REARING AND FEEDING
During the past few years we have heard much about early maturity with
all kinds of stock. Four-year-old bullocks are rarely seen in these
days, while wether sheep are being superseded by tegs. With Shire
Horses there has been a considerable amount of attention paid to size
in yearlings, two- and three-year-olds, which, as before stated, is
equivalent to early maturity in the case of cattle and sheep. For the
purpose of getting size an animal must be well fed from birth, and this
applies to foals. Of course, the date of birth counts for a good deal
when foals are shown with their dams, as it does to a less extent with
yearlings, but after that age it makes very little difference whether a
foal is born in February or in May.
From a farmer’s point of view I do not believe in getting Shire foals
too early. They have to be housed for a lengthened period, and the
dams fed on food which may be expensive. At the present time good oats
are worth 30_s._ per quarter, and hay, fit for horses, at least 90_s._
per ton, so that two or three months of winter feeding means a little
sum added to the cost of raising a foal.
The middle of April is early enough for the average foal to arrive,
and he can then make quite a good size by September if his dam is an
ordinarily good suckler and he contracts no ailments, such as chills
or scour, to check his progress. When colts are a month old they will
begin to pick up crushed oats and bran while the dam is feeding,
therefore it is no trouble to teach them to eat from a manger.
A word of caution is necessary to the inexperienced in the matter of
feeding the dam until the foal is a few days old and strong enough to
take all her milk. This is to feed the mare sparingly so as not to
flush her milk while the youngster is unable to take it fast enough. Of
course, the surplus can be milked away, as it should be if the bag is
tight, but this may be neglected and then scour is often set up, which
a very young foal often succumbs to. It is better that the mare should
have too little than too much milk while the youngster gets fairly on
his legs.
Cows always have most of their milk taken away, but young lambs as well
as foals often suffer through taking too much of the dam’s milk during
the first day or two of their existence.
If a foal is born during the grazing season the flow of milk can be
regulated by keeping the mare in a bare pasture, or shutting her up for
part of the day.
Supposing that the foal survives the ills incidental to its early life,
and gains in strength with the lengthening days, its first dry food
will be taken when the mare is fed, which she should be, especially
if she is either a young or an old mare, while show candidates will
naturally need something more than grass. The object is to promote
steady growth and maintain good health, and it should not be forgotten
that oats are the best of all corn for horses; therefore no other kind
should be given to a foal, but on good grazing land a mare will usually
maintain herself and her foal in good condition for a good part of the
summer without manger food.
It is towards weaning time that a manger is needed, into which should
be put crushed (not whole) oats, together with an equal quantity of
bran and a bit of good chaff. At the outset the mare will eat most of
it, but the foal will benefit by getting richer milk and more of it,
which he can now take without any ill effects. In time he acquires the
habit of standing up to the manger and taking his share. It is very
necessary to see that all foals eat well before they are weaned.
The cost of feeding a foal during its first winter may be roughly
reckoned at ten shillings per week, which is made up as follows--
_s._ _d._
80 lbs. of oats 6 0
56 ” hay 2 0
28 ” bran 1 6
28 ” oat straw 0 9
28 ” carrots 0 3
The bulk of the hay and all the oat straw should be fed in the form of
chaff with the oats, bran and carrots (well cleaned and pulped), then
a very good everyday diet can be formed by mixing the whole together,
and one which few horses will refuse. Of course the items are not
reckoned at the extreme prices prevailing in the winter of 1914-1915,
but they could often be bought for less, so that it is a fair average.
It will be seen that oats form the biggest part, for the reason
aforesaid, that they are better than other kinds of corn.
A little long hay should be given at night--more when there is snow on
the ground--the other mixture divided into two feeds per day, morning
and evening, unless showing is contemplated in the early Spring, when,
of course, an extra feed will be given at mid-day.
The fashion has changed during the past few years as regards hay for
horses. Meadow hay is regarded, and rightly so, as too soft, so hard
seeds are invariably chosen by grooms or owners who want value for
money.
It is quite easy to ascertain which a horse likes best by putting some
good hard mixture and equally well-gotten meadow hay side by side in
front of him. He will certainly eat that first which he likes best, and
it will be found to be the harder mixture. The quantities mentioned
are for foals which lie out or run on pasture.
The best place for wintering them is in a paddock or field, with a
roomy shed open to the south. A yard, walled or slabbed on three sides,
the south again being open to the field, with doors wide enough to
admit a cart, is a very useful addition to the shed, as it is then
possible to shut the youngsters in when necessary.
Both yard and shed should be kept littered, if straw is plentiful, but
if not the shed should contain a good bedding of peat-moss litter. No
overhead racks should be used, but one on the same level as the manger,
so that no seeds drop out of the rack into the colt’s eyes.
It will be found that foals reared in this way are healthy and ready
for their feed, and they will often prefer to lie full length in
the open than to rest in the shed. To see them lying quite flat and
fast asleep, looking as if dead, is a pretty sure sign that they are
thriving. They will often snore quite loudly, so that a novice may
consider that they are ill.
