon, and may, after a while, be handled without
any inconvenience.
To this assertion I can bear personal and somewhat extensive witness; for
I have caught and kept numbers of snakes. The worthy villagers must have
formed curious ideas of me, and I rather fancy must have accredited me
with something of the wizard character; for I contrived to oppose their
prejudices--all, by the way, of a cruel character--in so many instances,
that they were rather afraid, as well as annoyed. To see them run away,
as if from a lighted shell, when I came among them with a snake in each
hand, was decidedly amusing, and not less curious was the pertinacity
with which they clung to their prejudices.
In vain were arguments used to prove that the snake was not a venomous
animal, and ought not to be killed and tortured; in vain did I put my
finger into the snake’s mouth, and let its forked tongue glide over my
very hand or face; they were not to be so taken in, and they remained
wise in their own conceit.
They certainly could not deny that the snake did not bite me, and that
its tongue did not pierce me, but the conclusion deduced therefrom was
simply that my constitution, or perchance my magical art, was such that I
was unbitable and unpoisonable.
No! to them the snake was still poisonous, and its tongue still
envenomed.
At one time we had so many snakes that they were kept in the crevices
of an old wall, and left to stay or go as they pleased. My boys--I had
a school at that time--took wonderfully to snake hunting, and every
half-holiday produced a fresh supply of snakes. The boys used to devise
the strangest amusements in connection with their snakes, of which they
were very proud, each boy exhibiting his particular favourite, and
expatiating on its excellences.
One of their fashions, and one which lasted for some time, was to make
tunnels in the side of the Wiltshire Downs, and to turn in their snakes
at one end, merely for the purpose of seeing them come out at the other.
Then there was a stone-quarry some three miles distant, which was in
some parts of the year nearly filled with water. Thither the boys were
accustomed to repair for the purpose of indulging their snakes with a
bath. They certainly seemed to enjoy the swim, and were the better for it.
Sometimes there was great excitement; for a snake would now and then act
in too independent a manner, and instead of swimming straight across,
so as to be caught by a boy on the opposite side, would sink to the
bottom, and there lie flat and immovable. Long sticks could not be found
there; and their only mode of making the snake stir was to startle it by
throwing stones. Even then there was a difficulty; for if the stones
fell too far from the snake they had no effect, and if they fell on him
they might hurt him.
To wait until the truant chose to move would have been hopeless, for
snakes are able to take so much pure air into their lungs, and they
require so little of it for respiration, that the patience of the boys
would be exhausted long before the snake felt a necessity for moving.
Sometimes a snake would try to get away, and insinuate his head and
part of his body into a crevice; in that case there was sad anxiety,
and judicious management was required to eliminate the reptile without
damage. It is a very difficult matter to drag a snake backwards, because
the creature sets up the edges of the scales, and each one serves as a
point of resistance. So, when the snake is within a crevice, where the
scales of the back can act as well as those of the belly, the difficulty
is increased.
When such an event took place, the best mode of extracting the snake
was to let it glide on, and so lower its scales, and then to pluck it
out with a sudden jerk, before it had time to erect them afresh. But as
often as otherwise, the snake got the better in the struggle, and by slow
degrees was lost to view.
Perhaps the pleasantest portion of snake-keeping was the feeding. It was
found that the snakes lost their appetite, and would not eat, though
frogs and newts were liberally supplied. So the boys settled the matter
by opening the mouth of the snake, and pushing a newt fairly down its
throat.
One of the largest snakes that I have seen was engaged in feeding
himself, not trusting to boys for any help. I was walking in a field,
and heard a strange cry from a neighbouring ditch. On going towards the
spot, I saw there a large snake struggling with a frog. The frog was
comparatively as large as the snake, and as it had a plain objection to
being swallowed, there was some turmoil.
