fins, and only available as instruments of natation. In their appearance
they present but a distant relationship with the Auks and Divers, and form
a distinct family, recognisable by well-marked characters. The general
shape of their bodies may almost be called conical, as it seems gradually
to taper off from the tail upwards, the middle of the trunk presenting
scarcely any perceptible enlargement. Their neck is of moderate length,
but extremely thick, the head small, and the beak, which is nearly of the
same length as the head, straight, strong, hard, and somewhat compressed
at the sides; frequently it is marked externally with transverse furrows.
Its cutting edges are sharp, but it is somewhat blunted at its apex.
The structure of the foot is quite peculiar, seeing that the four toes
with which it is provided, three of which are joined together by a broad
web, are all directed forwards. The wings are so short that they might
almost be called fins, moreover the feathers that cover them rather
resemble scales than ordinary quills. Even the plumage reminds us of the
closely-imbricated scales of fishes; in short, from their whole formation
they are evidently inhabitants of the water rather than of the air. Their
internal structure corresponds with their external appearance; all their
bones are hard, thick, and heavy, they present no openings or cavities for
the reception of air, and even the humerus and femur are filled with oily
matter.
Birds belonging to this remarkable family are inhabitants of the southern
hemisphere, and there occupy a zone extending from 30° to 75° south
latitude, living entirely upon the surface of the ocean, and only visiting
the land during the period of incubation. All the various species of
Penguins are utterly incapable of flight, but their powers of progression
in their proper element are truly astonishing. They bound through the
sea like porpoises, using their short fin-like wings to assist their
progress; by the aid of these they stem the most turbulent waves with the
greatest facility, and during the severest gale descend to the bottom,
where they paddle about in search of crustaceans, small fish, and marine
vegetables. Owing to the thickness and weight of their plumage they swim
very deep in the water, so that very little is to be seen except their
head and neck. Upon dry land they also exhibit considerable agility. The
position of their legs compels them to keep their bodies perfectly erect,
and they thus walk, putting one foot before another almost like human
beings; their gait, however, is waddling, and they get along but slowly;
when alarmed, therefore, they throw themselves down upon their breasts and
push themselves along both with feet and wings, and that so rapidly, that
a man has some difficulty in overtaking them. In this manner they throw
themselves from the rocks or roll down some deep declivity into the sea,
apparently knowing full well that as soon as they reach the water they
are safe from pursuit. Sometimes large parties may be seen from a ship,
going in a given direction as though on a journey, cutting through the
waves with a celerity far surpassing that of the swiftest vessel. During
a considerable portion of the year these birds are employed in providing
for their young, as it is necessary that their progeny should acquire
sufficient vigour to resist the raging element on which they are destined
to dwell, and which they most probably will never leave, except when in
their turn they seek land for the purpose of reproduction.
Of the enormous numbers in which the Penguins are seen upon their
breeding-places in Arctic Regions, Sir J. C. Ross writes thus:--"In
Possession Island, situated in latitude 71° 56´ north, and longitude 71°
7´ east, and composed entirely of igneous rocks, we saw not the smallest
appearance of vegetation, but inconceivable myriads of Penguins completely
and densely covered the whole surface of the island, along the ledges
of the precipices, and even to the summits of the hills, attacking us
vigorously as we waded through their ranks, and pecking at us with their
sharp beaks, disputing possession; this, together with their loud coarse
notes, and the insupportable stench from the deep bed of guano which had
been forming for ages, and which may at some period be valuable to the
agriculturists of our Australian colonies, made us glad to get away again,
after having loaded our boats with geological specimens and Penguins."
