THE DECADENCE OF THE GRAND TOUR.
During the several generations when the Stuarts communicated their love
of France to the aristocracy of England, there was, as we might suppose,
a steady undercurrent of protest against this Gallic influence. A
returning traveller would be pursued by the rabble of London, who,
sighting his French periwig and foreign gestures, would pelt his coach
with gutter-dirt, squibs, roots and rams-horns, and run after it
shouting "French Dogs! French Dogs! A Mounser! A Mounser!"[376] Between
the courtiers and the true-born Englishman there was no great sympathy
in the matter of foreign culture. The courtiers too often took towards
deep-seated English customs the irreverent attitude of their master,
Charles II.--known to remark that it was the roast beef and reading of
the holy Scriptures that caused the noted sadness of the English.[377]
The true-born Englishman retorted with many a jibe at the "gay, giddy,
brisk, insipid fool," who thought of nothing but clothes and garnitures,
despised roast beef, and called his old friends ruffians and rustics; or
at the rake who "has not been come from France above three months and
here he has debauch'd four women and fought five duels." The playwrights
could always secure an audience by a skilful portrait of an "English
Mounsieur" such as Sir Fopling Flutter, who "went to Paris a plain
bashful English Blockhead and returned a fine undertaking French
Fop."[378]
There had always been a protest against foreign influence, but in the
eighteenth century one cannot fail to notice a stronger and more
contemptuous attitude than ever before. England was feeling her power.
War with France sharpened the shafts of satire, and every victory over
the French increased a strong insular patriotism in all classes. Foote
declared residence in Paris a necessary part of every man of fashion's
education, because it "Gives 'em a relish for their own domestic
happiness and a proper veneration for their own national
liberties."[379] His Epilogue to _The Englishman in Paris_ commends the
prudence of British forefathers who
"Scorned to truck for base unmanly arts,
Their native plainness and their honest hearts."[380]
It was not the populace alone, or those who appealed directly to the
populace, who sneered at Popish countries, and pitied them for not being
British.[381] As time went on Whigs of all classes boasted of the
superiority of England, especially when they travelled in Europe.
"We envy not the warmer clime that lies
In ten degrees of more indulgent skies ...
'Tis Liberty that crowns Britannia's Isle
And makes her barren rocks and her bleak mountains smile."[382]
Addison's travels are full of reflections of this sort. The destitution
of the Campagna of Rome demonstrates triumphantly what an aversion
mankind has to arbitrary government, while the well-populated mountain
of St Marino shows what a natural love they have for liberty. Whigs
abroad were well caricatured by Smollett in _Peregrine Pickle_ in the
figures of the Painter and the Doctor. They observed that even the
horses and dogs in France were starved; whereupon the Governor of
Peregrine, an Oxonian and a Jacobite, sneered that they talked like true
Englishmen. The Doctor, affronted by the insinuation, told him with some
warmth that he was wrong in his conjecture, "his affections and ideas
being confined to no particular country; for he considered himself as a
citizen of the world. He owned himself more attached to England than to
any other kingdom, but this preference was the effect of reflection and
not of prejudice."
This growing conviction of England's superiority helped to bring about
the decadence of travel for education. Travel continued, and the
eighteenth century was as noticeable as any other for the "mal du pays"
which attacked young men, but travel became the tour of curiosity and
diversion with which we are familiar, and not an earnest endeavour to
become "a compleat person." Many changes helped this decadence. The
"policy" of Italy and France, which once attracted the embryo statesmen
of Elizabeth, was now well known and needed no further study. With the
passing of the Stuarts, when the king's favour ceased to be the means of
making one's fortune, a courtly education was no longer profitable. High
offices under the Georges were as often as not filled by unpolished
Englishmen extolled for their native flavour of bluntness and bluffness.
Foreign graces were a superfluous ornament, more or less ridiculous. The
majority of Englishmen were wont to prize, as Sam Johnson did, "their
rustic grandeur and their surly grace," and to join in his lament:
"Lost in thoughtless ease and empty show,
Behold the warrior dwindled to a beau;
Sense, freedom, piety refined away,
Of France the mimick and of Spain the prey."[383]
A large section of society was inimical to the kind of education that
the Earl of Chesterfield prescribed for his son. The earl was well aware
of it, indeed, and marked with repugnance divers young bucks of his day
with leathern breeches and unpowdered hair, who would exclaim; "Damn
these finical outlandish airs, give me a manly resolute manner. They
make a rout with their graces, and talk like a parcel of dancing
masters, and dress like a parcel of fops; one good Englishman will beat
three of them."[384]
Even during the height of the Grand Tour in the latter half of the
seventeenth century, thoughtful minds, observing the effects of a
foreign education as seen not only in the courtiers of Charles II., but
in the dozens of obscure country gentlemen who painfully sought to
acquire the habit of a Parisian Marquis by education abroad, noticed the
weak points of such a system. The Earl of Clarendon thought it
pernicious to send boys abroad until after they had gone through Oxford
or Cambridge. There was no necessity for their getting the French accent
at an early age, "as if we had no mind to be suspected to be
Englishmen." That took them from their own country at just the age when
they ought to have severe mental discipline, for the lack of which no
amount of social training would make them competent men. "They return
from travel with a wonderful confidence which may very well be called
impudence ... all their learning is in wearing their clothes well; they
have very much without their heads, very little within; and they are
very much more solicitous that their periwigs fit handsomely, than to
speak discreetly; they laugh at what they do not understand, which
understanding so little, makes their laughter very immoderate. When they
have been at home two or three years, which they spend in the vanities