The snake was stretched along the bottom of the ditch, which at this time
was dry, and he held in his mouth both hind feet of the frog, who was
also stretched forward at full length, resisting with its fore-legs the
attempts of the snake to draw it back, and croaking dismally. The strife
continued for some time, when I made a sudden movement, and the snake,
loosing its hold of the frog, glided up the opposite bank. The frog
slowly gathered itself together, sat still for some little time, and then
hopped away.
The entire empty skin of the snake may often be found among bushes,
where the creature has gone in order to assist itself in casting off its
old skin. Snakes, as well as other animals, wear out their coats, and
are obliged to change them for others. When the change is about to take
place, and a new coat has formed under the old, like a new skin under a
blister, the creature betakes itself to some spot where is thick grass,
reeds, or similar substances. A rent then opens in the neck, and the
snake, by wriggling about among the stems, literally crawls out of its
skin, which it leaves behind, turned inside out. Even the covering of the
eyes is cast away, and in consequence the snake is partially blind for a
day or two previously to the moult, if we may call it so.
Eggs laid by the snake are also of frequent occurrence. I have found them
in manure heaps, the warmth of which places is attractive to them. The
eggs are white, and covered with a strong membrane, but have no shell.
They are laid in long strings, from sixteen to twenty eggs being in each
chain.
In the winter the ringed snake retires to a convenient cell, such as a
hollow tree, or a heap of wood, and there it remains in a torpid state
until the warm weather. Many individuals have been found collected
together in these winter quarters, probably for the sake of affording
each other mutual warmth.
The reptiles of which we have just treated live exclusively on land,
though they may occasionally be found in water; but those which we shall
now inspect belong rather to the water than to the land. The most common
of these amphibious reptiles, as they are called, is the Frog.
A very curious animal is a frog, and well worth examining, as well in its
perfect state as in its intermediate state. To begin at the beginning
of a frog’s existence, we find it exhibited in masses of eggs, fixed
to each other by a kind of gelatinous substance, and floating in large
quantities in ditches or ponds. Each egg is about the size and shape of
a pea, and in the centre is the little black speck from which the young
frog proceeds.
[Illustration: FROG.]
In process of time the egg is hatched, and out comes a queer little
creature, with a big head and a flat slender tail, called generally a
tadpole, and in some places a pollywog. In this state of life the young
creature is simply a fish, with fish-like bones, and breathing through
gills, after the manner of fish.
Being very voracious, it grows rapidly: little legs begin to show
themselves; and, at the proper season, the gills are laid aside, the tail
vanishes, and the little frog is then in its usual form. The circulation
of the blood can be well exhibited by means of a microscope, if a tadpole
be laid on the stage so as to bring its tail within the focus, care being
taken to keep that member well wetted.
At the time when the tail is laid aside, the young frog is very small,
and in this state is generally found to swarm immediately after rain.
The frog-showers, of which we so often hear, are probably occasioned,
not by the actual descent of frogs from the clouds, but from the genial
influence of the moisture on the young frogs who have already been
hatched and developed, and who have been biding their time before they
dared to venture abroad.
Still I would not venture to say that frogs have not descended _in_ the
rain, for there are several accredited accounts of fish-showers, both
being probably caused in the same way.
For a drawing of the Tadpole, see page 85.
It is not often that frogs are found far from water, for they are the
thirstiest of beings, and drink with every pore of their body. If, for
example, a wrinkled and emaciated frog is placed in confinement, and
plentifully supplied with water, it absorbs the grateful moisture like a
sponge, and plumps up in a wonderfully short time.
From the same cause, it parts with its moisture with equal rapidity;
and if a dead frog be laid in the open air on a dry day it speedily
shrinks up, and becomes hard as horn. The skin and lungs co-operate in
respiration, but only when the former is moist. So, in order to secure
that object, the frog is furnished with an internal tank, so to speak,
which receives the superabundance of the absorbed water, and keeps it
pure until it is required for use. So great is the power of absorption
that a frog has been known to absorb a quantity of water equal to itself
in weight, merely through the pores of the abdominal surface, and this in
a very short time.
