102. Q. Afterward, whom did the army engage to serve in a war against

Tissaphernes and Pharnabazus? A. The Lacedæmonians.

103. Q. To what number was the army now reduced? A. To six thousand.

104. Q. After the incorporation of the remainder of the ten thousand with

the Lacedæmonian army where did Xenophon go? A. To Athens.

105. Q. What is the position of the “Iliad” of Homer in literature? A. It

is the leading poem of the world.

106. Q. From what is the “Iliad” entitled? A. From the word Ilium, which

is the alternative name of Troy.

107. Q. What episode in the siege of Troy is the real subject of the

“Iliad”? A. The wrath of Achilles.

108. Q. What occasioned the siege of Troy? A. The carrying off of Helen,

wife of Menelaus, a Grecian king, by Paris.

109. Q. Who was Paris? A. Son of Priam, the king of Troy.

110. Q. Who engaged in the siege against Troy? A. The confederate kings

of all Greece, with Agamemnon as commander-in-chief.

111. Q. What was the occasion of the wrath of Achilles? A. The arbitrary

interference of Agamemnon to deprive Achilles of a female captive,

Briseis, and usurp her to himself.

112. Q. What at length incites Achilles to return to the field? A. The

death of Patroclus, his close friend, slain by the Trojans.

113. Q. What is the result as to Achilles? A. He slays Hector, the Trojan

champion, and is himself killed by Paris.

114. Q. What forms the subject of the “Odyssey”? A. The adventures of one

of the Greek chieftains, Ulysses, or Odysseus.

115. Q. When and how does the “Iliad” itself close? A. Before the fall of

Troy, and with the death and funeral rites of Hector.

116. Q. What are some of the best known translations of the “Iliad”? A.

Chapman’s, Pope’s, Cowper’s, Derby’s and Bryant’s.

117. Q. Of what are some of the most noted passages in the first book of

the “Iliad” descriptive? A. The descent of Apollo, the wrangle between

Achilles and Agamemnon, the promise of Jupiter to Thetis, and the feast

of the gods.

118. Q. What does the second book of the “Iliad” recount? A. How Jupiter

sends a deceiving dream to Agamemnon, to induce that chieftain to make a

vain assault on the Trojans.

119. Q. With what does the book close? A. With a catalogue of the Greek

forces assembled.

120. Q. To us who read in the light of present views what is a feature

of the “Iliad” fatal to any genuine interest in the story? A. The

introduction of supernatural agencies into the action of the poem.

121. Q. What is one of the prominent scenes introduced in the third book

of the “Iliad”? A. A duel between Paris, the thief, and Menelaus, the

husband of Helen.

122. Q. What takes place at the crisis of the duel? A. Venus steps in and

carries Paris off to his bed-chamber in the palace of Priam.

123. Q. In the fourth book what is described by a simile, one of the most

nobly conceived and nobly expressed of all that occur in the “Iliad”? A.

The advance of the Achaians to battle.

124. Q. What noted hero is introduced in the fifth book of the “Iliad”?

A. Æneas, the Trojan hero of Virgil’s poem, the “Æneid.”

EDITOR’S OUTLOOK.

THE OUTLOOK FROM THE PLAINFIELD OFFICE.

He must be a very indifferent man, indeed, who does not feel the quick

flush of pride at the growth and success of the institutions with

which he is connected. Doubly glad will he be if it be one for whose

enlargement he has labored.

We surmise that there are very few of our readers—many of whom are

more than members of the C. L. S. C., being actual workers for its

interests—but that will be eager to know the present outlook for our work

from the Plainfield office, anxious to know what are the prospects for

1884-’85.

Nowhere excepting at the central office is it possible to sound our

work, to know its breadth, its depth, the permanency of its interest

among our members, and its growth among the people. Here we can gauge

its dimensions. And, perhaps, the first sign, and certainly it is a most

significant one, is that which every casual visitor at our business

headquarters must observe at once, as he looks in upon the busy workers

of the office; the work is too big for its quarters. The mammoth mails

are swelling beyond the prescribed boundaries. The office must grow with

the C. L. S. C., and next spring it is decreed that there shall be a

Chautauqua floor at Plainfield instead of an office, and that there, side

by side, shall be found the business centers of the two great divisions

of the “new education”—the C. L. S. C. and the Chautauqua University.

Of equal import is the work that the office secretary and her associates

are being called upon to do this fall. Much work is always the sign of

growth. It proves a demand for that which you are able to supply. It

shows that you are filling a needed place. The C. L. S. C. never made

more work than it does now—the most conclusive proof that the cause

is prospering. The mails have become enormous. The average number of

letters daily received through September and up to this date was over

six hundred. These letters are the pulses of public feeling toward this

work. They contain queries of all kinds respecting the methods of the

Circle; they ask for circulars in great quantities, saying that there

are everywhere people waiting to receive them; they proclaim enlarged

boundaries and steadily increasing strength.

In many towns where the membership has always been large it has been

doubled this fall. On October 4th the class of ’88 numbered over 3,000

members, a much larger number than the class of ’87 had at the same time

last year.

One particularly encouraging feature is the vigor of the work. The C. L.

S. C. grows up _strong_. There are records innumerable in those Cyclopean

books at the Secretary’s office of readers who have caught the true idea,

that education is life work, and they have joined the C. L. S. C. to

stay. There are numbers of established circles, and this fall’s records

are increasing the number of post-graduate readers, and the list of

circles which have become fixed institutions.

There are, too, some interesting facts to be gleaned from a careful study

of these records. We like to know where lie the strongholds of our work,

among what kind of people are its rank and file, and here are the answers

to our queries. The outlook for the present year shows that, as has been

true heretofore, the leaders in the C. L. S. C. are the states of New

York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Michigan, California and New England, that

close in their train follow Illinois, Iowa and Indiana; that the class of

people taking up the work is now, as always, the busy class, whose lives

are full of thought and work and plans; that their ages, on an average,

lie between twenty and forty years.

The outlook from the Plainfield office is to-day upon an ever growing

band of earnest hearted men and women, gathered from all the states

and territories of the Union, and from over the seas; it is upon an

enthusiasm never before surpassed by any body of students in any land,

and it presages, beyond doubting, the largest, grandest year in the

history of the movement.

THE DECLINE OF ORATORY.

The political campaign affords a good view of the decline of oratory and

of its chief causes. Oratory is not a less potent force on account of any

decrease in the production of the talents which under proper culture form

the orator. Humanity is probably richer in such gifts. And yet oratory

had notice to prepare for an eclipse when printing was invented, and the

shadow upon oratorical influence has grown larger in each half century

until the illuminating office has passed almost entirely over to the

press. In the old campaigns, the orator furnished a feeble press with

facts and arguments; in the present campaign the positions are exactly

reversed. The press furnishes the ideas, the arguments, the facts, the

illustrations. The stump speaker no longer invents; he crams. He is not

an original thinker, developing lines of attack and defense, fortifying

weak positions and fashioning a line of battle by a single speech. He is

the mouthpiece of party opinion, the obedient servant of party tactics,

and the illustrator and peddler of other men’s thoughts. And all this

work is cut out for him by men who in the press represent both public

opinion and party councils of war. Men are living who can remember when

the words of Clay, Webster, Calhoun, Seward, Lincoln, were waited for;

and the words came—they were battle cries and marching orders. Now

nobody waits for any orator, and the orator gets his instructions from

the press. It is not very wise to attribute the change to the decline

of statesmanship and leadership. It is not clear that the former has

declined; it is certain that the latter has not. But the leader is no

longer a man who makes a speech, but he has become a man who writes an

article or plans a campaign in which the telegraph, the literary bureau,

the campaign document, and the contriving genius in himself do the large

work. He puts orators into the field and tells them what to say. They

are his instruments, very useful instruments, because the love of public

speaking is still strong in men; but still oratory uses the tools of the

man with a pen and types.

The causes of the changed relations of writer and speaker are made

conspicuous by the campaign. A carefully prepared and printed document

can be circulated in millions of copies; a speech can be heard by from

one to five thousand people only. These words of ours are addressed to

one hundred and fifty thousand readers; he is a genius, before whom this

present writer would take off his hat, who can collect five thousand

men to listen to him on any subject. The press has the large audience,

a vast congregation never dreamed of until the press and swift modes of

communication made the immense audience possible. Another cause is that,

while we have more talents, there are competing demands for the services

of those which prevail in argument and persuasion. Fifty years ago this

country had no great editors; it could easily furnish a liberal supply

of orators. Now it uses up a large amount of its oratorical ability in

the editorial rooms. Other pursuits have silenced tongues that might

have moved mankind, by employing the brains in mercantile and industrial

work on large lines. Many a great railroad man might have been a great

orator. But the diversion of born pleaders and debaters to the newspapers

sufficiently accounts for their absence from the stump.

The genius for mastery over political thought and action is not blind; it

has gone into the press because it could prevail and direct and conquer

in the press. It is a natural consequence of the shifting of the central

point of persuasive power that we perceive a third cause of the decline

of oratory. The press is at the center, the headquarters so to say, while

the orator is out in the field making a raid or conducting a skirmish.

Centralization is an inevitable effect of the press, the telegraph and

the railway. Some effects are to be regretted as we regret the existence

of unpleasant incidents of wholesome movements in progress. But our

regret can hardly extend to the power of directing a party campaign from

a center of the field. It is, in our day, the only way of making it a

distinct engagement. It would be a series of isolated skirmishes if we

did not have a headquarters and a central committee. This central power

speaks in telegraphic clicks and printed words. The orator may be a

dashing lieutenant, he can not be a general.

Oratory has taken a subordinate position. The fact has its bearings on

deliberative assembly government. Congress can not have great orators

in an age when the public will is expressed by editors, and the shape

of bills fixed by the newspapers. The business of the legislators is

restricted on all sides by the press. The discussions of a legislature

are feebleness itself in the presence of the ringing and decisive

editorials of influential newspapers. The press hems in the assemblymen

within narrow limits of choice; and a speech can not be great when it can

not command the field, but only a corner of it. All this does not mean

that oratory is dying or to die; it has simply taken a lower place as an

agent in argument and persuasion. Nor do we mean that great orators are

no longer possible. A great orator, by natural endowment, may make and

hold a commanding place—by the aid of the press. But the greatness which

will do this must be of a prodigious power and altogether exceptional

magnitude. The best men will, as a rule, seek the easier paths to

influence, and these lie through types and ink. To speak well will always

be an admirable and effective art; but the orator must serve and follow

the press. He is a necessary part of the machinery of persuasion, but he

is no longer the driving wheel.

THE NEW ORLEANS WORLD’S FAIR.