which they brought over with them, fresh travellers arrive with newer
fashions, and the same confidence, and are looked upon as finer
gentlemen, and wear their ribbons more gracefully; at which the others
are angry, quit the stage, and would fain get into wiser company, where
they every day find defects in themselves, which they owe to the ill
spending that time when they thought only of being fine gentlemen."[385]
When these products of a French education could not remain in town, but
were obliged to live on their estates amid rough country squires, it
went hard with them. "They will by no means embrace our way," says The
Country Gentleman in Clarendon's _Dialogue of the Want of Respect Due to
Age_, "but receive us with cringes and treat us with set speeches, and
complain how much it rains, that they cannot keep their hair dry, or
their linnen handsome one hour. They talk how much a better country
France is and how much they eat and drink better there, which our
neighbors will not believe, and laugh at them for saying so. They by no
means endure our exercises of hunting and hawking, nor indeed can their
tender bodies endure those violent motions. They have a guitar or some
other fiddle, which they play upon commonly an hour or so in their beds
before they rise, and have at least one French fellow to wait upon them,
to shave them, and comb their periwig; and he is sent into the kitchen
to dress some little dish, or to make some sauce for dinner, whom the
cook is hardly restrained from throwing into the fire. In a word, they
live to and within themselves, and their nearest neighbors do not know
whether they eat and drink or no."[386]
Not only were the recreations of their country neighbours violent and
unrefined, according to the English Messieurs, but that preoccupation
with local government, which was the chief duty of the country
gentleman, was beyond the capacity of those who by living abroad had
learned little of the laws and customs of their own country. Clarendon
draws a sad picture of the return of the native who was ashamed to be
present at the public and private meetings for the administration of
justice, because he had spent in dancing the time when he might have
been storing knowledge, and who now passed his days a-bed, reading
French romances of which he was tired.
Locke also set forth the fallacies of the Grand Tour in his _Essay of
Education_. He admitted that fencing and riding the Great Horse were
looked upon as "so necessary parts of breeding that it would be thought
a great omission to neglect them," but he questioned whether riding the
Great Horse was "of moment enough to be made a business of."[387]
Fencing, he pointed out, has very little to do with civil life, and is
of no use in real warfare, while music "wastes so much of a young man's
time, to gain but a moderate skill in it, and engages often in such odd
company, that many think it much better spared."[388] But the feature of
travel which was most mercilessly analysed by Locke was the Governor. He
exposed the futility of sending a boy abroad to gain experience and to
mingle with good society while he was so young as to need a guardian.
For at the age when most boys were abroad--that is, from sixteen to
twenty-two--they thought themselves too much men to be governed by
others, and yet had not experience and prudence enough to govern
themselves. Under the shelter of a Governor they were excused from being
accountable for their own conduct and very seldom troubled themselves
with inquiries or with making useful observations of their own.
While the Governor robbed his pupil of life's responsibilities on one
hand, he hampered him, on the other, in any efforts to get into good
company:
"I ask amongst our young men that go abroad under tutors what one is
there of an hundred, that ever visits any person of quality? much less
makes an acquaintance with such from whose conversation he may learn
what is good breeding in that country and what is worth observation in
it.... Nor indeed is it to be wondered. For men of worth and parts will
not easily admit the familiarity of boys who yet need the care of a
tutor: though a young gentleman and stranger, appearing like a man, and
shewing a desire to inform himself in the customs, laws, and government
of the country he is in, will find welcome, assistance and entertainment
everywhere."[389]
These, and many comments of the same sort from other observers, made for
the disintegration of the Grand Tour, and cast discredit upon it as a
mode of education. Locke was not the only person who exposed the
ineffectiveness of governors. They became a favourite subject of satire
in the eighteenth century. Though even the best sort of "maître d'ours"
or "bear-master," as the French called him, robbed travel of its proper
effect, the best were seldom available for the hosts of boyish
travellers. Generally the family chaplain was chosen, because of his
cheapness, and this unfortunate was expected to restrain the boisterous
devilment of the Peregrine Pickle committed to his care.[390] A booklet
called _The Bear-Leaders; or, Modern Travelling Stated in a Proper
Light_, sums up a biting condemnation of "our rugged unsocial
Telemachuses and their unpolished Mentors," describing how someone in
orders, perhaps a family dependent, is chosen as the Governor of the
crude unprepared mortal embarking for a tour of Europe. "The Oddities,
when introduced to each other, start back with mutual Astonishment, but
after some time from a frequency of seeing, grow into a Coarse Fondness
one for the other, expressed by Horse Laughs, or intimated by alternate
Thumps on the Back, with all such other gentle insinuations of our
uncivilized Male Hoydens."[391]
Small wonder, therefore, that a youth, who returned from driving by
post-chaise through the principal towns of Europe in the company of a
meek chaplain,[392] returned from his tour about as much refined,
according to Congreve, "as a Dutch skipper from a whale-fishing."[393]
The whole idea of the Grand Tour was thrown into disrepute after its
adoption by crude and low-bred people, who thought it necessary to
inform all their acquaintance where they had been, by a very unbecoming
dress and a very awkward address: "not knowing that an Englishman's
beef-and-pudding face will not agree with a hat no bigger than a
trencher; and that a man who never learned to make a bow performs it
worse in a head of hair dressed a L'aille Pidgeon, than in a scratch
wig."[394]
In many other ways, also, travel lost its dignity in the eighteenth