In England we don’t eat frogs, for what reason I know not. One species
of frog is very excellent food, and it is but natural to suppose that
another may be so, _i.e._, if properly cooked. However, the old belief
still keeps its ground, that the French are the natural foes of the
English, and we ought to hate them, because they “eat frogs and are
saddled with wooden shoes”. Still I cannot but think that to eat frogs is
better than to starve or to steal, and that to wear wooden shoes is not
more humiliating than to wear no shoes at all.
After its fashion, the frog sings, though it is but after a fashion. We
call the frog’s song a croak: I wonder what name the frog would give to
our singing. When the frog sings, it generally sinks itself under water,
with the exception of its head, opens its mouth, lays its lower jaw flat
on the water, and sets to work as if it meant to make the best of its
time. Even in England we have fine specimens of frog concerts, though not
to such an extent as in many other countries. In France the frogs make
such a croaking, that we hardly wonder at the rather tyrannous conduct
of the noblesse just before the great Revolution. When the nobility or
courtiers spent any time in the country, the miserable peasants were
forced to flog the water all night, on purpose to keep the frogs quiet,
for their croaking was so noisy that the fastidious senses of the
fashionables could not be lulled to sleep.
Now-a-days, the people don’t seem to be satisfied with the country
croakings, but they import the horrid sounds into the city by means of a
toy called a “grenouille,” which, when set in motion, makes a croaking
sound just like that of a frog.
As a general fact, frogs are just endurable, and people will inspect
them--from a distance--without much ado. But the case is widely altered
when they see the frog’s first-cousin, the Toad.
A large volume might easily be filled with tales respecting this
much-calumniated creature; in which tales the toad appears to be a very
incarnation of malignity, and to be wholly formed of poison. If it
burrowed near the root of a tree, every one who ate a leaf of that tree
would die; and, if he only handled it, would be struck with sudden cramp.
And the cause of this poisonous nature was its liver, which was “very
vitious, and causeth the whole body to be of an ill temperament”.
Fortunately, toads had two livers; and although both of them were
corrupted, yet one was full of poison, and the other resisted poison. As
for remedies, the only effectual one was of rather a complicated nature,
and consisted of plantain, black hellebore, powdered crabs, the blood
of the sea-tortoise mixed with wine, the stalks of dogs’ tongues, the
powder of the right horn of a hart, cummin, the vermet of a hare, the
quintessence of treacle, and the oil of a scorpion, mixed and taken _ad
libitum_.
[Illustration: THE COMMON TOAD.]
Even in the days when this prodigious prescription was invented, some
good was acknowledged to exist in a toad, the one being the precious
jewel in its head, and the other its power as a styptic. Supposing any
one to fall down and knock his nose against a stone, he could instantly
stop the bleeding if he only had in his pocket a toad that had been
pierced through with a piece of wood and dried in the shade or smoke.
All that was requisite was to hold the dried toad in the hand, and the
bleeding would immediately cease. The reason for this effect is, that
“horror and fear constrained the blood to run into his proper place, for
fear of a beast so contrary to humane nature”.
And, as a concluding instance of the wonderful things that happened
whenever toads were the subject, we are told that at Darien, where the
household slaves water the door-steps in the evening, all the drops that
fall on the right hand turn into toads.
These poor creatures fare little better even now, as far as public
opinion goes; and in France worse than in England.
I was once walking in the forest at Meudon with a party of friends, and
was brought to a check by a sudden attack made on a large toad that
was walking along the pathway. I succeeded in stopping a blow that was
aimed at it; and was stooping down, intending to remove it to a place of
safety, when I was hastily pulled away, and horror was depicted on the
countenances of all the spectators.
“It will bite you,” cried one.
“Pouah!” exclaimed another, “it will spit poison at you.”
“In France, every one kills toads,” said a third.
I objected that it could not bite, because it had no teeth.
“No teeth!” they all exclaimed. “In France, toads _always_ have teeth.”