World’s fairs are special products of modern civilization, and they

present in a picturesque and dramatic way the essentials of modern

progress, liberty, intercourse between nations, world-wide exchanges. The

world’s fairs are for all the world, and representatives of all nations,

and the products of all nations are gathered into them. These fairs are

milestones of progress; for all new arts and appliances of all lands are

exhibited; and they are social gatherings for civilized humanity. If they

had no other value than to reflect the unity of mankind under modern

liberty and Christianity, they would be worth more than they cost. The

spectacle of civilized mankind and the products of their brain and hand

collected together in one place is in itself a lesson and an inspiration.

The world moves—toward concord, fraternity, unity.

The next world’s fair will have several new values. It is to be held a

long distance nearer to the equator than any of its predecessors. It is

to be at the mouth of one of the world’s great streams, on the borders

of the American Mediterranean, in the midst of the tropical luxuriance

of the South. A world’s fair at New Orleans has all the qualities of

a luxuriant and inspiring prospective for the imagination. In a dozen

ways it invites enthusiasm. It is, for example, one of our reasons for

spending so freely our blood and treasure to keep the mouth of the

Mississippi within the United States of America; one of the rewards

of the South for its own failure to draw a boundary line across that

mighty stream. The nation which held the city of New Orleans with a grip

of iron, now spends a million and a half to celebrate the concord of

humanity in that city. The nation will throng southward this winter, not

to secure its territorial integrity, but to celebrate its unity, and the

larger unity of mankind. Peace will have larger armies than war had. We

shall go in masses, because we want to see our fair South, because it

will cost each of us but little, to the land we loved enough to die for,

because a tropical world’s fair has for us of the North a fascination

which no other fair ever had or ever will have. They are wise down there,

and tell us that the tropical display will be the leading feature of the

show. Of course it will, and it is that which will attract us and pull

us to the exhibition. We have all dreamed of the wealth and magnificence

of tropical verdure, and it is to be, so to say, “on tap” in New Orleans

next winter when our verdure is asleep under the snow, or nestled at the

roots of the trees in saps which are mere possibilities of life next

spring. “Tropical display!” What other exhibition could have such a charm?

Rumor says that the railways will astonish us by a schedule of fares

which will almost equalize riding and going on foot. They are wise. They

could afford to carry us for nothing. Some time, and not a distant time,

is to witness a great migration southward. The railroads can richly

afford to take us all down there to see the great, rich, open field

which has thus far invited us in vain, while we have been following the

westering sun to the Pacific coast. Cheap lands, a climate and soil

favoring abundant production, undeveloped industrial opportunities, and

near markets, attract us, or would attract us, if we realized them. A

world’s fair at New Orleans affords the needed incentive to a great

movement of many classes of our people to the South. Few of us know the

country or its people. The war and the turbulence of the reconstruction

era, and political disorders, on which we have no disposition to dwell,

have made us strangers and unsympathetic with each other as North and

South. The fair will disperse false notions and correct wrong impressions

in both sections. It will be a temple of concord for the nation. We shall

begin after this celebration of industry to fill up the vacant lands and

opportunities of the Gulf region.

The details of the preparations are interesting. The grounds are to

be two hundred and twenty-seven acres of land on the banks of the

Mississippi. An electric railway is to encircle them, and the spot is

accessible both by land and water. The buildings are five in number, and

the main edifice is 1,378 feet long and 905 feet wide without courts, and

a glass roof, and so arranged within as to afford an unobstructed view

of the whole of a magnificent hive of industry. Horticultural Hall is

the largest conservatory in the world, 600 feet long and 194 feet wide;

and 20,000 plates of fruit, double the number ever before displayed at

once, will be shown on the tables. It stands among live oak trees; it

will be filled with tropical productions. An infinite variety of southern

trees and flowers will be exhibited outside of this hall. Eminent

horticulturists are now engaged in arranging for our eyes a bewildering

spectacle of the verdure of the lands lying under the rich blessing of

the sun. Can New Orleans give shelter and food to all who will visit the

exhibition? The people think they can. It is a city of 250,000 people,

and from the inception of the enterprise they have had committees at

work upon this problem. They are making a thorough canvass of the city

for homes for guests; charges will be fixed in advance and strictly

supervised throughout the exhibition. Let us all go to the New Orleans

World’s Fair.

JUDICIOUS READING OF THE PERIODICAL PRESS.

There is room for good judgment in everything, and daily reading is no

exception to the rule. It has come to pass that periodical publications

take up a large part of the time and attention of readers, and the

tendency in the case is for this kind of printed page to draw too heavily

upon us. Most persons in towns read too much newspaper and too little

book. The newspapers are abundant, are good as newspapers, and they are

full of matter. They claim first attention because they contain the news;

they keep attention because the news is abundantly padded, and because

the newspaper furnishes other attractive reading. Two or three bad

effects of confining ourselves to such reading must be experienced. One

is that a feverish interest in events of no great importance is created,

and our thoughts revolve about such events. Another bad effect is that

the knowledge of the newspaper devourer is imperfect, scrappy, and mixed

with errors of fact and principle. The newspaper is produced in haste.

Editors have no time to verify all facts and sift out unsound opinions.

It is a kind of intellectual bar-room, where all sorts jostle each other

and live in good fellowship. The very copiousness and breadth of the

journal create a need of better and more accurate reading. Its fragments

need to be pieced together by wider knowledge than it gives. It is not

enough to say that the present reading habits of our people give to the

newspaper the first position as a teacher of the people; one should go

on to reflect that this education is not by any means the best. It is

too fragmentary and disconnected. The tendency which we regret is not

the fault of the press, but it none the less requires the corrective of

some kind of restraint upon its habit of monopolizing so large a portion

of our time. One may easily learn to read the paper swiftly, get its

proper value in a few moments and pass on. Information in more connected

and complete forms invites our attention to books; and an intelligent

person should save some time for these more valuable products of the

press. There is a place, in short, for good judgment in limiting the

intellectual tax which the newspaper levies upon us.

Good sense and sound discretion have a place also in our selection of

newspapers. They differ, not exactly as one star differeth from another

star in glory, but rather as a pure article of merchandise differs

from an adulterated article. A clean press, in the general sense of

the term, has almost become the rule; but there are still many unclean

papers. The obviously unclean are easily shunned. Our danger comes from

periodicals conducted for particular ends, to gain which the proprietors

will on occasion sacrifice purity. A body of ministers, the Cincinnati

Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church, has recently condemned

in the strongest terms a newspaper long honored for its purity, which

has recently depreciated the importance of personal chastity in public

men. The incident and its cause are a warning that newspapers change

their tone as they change editors, and that a strong desire to promote

some object may blind an editor and stain the fairest page. There is

but one remedy for this form of the evil, and that is to cast out the

newspaper which is guilty of the offense. There is need of caution at

this point, because a favorite newspaper, like the king in absolutism,

can do no wrong. We grow accustomed to believing it right, to accepting

its teachings, to dropping all critical safeguards and taking for good

and sound opinions whatever it may deliver to us. This is not a safe

habit. Editors like William Cullen Bryant die and their successors may

be of another spirit. Few newspapers are the same in moral complexion

for twenty years; death and business changes inevitably alter them. Even

our favorite newspaper needs watching; and we ought never to condone so

gross an outrage on the sanctities of life as the one to which we have

reluctantly referred.

Another place for good judgment is in selecting the kind of periodical

literature we read. There is a great variety. Some are too light; some

are too heavy. Some are frivolous in spirit and purpose; others are so

solid that they weigh down the eyelids of the reader. It is not necessary

that good reading should be dull, lifeless and soporific. On the other

hand, the periodicals which live upon love of fiction and curiosity

are too light for the use of people who are living on purpose and for

some proper ends. The popular magazine is too light. It is, at best,

like dress worn to be looked at rather than for comfort and warmth. The

ornamental has become too prominent and too monopolizing. The readers of

the popular periodical add little to their wisdom and nothing to their

aspirations. Really good results from periodical reading must be had in

one of two ways or not at all. Wisdom or inspiration—or both—should come

to us from such reading. We are stating the creed and the platform of

THE CHAUTAUQUAN. Its special aims are these two: We wish to increase the

knowledge of our readers; we wish also to inspire them with two forms of

zeal, one which pursues wisdom, and another which aims at sound and pure

character. We believe that we help our readers by giving them information

and an appetite for it, and that those who read THE CHAUTAUQUAN carefully

are stimulated by it to intellectual and moral effort. It has seemed to

us that the inspiring quality has disappeared from the average monthly.

Indeed, if we look for it in these days we must search in periodicals

which have a definite and pronounced moral purpose. There is a pestilent

theory that good literature must have only an artistic purpose, that to

be in bloody earnest is not good form in letters. THE CHAUTAUQUAN is

in earnest; it is the organ of one of the most vigorous and aggressive

organizations for popular improvement, and its tone and matter are fixed

for it by the high purpose of that organized crusade against ignorance

and its consequences. We are not content to please or to satisfy passing

curiosity. The whim or incident of the hour gets little of our attention.

We are concerned with permanent and useful things. We desire to enlarge

the horizon of our readers and fix their interest upon the best and

tested objects of living. We are confident that any habitual reader of

ours will be made wiser and better. There is not much glitter about such

results, and yet they will shine when aimless literature has long ceased

to glitter.

EDITOR’S NOTE-BOOK.

What is in a name? Isaac Newton recently committed suicide in New York;

Wilbur Fisk is traveling a circuit in Iowa; George Washington was lately

sent to prison in Georgia, and Andrew Jackson has escaped from jail in

Louisiana. Any attentive newspaper reader can continue the list of great

names filling modest roles in contemporary history. Perhaps it is a pity

we have not names enough to go around.

* * * * *

In reply to an inquirer: You will learn to write _by writing_, and by

always writing as well as you can.

“True ease in writing comes from art, not chance,

As those move easiest who have _learned_ to dance.”

And art is a fruit of laborious practice. Spend as much time writing

as you would in learning to play a piano; then you will begin to begin

learning the art.

* * * * *

The public lands of the West are being rapidly transferred to private

hands. During the year ended June 30th, last, nearly twenty-seven

millions of acres were disposed of. Of this total, little more than

seven millions were sold. More than fourteen millions were given away

as homesteads and timber tracts; and the rest were given away, some

3,300,000 acres going to railroad companies. The total is an increase of

more than eight millions over the previous year. And yet an abundance

of land remains in the hands of the government. It will be a good while

before we shall be crowded in this country.

* * * * *

At this writing it is difficult to predict the end of the troubles in

China. It is most probable that France will secure herself in Tonquin.

But a suspicion has existed for months that Bismarck had a hand in this

affair, and that he has secretly encouraged France, hoping she would come

to grief. It is now rumored that he has intimated to the French that they

have gone far enough. Most political affairs in Europe are managed by the

Chancellor of the German empire, and he is probably the only who can give

a good guess at the result of the French imbroglio in China.

* * * * *

Impure water supply is one of the greatest perils of our great cities.