century. It was no longer necessary to live in foreign countries to
understand them. With the foundation of the chairs of modern history at
Oxford and Cambridge by King George the First in 1724, one great reason
for travel was lost. Information about contemporary politics on the
Continent could be had through the increasing number of news-journals
and gazettes. As for learning the French language, there had been no
lack of competent teachers since the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes
in 1685 sent French Protestant refugees swarming across the channel to
find some sort of living in England. Therefore the spirit of
acquisitiveness dwindled and died down, in the absence of any strong
need to study abroad, and an idle, frivolous, darting, capricious spirit
controlled the aristocratic tourist. Horace Walpole on his travels spent
his time in a way that would have been censured by the Elizabethans. He
rushed everywhere, played cards, danced through the streets of Rheims
before the ladies' coaches, and hailed with delight every acquaintance
from England. What would Sir Philip Sidney have thought of the mode of
life Walpole draws in this letter:
"About two days ago, about four o'clock in the afternoon ... as we were
picking our teeth round a littered table and in a crumby room, Gray[395]
in an undress, Mr Conway in a morning-grey coat and I in a trim white
night-gown and slippers, very much out of order, with a very little
cold, a message discomposed us all of a sudden, with a service to Mr
Walpole from Mr More, and that, if he pleased, he would wait on Mr
Walpole. We scuttle upstairs in great confusion, but with no other
damage than the flinging down two or three glasses and the dropping a
slipper by the way. Having ordered the room to be cleaned out, and sent
a very civil response to Mr More, we began to consider who Mr More might
be."[396]
In the tour of Walpole and Gray one may see a change in the interest of
travel; how the romantic spirit had already ousted the humanistic love
of men and cities. As he drifted through Europe Gray took little
interest in history or in the intricacies of human character. He would
not be bothered by going to Courts with Walpole, or if he did he stood
in the corner of the ballroom and looked on while Walpole danced. What
he cared for was La Grande Chartreuse, with its cliffs and pines and
torrents and hanging woods.[397] He is the forerunner of the Byronic
traveller who delighted in the terrific aspects of nature and disdained
mankind. Different indeed was the genial heart of Howell, who was at
pains to hire lodgings in Paris with windows opening on the street, that
he might study every passerby,[398] but who spoke of mountains in Spain
in a casual way as "not so high and hideous as the Alps," or as
"uncouth, huge, monstrous Excrescences of Nature, bearing nothing but
craggy stones."[399]
With the decline of enthusiasm over the serious advantages of travel,
there was not much demand for those essays on the duties of the student
abroad which we have tried to describe. By the eighteenth century,
hand-books for travellers were much the same as those with which we are
to-day familiar; that is, a guide-book describing the particular objects
to be inspected, and the sensations they ought to inspire, together with
exceedingly careful notes as to the price of meals and transportation.
This sort of manual became necessary when travel grew to be the
recreation of men of moderate education who could not read the local
guide-books written in the language of the country they visited.
Compilations such as the _Itinerarium Italiæ_ of Schottus, published at
Antwerp in 1600, and issued in eleven editions during the seventeenth
century, had been sufficient for the accomplished traveller of the
Renaissance.[400] France, as the centre of travel, produced the greatest
number of handy manuals,[401] and it was from these, doubtless, that
Richard Lassels drew the idea of composing a similar work in the English
language, which would comprise the exhortation to travel, in the manner
of Turler, with a continental guide to objects of art. _The Voyage of
Italy_ by Lassels, published in Paris in 1670, marks the beginning of
guide-books in English.
Still, in succeeding vade-mecums there are some occasional echoes of the
old injunctions to improve one's time. Misson's _A New Voyage to
Italy_,[402] maps out some intellectual duties. According to Misson a
voyager ought to carry along with him a cane divided into several
measures, or a piece of pack-thread well twined and waxed, fifty fathom
long and divided into feet by knots, so as to be able to measure the
height of the towers and the bigness of pillars and the dimensions of
everything so far as he is able. This seems sufficiently laborious, but
it makes for an easy life compared to the one prescribed by Count
Leopold Berchtold in his _Essay to Direct and Extend the Inquiries of
Patriotic Travellers_. He would have one observe the laws and customs of
foreigners with a curiosity that would extend to every department of
social and economic life, beginning with "Causes of the Decrease of
Population and Remedies to prevent them"; proceeding to such matters as
the state of the peasantry; to questions applicable to manuring,
ploughing, and the housing of black cattle; or to an "Inquiry concerning
Charitable Institutions such as one for recovering Drowned and Strangled
Persons"; or to the "Extent of Liberty to Grown-up Young Ladies." In
case the traveller is at a loss how to conduct his investigation, a list
of particular questions on the topics for study is added by the author.
A few random examples of this list are:
"Which are the favourite herbs of the sheep of this country?"
"Are there many instances of people having been bit by mad animals?"
"Is the state of a bachelor aggravated and rendered less desirable? By
what means?"
"How much is paid per day for ploughing with two oxen? With two horses?"
"Which food has been experienced to be most portable and most nourishing
for keeping a distressed ship's crew from starving?"
"What is the value of whales of different sizes?"
In addition to such inquiries Berchtold[403] urges the necessity of
sketching landscapes and costumes, and better yet, the scientific
drawing of engines and complicated machines, and also of acquiring skill
on some musical instrument, to keep one from the gaming table in one's
idle hours, preferably of learning to play on a portable instrument,
such as a German flute. Journals, it goes without saying, must be
written every night before the traveller goes to sleep.