“Well, then,” I said, “I will open its mouth, and show you that it has
none.”
But before I could touch it I was again dragged away.
“Teeth come when the toads are fifty years old,” was the explanation that
was given; but still the death-sentence had passed in every mind, and I
knew that when I moved the poor toad would be killed.
Just then, some one remarked that tobacco killed toads, if put on their
backs. So I took advantage of the assertion, and made a compromise that,
on my part, I would not handle the toad; and that, on theirs, the only
mode by which they might kill it was by putting tobacco on it.
The terms being thus arranged, plenty of tobacco was produced--and very
bad tobacco, too, as is generally the case in France; and, as no one but
myself dared come so near, I put about half-an-ounce of the weed on the
back of the toad, as it sat in a rut. For a minute or more, the creature
sat quite still, and all the party began to exclaim:--
“See! the toad is quite dead!”
“Ah! the nasty animal!”
“Monsieur Ool!--(no one ever made a better shot at my name than
Ool)--Monsieur Ool! the toad is dead!”
However, the toad rose, shook off all the tobacco, and recommenced his
march along the road. The only good that was done was the saving of that
individual toad’s life, for all the party retained their faith in toads’
teeth, and probably thought that the creature would not touch me because
I was a trifle madder than the rest of my nation, who are always very mad
on the French stage.
Afterwards, I found that the belief in toads’ teeth was quite general;
and one person offered to show me some, half-an-inch in length, which he
kept in a box at home. But I was never fortunate enough to see them.
In England, toads are sometimes valued for the good which they do; and
the market-gardeners, whose trim grounds surround London, actually import
toads from the country, paying for them a certain sum per dozen. For
toads are voracious creatures, feeding upon slugs, worms, grubs, and
insects of various kinds, and so devour great numbers of these little
pests to the gardener.
The mode in which a toad catches its prey is curious enough. Its tongue
is fastened into its mouth in a very peculiar way, the base of the tongue
being fixed at the entrance of the mouth, the tip pointing down its
throat when it is at rest. When, however, the toad sees an insect or slug
within reach, the tongue is suddenly shot out of the mouth, and again
drawn back, carrying the creature with it.
So rapidly is this operation performed, that the insect seems to
disappear by magic. The frog feeds in the same manner.
For the poisonous properties attributed to the toad, there is some
foundation, though a small one. But a very small foundation is generally
found strong enough to bear a very large superstructure of calumny;
though the reverse is the case when the report is a favourable one. The
skin of the toad is covered with small tubercles, which secrete an acid
humour sufficiently sharp and unpleasant to prevent dogs from carrying
a toad in their mouths, though not so powerful as to deter them from
attacking toads and killing them.
A rather curious advantage has been taken of the insect-eating
propensities of the toad. A gentleman had killed a toad at a very early
hour one morning, and after skinning it, for the purpose of stuffing the
skin, he dissected its digestive system. The contents of the stomach he
turned out into a basin of water, and found there a mass of insects, some
of them very rare and in good preservation.
Afterwards, he was accustomed to kill toads for the express purpose of
collecting the insects that were found within them, and which, being
caught during the night, were often of such species as are not often
found.
The same experiment elicited another curious fact, namely, the great
tenacity of life possessed by some insects. Before pinning out the
insects that were found, and which were mostly beetles, they had been
allowed to remain in the water for several days, and were apparently
dead. Yet, when they were pinned on cork, they revived; and, when they
were visited, were found sprawling about in quite a lively style.
Like all the reptiles, the toad changes its skin, but the cast envelope
is never found, although those of the serpents are common enough. The
reason why it is not found is this: the toad is an economical animal, and
does not choose that so much substance should be wasted. So, after the
skin has been entirely thrown off, the toad takes its old coat in its two
fore-paws, and dexterously rolls it, and pats it, and twists it, until
the coat has been formed into a ball. It is then taken between the paws,
pushed into the mouth, and swallowed at a gulp like a big pill.