Philadelphia and Chicago have old troubles. Washington is more recently

in trouble. There is only one thorough remedy, and that is a system of

sewage which transports offal outside of the city and restores to the

soil as much as possible of the elements of our food. That gives a chance

for clean water, and it gives a chance for food for the next generation.

Chautauqua employs this system, and has pure wells on the hillside and a

pure lake at its feet.

* * * * *

It seems to us that more property has been burned up this summer than

is usual in the warm portion of the year. Insurance agents say that

accidental fires are much more common in years of financial depression

than in those of prosperity; and they think out a moral connection

between the two sets of phenomena. Let us hope that the improvement in

the times will go on rapidly, else the winter may be one of unexampled

severity—for insurance companies.

* * * * *

A pleasant piece of statistic tells us that our people produce

forty-eight bushels of grain per capita, and consume forty-one bushels

per capita; and both these figures are the highest in the world. We

raise more grain and eat more food than any other people. That test of

prosperity is decisive. We have our troubles, but let us “think on our

mercies.”

* * * * *

Jerry McAuley, the evangelist of the slums, died last month. There is

refreshment in the man’s history. Born and trained among the thieves of

the worst quarter of New York, he got into prison under a sentence for

fifteen years, became a Christian in prison, and spent the rest of his

life reclaiming the fallen men and women of his native city. Men _do_

reform under Christian forces, and a reformed man _may_ do a glorious

work.

* * * * *

Stolen marriages are not usually happy ones. In those cases, especially

where a well bred, liberally educated, and luxuriously inclined girl

elopes with a coachman or a deck hand, the hasty espousals commonly end

in misery for the wife. Several such elopements have recently occurred;

and they seem to be “catching.” A Canadian girl of wealthy parentage read

the story of the Morosini elopement, and thereupon got up an elopement

of her own. The “catching” symptom is probably due to the glories of the

reporter’s rhetoric.

* * * * *

Dr. Woodrow is the last clergyman who has had fame thrust upon him, for

a peculiarly unsuccessful attempt to become an evolutionist. He first

succeeded in getting Adam evolved from an ape or something, and left

Eve to be created. More lately, he has, if we understand the story,

evolutionized the first human pair from a pair of apes by _an accidental

variation_. But there are no accidents in the genuine evolution; and Dr.

Woodrow is being made fun of from both sides.

* * * * *

The extraordinary liberality of the English Wesleyans has attracted

deserved attention and respect. They have collected very large sums of

money for new churches in London and for missionary fields—millions of

dollars in a few years. It is now noted that the Scotch churches have

been visited with refreshing showers of the grace of giving. In one year

the three branches of Presbyterians have raised more than seven millions

of dollars for their own work. That sort of grace is proof of other and

more spiritual sorts.

* * * * *

The Young Men’s Christian Associations have grown marvelously. Their

New Year Book shows that on this continent this child of yesterday has

created $3,400,000 in Association buildings, and put a great army of

Christian workers into the field. Its rapid growth and vigorous work are

one of the marvels of the time.

* * * * *

There is a notable lull in the storm against speculative and religious

philosophy. The reason is plain. The hope that we should soon be able to

see through creation and its cause with a microscope has begun to expire,

if it be not already dead. This relegates science to its proper domain,

and recalls reason to her old office. Some abatement of scientific

enthusiasm as a speculative force is also to be noted. The British and

American Associations at Montreal and Philadelphia did not show a puff of

this sort of wind. Both attended strictly to scientific business.

* * * * *

Attention has been called to the fact that people may live too

economically, by the havoc made by cholera among the under-fed Italian

peasants. Statesmen in Italy complain that the rural peasants will save

at the expense of vitality; in short, starve themselves. In this country

people do not fast or eat insufficiently if they can get “square meals;”

but they often starve their souls.

* * * * *

“Gath” is out with a sound letter against beer guzzling. “Boys,” he says,

“were never seen in drinking places so long as whiskey was the standard.”

That is so. Everybody knows that beer drinking by boys has become common.

The sentimental argument that beer would cure drunkenness has come to

this issue.

* * * * *

It is once more remarked that Jews are seldom victims of cholera. In

France, it is said, only seven Jews were this year attacked by the

disease. But perhaps this was a fair proportion of Jews when we count

them and the non-Jews and make allowance for degrees of exposure to

attack. It is not time yet to condemn the hog to extermination on this

branch of the evidence.

* * * * *

There has been less than the usual supply of hazing barbarities in the

colleges this fall. Some tragical results in former years have given

the barbaric custom of outraging freshmen serious blows. Here and there

a case of hazing has attracted attention this year. The evil has lost

the prestige of honored custom, and is now more honored in the breach

than in the observance. It will die without being regretted. Only brutal

creatures, unfit for decent society, engage in this form of midnight

violence.

* * * * *

Jean Robie, the Belgian flower painter, has a surprisingly versatile

genius. He is exceedingly able as a colorist, and his flower-pieces have

an enduring charm, but are so subtilely rendered that their reproduction

is extremely difficult. A very successful effort has recently been

made, by L. Prang & Co., to reproduce one of his latest works by color

printing on satin. As a publication it is unique, and suitable either for

an easel picture, panel decoration, or for framing.

* * * * *

Good Chautauquans everywhere have a warm attachment to the “Chautauqua

Bells,” and will, we feel sure, unite with us in a vote of sincere thanks

to the McNeely Bell Co., of Troy, N. Y., through whose courtesy, each

summer, we hear the beautiful chime on the point.

* * * * *

David Dudley Field renews the demand for a change of the name of New York

to Manhattan. It would be convenient, no doubt; but the change is not

practicable. Besides, New York is already bigger than Manhattan Island,

and Mr. Field wants to take in Brooklyn. The effect of the enlargement

of the city is to make old Manhattan a section only of our American

metropolis, which, if it gets what belongs to it, Brooklyn and Jersey

City, will probably be the largest city on the globe in 1984.

* * * * *

Let no one twit the West any more on the subject of youth and

inexperience. Michigan, Ohio and Indiana have participated in an

earthquake—and earthquakes have chiefly favored venerable countries. This

earth-shiver, following closely upon one on the Atlantic coast, confirms

a scientific prophecy that seismic disorders would have a revival over a

wide field in these years. Probably destructive earthquakes are not to be

expected to occur in new regions.

* * * * *

A bad custom of gambling on the high seas, on the fashionable steamers,

has at last been called up for rebuke. The evil has become intolerable to

well-instructed people. The present writer has heard more than one man

boast that he “made his passage money” by betting on cards during the

trip. Fast steamers are rapidly becoming gambling hells.

* * * * *

A fashionable woman went to Saratoga this summer with twenty-one trunks

containing ninety-three complete toilets. She wore from two to five

toilets a day, and left Saratoga the day on which she had exhibited

number ninety-three. This species of fool dies hard, but she is dying,

and the world will by and by see the last of her. Respect for her

decreases steadily; in a few years she will be less interesting than the

shop window in which dresses are displayed on automata.

* * * * *

The United States Court in San Francisco has ruled that a Chinese man

and a Chinese woman, though ostensibly married, are not one flesh. Judge

Field said the country would be flooded with Chinese if women could come

in on the certificates of their husbands. The decision relates to the

right of Chinamen to return after visiting their fatherland. The golden

gate is being gradually shut against these people; but they are now

coming in across the imaginary boundary line between us and Canada. They

can not be kept out. The effort to prevent their coming is “love’s (?)

labor lost.”

* * * * *

We do not yet realize the greatness of this country. We knew long ago

that there is an iron mountain in Missouri. Now we are told that there

are four alum mountains in lower California, containing one hundred

millions of tons of alum. Please do not invest in alum at present prices.

“It may go lower.”

* * * * *

It is reported that a movement for reform in the city government of

Chicago is ready to march. We suppose that the object is to influence the

elections next spring. Some excellent results have followed these local

organizations for good government. Their success depends upon the energy

and enthusiasm with which they confine their work to home business.

When they mix national politics with local reform they go to wreck. The

excellent Brooklyn movement seems to have been close to the rocks this

summer, through dabbling in politics. There ought to be no politics in

administering the affairs of a city, no more than in a bank or lumber

yard.

C. L. S. C. NOTES ON REQUIRED READINGS FOR NOVEMBER.

PREPARATORY GREEK COURSE IN ENGLISH.

P. 95.—“Gorˈgi-as.” (B.C. 487-380.) A Greek rhetorician and sophist. He

captivated the Athenian populace by the splendor of his eloquence, and

had among his pupils Alcibiades and Æschines.

P. 97.—“Socrates.” The advice given by Socrates, who was very fearful

“lest it might be a matter of censure on the part of the state” should

Xenophon take part in this expedition, was that he should go to Delphi

and consult the oracle of the great god Apollo concerning the undertaking.

P. 98.—“Pæˈan.” One of the names of Apollo; afterward transferred from

him to a triumphal song dedicated to him.

P. 100.—“Larissa.” Now Nimroud, and probably (with its excavated palaces)

the southern portion of the vast circuit of Nineveh, “Resen” mentioned in

Gen. 10-12.

P. 105.—“Brazen Utensils.” They very artfully forebore to molest these,

trying in every way possible to lead the Carduchians to look upon them as

friendly, so that they, the Greeks, might have a safe passage through the

country.

P. 108.—“Centrites.” Now called Bohtan Chai; eastern branch of the Tigris.

Xenophon’s explanation: “For they,” his followers, “all knew that any

one might go to him at breakfast, or at dinner, or, if it should be

necessary, might rouse him up from sleep to say whatever one might have

to say concerning the war.”

P. 112.—“Părˈa-săng.” A Persian measure of length; about four English

miles.

P. 115.—The Armenians lived in underground houses then, as they do now,

on account of the excessive cold of the winters. The great elevation of

the uplands explains the extreme severity of the cold.

P. 119.—“Golden Fleece.” The Argonauts were the earliest heroes of

Greek antiquity; they were the first to navigate unknown and dangerous

seas. The story is as follows: Jason was ordered by his uncle Pelias,

of Thessaly, to bring him the golden fleece of a ram which was nailed

to an oak in the grove of Mars, in Colchis, and which was watched by a

sleepless dragon. After a voyage full of adventures he and his followers

reached the goal of their expedition. Æëtes, king of the country,

promised the fleece to Jason on condition that he would perform some

difficult and dangerous tasks. Medea, the king’s daughter, fell in love

with Jason, and taught him how to overcome the dangers and seize the

fleece. Then she fled with him back to Iolcus.

P. 120.—“Pancratium,” pan-crāˈshĭ-um. An athletic contest which combined

boxing and wrestling.

P. 121.—“Ulysses.” A Greek hero of the Trojan war. For account of his

arrival, “outstretched and asleep,” see “Preparatory Greek Course in

English,” page 222, the fifth stanza from the end.

“Cerasus.” Whence our word _cherry_, which fruit was brought from this

region into Italy by Lucullus in 73 B. C.