It is not only the fact of their being addressed to persons of small
intelligence which makes the guide-books of the eighteenth century seem
ridiculous; another reason for their ignoble tone is the increased
emphasis they lay on the material convenience of the traveller. Not the
service of one's country or the perfecting of one's character is the
note of Georgian injunctions, but the fear of being cheated and of being
sick. Misson's instructions begin at once with praise of fixed rates in
Holland, where one is spared the exhaustion of wrangling. The exact fare
from Cologne to Maintz is his next subject, and how one can hire a coach
and six horses for three crowns a day; how the best inns at Venice are
The Louvre, The White Lion, and The French Arms; how one can stay at The
Louvre for eight livres a day and pay seven or eight livres for a
gondola by the day, and so forth; with similar useful but uninspired
matter. Next he discusses sea-sickness, and informs us that the best
remedy is to keep always, night and day, a piece of earth under the
nose; for which purpose you should provide a sufficient quantity of
earth and preserve it fresh in a pot of clay; and when you have used a
piece so long that it begins to grow dry, put it again into the pot, and
take out some fresh earth.[404]
Berchtold's suggestions for comfort are even more elaborate. One should
carry everywhere:
"A bottle of vinegar, de quatre voleurs.
Ditto best French Brandy.
Ditto spirit of Salmiac, against fits.
Ditto Hoffman's Drops."
At inns it is advisable to air the room by throwing a little strong
vinegar upon a red hot shovel, and to bring your bed-clothes with you.
As a guard against robbers it is advisable to have your servant sleep in
the same room with you, keep a wax candle burning all night, and look
into the chests and behind the bed before retiring. Pocket door-bolts in
the form of a cross are easily obtainable; if not, put the tables and
chair against the door.
There is something fussy about such a traveller, though robbers
undoubtedly were to be feared, even in the eighteenth century,[405] and
though inns were undoubtedly dirty. A repugnance to dirt and discomfort
is justifiable enough, but there is something especially peevish in the
tone of many Georgian travellers. Sam Sharp's _Letters from Italy_
breathe only sorrow, disillusion and indignation. Italian beds and
vermin, Italian post-boys and their sorry nags are too frequently the
theme of his discourse. He even assures us that the young gentlemen whom
he had always pictured as highly delighted by the Grand Tour are in
reality very homesick for England. They are weary of the interminable
drives and interminable conversazioni of Italy and long for the
fox-hunting of Great Britain.[406] Fielding's account of his voyage to
Lisbon contains too much about his wife's toothache and his own
dropsy.[407] Smollett, like Fielding, was a sick man at the time of his
travels, and we can excuse his rage at the unswept floors, old rotten
tables, crazy chairs and beds so disgusting that he generally wrapped
himself in a great-coat and lay upon four chairs with a leathern
portmanteau for a pillow; but we cannot admire a man who is embittered
by the fact that he cannot get milk to put in his tea, and is
continually thrusting his head out of the window to curse at the
post-boys, or pulling out his post-book to read to an inn-yard with
savage vociferation the article which orders that the traveller who
comes first shall be first served.[408]
This is a degeneration from the undaunted mettle of the Elizabethans,
who, though acquainted with dirty inns and cheating landlords, kept
their spirits soaring above the material difficulties of travel. We
miss, in eighteenth century accounts, the gaiety of Roger Ascham's
Report of Germany and of the fair barge with goodly glass windows in
which he went up the Rhine--gaiety which does not fail even when he had
to spend the night in the barge, with his tired head on his saddle for a
bolster.[409] We miss the spirit of good fellowship with which John
Taylor, the Water Poet, shared with six strangers in the coach from
Hamburgh the ribs of roast beef brought with him from Great
Britain.[410] Vastly diverting as the eighteenth-century travel-books
sometimes are, there is nothing in them that warms the heart like the
travels of poor Tom Coryat, that infatuated tourist, chief of the tribe
of Gad, whom nothing daunted in his determination to see the world.
Often he slept in wagons and in open skiffs, and though he could not
afford to hire the guides with Sedan chairs who took men over the Alpine
passes in those days, yet he followed them on foot, panting.[411]
So, in spite of the fact that travel is never-ending, and that
"peregrinatio animi causa" of the sixteenth century is not very
different from the Wanderlust of the nineteenth, we feel we have come to
the end of the particular phase of travel which had its beginning in the
Renaissance. The passing of the courtier, the widened scope of the
university, the rise of journalism, and the ascendancy of England,
changed the attitude of the English traveller from eager acquisitiveness
to complacent amusement. With this change of attitude came an end to the
essay in praise of travel, written by scholars and gentlemen for their
kind; intended for him "Who, whithersoever he directeth his journey,
travelleth for the greater benefit of his wit, for the commodity of his
studies, and dexterity of his life,--he who moveth more in mind than in
body."[412] We hope we have done something to rescue these essays from
the oblivion into which they have fallen, to show the social background
from which they emerged, and to reproduce their enthusiasm for
self-improvement and their high-hearted contempt for an easy, indolent
life.
* * * * *
BIBLIOGRAPHY
I
CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF ADVICE TO TRAVELLERS, 1500-1700
1561. Gratarolus, Guilhelmus. _Authore Gratarolo Guilhelmo, philosopho
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1577. Pyrckmair, Hilarius. _Commentariolus de arte apodemica seu vera
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1577. Zvingerus, Theodor. _Methodus apodemica in eorum gratiam qui cum
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1592. Stradling, Sir John. _A Direction for Travailers taken out of
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1598. Loysius, Georgius. _G. Loysii Curiovoitlandi Pervigilium Mercurii,
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Honorable Fulke, Lord Brooke_. London, 1633.)