Bennett gives similar testimony as to the hosts of these birds occupying
the north end of Macquarie Island in the South Pacific Ocean, where we
are told they occupy a space of about thirty or forty acres. "The number
of Penguins collected together in this spot is immense, but it would be
impossible to guess at it with any near approach to truth, as during the
whole day and night 30,000 or 40,000 of them are continually landing,
and an equal number going to sea. They are arranged when on shore in
as compact a manner and in as regular ranks as a regiment of soldiers,
and are classed with the greatest order, the young birds being in one
situation, the moulting birds in another, the sitting hens in a third,
the clean birds in a fourth, &c., and so strictly do birds in a similar
condition congregate, that should a bird that is moulting intrude itself
upon those that are clean, it is immediately ejected from among them." The
females hatch the eggs by keeping them close between their thighs, and if
approached during the time of incubation, move away, carrying the eggs
with them. At this time the male bird goes to sea and collects food for
the female, which becomes very fat. After the egg is hatched, both parents
go to sea and bring home food for it; it soon becomes so fat as to be
scarcely able to walk, the old birds getting very thin. The young, until
nearly full grown, are covered with a coat of long down.
THE KING PENGUIN.
The KING PENGUIN (_Aptenodytes Patagonica_, and _A. Pennantii_) is the
representative of a group conspicuous for their size, and distinguishable
by the following characters:--Their beak is longer than the head, thin,
straight, but bent downwards at its apex. The upper mandible is furrowed
along its whole length, while the lower one is covered with a smooth bare
skin. The legs, which are short, thick, and placed quite at the hinder
part of the body, are covered with feathers almost to the toes, three
of which are united by a broad web. The short compact plumage is black
upon the head and throat, and bright dark greyish blue on the back and
hinder part of the neck; the belly is white, and breast yellow. A bright
lemon-yellow stripe commences behind the eyes, and passes along the side
of the neck under the chin, where it unites; the scale-like wings are dark
grey; the beak is black at its base, but towards its apex and on the lower
mandible yellow; the scaly foot is dark brown. This species is above three
feet long, and weighs above thirty pounds. The King Penguin inhabits the
seas in the vicinity of Tierra del Fuego, the Falkland Islands, and New
Georgia, and during the breeding season is very common on the coasts of
Patagonia, but it is probable that all the species migrate to considerable
distances.
On the coasts of Patagonia, according to Gray, two very similar species
have been confounded under the name of _A. Patachonica_, the "Emperor"
and the "King," he has therefore called the Emperor Penguin _A. Faceteri_
and the King _A. Pennantii_. The following graphic account of the manners
of _A. Faceteri_ observed by Weddell in the Island of South Georgia is
given by him in his "Voyage to the South Pole." "In pride these birds are
not surpassed even by the Peacock, to which, in beauty of plumage, they
are indeed very little inferior. During the time of moulting, they seem
to repel each other with disgust, on account of the ragged state of their
coats, but as they arrive at the maximum of splendour they re-assemble,
and no one who has not completed his plumage is allowed to enter the
community. Their habit of frequently looking down their front and sides,
in order to contemplate the perfection of their superior brilliancy,
and to remove any speck that might sully it, is truly amusing to an
observer. During the time of hatching, the male is remarkably assiduous,
so that when the hen has occasion to go off to feed or wash, the egg is
transported to him, which is done by placing their toes together, and
rolling it from one to the other, using their beaks to place it properly.
The hen keeps charge of her young nearly a year, and in teaching them to
swim has frequently to use some artifice, for when the young one refuses
to take to the water, she entices it to the side of a rock and pushes it
in, and this is repeated until it takes to the sea of its own accord."
Captain Fitzroy tells us that in the breeding-places of the King Penguins
he has been much amused to see the old bird get on a little eminence and
make a great noise between quacking and braying, holding its head up in
the air as if it were haranguing the penguinnery, while the young one
stands close to it, but a little lower, the old bird having continued
its chatter for about a minute, puts its head down, and opens its mouth
widely, into which the young one thrusts its head, and then appears to
suck from the throat of the mother for a minute or two, after which the
chatter is again repeated, and the young one again fed. This performance
continues for about ten minutes.
[Illustration: THE GOLDEN OR CRESTED PENGUIN (_Chrysocome catarractes_).
ONE-FOURTH NATURAL SIZE.]