“Mosynœci.” A people celebrated for their warlike spirit and savage

customs. Their houses were built of wood and were of conical form. Their

government was very curious; a king chosen by them was strictly guarded

in a house higher than the rest, and was maintained at public cost; but

as soon as he displeased the people they starved him to death.

P. 128.—“Atrides,” a-triˈdes. The name signifies _son_ or _descendant_

of _Atreus_, and was bestowed especially upon Agamemnon and Menelaus.

Agamemnon is referred to here.

“Keats.” (1795-1821.) An English poet. His chief works were “Endymion,”

“Eve of St. Agnes,” and “Hyperion.” He died in Rome.

P. 129.—“Thetis.” The wife of Pelé-us, and mother of Achilles. She dwelt

in the depths of the sea, and had the power of assuming any form she

pleased. All the gods were invited to be present on the occasion of her

marriage to Peleus, except Discord, who avenged herself by throwing into

the assembly the apple which was the source of so much misery. Thetis

foretold Achilles that his fate was either to gain glory and die early,

or to live a long and inglorious life. The hero chose the former, and

took part in the Trojan War, from which he knew he was not to return.

“Derby.” (1799-1869.) A distinguished English statesman; for several

years a member of Parliament, and among the first and most eloquent

orators of the time; was elected Chancellor of Oxford on the death of

the Duke of Wellington, and was made Premier after Lord Palmerston. “His

version of the ‘Iliad,’” says the _Edinburgh Review_, “is far more allied

to the original, and superior to any that has yet been attempted in the

blank verse of our language.”

P. 132.—“Newman.” An English author, born 1805. He was a great traveler,

and wrote many works on historical, political, and theological subjects.

He was a brother of John Henry Newman, who was converted to Roman

Catholic doctrines.

“Worsley.” See “Preparatory Greek Course in English,” page 203.

“Ipsissimus.” His very own self. A strengthened form of the Latin pronoun

_ipse_, meaning _himself_.

P. 134.—“Quære.” From the Latin word _quæ-ro_, meaning _to question_;

whence our word _query_.

P. 136.—“Macedonia’s Madman.” A title given to Alexander the Great, so

called because of his fiery, impetuous character.

P. 142.—“Empyrean,” ĕm-py-rēˈan. The highest heaven.

P. 144.—“Ajax.” One of the great chiefs of the Trojan War, second only to

Achilles in martial powers. There was another of the same name, and the

two were distinguished by adding the words _greater_ or _lesser_ after

their names.

“Pelides.” Son of Peleus; Achilles.

“Phthiˈa.” The city in which Achilles resided, situated in the

southeastern part of Thessaly. Thessaly now forms part of the Turkish

province of Salonika.

P. 147.—“By this sacred scepter.” As the oath was a renunciation of

service to Agamemnon, the general-in-chief, Achilles very naturally

swears by his scepter, which was the emblem of regal power.

P. 148.—“Centaurs.” A race said to have lived on Mt. Pelion, in Thessaly.

They were represented as half horses and half men, perhaps from the fact

that hunting on horseback was a national custom. From this very easily

the fable might have arisen, just as the Americans, when they first saw a

Spaniard on horseback, thought horse and man to be one being.

P. 150.—“Ambrosial.” Divine, immortal.

“Here,” heˈre or heˈra. Juno.

P. 160.—“Achaians.” One of the chief Greek races. As they were the ruling

nation in the heroic times, Homer frequently calls the collective Greeks

by their name.

“Danaäns.” Another name applied to the Greeks. It was derived from

Danaus, one of the earliest settlers in Greece.

P. 161.—“Neologism,” ne-ŏlˈo-gism. The introduction of new words.

P. 164.—“Tydides,” ty-dīˈdes. Son of Tydeus, Diomed.

P. 165.—“Son of Capaneus.” Sthenelus, commander of the Greeks under

Diomed, and one of those who afterward were concealed in the wooden horse.

“Well-greaved.” Greaves were armor for the legs, a sort of heavy boots.

P. 166.—“Iris.” The messenger of the gods. She traveled on the rainbow.

P. 167.—“Ichor,” īˈkor. An ethereal fluid that supplied the place of the

blood in the veins of the gods.

“Pergamus.” The citadel of Troy.

P. 170.—“Simoïs and Scamander,” simˈo-is, sca-manˈder. Rivers of Troy.

“Simoïs,” also name of the river god. The Scamander was sometimes called

_Xanthus_.

THE ART OF SPEECH.

P. 11.—“Leibnitz,” fon līpˈnĭts. (1646-1716.) Preëminent as a philosopher

and mathematician. In his papers on “Language” he advanced theories which

place him among linguists in the same position which Hallam considers

him to hold among geologists, when he says: “Of all the early geologists,

or indeed of all down to a time not very remote, Leibnitz came nearest to

the theories which are most received in the English school at this day.”

“Halhed.” It may be of interest to note the various works which

these scholars have contributed to the science of philology; Hălˈhed

(1751-1830), an English author, prepared a “Grammar of the Bengal

Language;” “Jones” (1764-1794), of whom it has been said that in the

branch of literature to which he devoted his attention he undoubtedly

surpassed all other Europeans, translated from the Persian, Turkish,

and Sanskrit, and organized the “Asiatic Society” for investigating the

language and customs of Asia; “Colebrooke,” kōlˈbrŏok (1765-1837),

wrote a “Grammar” and “Dictionary of the Sanskrit Language;” “M. de

Chézy,” deh shāˈzeˌ (1773-1832), was a learned and popular scholar,

for whom a chair of Sanskrit was founded in Paris in 1815. W. Humboldt

and A. Schlegel were among his pupils. He translated much and wrote a

Sanskrit grammar; “Schlegel,” schlāˈgel (1767-1845) is said to be the

first German who mastered Sanskrit, on which he wrote much; “Bopp”

(1791-1867) founded the science of comparative philology. His greatest

work was a “Comparative Grammar of the Sanskrit, Zend, Greek, Latin,

Lithuanian, Old Sclavonian, Gothic and German languages.” This work

was translated into English by Prof. Wilson (1786-1860), who, while a

surgeon in Bengal, had learned Sanskrit. Returning to England, he was

made professor of Sanskrit at Oxford; “Grimm” (1785-1863), the great

German philologist furthered the study by the discovery of the law by

which words change their forms; “Weber” (1825-⸺), a pupil of Bopp’s,

contributed a large number of translations and papers on oriental lore;

“Kuhn,” kōōn (1812-⸺), also Bopp’s pupil, is called the founder of

comparative Indo-Germanic mythology; for many years he has been connected

as editor, with two German periodicals devoted to comparative philology;

“Steinthal,” stīnˈtäl (1823-⸺), a Jew, is the author of several volumes

on the classification of languages, primitive speech, the development of

speech, and similar subjects; “Eichhoff,” āˈkofˌ (1799-⸺), a Frenchman,

wrote a “Comparison of the Languages of Europe with those of India;”

“Renan,” reh-nonˈ (1823-⸺), the French critic and author, has written

a “History of the Semetic Languages,” and a treatise on the “Origin of

Languages;” “Chavée,” shäˌvāˈ (1815-1877), a Belgian, has attempted to

disprove the unity of the human race, in an “Essay on the Knowledge of

Sanskrit, Greek, Latin, French and Russian Words;” “Müller,” müˈler

(1823-⸺), the present German-English authority on language, has written

several volumes, and Prof. “Whitney” (1827-⸺), at present professor of

Sanskrit, in Yale College, is the author of works on “Language and the

Study of Language,” the “Life and Growth of Language,” etc.

P. 17.—“Farrar.” Canon of Westminster, chaplain in ordinary to the Queen,

and the author of several valuable works.

“Sporadic,” spo-rădˈic. Occurring singly or apart from other things of

the same kind.

“Agglutinative,” ag-glūˈti-na-tive. Formed by agglutinations, as the

union of several words into one compound vocable is called.

“Alloplylian,” ăl-lo-plylˈi-an.

P. 20.—“Estrays,” strays. Adopted from a law term referring to a lost

animal.

P. 21.—“Humboldt.” (1767-1835.) A brother of the famous scholar and

traveler of this name. He wrote much on language and comparative

philology, his most ambitious work being a “Memoir on Comparative

Linguistics.”

P. 26.—“Du Ponceau,” du-ponˈsō. (1760-1844.) His contributions to

philology consisted of several treatises on language and a “Memoir oh the

Indian Languages of North America.”

“Charlevoix,” sharˈlĕh-vwäˌ. (1682-1761.) A Jesuit missionary to America.

P. 29.—“Onomatopoetic,” ŏnˈo-mătˌo-po-ëtˌic. Words found to resemble the

thing signified. The term is derived from two Greek words signifying to

_make a name_.

P. 31.—“Heyse,” hēˈzeh. (1797-1855.) An able German scholar who wrote a

valuable work on philology.

P. 33.—“Bleek,” (1827-1875.) He spent many years in Africa, where he

collected materials for a “Vocabulary of the Mozambique Language,” and a

“Grammar of South Africa.” He assisted in writing a “Handbook of African,

Australian, and Polynesian Philology.”

“Schleicher,” shlīˈker. (1821-1869.) A German linguist, said to rank next

to Bopp in comparative philology.

“Vinet,” ve-naˈ. (1797-1847.) A Swiss theologian and author, particularly

well versed in the French language and literature.

P. 42.—“Ultimo,” etc. These expressions from the Latin have all English

equivalents. _Ultimo_, on the last; _instanter_, at once; _proximo_, on

the next; _cultus_, culture; _onus_, burden; _magnum opus_, a great work;

_status_, state, standing; _curriculum_, course, particularly a course of

study; _ultimatum_, the end, a final condition; _maximum_, the greatest;

_minimum_, the least.

“Distingué,” etc. For these French terms we have equally expressive

English words. _Distingué_, distinguished; _blasé_, surfeited, incapable

of pleasure; _à merveille_, marvelously; _beau monde_, the fashionable

world; _coup d’œil_, a quick glance; _demi monde_, loose livers; _haut

ton_, aristocracy, the high toned; _coiffée à ravir_, charmingly dressed;

_debutante_, a lady making her first appearance.

P. 47.—“Tooke.” (1736-1812.) A philologist and politician whose fame

rests on one valuable work on language.

P. 49.—“De Quincy,” de kwĭnˈsĭ. (1785-1859.) His contributions to the art

of speech consist of several valuable essays and literary criticisms.

P. 62.—“Kames,” kāmz. (1696-1782.) The most famous of all the various

works of this eminent Scotch jurist was a treatise on the “Elements of

Criticism.”

P. 63.—“Alford.” (1810-1871.). We are indebted to this English clergyman

for a “Plea for the Queen’s English,” a very valuable book.

P. 75.—“Quintilian,” kwĭn-tĭlˈi-an. A Roman critic and rhetorician of the

first century, the author of the “most complete and methodical treatise

on rhetoric that has come down to us from antiquity.”