1611. Kirchnerus, Hermannus. _An Oration made by Hermannus Kirchnerus
... concerning this subject; that young men ought to travell into
forraine countryes, and all those that desire the praise of learning and
atchieving worthy actions both at home and abroad._ (In _Coryat's
Crudities_, London, 1611.)
1616. Sincerus, Iodocus. _Itinerarium Galliæ, ita accommodatum, ut eius
ductu mediocri tempore tota Gallia obiri, Anglia et Belgium adiri
possint; nec bis terve ad eadem loca rediri oporteat; notatis cuiusque
loci, quas vocant, deliciis_. Lugduni, 1616.
1617. Moryson, Fynes. _Of Travel in General; Of Precepts for
Travellers_. (In the _Itinerary_ of Fynes Moryson. Ed. Glasgow, 1907.)
1622. Peacham, Henry. _The Compleat Gentleman_. 1634 Ed., reprinted in
Tudor and Stuart Library by Clarendon Press, with introduction by G.S.
Gordon. Oxford, 1906.
1625. Bacon, Francis. _Of Travel._ In _Works_. Ed. James Spedding.
London, 1859.
1631. Erpenius, Thomas. _De Peregrinatione Gallica utiliter instituenda
Tractatus._ Lugduni Batavorum, 1631.
1633. Devereux, Robert, Earl of Essex. _Profitable Instructions:
Describing what speciall Observations are to be taken by Travellers in
all Nations, States and Countries; Pleasant and Profitable. By the three
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Secretary Davison_. London, 1633.
1637. Wotton, Sir Henry. Letter of Instruction to John Milton, about to
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1639. _Le Voyage de France, Dresse pour l'instruction et commodité tant
des François, que des Estrangers_. Paris, 1639. (Du Verdier.)
1642. Howell, James. _Instructions for Forreine Travell, Shewing by what
cours, and in what compasse of time, one may take an exact Survey of the
Kingdomes and States of Christendome, and arrive to the practicall
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1652. Evelyn, John. _The State of France as it stood in the IXth yeer of
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1652. (Discussion of travel in the preface.)
1653. Zeiler, Martin. _Fidus Achates qui itineris sui socium ... non
tantum de locorum ... situ, verum etiam, quid in plerisque spectatu ...
dignum occurrat ... monet ... Nunc e Germanico Latinus factus a quodam
Apodemophilo_.... Ulmæ, 1653.
1656. Osborn, Francis. _Travel_, in _Advice to a Son_. Ed. E. A. Parry.
London, 1896.
1662. Howell, James. _A New English Grammar, whereunto is annexed A
Discours or Dialog containing a Perambulation of Spain and Portugall
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London, 1662.
_c_. 1665. Hyde, Edward, Earl of Clarendon. _A Dialogue concerning
Education_ in _A Collection of Several Tracts_. London, 1727.
1665. Gerbier, Balthazar, Knight; Master of the Ceremonies to King
Charles the First. _Subsidium Peregrinantibus or An Assistance to a
Traveller in his Convers ... directing him, after the latest Mode, to
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1670: Lassels, Richard: _The Voyage of Italy or a Compleat Journey
through Italy.... With Instructions concerning Travel_; by Richard
Lassels, Gent., who travelled through Italy Five times, as Tutor to
several of the English Nobility and Gentry. Never before Extant. Newly
printed at Paris and are to be sold in London by John Starkey. 1670.
1670. ---- _A Letter of Advice to a young Gentleman Leaving the
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1671. Leigh, Edward. _Three Diatribes or Discourses; First of Travel, or
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1671.
1678. Gailhard, J. (Who hath been Tutor Abroad to severall of the
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1693. Locke, John. _Some Thoughts concerning Education_. Fourth Edition.
London, 1699.
1688. _A Letter of Advice to a Young Gentleman of an Honorable Family,
now in his Travels beyond the Seas: for his more safe and profitable
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1688. Carr, Will, late Consul for the English Nation in Amsterdam.
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[London? 1690?]
1695. Misson, Maximilian. _A New Voyage to Italy: With a description of
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vols. London, 1695.
* * * * *
II
TRAVELS, MEMOIRS, LETTERS AND BIOGRAPHIES, 1500-1700, USED IN THE
FOREGOING CHAPTERS
Ascham, Roger. _Works_. Ed. Giles. London, 1865.
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D'Aunoy, Marie Catherine Jumelle de Berneville, Comtesse. _Relation du
Voyage D'Espagne._ A La Haye, 1691.
---- _The Ingenious and Diverting Letters of the Lady ... Travels into
Spain_. 2nd Ed. London, 1692.
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---- _The Nobility of Women_. Ed. Warwick Bond for Roxburghe Club, 1904.
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Society. Extra Series, IX.-X. London, 1869-70.
Botero, Giovanni. _The Travellers Breviat, or an historicall description
of the most famous kingdomes in the world_. Translated into English.
London, 1601.
---- _A Treatise, concerning the causes of the magnificencie and
greatness of cities_, ... now done into English by Robert Peterson of
Lincolnes Inne, Gent. London, 1606.
---- _Relations of the Most Famous Kingdoms and Common-weales through
the world_.... London, 1608. (Translated by Robert Johnson.)
Bourdeille, Pierre de, Seigneur de Brantome. _Memoires, *... Contenans
les Anecdotes de la Cour de France, sous les Rois Henri II., François
II., Henri III. et IV._ A. Leyde, 1722.