* * * * *
The TRUE PENGUINS (_Spheniscus_) constitute a section of the above birds
distinguishable by having the beak shorter than the head, straight,
compressed, thick, hard, and irregularly furrowed; the margins are drawn
in, and the base of the lower mandible feathered.
THE SPECTACLED OR CAPE PENGUIN.
The SPECTACLED or CAPE PENGUIN (_Spheniscus demersus_, or _Aptenodytes
demersus_), the best-known member of this group, is about twenty inches
long. In this species the upper parts of the body, the throat and cheeks
and a horse-shoe band upon the breast and sides are blackish grey; a
stripe over the eyes and the under side are white, the latter often marked
with round brownish spots. The beak is black, banded with white, and foot
brown. The Spectacled Penguin is met with in all seas between the Cape
and South Polar Circle in countless numbers: it is also common near the
Falkland Islands and Macquarie Land, and from Cape Horn northwards to
Valparaiso and La Plata. The Cape Penguin swims and dives excellently, but
moves awkwardly and stumbles frequently if it attempts to hurry. According
to Latham, it will frequently run for some time like a quadruped, making
use of its fin-like wings instead of legs till it can recover the upright
posture which it usually maintains. It is said to clamber some way up
the rocks to make a nest, in doing which it has been seen to assist
itself with the bill. It lays two eggs of the size of those of the Duck,
which are thought to be delicious, and are obtained in great numbers
for the table. These birds are frequently kept tame, but do not live in
confinement many months.
* * * * *
The LEAPING PENGUINS (_Eudypetes_) constitute a section having the beak
closely compressed at the base, obliquely furrowed, and sharp pointed; the
extremity of the upper mandible is slightly hooked and incised; above each
eyebrow moreover the feathers are prolonged into conspicuous tufts.
THE GOLDEN OR CRESTED PENGUIN.
The GOLDEN or CRESTED PENGUIN (_Chrysocome catarractes_) has the head,
neck, and sides black and over each eye a stripe of pale yellow feathers,
which are lengthened into a crest behind, wings black on the outside,
their hinder edge and under surface white, breast and under surface
silvery white, bill reddish brown, feet greyish white. The female is said
to have the yellow feathers over the eyes shorter, or not prolonged into
a crest.
The Golden Penguin is found in many parts of the Southern Ocean, on the
coast of Patagonia, Tierra del Fuego, and Tristan d'Acunha; it is also
occasionally seen on the shores of Tasmania and the coast of Australia,
but is most numerous in the Islands of St. Paul's and Amsterdam; in the
latter, where it is met with in great abundance, it may be seen sitting
erect, or basking on the rocks in company with the seals.
[Illustration]
CLASSIFICATION OF BIRDS,
ACCORDING TO DR. BREHM.
_ORDER I._
CRACKERS (ENUCLEATORES).
* * * * *
_SUB-ORDER I._
THE PARROTS (PSITTACINI).
_FAMILY I._--THE TRUE PARROTS (PSITTACINÆ), i., 34.
_Sub-Family_ 1.--The Grey Parrots (Psittacus), i., 34;
Jako (P. erithacus), i., 35.
" " 2.--The Green Parrots (Chrysotis), i., 39;
Amazon Parrot (C. Amazonica), i., 39.
" " 3.--The Blunt-tailed Parrots (Pionus), i.,40;
the Maitakka (P. menstruus), i., 41.
" " 4.--The Crested Hawk Parrots (Deroptyus), i., 42;
the Crested Hawk Parrot (D. accipitrinus), i., 42.
" " 5.--The Dwarf Parrots (Agapornis), i., 43;
Swinder's Love Bird (A. Swinderiana), i., 43.
" " 6.--The Sparrow Parrots (Psittacula), i., 44;
the Sparrow Parrot (P. passerina), i., 44.
" " 7.--The Siskin Parrots (Nasiterna), i., 45;
the Siskin Parrot (N. pygmæa), i., 45.
_FAMILY II._--THE COCKATOOS (PLYCTOLOPHI), i., 45.