P. 81.—“Blair.” (1718-1800.) A Scottish clergyman whose “Lectures on

Rhetoric” were famous in his own day, and until recently were used in a

text-book in the United States.

P. 148.—“Aphæresis,” a-phérˈe-sis; “Syncope,” synˈcō-pe; “Apocope,”

a-pŏcˈo-pe; “Prosthesis,” prŏsˈthe-sĭs; “Paragoge,” părˌa-gōˈge;

“Synæresis,” syn-ĕrˈe-sis; “Diæresis,” dĭ-erˈe-sis; “Tmesis,” mēˈsis.

P. 149.—“Pleonasm,” plēˈo-nasm. “Enallage,” e-nălˈla-je; “Hyperbaton,”

hy-pĕrˈba-tŏn.

P. 153.—“Theremin,” teˈreh-meenˌ. (1783-1846.) A German theologian and

author.

P. 156.—“Paiezade,” pā-ē-dzäˈdĕ.

“Ruggiero,” rood-jāˈro. A young Saracen knight in Ariosto’s “Orlando

Furioso.” He possessed a winged horse or hĭpˈpo-griff.

“Astolpho,” as-tŏlˈpho. Another character of the same work, a cousin of

Orlando’s. He possessed a magic lance and a horn which routed armies with

a blast.

“Frerabras,” frĕ-räˈbräs.

P. 163.—“Alliteration,” al-lĭt-er-āˈtion; “Iambic,” so called from

the Greek _iambus_, the name of a foot consisting of a short and long

syllable.

“Trochaic,” tro-chaˈic. From trochee (troˈkee), the name of the foot

which forms the verse. The word trochee is derived from the Greek word

for running.

P. 164.—“Anapæstic,” anˌa-pestˈic. Composed of anapests. Anapest means

_struck back_, being so named because the foot is a reversed dactyl.

“Dactylic,” dac-tylˈic. Of dactyls. A word derived from the Greek for

finger, and applied to this peculiar foot because of the similarity of

the arrangement to that of the joints of the finger.

P. 187.—“Synecdoche,” syn-ĕcˈdo-che; “Anthropopathy,” ănˌthro-pŏpˈa-thy.

P. 188.—“Trope,” trōpe; “Metonymy,” me-tŏnˈy-my.

P. 192.—“Apostrophe,” a-posˈtro-phe; “Hyperbole,” hy-pĕrˈbo-le.

P. 194.—“Oxymoron,” ŏx-y-mōˈron.

P. 198.—“Ploce,” plōˈce; “Anaphora,” a-năphˈo-ra; “Epistrophe,”

e-pĭsˈtro-phe; “Antistrophe,” an-tĭsˈtro-phe; “Anadiplosis,”

an-a-di-plōˈsîs.

P. 203.—“Incongruentia,” in-conˈgrū-enˌshe-a.

P. 205.—“Innuendo,” ĭn-nu-ĕnˈdo.

NOTES ON REQUIRED READINGS IN “THE CHAUTAUQUAN.”

THE BONDS OF SPEECH.

P. 63, c. 1.—“Basques,” bask. The inhabitants of three Spanish provinces

on the slopes of the Pyrenees. The government, customs and language

of these people are peculiar and interesting. In government they are

nearly republican. “Each province is governed by a parliament composed

of representatives selected partly by election, partly by lot, among the

householders of each county parish or town. A deputation, named by the

parliament, insures the strict observance of the special laws and customs

of the province, and negotiates with the representative of the Spanish

crown. Delegates from the three parliaments meet annually to consider

the common interests of the provinces; they employ a seal representing

three interlaced hands, with the motto, ‘The three are one,’ but no

written federal pact exists.” In their habits the people are very simple;

agriculture is the principal occupation. They live on very equal terms,

the class of nobles being small. The language was not written earlier

than the fifteenth century. It is said to present some grammatical

resemblance to the North American and certain East African languages.

P. 64, c. 1.—“Frisian,” frishˈe-ans. A Germanic people inhabiting at

present the eastern coast of Holland, the fens of Saterland, the western

shore of Schleswig, and a few adjacent islands. There exists now but a

remnant of the ancient Frisians.

P. 66, c. 1.—“Cimmerian,” cim-mēˈri-an. An adjective derived from the

Cimmerii, a mythical people represented by Homer as inhabiting a remote

region of mist and darkness. Later writers locate this country near

Lake Avernus, a lake of Italy about eight miles from Naples, or in the

Crimea, or in Spain. “Their country was fabled to be so gloomy that the

expression ‘Cimmerian darkness’ became proverbial; and Homer, according

to Plutarch, drew his images of hell and Pluto from the dismal region

they inhabited.”

“Comanches,” co-manˈches; “Piutes,” pi-utesˈ. Tribes of American Indians

belonging to the Shoshone family. Only remnants of them now remain. The

Piutes are one of the numerous divisions of the Utahs or Utes.

P. 67, c. 1.—“Primum Mobile.” The prime mover; first power; the beginning.

“Eddic.” Found in the Edda, the sacred books of the old Scandinavian

tribes. These books contain almost all that we know of the mythology of

the Northmen.

The original signification of “Edda” is “great-grandmother.” It is

properly applied to but one collection, the other being a misnomer. The

true Edda, or _Younger Edda_, is a prose collection, giving a history of

the world and the gods. The _Elder Edda_ is a collection of poems, dating

from the eighth or ninth centuries. Many of them are only fragments.

They treat of mythical and religious legends of an early Scandinavian

civilization, and are composed in the simplest and most archaic form of

Icelandic verse.

HOME STUDIES IN CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS.

P. 68, c. 2.—“Antiparos,” an-tipˈa-ros. A small island of the Grecian

Archipelago. The grotto is its chief feature of interest. “It consists of

an immense marble arch, the roof, sides and center of which are covered

with stalactites and dazzling crystallizations, assuming the shapes of

columns, screens, flowers, trees, etc. The stalactites hanging from the

roof unite in several places with stalagmites rising from the floor, so

that the arch is apparently supported by a continuous series of pillars.

The grotto is entered by a natural arch of rugged rock, overhung with

trailing plants.”

“Caverns.” To the caverns mentioned here must be added the “Fish

River Caves” near Sydney, Australia. A writer in a late issue of the

_Scientific American_ thus describes them: “These caves are situated

about eighty miles west of Sydney, Australia, and are some 3,000 feet

above sea level, in an interesting mountainous locality. They were

first discovered by a party of settlers in 1866, while in pursuit of

bush-rangers. They are singularly attractive. The intricate galleries,

halls, and passages in their subterranean scenes are so magnificent that

a person having once seen them is desirous of viewing them again and

again, new features being presented to his view at each visit and at

every turn. The strange forms that have been assumed by the drippings

from the limestone are almost infinite, and are in beauty unsurpassable

in their own character elsewhere. When lighted up by the incandescent

magnesium wire or other strong light, these sublime chambers, so

strangely formed by nature’s hands, present a gorgeous spectacle, filled

as they are with drooping sprays, coral growths, delicate pendants,

gigantic columns, handsome shawls, huge curtains, and shadowy arches of

the most fantastic kind.”

“Church,” F. E. (1826-⸺.) An eminent American landscape painter. His

earliest pictures of note were scenes from the Catskills. Among his later

productions are “Under Niagara,” “The Heart of the Andes,” “Cotopaxi,”

and “Sunrise on Mount Desert Island.” “The Icebergs” is ranked among his

best works.

P. 69, c. 2.—“Mer-de-Glace,” mer-deh-gläs. Sea of ice. A glacier in the

valley of the Chamouni.

SUNDAY READINGS.

P. 71, c. 1.—“Payson,” Edward. (1783-1827.) An American clergyman of the

Congregational Church, Portland, Me., and the author of several works.

“Cowper,” William. (1731-1800.) A celebrated English poet. He was subject

to attacks of insanity, and fancied himself destined to eternal woe.

“Tennents,” Gilbert and William. Two American clergymen of the

Presbyterian Church, who lived during the first part of the eighteenth

century. William was at one time seriously ill, and remained for several

days in a condition of apparent death. His account of his emotions was,

that at the moment of his seeming death he found himself surrounded by

an unutterable glory, and saw a great multitude in the height of bliss;

and that when he was about to join the happy throng some one came to him

and said: “You must go back.” When he found himself in the world again he

fainted. For three years the recollection of what he had seen and heard

was so intense as to make earthly things seem worthless.

“Edwards,” Jonathan. (1703-1758.) An American divine and metaphysician,

the greatest theologian of his century. Dr. Chalmers, of Scotland, said

of him: “On the arena of metaphysics he stood the highest of all his

contemporaries.” This American divine affords, perhaps, the most wondrous

example in modern times of one who stood gifted both in natural and

spiritual discernment.

P. 72, c. 1.—“Spurgeon,” Charles H. (spurˈjon). The great English

preacher, born 1834. In 1854 he was called to the new Park Street Baptist

Chapel in Southwark, London; and his preaching soon drew such crowds

that the congregation removed first to Exeter Hall, and then to Surrey

Music Hall, the largest public room in London. In 1861 a new chapel of

great size was completed for his congregation. For several years he has

preached an average of nearly a sermon a day, traveled extensively, and

written several books.

P. 72, c. 2.—“Martineau,” marˌtēˌnoˈ. An English Unitarian clergyman,

born about 1805. Author of several theological works.

P. 73, c. 2.—“Fuller,” Thomas. (1608-1661.) An English divine, court

chaplain to Charles I. and II.

GLIMPSES OF ANCIENT GREEK LIFE.

P. 73, c. 2.—“Leotychides,” leˌo-tīkˈi-dēs.

“Aristocracies.” For account of the freedom of early Athens from anything

like aristocracy, see “Brief History of Greece,” pp. 46 and 47.

P. 74, c. 1.—House decorations. The dwelling houses of the Greeks were

small and insignificant, so that their skill in architecture would show

to better advantage on their public buildings. In the time of Pericles

they were forbidden by law to build fine houses or to have a display

of any kind about them. See “Brief History of Greece,” p. 84, note.

Alcibiades began to indulge his love of beauty by home decoration; and

for a description of a Greek house in later times see “Brief History of

Greece,” p. 83.

“Thasos.” All traces of its ancient gold mines which yielded such large

revenues have entirely disappeared. When Xerxes marched through Thrace,

the Thasians, on account of their great wealth, and possessions on the

mainland, were compelled to provide for the Persian army as it passed

through their territories, and their expenditure was four hundred

talents, about $460,000. Some remains of the ancient city still exist.

P. 74, c. 2.—“Demes,” dēˈmēs. Originally the Athenians were divided,

according to their places of residence, into a number of boroughs or

wards, demes.