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1744.
Breton, Nicholas. _Works._ Ed. A.B. Grosart. London, 1879.
---- _Grimello's Fortunes, with his Entertainment in his Travaile_.
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Browne, Sir Thomas. _Works._ Ed. Simon Wilkin. London, 1836. (Vol. i.,
containing _Life and Correspondence_.)
Burnet, Gilbert. _Some Letters containing an account of what seemed most
remarkable in Switzerland, Italy, etc._ (Written to the Hon. Robert
Boyle.) Printed 1687.
---- _Three Letters concerning the Present State of Italy_, written in
the year 1687. Printed 1688.
Camden, William. _History or Annals of England._ In _A Complete History
of England._ Vol. ii. 1706.
Carew, George. _A Relation of the State of France, with the Character of
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William Morris at the Kelmscott Press, 1893.
Cavendish, Margaret, Duchess of Newcastle. _Life of ... William
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---- _Life of ... the Duke of Newcastle_, to which is added "_The True
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Coryat, Thomas. _Coryat's Crudities hastily gobled up in five moneths
travells in France, Savoy, Italy, Rhetia, commonly called the Grisons
country, Helvetia alias Switzerland, some parts of high Germany and the
Netherlands; newly digested in the hungry aire of Odcombe in the county
of Somerset, and now dispersed to the nourishment of the travelling
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Sons. Glasgow, 1905.
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_Description Contenant les Antiquitez, fondations et singularitez des
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Florio, Giovanni. _Florio, His Firste Frutes: which yeelde familiar
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1578.
---- _Florios Second Frutes to be gathered of twelve Trees, of divers
but delightsome tastes to the tongues of Italians and Englishmen._ ...
London, 1591.
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Mappe.... Collected out of sundry approved authors; very amply, truly
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---- _The View of France._ Printed by Symon Stafford. London, 1604.
Fuller, Thomas. _The Church-History of Britain from the Birth of Jesus
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1655.
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Gascoigne, George. _The Posies._ Ed. J.W. Cunliffe. Cambridge University
Press, 1907.
Gerbier, Balthazar. _The Interpreter of the Academie for Forrain
Languages and all Noble Sciences and Exercises._ 1648.
---- _The First Lecture of an Introduction to Cosmographie: being a
Description of all the World. Read Publiquely at Sir Balthazar Gerbier's
Academy._ London, 1649.
---- _Sir Balthazar Gerbier's Project for an Academy Royal in England._
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Gilbert, Sir Humphrey. _Queene Elizabethes Achademy._ Ed. by F.J.
Furnivall for the Early English Text Society. Extra Series VIII. London,
1869.
Goodall, Baptist. _The Tryall of Travell._ London, 1630.
Googe, Barnaby. _Eglogs, Epytaphes and Sonettes._ 1563.
---- _The Zodiake of Life written by ... Pallingenius ... newly
translated into Englishe verse by Barnabe Googe._ London, 1565.
Greene, Robert. _Greene's Mourning Garment, The Carde of Fancie_, and
_Mamillia_; in _Life and Complete Works in Prose and Verse_. 12 vols.
Ed. A.B. Grosart for the Huth Library, 1881-83.
Greville, Fulke, Lord Brooke. _Life of the Renowned Sir Philip
Sidney.... Written by ... his Companion and Friend._ London, 1652.
---- _Life of Sir Philip Sidney_. Tudor and Stuart Library. Oxford,
1907.
_Guide des Chemins, pour aller et venir par tous les pays et contrées du
Royaume de France, avec les noms des Fleuves et Rivieres qui courent
parmy lesdicts pays_. Paris (1552). (Par C. Estienne.)
Hall, Arthur. _A Letter sent by F.A. touching the proceedings in a
private quarrell and unkindnesse between Arthur Hall and Melchisedich
Mallerie, Gentleman, to his very friend L.B. being in Italy_. (Printed
in _Antiqua Anglicana_, vol. i. London, 1815.)
Hall, Edward. _Life of Henry VIII_. Reprint with an introduction by
Charles Whibley. London, 1904.
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by the Gentlemen of our Nation_. London, 1617. Reprinted in _Works_. Ed.
P. Wynter, for the Clarendon Press. Oxford, 1863.
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_Harleian Miscellany_, vol. ii. _A Late Voyage to Holland, with brief
Relations of the Transactions at the Hague: also Remarks on the Manners
and Customs, Nature and Comical Humours of the People.... Written by an
English Gentleman, attending the Court of the King of Great Britain_.
1691.
---- Vol. iii. _A Relation of such things as were observed to happen in
the journey of the Rt. Hon. Chas. Earl of Nottingham, Lord High Admiral
of England, his Highness's Ambassador to the King of Spain_. By Robert
Treswell, Esq., Somerset-Herald. 1605.
Harrison, William. _A Description of England_ in Holinshed's
_Chronicles_. Ed. by L. Withington, with introduction by F.J. Furnivall.
Camelot Series. (1876?)
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Salisbury, K.G., preserved at Hatfield House.
Hentznerus, Paulus. _Itinerarium Germaniæ, Galliæ, Angliæ, Italiæ_.
Norinbergæ, 1612.
Herbert, Edward, Lord, of Cherbury. _Satyra Secunda, of Travellers from
Paris_. To Ben Jonson. _In Occasional Verses of Edward Lord Herbert,
Baron of Cherbury_. London, 1665.