_Sub-Family_ 1.--The Cockatoos Proper (Cacatua), i., 42;
the Lemon-crested Cockatoo (C. galerita), i., 47.
" " 2.--The Helmet Cockatoos (Callicephalus), i., 47;
the Helmet Cockatoo (C. galeatus), i., 47.
" " 3.--The Nose Cockatoos (Licmetis), i., 48;
the Nose Cockatoo (L. nasicus), i., 48.
" " 4.--The Nestor Cockatoos (Nestor), i., 50;
the Nestor Cockatoo (N. productus), i., 50.
" " 5.--The Eagle Cockatoos (Dasyptilus), i., 51;
the Eagle Cockatoo (D. Pequetii), i., 51.
" " 6.--The Long-billed Cockatoos (Microglossus), i., 51;
the Casmalos (M. aterrimus), i., 52.
" " 7.--The Raven Cockatoos (Calyptorhynchus), i., 54;
the Raven Cockatoo (C. Banksii), i., 54.
_FAMILY III._--THE NIGHT PARROTS (STRIGOPES), i., 55.
_Sub Family_ 1.--The Night Parrots (Strigops), i., 55;
the Kakapo (S. habroptilus), i., 55.
_FAMILY IV._--THE ARARAS (ARÆ), i., 58.
_Sub-Family_ 1.--The Araras (Ara), i., 58;
the Scarlet Macaw (A. Macao), i., 58;
the Soldier Arara (A. militaris), i., 60;
the Anakan (A. severa), i., 60;
the Ararauna (A. Sittace Ararauna), i., 62.
" " 2.--The Blue Macaws (Anodorhynchus), i., 62;
the Hyacinth-coloured Arara (A. hyacinthinus), i., 62.
" " 3.--The Wedge-tailed Parrots (Conurus), i., 63;
the Garuba (C. luteus), i., 64; the Tiriba
(C. leucotis), i., 63;
the Carolina Parrakeet (C. Carolinensis), i., 64.
" " 4.--The Long-nosed Parrakeets (Enicognathis), i., 66;
the Choroy (E. leptorhynchus), i., 66.
_FAMILY V._--THE PARRAKEETS (PALÆORNITHES), i., 66.
_Sub-Family_ 1.--The Noble Parrakeets (Palæornis), i., 67;
the Collared or Rose-ringed Parrot
(P. torquata), i., 67;
the Bettet (P. pondiceriana), i., 68.
" " 2.--The Superb Parrots (Polytelis), i., 69;
the Scarlet-crested Superb Parrot (P. Barrabandi),
i., 69.
" " 3.--The Grass Parrots (Platycercus), i., 70;
the Rosella (P. eximius), i., 70.
" " 4.--The Variegated Parrots (Psephotus), i., 71;
the Variegated Parrot (P. multicolor), i., 71.
" " 5.--The Ornamented Parrots (Melopsittacus), i., 72;
the Waved Parrot (M. undulatus), i., 72.
" " 6.--The Gay Parrots (Nymphicus), i., 77;
the Corella (N. Novæ-Hollandiæ), i., 77.
" " 7.--The Ground Parrakeets (Pezoporus), i., 78;
the Ground Parrakeets (P. formosus), i.,78.
_FAMILY VI._--THE LORIES (LORII), i., 79.
_Sub-Family_ 1.--The Lories Proper (Lorius), i., 79;
the Purple-capped Lory (L. domicella), i., 79.
" " 2.--The Lorikeets (Psitteuteles), i., 79;
the Dappled Lorikeet (P. versicolor), i., 79.
" " 3.--The Purple Lories (Coryphilus), i., 81;
the Maiden Lorikeet (C. Tahitianus), i., 81.
" " 4.--The Long-tailed Lories (Pyrrhodes), i., 82;
the Rasmalas (P. Papuensis), i., 82.
* * * * *
_SUB-ORDER II._
PASSERINE BIRDS (PASSERES).