“Coutts.” (1731-1822.) The wealth of this great banker was estimated

at between two and three millions sterling. It finally reverted to his

granddaughter, Miss Frances Burdett, on condition she would assume the

name of Coutts. By her this wealth was dispensed freely in various

charities.

P. 75, c. 1.—“Talent.” A talent is about $1,180.

“Bucephalus,” bu-sephˈa-lus. See “Cyrus and Alexander.”

“Orchomenus,” or-komˈe-nus.

P. 75, c. 2.—“Châlets,” shä-lāˈ. Mountain huts, in which the herdsmen

live. They are low and flat, and are covered with stones to protect them

against the elements. The interior has scarcely anything beyond the

apparatus of the dairy. In the loft above is a store of straw for beds.

All the Swiss valleys are covered with huts of this kind. Each herdsman

has to collect about a hundred cows twice a day, and make cheese, which

is the principal occupation inside the abodes. The owners of the cattle

sometimes reside also in châlets, but they are of a superior kind, and

frequently offer a delightful retreat to weary travelers.

“Bees.” Hybla, in Megaris, and Mt. Hymettus, in Attica, were celebrated

far and near on account of the honey produced there.

GREEK MYTHOLOGY.

P. 76, c. 1.—“Cosmogony.” Derived from two Greek words signifying the

_world_, and _to create_; hence its meaning, the doctrine or science of

the creation of the world.

“Gea.” This name appears in many of our words to-day, such as

_geography_, _geology_, _geometry_, etc., and in each retains its

primitive meaning.

P. 76, c. 2.—“Comus.” From a Greek word meaning _revel_. From it comes

our word _comedy_. In Milton’s poem Comus is represented as a base

enchanter who endeavors to beguile and entrap the innocent by means of

his “brewed enchantments.”

P. 77, c. 1.—“Centimani,” hundred-handed. Three giants, sons of Uranus

and Gea. They had each one hundred hands and fifty heads, and were of

extraordinary size and terrible strength.

P. 77, c. 2.—“Phlegra,” phlegˈraˈ. The most westerly of three peninsulas

running out from Chalcidice, in Macedonia.

P. 78, c. 1.—“Anthropomorphic,” an-thro-po-morˈphic. Pertaining to the

representation of the deity under human form.

“Monotheism.” The doctrine that there is but one God.

“Polytheism.” The doctrine of many gods.

“Archilocus,” ar-chilˈo-chus. (B. C. 714-676.) The first Greek poet who

wrote according to fixed rules.

“Terpander.” (B. C. 700-650.) The father of Greek music, and through it,

of lyric poetry.

“Epicharmos,” ep-i-charˈmos. Lived about B. C. 540. The chief comic poet

among the Dorians, one of the races of the Greeks.

P. 78, c. 2.—“Theogony,” the-ogˈo-ny. That branch of heathen theology

which taught the genealogy of their gods.

“Tytyus.” A son of Jupiter.

“Python.” A monster serpent. Apollo founded the _Pythian games_ in honor

of this victory.

P. 79, c. 1.—“Orestes.” Son of Agamemnon and Clytemnestra. Agamemnon, on

his return from Troy, was murdered by Ægisthus and Clytemnestra. Orestes

avenged his father’s death by killing his mother and her guilty partner,

for which he was pursued by the Furies.

“Orpheus.” One of the Argonauts. He enchanted with his music act only the

wild beasts, but the trees and rocks, so that they followed the sound of

his golden harp. He went after his lost wife, Proserpine, into the abodes

of Hades, and suspended the torments of the lost, by his music. He won

his wife back from the most inexorable of all deities, but had promised

not to look back at her till they had arrived in the upper world. The

anxiety of love overcame him, and he looked round to see that she was

surely following. At that moment she was caught back to the infernal

region.

TEMPERANCE TEACHINGS OF SCIENCE.

P. 79, c. 1.—“Bichat,” beˈshä. (1771-1803.) A French anatomist and

physiologist.

“Pathological.” Pertaining to disease.

“Plethora,” plethˈo-ra. The state of the vessels of the human body when

they are too full, or overloaded with fluids, and hence the state of

being overfull in any respect.

“Must.” Wine pressed from the grape, but not fermented.

“Toxic.” Poison. The word _intoxicate_ is derived from it.

“Ibn Hanbal,” ibˈn hanˈbäl.

“Father Mathew.” (1790-1856.) Theobald Mathew, D.D., Ireland’s “Apostle

of Temperance.” He devoted his life to this cause, and in its interests

visited every large town in Ireland and England, and the principal cities

in the United States.

P. 79, c. 2.—“Lorenzo de Medici,” dŭh medˈĕ-che. (1448-1492.) He was

styled _the magnificent_. He was distinguished by his liberal patronage

of literature and art, and his munificent encouragement of the commercial

and social development of Florence. He belonged to a distinguished

Florentine family. From the early history of Florence the Medici were

conspicuous in the service of the republic.

“Gamin,” ga-mangˈ. A neglected and unruly child in the streets.

P. 80, c. 1.—“Nepenthe,” ne-penˈthe. A drug used by the ancients to

relieve from pain, and produce great exhilaration of spirits.

“Thoreau,” thoˈro. (1817-1862.) An American author who lived the life of

a hermit for more than two years in a forest near Concord.

“Porson.” (1759-1808.) An Englishman, generally considered one of the

greatest classical scholars of modern times; without a rival as a Greek

critic. His memory was miraculous. The complaint against him is, that

with such great capabilities he did so little. He bestowed considerable

pains on the restoration of the Greek text on the Rosetta stone.

“Polydipsia,” polˈi-dipˈsi-a.

“Embrocation.” Any lotion used for washing or rubbing a diseased part of

the body.

P. 80, c. 2.—“Lecky,” lĕkˈĭ. (1838.) A British author who devoted himself

to political and philosophical literature. His most celebrated work was

“History of European Morals from Augustus to Charlemagne.”

“Boswell.” (1740-1795.) An Englishman. His “Life of Johnson” is called

the best biography extant.

P. 80, c. 2.—“Sir Hudibras,” huˈde-bräs. The title and hero of a

celebrated satirical poem by Samuel Butler. Hudibras is a Presbyterian

justice, who at the time of the Commonwealth, travels forth to correct

abuses, and to enforce observance of the laws.

“A main forte,” ä mang fort. By main force.

“Sangrado,” Doctor, san-gräˈdo. The name of a physician in Le Sage’s

novel, “Gil Blas” (zhēl bläs), who practices blood-letting as a remedy

for all sorts of ailments.

“Asclepiades,” asˈcle-piˈa-dēs.

“Magendie,” maˈzhŏn-deeˈ. (1783-1855.) A French physiologist. He insisted

that experimentation was the only source of knowledge, and resorted to

vivisection constantly, saying it was the only method by which he could

learn the nature of animals.

P. 81, c. 2.—“Jules Virey,” veˈraˈ. A French physician.

“Therapeutics,” therˈa-pūˈtics. The discovery and application of remedies

for diseases.

STUDIES IN KITCHEN SCIENCE AND ART.

P. 82, c. 1.—“Gramineæ,” grä-minˈe-ē.

“Triticum.” Wheat. “Vulgare,” vul-gaˈrē.

P. 83, c. 1.—“Secale cereale,” se-cāˈle se-re-aˈle. The Latin word and

the similar English word, _cereal_, are derived from Ceres, who was

fabled to have invented agriculture, and was therefore styled the goddess

of corn. Secale means a kind of corn.

THE CHAUTAUQUA UNIVERSITY.

Work has begun in the Chautauqua University. Courses of study in several

departments have been prepared. Some students have been enrolled. Large

numbers of letters of inquiry are being daily received, and the outlook

is brilliant for a work far in advance of anything which the projectors

of the enterprise had hoped. A lovely spot at Chautauqua, on the north

side of the grounds, toward Mayville, has been selected as the center of

the University. It will be inclosed and beautified. Within it will be the

University offices, and colonnades, and halls accessible to those of our

members who shall be able to visit Chautauqua in July and August. It will

be known as “The Academia.”

The professors who have been appointed are for the most part men whose

reputation as successful and experienced teachers is firmly established,

and who will bring to this new work the same enthusiasm which has

characterized them in other fields. Circulars containing full information

concerning the aims of the University, the courses already prepared,

the departments to be organized, the requirements for specific degrees,

and the estimated cost of the course, may be obtained by addressing the

Registrar, R. S. Holmes, at the central office in Plainfield, N. J. THE

CHAUTAUQUAN for October announced our purposes and general plan. We now

present some of the prominent and distinguishing features of our work:

1. The Chautauqua University is the only institution of the kind in

the world. It stands alone. True, there are some other circles which,

by correspondence, have pursued special and limited courses upon some

particular subject; but ours is the only school whose avowed object

is to conduct its students over the whole field of liberal learning,

and reward them at their journey’s close, with a well earned degree.

To all, who as pioneers in the field of education by correspondence,

have helped to demonstrate the feasibility of organized effort in this

direction, the Chautauqua University pays willing tribute. Their success

gives footing to our confidence. If history can be so taught, why not

philosophy, or logic, or literature, or any kindred topic? If Hebrew can

be so taught, why not any ancient language? If French can be so taught,

why not any modern language? True, we lack the presence of the living

teacher, but the chief value of the teacher’s presence is to test the

accomplished work of the student, and to prompt by word and hint to

better work in lines of which the student had not thought. Both of these

_can be accomplished_ by our method. The one condition is _work—earnest,

persistent work_.

Teaching by correspondence is like conversation by telephone. We may

never see each other, yet speak as face to face. We are miles apart,

maybe, yet answer voice to voice. We are far without the range of

possible personal contact, yet more in immediate obedience to each

other’s will. So with teacher and pupil, they are mutually unseen; yet

teacher’s letter on pupil’s table, and pupil’s letter on teacher’s

table are a visible presentation of each to the other. They are widely

separate; yet by correspondence question and answer are interchanged

in rapid succession. Their paths of life never converge; yet teacher

and pupil move mutually in daily lines which want and its supply make

necessary.

As the soldier may fight battles and win victories under the direction

of a general whom he has never seen, so the student may win in fields of

learning without once seeing his teacher’s guiding hand.

2. _The Chautauqua University makes no limitation in the time allowed

to students, to complete her prescribed courses._ Our students are not

limited by time. They are not actuated by the spirit which hurries young

men through college, seminary, and professional school, that at the

earliest possible moment they may reach their chosen field of labor.

Many of our students have reached their life work. They are on farms,

in shops and stores, in factories and foundries, in press-room and in

pulpit, in counting-room and court house, at home and by the way. They

thirst for knowledge; to them we open the fountain. Their leisure time

they would use in making reparation for lost opportunities of earlier

years; or in supplementing the moderate acquirement which those earlier

years had given. We offer them wise direction in this work, and say, Use

the leisure that you have—make moments even at the cost of sacrifice;

learn how to double moments by the quality of the work you crowd into

them; choose from our courses of study those which you can pursue, and

then pursue them till you reach the reward which we offer for their

satisfactory completion. Do it; in four years, or six years if you can;

in eight years, or ten years if you must, but do it; let nothing turn you

from your purpose—after the struggle comes the victory, and the fruit of

that victory will be not only the knowledge which you crave, but what is

far better, _power over self, and the habit of self use_.