Rock salt should be within reach for them to lick, together with good
clean water. If a trough is used for the latter it should be cleaned
out at intervals, and if a pond or ditch is the drinking place, there
should be a stone mouth so as to avoid stalking in the mud. A healthy
horse is a hungry horse, therefore the feed should be cleaned up before
the next is put in. This must be noted in the case of foals just
weaned. Any left over should be taken away and given to older horses,
so that the little ones receive a sweet and palatable meal.
Condition and bloom may be obtained by adding a small quantity of
boiled barley or a handful of linseed meal to the food above mentioned,
while horses lying in should have a boiled linseed and bran mash about
once a week.
It should be remembered, as before stated, that horses are not like
cattle, sheep, or pigs, being fattened to be killed. They have a
comparatively long life in front of them, so that it is necessary to
build up a good constitution. Then they may change hands many times,
and if they pass from where cooked foods and condiments are largely
used to where plain food is given they are apt to refuse it and lose
flesh in consequence, thus leading the new owner to suppose that he
has got a bad bargain.
Reference has already been made to the pernicious system of stuffing
show-animals, and it is not often that farmers err in this direction.
They are usually satisfied with feeding their horses on sound and
wholesome home-grown food without purchasing costly extras to make
their horses into choice feeders.
It is always better for the breeder of any class of stock if the
animals he sells give satisfaction to the purchasers, and this is
particularly true of Shire horses. A doubtful breeder or one which is
not all that it should be may be fattened up and sold at more than its
market value, but the buyer would not be likely to go to the same man
if he wanted another horse, therefore it is better to gain a reputation
for honest dealing and to make every effort to keep it.
It might be here mentioned that it is not at all satisfactory to rear
a Shire foal by itself, even if it will stay in its paddock. It never
thrives as well as when with company, and often stands with its head
down looking very mopish and dull, therefore the rearing of Shires is
not a suitable undertaking for a small holder, although he may keep
a good brood-mare to do most of his work and sell her foal at weaning
time.
In the absence of a second foal a donkey is sometimes used as a
companion to a single one, but he is a somewhat unsatisfactory
playfellow, therefore the farmer with only one had far better sell it
straight from the teat, or if he has suitable accommodation he should
buy another to lie with it and rear the two together. Of course, two
will need more food than one, but no more journeys will be required to
carry it to the manger. Care should be taken, however, to buy one quite
as good, and if possible better, than the home-bred one.
If they are to make geldings the colour should match, but if for
breeding purposes the colour need not necessarily be the same. Except
for making a working gelding, however, chestnuts should be avoided. It
is not a desirable colour to propagate, so one can breed enough of that
shade without buying one. A remark which may be also made with regard
to unsound ones, viz. that most horse-breeders get enough of them
without buying.
During their second summer--that is as yearlings--Shires not wanted for
show purposes should be able to do themselves well at grass, supposing
the land is of average quality and not overstocked, but if the soil
is very poor it may be necessary to give a small feed once a day, of
which pulped mangolds may form a part if they are plentiful. This extra
feeding is better than stunting the growth, and the aim is to get a big
romping two-year-old colt, filly, or gelding as the case may be.
Colts not up to the desired standard should be operated on during their
yearling days, preferably in May or June, and, as before indicated,
merit should be conspicuous in those left for stud purposes, while the
back breeding on both sides counts for much in a stallion. That is why
Lockinge Forest King, Childwick Champion, and a few others which could
be named, proved to be such prepotent stock-getters.
After June or July colts should be separated from fillies unless the
colts have been castrated, and they must be put inside good fences,
this being something of a puzzle to a farmer with a few paddocks and
poor fences. Consequently, a second or third-rate young stallion often
causes a good deal of trouble, in fact, more than he leaves a return
for.
For the second winter the young Shires still need a bit of help. If
they are to make, or are likely to make, anything out of the common
they should be fed liberally, otherwise a feed of chaff and corn once a
day will do, with a bit of hay to munch at night, but it must be good
wholesome forage.
During their second spring, or when two years old, they should be put
to work as described in a former chapter, after which they are able at
least to earn their keep; the cost of rearing on the lines indicated up
to this age will be found to be considerable, so that a good saleable
animal is needed to make the business a profitable one; but I have kept
the rearing of good sound Shires in view, not crocks or mongrels.
The effect of the war on the cost of feeding horses has led the Board
of Agriculture and Fisheries to issue a leaflet telling horse owners
of substitutes for oats. When it was written beans were relatively
cheaper, so was maize, while rice-meal was recommended to form part of
the mixture, owing to its lower cost.
Those who have fed horses are aware that they do not like any food
which is of a dusty nature. It sticks in their nostrils, causing them
annoyance, if not discomfort, which a horse indicates by blowing its
nose frequently.
Any kind of light meal should therefore be fed either with damp chaff
or with pulped roots, well mixed with the feed in the manner described
elsewhere. If mangolds have to be purchased at £1 per ton, they help to
make the meals more palatable. The farmer who grows a variety of corn
and roots is usually able to prepare and blend his own foods so as to
make a diet on which horses will thrive although oats are scarce.
In Scotland boiled swedes or turnips are largely used for farm horses,
but coal and labour are now scarce as well as horse corn.