_FAMILY I._--THE CROSS-BILLS (LOXIÆ), i., 85.
_Sub-Family_ 1.--The True Cross-bills (Loxia), i., 85;
the Large-beaked Cross-bill (L. pityopsittacus),
i., 86;
the Pine-tree Cross-bill (L. curvirostra),
i., 86;
the Banded Cross-bill (L. tænioptera), i., 86.
" " 2.--The Parrot Greenfinches (Psittirostra), i., 91;
the Parrot Greenfinch (P. psittacea), i., 91.
_FAMILY II._--THE BULLFINCHES (PYRRHULÆ), i., 92.
_Sub-Family_ 1.--The Parrot Bullfinches (Paradoxornis), i., 92;
the Parrot Bullfinch (P. flavirostris), i., 92.
" " 2.--The Pine Grosbeaks (Pinicola), i., 93;
the Pine Grosbeak (P. enucleator), i., 93.
" " 3.--The Carmine Grosbeaks (Erythrothorax), i., 95;
the Rose Bullfinch (E. roseus), i., 95;
the Carmine Bullfinch, (E. erythrinus), i., 95.
" " 4.--The Long-tailed Bullfinches (Uragus), i., 97;
the Siberian Bullfinch (U. Sibericus), i. 97.
" " 5.--The Desert Bullfinches (Bucanetes), i., 98;
the Vinous Grosbeak (B. githagineus), i., 98.
" " 6.--The True Bullfinches (Pyrrhula), i., 102;
the Bullfinch (P. vulgaris), i., 102.
" " 7.--The Garden Bullfinches (Serinus), i., 106;
the Girlitz (S. hortulanus), i., 106.
" " 8.--The Tree Bullfinches (Dryospiza), i., 108;
the Canary-bird (D. Canaria), i., 108.
_FAMILY III._--THE FINCHES (FRINGILLÆ), i., 114.
_Sub-Family_ 1.--The True Finches (Fringilla), i., 114;
the Chaffinch (F. cœlebs), i., 115;
the Mountain Finch (F. montifringilla), i., 118.
" " 2.--The Mountain Finches (Montifringilla), i., 119;
the Snow Finch (M. nivalis), i., 119.
" " 3.--The Winter Finches (Nyphæa), i., 119;
the Winter Finch (N. hyemalis), i., 119.
" " 4.--The Linnets (Cannabinæ), i., 122;
the Brown Linnet (C. linota), i., 122;
the Mountain or Grey Linnet (C. montium), i, 124.
" " 5.--The Birch Siskins (Linaria), i., 124;
the Birch-tree Siskin (L. rubra), i., 124.
" " 6.--The True Siskins (Spinus), i., 127;
the Common Siskin (S. viridis), i., 127.
" " 7.--The Thistle Finches (Carduelis), i., 129;
the Goldfinch (C. elegans), i., 129.
" " 8.--The Golden Thistle Finches (Astragalinus), i.. 130;
the Golden Thistle Finch (A. tristis), i., 130.
_FAMILY IV._--THE SPARROWS PROPER (PASSERES), i., 131.
_Sub-Family_ 1.--The True Sparrows (Passer), i., 131;
the Common Sparrow (P. domesticus), i., 131;
the Spanish Sparrow (P. Hispanicus), i., 135;
the Field or Tree Sparrow (P. montanus), i., 136.
" " 2.--The Plain Sparrows (Pyrgitopsis), i., 137;
the Plain Sparrow (P. simplex), i., 137.
" " 3.--The Golden Sparrows (Chrysospiza), i., 137;
the Golden Sparrow (C. lutea), i., 137.
" " 4.--The Mountain Sparrows (Petronia), i., 138;
the Rock Sparrow (P. rupestris), i., 138.
_FAMILY V._--THE HAWFINCHES (COCCOTHRAUSTÆ), i., 139.
_Sub-Family_ 1.--The Greenfinches (Chloris), i., 139;
the Green Grosbeak, or Greenfinch (C.
hortensis), i., 139.