3. _The Chautauqua University does not require one who is enrolled as

a student to take a complete course of study before giving official

recognition to work already accomplished._ It is not possible for persons

circumstanced as our students will be to devote so much of time each

day to study that they can do the whole work of a college course in

the ordinary four years. It may be that after a year or two of study,

and the completion of some one department course, interruptions may

arise which will disarrange a student’s plans and thwart for the time

his purpose. To such students we promise to give official recognition.

Should the work pursued be that of a single department, of several, or

of all, much or little, for each finished branch of study the student

will receive an official certificate signed by the professor with whom

he has studied, and by the Chancellor and Registrar of the University;

and whenever any student shall have obtained certificates, representing

all the departments which are essential to the obtaining of any specified

degree, the presentation of these certificates to the Board of Trustees

will entitle their owner to the degree without further examination. In

this there is no purpose of lowering the standard of requirement or of

making an easy road to a degree. Certificates will represent rigid,

searching and thorough examinations. We are not aware that such a course

is pursued by any other institution. The student who is compelled to

leave his college course unfinished leaves behind him on the books of the

institution his record, but bears with him no official certificate of

that record.

4. _The Chautauqua University takes the student where it finds him._

This makes education possible for the classes of society for which this

enterprise is begun. Absence from home becomes unnecessary. We bid no

man leave other duties undone, in order to study. We shorten no business

hours; we shut no office doors; we turn no key upon the wants of a busy

world. But when days are rainy and trade is dull, when the harvest is

ended and the fences are mended, the winter’s fuel gathered and the farm

implements are all repaired, when the shut-down of dull times comes in

the factory, when household work is over, when evening comes, then are

we ever at hand to whisper, give us your hours, and turn your backs upon

the amusements, the frivolities, the wastefulnesses of the world. We ask

no father or mother to toil and save that one from the home fireside may

have the benefits of college education. We say to all, pursue together

the paths we mark out for you. We increase no household expenses by the

evening and morning hour’s study which we require. The small comparative

outlay of money our courses make necessary will be repaid in ennobled

character, and in more comprehensive views of life. We lay our text-books

on the anvil, and some day we shall see Elihu Burritt or Robert Collyer

emerging from the smoke and grime of the shop. We will place a law

book by the cobbler’s side, and ever and anon he casts his eye at the

open page; and by and by the cobbler’s sign is down and the shop is

deserted—but an eloquent voice is pleading at the bar the claims of

justice and humanity.

5. _The Chautauqua University comes into competition with no other

institution._ We do not want as students those who can go to college. We

do not wish to influence any one to neglect college opportunities freely

offered. We expect that the work of the Chautauqua University will be to

arouse so much interest in the subject of general liberal education that

by and by in all quarters young men and women will be seeking means to

obtain such education in established resident institutions. We expect to

see the cause of education receive an impetus which it has had from no

other source in the last quarter of a century. Meanwhile, we appeal to

the classes already mentioned in our first article. “Worthy young people

not able to go to college;” “those who, having begun a college course,

have been compelled to abandon it by circumstances beyond their control;”

and those “more mature men and women who, at the maximum of their mental

power, desire to make amends for the educational omissions of the earlier

years.”

In touching upon these several points we have to some extent repeated

ideas already advanced in our general announcement. This was necessary

in order to give prominence to these aspects of our scheme which seem to

be worthy of emphatic public notice, and also to serve the purpose of

making general answer to questions being asked in numbers too great to

admit of personal answer. With a single word we close. October has come

and well nigh gone, but let no one by that consideration be debarred

from entering upon our course of study. Our doors are always open. It is

better to begin with the year. But it is better to begin now than not at

all. Our professors will gladly welcome as pupils any who are actuated by

an earnest desire to enter the realms of the liberal arts, and in their

names it is our pleasure to urge upon you careful consideration of the

purposes and possibilities of the Chautauqua University.

TALK ABOUT BOOKS.

Bishop Foster is a vigorous writer, always clear and forcible. His

last work, “Centenary Thoughts for the Pew and the Pulpit,”[E] will

be regarded as one of his best productions; a book for the times, but

containing much of permanent value. It evidently was not manufactured,

but grew. The thought or germ took root in generous soil, and the growth

was rapid. The volume is instructive, and must do good to the thousands

who will be eager to read it. It was prepared specially for the members

of the great Christian brotherhood known as Methodists, but will interest

others, and lead to a better understanding of both the privileges and

duties of Church membership. Its appeals are forcible, but made in great

kindness. If there are sharp rebukes for delinquents and offenders, they

are given with manifest tenderness, and in the spirit of love unfeigned.

* * * * *

The “Dictionary of Miracles,”[F] a unique and unpretentious volume

of nearly six hundred pages, is a classified collection of legendary

miracles and stories of saints taken from authentic sources. Dr. Brewer

is a ripe scholar, in the fiftieth, or golden year of his authorship, and

has earned his laurels. These extracts are made with great fairness, the

author expressing no opinion as to the historic truth of the reported

miracles, but presenting them in a compact form as evidence of the

religious opinions of those among whom they are current.

* * * * *

To all who have been readers of _The Sunday-School Times_ a book written

by the editor needs no words of recommendation in order to secure it a

welcome. All workers in the Sunday-school will find this book to be a

helper and a friend. It is full of good, practical thoughts and plans on

the work, and clearly brings before the mind what teaching really is, and

the relation that a teacher should bear to his class. We make a short

extract: “It takes two persons to make one teacher. _You_ can be one of

them; the other must be a _learner_.” “Teaching and Teachers”[G] is a

book every teacher should have.

* * * * *

A very neat little book, which curiosity hunters will enjoy, comes

bearing the title “Curious Epitaphs.”[H] Epitaphs on all sorts of

persons; epitaphs containing puns and warnings, and miscellaneous

epitaphs of all kinds are to be found in its pages.

* * * * *

Joseph Cook and his Boston lectures are too well known to need comment.

All who are interested in following the “advanced thought” of this

remarkable man will require his “Occident.”[I] This valuable book

contains Mr. Cook’s lectures on “advanced thought” in England, Germany,

Italy and Greece; his remarkable expositions of Professor Zöllner’s

views of spiritualism, and the views of his opponents; the discussion on

probation after death, and many talks on current topics of the time. It

contains decidedly the most interesting collection of lectures published

this season.

* * * * *

A work on physiology and hygiene, eminently practical, and showing the

most approved methods of the school room, has just been published by A.

Lovell & Co.[J] For primary and intermediate grades it is decidedly the

best work we have seen. The object lessons, given or suggested, will be

valuable aids to teachers, and for all young readers the principal facts

are well expressed, and amply illustrated. Though a book for children it

is not childish, and any one may gather from it lessons of great value.

The chapters on alcohol and narcotics furnish the basis of lessons that

should be taught plainly in all our schools.

* * * * *

“Anatomy, Physiology, and Hygiene”[K] is a work evidently prepared

by one having a thorough knowledge of the subject. Though scientific

and scholarly, it is popular in style, and not burdened with useless

technicalities. It is well illustrated. The great advance made in

physiological and hygienic knowledge in the last decade is noted with no

ordinary satisfaction. The millions who now know so much of themselves,

their needs and resources, liabilities and safeguards, are congratulated.

Such knowledge and obedience to nature’s laws connect closely with the

progress of society, and all that is most valuable in human achievement.

* * * * *

A little volume of poems by Andrew Lang bears the title, “Ballades and

Verses Vain.”[L] The poems are classified into five different groups.

There are ballads on all sorts of subjects and charming society verses, a

handful of sonnets and a collection of bright translations, beside a few

songs, “Post Homerica.” Austin Dobson has written these pretty verses of

introduction for Mr. Lang’s “Laughter and Song:”

“Laughter and song the poet brings,

And lends them form and gives them wings;

Then sets his chirping squadron free

To post at will by land or sea,

And find their home, if that may be.

“Laughter and song this poet, too,

A Western brother sends to you;

With doubtful flight the darting train

Have crossed the bleak Atlantic main—

Now warm them in your hearts again.”

Visitors so bright and so pleasantly introduced will not want warm hearts

to greet them.

* * * * *

A treat awaits all the little folks who can be made the happy possessors

of “Queer Stories for Boys and Girls.”[M] There may be found fairy

stories and stories of real folks; stories of good children and those

of bad children—and somehow the bad ones always “get the worst of it,”

just as they ought to do. Then those stories told by the “Cellar Door

Club!” They are enough to make any boy want to go right out and start a

club like that in his own neighborhood. Parents would do well to see that

their children are provided with these Queer Stories. They will help to

cultivate in them such a love for the true and the good as to lead them

to shun frivolous literature.

* * * * *

The striking originality displayed in “The King’s Men”[N] must secure

for the book a wide reading. The scene is laid in the twentieth century,

and the present times are alluded to as the days of old. The pitiable

attempt at keeping up the show of royalty in his narrow quarters in

America, on the part of England’s exiled king, George V., the grandson of

the present Prince of Wales, is well depicted. The struggle of the young

English republic, and the sympathy and aid given it by its elder sister,

America, are as real as if true. A capital hit is made in the employment

he finds for the poor British aristocracy. These remnants of “better

days,” in order to obtain a livelihood, let themselves out to a sort of

caterer. This personage uses them as guests at the entertainments of the

new families in the rising republic, who wish to hire titles to give them

prestige in society.

* * * * *

What is to be done with the negro factor in our nation is a question over

which the minds of our statesmen have been long interested. Judge Tourgée

now comes to the front, and very vividly, and in the earnest manner so

characteristic of the man, shows the dangers threatening in the not far

distant future. To avert these action, prompt and specific, is necessary

now. What, in the estimation of the Judge, this action should be he sets

forth in his “Appeal to Cæsar.”[O] This appeal is forcible and logical.

His Cæsar, the great American People, it is to be hoped, will not turn

a deaf ear to it. This appeal to his Cæsar is a serious book. It is not

fiction—nor plain truth clothed in fiction—it is the honest conviction

of an earnest, far-seeing man, told plainly and with ringing effect. “The

color line,” the author claims, “which before marked only the distinction

of caste, has now become the line of demarkation between hostile forces.

Out of the ‘irrepressible conflict’ between freedom and slavery has grown

one of far graver portent to the nation and the world. Must one of these

forces overthrow, subjugate, and forever hold in subjection the other?