---- _Autobiography_. Ed. Sidney Lee. London, 1907.
Heylyn, Peter. _A Full Relation of two Journeys; the one into the
Mainland of France, the other into some of the adjacent Ilands_. London,
1656.
----_France Painted to the Life by a Learned and Impartial Hand_. The
Second Edition. London, 1657.
Hoby, Thomas. _The Travels and Life of Sir Thomas Hoby. Written by
Himself, 1547-1564_. Ed. Edgar Powell for Camden Society, Third Series,
vol. iv. 1902.
---- _The Book of the Courtier_. Introduction by Walter Raleigh in Tudor
Translations. Ed. W.E. Henley. Vol. xxiii. London, 1900.
Howard, James. _The English Mounsieur_. London, 1674.
Howell, James. _Epistolæ Ho-Elianæ. The Familiar Letters of James
Horvell_. Ed. J. Jacobs. 1892 (first edition 1645).
----_A Survey of the Signorie of Venice, of her admired policy and
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Lewkenor, Samuel, Gentleman. _A Discourse not altogether unprofitable
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Discourse of all those Citties wherein doe flourish at this day
priveleged Universities_. London, 1600.
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Negri, Cesare. _Nuove Inventioni di Balli: Opera vaghissima di Cesare
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Overbury, Sir Thomas. _Sir Thomas Overbury, His Wife, with additions of
New Newes, and divers more Characters (never before annexed) written by
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Pluvinel, Antoine. _Le Maneige Royal ou lon peut remarquer le defaut et
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Strype, John. _Life of the Learned Sir Thomas Smith, Secretary of State
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Wood, Anthony à. _Athenæ Oxonienses_. Ed. Bliss. London, 1820.
* * * * *
III
CRITICAL OR OTHER WORKS WHICH HAVE BEEN USEFUL IN THIS STUDY
Addison, Joseph. _Remarks on Several Parts of Italy ... in the years
1701, 1702, 1703_. London, 1705.
----_A Letter from Italy to the Right Honourable Charles, Lord Halifax,
by Mr Joseph Addison, 1701_. Printed London, 1709.
Andrich, I.A. _De Natione Anglica et Scotia Iuristarum universitatis
Patavinæ ab an. MCCXXII. P. Ch. N. usque ad an. MDCCXXXVIII._ præfatus
est Blasius Brugi. Patavii excudebant fratres Gallina MDCCCXCII.
Avenel, Le Vicomte G. D'. _La Noblesse française sous Richelieu_. Paris,
1901.
Babeau, Albert. _Les Voyageurs en France Depuis la Renaissance j'usqu' a
La Révolution_. Paris, 1885.
Bapst, Edmund. _Deux Gentilshommes-Poetes de la Cour de Henry VIII_.
Paris, 1891.
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* * * * *
INDEX
Academies, 121-132;
in France, 121-123;
proposals for academies in England, 123-126;
objections to such academies, 128-132
Acworth, George, 62
Addison, Joseph, 181
Advice to Travellers, 4-5, 205;
Elizabethan, 21;
characteristics of Renaissance books of, 28-32;
admonitory side of, 55, 88-98;
for the country gentleman, 148;
guide-books of the 18th century, 196, 200
Agricola, Rudolf, 7
Alps, the, 192, 200
Ambassadors,
training for, 12-16, 43-47, 69;
troubles of, 83-85, 133
Amorphus, in _Cynthia's Revels_, xii
Amsterdam, 137
Art in Spain, 134;
attention to in 17th century, 168-169
Arundel, Earl of, see Howard
Ascham, Roger, 16, 18, 42, 52, 57, 65, 200
Bacon,
Lady Anne, 73-75
Anthony, 73-75
Francis, 36 note, 45:
_Of Travel_, 146
Sir Nicholas, 123
Barker, William, 62, 63
_Bear-Leaders,_ the, 188
Becket, Thomas à, 7
Bedell, William, 76
Bedford, Earl of, see Russell
Bellay, Joachim Du, 16
Bembo, Pietro, 16
Berchtold, Leopold, Count, _Essay to Direct and Extend the Inquiries of
Patriotic Travellers_, 195-198
Berneville, Marie Catherine Jumelle de, Comtesse D'Aunoy, 134
Bethune, Maximilien de, Duc de Sully, 115
Blotz, Hugo, 41
Bobadil, Captain, in _Every Man in His Humour_, 117
Bodley, Sir Thomas, 37
Boleyn, George, Viscount Rochford, 12, 15
Boorde, Andrew, 14
Borssele, Anne, Lady of Veer, 8
Bothwell, Earl of, see Hepburn
Bourdeille, Pierre de, Seigneur de Brantome, 117
Bourne, William, _Treasure for Travellers_, 35
Bowyer, Sir Henry, 113
Boyle, Richard, First Earl of Cork, and his sons Robert and Francis,
158-167
Brandon, Charles, Duke of Suffolk, 15
Brantome, see Bourdeille
Bras-de-Fer, see La Noue
Browne, Sir Thomas, 142, 193 note;
his son at Padua, 139