" " 2.--The True Hawfinches (Coccothraustes), i., 141;
the Hawfinch (C. vulgaris), i., 141.
" " 3.--The Evening Hawfinches (Hesperiphona), i., 142;
the Evening Cherry Hawfinch (H. vespertina), i., 142.
" " 4.--The Large-beaked Hawfinches (Geospiza), i., 143;
the Large-beaked Hawfinch (G. magnirostris), i., 143.
_FAMILY VI._--THE PARROT FINCHES (PITYLI), i., 143.
_Sub-Family_ 1.--The Rose-breasted Grosbeaks (Coccoborus), i., 143;
the Rose-breasted Hawfinch (C. Ludovicianus),
i., 143.
" " 2.--The Tufted Grosbeaks (Cardinalis), i., 145;
the Cardinal Grosbeak (C. Virginianus), i., 145.
" " 3.--The Grey Finches (Paroaria), i., 146;
the Dominican Finch (P. dominicana), i., 146.
" " 4.--The Bullfinch Finches (Sporophila), i., 146;
the Tiny Finch (S. minuta), i., 146.
" " 5.--The Diadem Grosbeaks (Catamblyrhynchus), i., 147;
the Diadem Grosbeak (C. diadematus), i., 147.
" " 6.--The True Parrot Finches (Pitylus), i., 147;
the Ashy-blue Parrot Finch (P. cœrulescens), i., 147.
" " 7.--The Masked Parrot Finches (Caryothraustes), i., 147;
the Masked Parrot Finch (C. Brasiliensis), i., 147.
" " 8.--The Habias (Saltator), i., 148;
the Capi (S. cœrulescens), i., 148.
" " 9.--The Plant Cutters (Phytotoma), i., 149;
the Rarita, or Rara (P. rara), i., 150.
_FAMILY VII._--THE TANGARAS (TANAGRÆ), i., 150.
_Sub-Family_ 1.--The Tangaras Proper (Tanagra), i., 151; the Ornate
Tangara (T. ornata), i., 151.
" " 2.--The Fire Tangaras (Pyranga), i., 151; the Flax Bird
(P. rubra), i., 151; the Summer Red Bird (P.
æstiva), i., 152.
" " 3.--The Callistes (Calliste), i., 153; the Red-necked
Calliste (C. festiva), i., 153.
" " 4.--The Callous-beaked Tangaras (Ramphocelus), i.,
153; the Tapiranga (R. Brasiliensis), i., 154.
" " 5.--The Butcher-Bird Tangaras (Lanio), i., 154; the
Black-headed Butcher-Bird Tangara (L.
atricapillus), i., 154.
" " 6.--The Organist Tangaras (Euphone), i., 154; the
Violet Organist, or Guttarama (E. violacea),
i., 155.
_FAMILY VIII._--THE BRIGHT-COATED FINCHES (AMADINÆ), i., 155.
_Sub-Family_ 1.--The Band-Birds, or Collared Finches (Amadina),
i., 156; the Collared Finch (A. fasciata),
i., 156.
" " 2.--The Hooded Finches (Spermestes), i., 157; the
Magpie Finch (S. cucullata), i., 158.
" " 3.--The Reed Finches (Donacula), i., 158; the Chestnut
Reed Finch (D. castaneothorax), i., 158;
the Double-banded Reed Finch (D. bivittata),
i., 158.
" " 4.--The Grass Finches (Poëphila), i., 159; the Admirable
Chaff-finch (Chloëbia mirabilis), i., 159.
" " 5.--The Rice Finches (Padda), i., 160; The Rice Bird
(P. oryzivora), i., 160.
" " 6.--The Striped Finches (Pytelia), i., 161; the Little
Gold-breast (P. subflava), i., 161.
" " 7.--The Speckled Finches (Lagonosticta), i., 162; the
Blood Finch (L. minima), i., 162.
" " 8.--The Variegated Finches (Emblema), i., 162; the
Variegated Finch (E. picta), i., 162.
" " 9.--The Bright Finches (Hypochera), i., 163; the Steel
Finch (H. ultramarina), i., 163.
" " 10.--The Butterfly Finches (Mariposa), i., 163; the
Butterfly Finch (M. phœnicotis), i., 163.
" " 11.--Astrilds (Astrilda), i., 164; the Pheasant Finch
(A. undulata), i., 164.
_FAMILY IX._--THE WEAVER BIRDS (PLOCEI), i., 166.
_Sub-Family_ 1.--The Social Weaver Birds (Philetaërus), i., 167;
the Social Weaver Bird (P. socius), i., 167.
" " 2.--The Yellow Weaver Birds (Ploceus), i., 168; the
Golden Weaver Bird (P. galbula), i., 168.
" " 3.--The Bayas, or Bunting Weaver Birds (Nelicurvius),
i., 170; the Baya (N. Baya), i., 170.
" " 4.--The Crimson-beaked Weaver Birds (Quelea), i., 171;
the Crimson-beaked Weaver Bird, or Diock
(Q. sanguinirostris), i., 171.
" " 5.--The Tahas (Taha), i., 174; the Taha (T. dubia),
i., 174.
" " 6.--The Fire-finches (Euplectes), i., 174; the
Flame-coloured Fire-finch (E. ignicolor), i., 175.
" " 7.--The Buffalo Weaver Birds (Textor), i., 176;
the Alecto Buffalo Weaver Bird (T. Alecto), i., 177.
_FAMILY X._--THE WHYDAH OR WIDOW BIRDS (VIDUÆ), i., 178.
_Sub-Family_ 1.--The Mourning Widows (Coliuspasser), i., 179; the
Yellow-shouldered Mourning Widow (C.
flaviscapulatus), i., 179.
" " 2.--The Long-tailed Widow Birds (Chera), i., 179;
the Long-tailed Widow Bird (C. caffra), i., 179.
" " 3.--The Cock-tailed Widow Birds (Steganura), i., 180;
the Paradise Widow Bird (S. paradisea), i., 180.
_FAMILY XI._--THE BUNTING FINCHES (PASSERELLÆ), i., 181.
_Sub-Family_ 1.--The Morning Finches (Zonotrichia), i., 181; the
White-throated Sparrow (Z. albicollis), i., 182;
the Morning Finch (Z. matutina), i., 182.
" " 2.--The Bunting Finches Proper (Spizella), i., 183;
the Tree Bunting Finch (S. Canadensis), i., 183.
" " 3.--The Prairie Bunting Finches (Passerculus), i., 184;
the Prairie Bunting Finch (P. savannus), i., 184.
" " 4.--The Shore Finches (Ammodromus), i., 184; the Sea
Bunting Finch (A. maritimus), i., 184.
_FAMILY XII._--_The Buntings_ (EMBERIZÆ), i., 185.
_Sub-Family_ 1.--The Crested Buntings (Gubernatrix), i., 185; the
Crested Bunting (G. cristatella), i., 185.
" " 2.--The Grey Buntings (Miliaria), i., 186; the Grey
Bunting (M. valida), i., 186.
" " 3.--The True Buntings (Emberiza), i., 187; the Golden
or Yellow Bunting (E. citrinella), i., 187;
the Ortolan (E. or Glycyspina hortulana), i., 188;
the Red Bunting (E. or Glycyspina cia), i., 190.
" " 4.--The Ornate Buntings (Euspiza), i., 190; the
Black-headed Bunting (E. melanocephala), i., 190.
" " 5.--The Reed Buntings (Cynchramus), i., 191; the Reed
Bunting (C. Schœniclus), i., 191.
" " 6.--The Spurred Buntings (Centrophanes), i., 191; the
Lark Bunting (C. Lapponicus), i., 192.
" " 7.--The Winter Buntings (Plectrophanes), i., 194; the
Snow Bunting (P. nivalis), i., 194.
_FAMILY XIII._--THE LARKS (ALAUDÆ), i., 195.