Bryan, Sir Francis, 15
Bucer, Martin, 17, 41
Buckingham, Duke of, see Villiers
Burghley, Lord, see Cecil
Camden, Thomas, _History of England_, 14
Carew, Sir Nicholas, 15
Carlton, Sir Dudley, 45
Cavendish,
Margaret, Duchess of Newcastle, 144
William, Duke of Newcastle, 104
Cecil,
Anne, Countess of Oxford, 64, 66
Robert, Earl of Salisbury, 39, 76, 78, 150
Thomas, Earl of Exeter, 40, 57 note, 77, 145, 193 note
William, Baron of Burghley, l8, 37, 39, 40, 64-66, 73
William, Lord Cranbourne, 76, 160
William, Lord Roos, 76-78, 80
Chamberlain, John, 45, 113
Charles I., 114, 132
Charles II., 104, 131, 178
Chaucer, Geoffrey, 29
Chesterfield, Earls of, see Stanhope
Chichester, Bishop of, see Montague
Clarendon, Earl of, see Hyde
Clenardus, Nicolaus, 132
Cleves, Charles Frederick, Duke of, 25
Clothes, 68-70;
French, 15, 50, 51, 118, 179, 184, 189;
Italian, 57, 67
Colbert, Jean Baptiste, Marquis de Seignelay, 168
Colet, John, 10
Compostella, St James of, 3
Cork, Earl of, see Boyle
Cornwallis, Sir Charles, 83-85
Coryat, Thomas, 20, 28 note, 200
Cost, see Expense
Cottington, Sir Francis, 83
Cranbourne, Lord, see Cecil
Cranmer, George, 11, 17, 41
Creswell, Joseph, Jesuit, 84
Crichton, James, "The Admirable," 48
Curiosities, 138-139, 168
Customs (_droit d'aubaine_) in Spain, 133
Dallington, Sir Robert,
_Method for Travell_, 88-89, 108, 111-118, 155, 156;
_Survey of Tuscany_, 108, 111;
_View of France,_ 108, 109
Dancing, 113-115
Dangers of Travel, 30, 47-49, 56, 94-98, 198
D'Aunoy, see Berneville
Davison,
Francis, 39-41, 146, 155
William, 35, 154
Delahaute, Antoine, 168
_De Peregrinatione_, 23, 29-32, 55
Derby, Earl of, see Stanley
Descartes, René, 137
Deschamps, Eustache, 107
Devereux,
Robert, Second Earl of Essex, 35, 36, 42
Robert, Third Earl of Essex, 38
Drake, Sir Francis, 27
Dudley, Sir Robert, 102
Dyer, Sir Edward, 21
Education, 103-108;
see also Academies, Universities, Scholars, Ambassadors, Governors,
Humanism
Edward VI., 16, 17
Einstein, Lewis, _Italian Renaissance in England_, 9
Ellis, Sir Henry, 4
Englishmen,
their special reason for travelling, 22;
peculiarities, 120;
Italianate, 55;
prejudices against foreigners, 67-69, 178-181
Erasmus, Desiderius, 6, 8, 9
Essex, Earls of, see Devereux
Evelyn, John, 138, 141, 144, 157, 169
Expenses of travel, 66, 154-157
Fairfax, Colonel Thomas, 152
Faubert, Mons., 125
Fencing, 117
Ferrar, Nicholas, 140
Fielding, Henry, 199
Finch, Sir John, 139
Fitzroy, Henry, Duke of Richmond, 15
Fleetwood, William, Recorder of London, 58, 62
Flemming, Robert, 9
Florio, John, _Second Frutes_, 21
_Flutter, Sir Fopling_, 179
Food, 48, 110-111
Foote, Samuel, _The Englishman in Paris,_ 180
Forbes, James, 151-152
Foreigners, English prejudice against, 67-71, 178-181
Fox, Richard, Bishop of Winchester, 10
France,
academies in, 101, 121-132;
affectations learned in, 15, 50, 51, 179, 183-186;
arbiter of fashion, 118, 119, 141;
gentlemen of, 105, 107, 118, 119;
attraction for tourists, 102-103;
loses some of its charm, 177
Francis I., 14
Free, John, 9
Gailhard J., 167
Gardiner, Stephen, Bishop of Winchester, 41
George I., 190
Gerbier, Balthazar, 124-125;
_Subsidium Peregrinantibus_, 169
Germans,
energetic travellers, 22;
Fynes Moryson's preference for, 93;
slow to learn languages, 113 note
Germany,
attraction of, 17;
women of, 40;
manners of, 48, 172;
Ascham's _Report of Germany_, 200
Gilbert, Sir Humphrey, 123
Gloucester, Duke of, see Henry
Governors, 24-25, 145-154, 167, 170, 186-189
Grand Tour, the, Origin of the term, 143-145
Gray, Thomas, 191-192
Greek, 7, 10, 18, 105
Greene, Robert, 55, 70;
_Greene's Mourning Garment_, 21;
_Quip for an Upstart Courtier_, 70
Greville, Fulke, Lord Brooke, 21, 36
Grey, William, 9
Grimani, Dominic, the Cardinal, 9
Grocyn, William, 10
Grosvenor, Sir Thomas, 168
Guide-books, see Advice to travellers
Gunthorpe, John, 9
Hall,
Arthur, 57-62
Edward, 15
Joseph, 87, 98
Harington, Sir John, 38, 39, 79
Harrison, William, 68
Harvey, Gabriel, 67
Hatton, Sir Christopher, 21
Henri III., 113
Henri IV., 109-110
Henry VI., 3
Henry VIII., 6, 7, 11, 13, 67, 103
Henry, Prince of Wales, son of James I., 38, 79 note, 114, 124
Henry, Duke of Gloucester, son of Charles I., 131
Hepburn, Francis Stewart, Earl of Bothwell, 102
Hertford, Earl of, see Seymour
Hoby, Sir Thomas, 16, 53-55, 62
Holland, 136-139, 197