Or is it possible that the two races live peacefully side by side, and

equality of right and power be cheerfully accorded to all?” The author

believes this may be done, but that it must be done quickly. For us it

is to act. And how? By educating our freedman. A national appropriation

is pleaded for as the only sure way of avoiding the ills which threaten

the Union from the South. It is not croaking to talk plainly on an evil,

or the possibility of an evil. The book on the contrary is manly and

forcible, and deserves careful attention.

* * * * *

A good feature of “young American” literature is its biography. Many of

the short papers which appear in the periodical press are remarkably

strong. Such certainly are the articles by James Parton which for some

time have been appearing in leading papers, and which have lately been

gathered into book form under the title, “Captains of Industry.”[P] The

strongest feature of this collection is the freshness of the material. A

few of the models which we hold before our boys have become not a little

threadbare. They no longer arouse much enthusiasm. Here is a book full of

new heroes who have done not impossible things like becoming the father

of one’s country, or inventing a steam engine, or discovering America,

but have done deeds which are, or at least seem, practical. Here is the

history of Frederick Tudor, the Boston ice exporter, with a capital

story of the appreciations which East Indians have for the man who gave

them the blessing of ice; of Chauncey Jerome, the Yankee clock maker;

of Carême, the famous French cook, and of over forty more, most of them

equally new. Material so good deserves thorough treatment. It has not had

such in this volume. The newspaper mark lingers on the work. The literary

finish of the book is not equal to the spirit with which it was evidently

written, nor to the amount of labor which must have been expended in

collecting these valuable and entertaining facts and anecdotes. The book

is so good that this is to be regretted.

* * * * *

There has never been a satisfactory explanation advanced by geologists of

the origin of what is called “the Drift” period of the earth’s history.

One theory attributes it to the action of great waves, but “the Drift”

contains no fossils; another to icebergs, but the heaviest rocks are not

found on top, and there is no regular stratification of material. All

theories have been more or less incomplete. The author of that strange

book “Atlantis,” has in “Ragnarok”[Q] found a new explanation. The name

itself explains his theory. It is derived from an old Scandinavian

legend, and means “the rain of dust.” “The Drift” is nothing, our author

holds, and argues with great ingenuity, but the dust scattered by a comet

which struck the earth ages ago. Novel and fascinating as is the book,

its scientific value is not very great. Lovers of legends will find many

strange myths introduced in support of the theory. The author, too, by

ingeniously rearranging the verses in the first and second chapters of

Genesis, thinks he has found the key that will unlock all the troubles

that are claimed to exist between the Bible and science.

BOOKS RECEIVED.

The Young Folks’ Library: Evening Rest. By J. L. Pratt. Boston: D.

Lothrop & Co. 1884.

Standard Library: Himself Again. By J. C. Goldsmith. New York: Funk &

Wagnalls. 1884.

Gymnastics of the Voice; A System of Correct Breathing in Singing and

Speaking. By Oscar Guttman. Albany, N. Y.: Edgar S. Werner. The Voice

Press. 1884.

The Boston Correspondence School of New Testament Greek. Kindergarten

Cards, Chautauqua Series. Copyrighted by Alfred A. Wright. 1884.

[E] Centenary Thoughts for the Pew and Pulpit of Methodism. By R. S.

Foster, one of the Bishops of the Methodist Episcopal Church. New York:

Phillips & Hunt. Cincinnati, Cranston & Stowe.

[F] A Dictionary of Miracles. By the Rev. Cobham Brewer, LL.D.

Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott & Co. 1884.

[G] Teaching and Teachers, or the Sunday-School Teacher’s Teaching Work,

and the Other Work of the Sunday-School Teacher. By H. Clay Trumbell,

D.D. Philadelphia: John D. Wattles.

[H] Curious Epitaphs collected from the Graveyards of Great Britain

and Ireland. With Biographical, Genealogical, and Historical Notes. By

William Andrews, F. R. H. S. London: Hamilton, Adams, & Co.

[I] Boston Monday Lectures. Occident, with Preludes on Current Events. By

Joseph Cook. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co.

[J] Practical Work in the School Room. Part I. A Transcript of the Object

Lessons on the Human Body Given in Primary Department, Grammar School No.

49, New York City. New York: A. Lovell & Co. 1884.

[K] Anatomy, Physiology, and Hygiene: A Manual for the use of Colleges,

Schools, and General Readers. By Jerome Walker, M.D. New York: A. Lovell

& Co. 1884.

[L] Ballades and Verses Vain. By Andrew Lang. New York: Charles

Scribner’s Sons. 1884.

[M] Queer Stories for Boys and Girls. By Edward Eggleston. New York:

Charles Scribner’s Sons. 1884. Price, $1.00.

[N] The King’s Men; A Tale of To-morrow. By Robert Grant, John Boyle

O’Reilly, J. S. of Dale, and John T. Wheelwright. New York: Charles

Scribner’s Sons. 1884.

[O] An Appeal to Cæsar. By Albion W. Tourgée. New York: Fords, Howard &

Hulbert. 1884.

[P] Captains of Industry; or, Men of Business who did something beside

Making Money. By James Parton. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co. 1884.

Cloth, $1.25.

[Q] Ragnarok: The Age of Fire and Gravel. By Ignatius Donnelly.

Illustrated. New York: D. Appleton & Co. 1884.

SPECIAL NOTES.

The “Chemistry” designed for the required reading is the one bearing

the imprint of the Providence Lithograph Company. This was prepared by

Professor Appleton expressly for the Circle, and the publishers furnished

the colored lithograph plates and most of the other illustrations

specially for this book. Neither the “Young Chemist,” by the same author,

nor any other book can be accepted as a substitute for the book specially

prepared for the Circle.

* * * * *

All local circles should report directly to THE CHAUTAUQUAN. A prompt

notice of the organization of each new circle should be sent to us,

and as well of the reorganization of all old clubs. It is especially

desirable that any new feature in conducting a circle, or new plan for

Memorial Days should be written up for the local circle column. Let all

have the benefit of your successes.

* * * * *

The garnet badges necessarily worn by all graduates of the C. L. S. C.

are manufactured and for sale by Mrs. Rosie M. Baketel, of Greenland, N.

H. Also the badges of the Class of 1888, and of the C. Y. F. R. U. These

can be obtained by mail at the following rates: For the garnet badges, 40

cents; Class of ’88, 15 cents; C. Y. F. R. U., 10 cents.

* * * * *

THE CHAUTAUQUAN for December will contain a Christmas Vesper Service

prepared especially for our subscribers. This service will also be

printed on single sheets and supplied in quantities to those desiring

such an exercise for their Christmas festivities. See advertisement.

* * * * *

All business correspondence relating to Chautauqua or the Hotel Athenæum

should be addressed to W. A. Duncan, Syracuse, N. Y.

CHAUTAUQUA INTERMEDIATE CLASS, 1884.

FIRST PRIZE.

Harriet J. Price, Erie, Pa.

SECOND PRIZE.

Lillie M. Whitney, Murray, Calloway Co., Ky.

THIRD PRIZE.

Rev. G. M. Elliott, Selma, Dallas Co., Ala.

DESERVING SPECIAL MENTION.

Jessie S. Hunt, Olean, N. Y.

Susan E. Monroe, 1424 Poplar Street, Philadelphia, Pa.

GENERAL LIST.

Mary E. Van Fleet, Pinckney, Mich.

Frank E. Meigs, Warrensburg, Mo.

Lena Scott, 1011 Upper 6th Street, Evansville, Ind.

Eva M. Moll, Hiawatha, Brown Co., Kan.

Mrs. J. L. Tourtellot, 95 Messer Street, Providence, R. I.

Daisy R. Doren, 307 6th Street, Dayton, O.

Mrs. S. M. Tucker, Springboro, Crawford Co., Pa.

Fannie E. Peacock, 84 Joy Street, Detroit, Mich.

G. W. Newman, Kendall, McKean Co., Pa.

Mrs. E. L. Taylor, Fulton, Bourbon Co., Kan.

Marion I. Springer, South Oil City, Pa.

A. May Peck, Jamestown, N. Y.

Vladimir E. Dolgoruki, Siloam Springs, Benton Co., Ark.

Caleb G. Ensign, Madison, O.

Kate Brown, Pinckney, Mich.

Amy Pemberton, West Milton, O.

Belle Flesh, Piqua, O.

Mrs. J. Paton, Jr., Flushing, Genesee Co., Mich.

Mrs. J. M. Foster, Leech’s Corners, Mercer Co., Pa.

Mrs. J. Y. McLean, Leech’s Corners, Mercer Co., Pa.

Inez A. Harris, Box 1159, Bradford, Pa.

Anna Harris, Box 1159, Bradford, Pa.

Florence Kerr, Mercer, Mercer Co., Pa.

Helen M. Martin, W. Henrietta, Monroe Co., N. Y.

Homer N. Kimball, Madison, Lake Co., O.

Mrs. Sarah L. Parker, Sherman, N. Y.

CHAUTAUQUA CHILDREN’S CLASS, 1884.

PRIZE PAPERS.

1st. Cora E. Faber, 62 Lansing Street, Utica, N. Y.

2d. Ernest C. Wheeler, Manchester, Iowa.

3d. Mary Adelaide Jay, Richmond, Ind.

SPECIAL HONORABLE MENTION.

Willis E. McGerald, Tonawanda, N. Y.

Mary D. Potter, 192 Washington Street, Allegheny, Pa.

Louisa Sauer, 244 Williams Street, Buffalo, N. Y.

SPECIAL MENTION.

* Percy A. Barlow, 88 Mayberry Avenue, Detroit, Mich.

* L. Mary Dithridge, Tionesta, Pa.

* Herbert Russell, Mansfield, O.

* Martha S. Colburn, Jamestown, N. Y.

* Jessie Galey, Pollock, Clarion Co., Pa.

* John H. Pierce, Holly, N. Y.

* Grace J. Kirkland, Dewittville, N. Y.

GENERAL LIST.—FIRST GRADE.

Theresa Waggoner, Chautauqua, N. Y.

Nellie B. Lowe, Springville, Erie Co., N. Y.

* May Herrick, Chautauqua, N. Y.

* Rachel Dithridge, Tionesta, Pa.

Annie W. Crane, 30 E. 14th Street, New York, N. Y.

* Mabel M. Rice, Petrolia, Butler Co., Pa.

* Florence A. Jones, Greenfield, Erie Co., Pa.

* Carrie M. Dithridge, Tionesta, Pa.

Lillie Babcock, Box 194, Bradford, Pa.

SECOND GRADE.

* Jessie Leslie, Chautauqua, N. Y.

* Mary A. Sixbey, Mayville, N. Y.

A. May Peck, Jamestown, N. Y.

* Willie Walworth, 117 Public Square, Cleveland, O.

Eddie Mead, Union City, Ind.

Louisa W. Knox, Connellsville, Pa.

Charles A. Harris, 964 Seneca Street, Buffalo, N. Y.

George L. Hoxie, Leonardsville, Madison Co., N. Y.

* Anna Taylor, Chautauqua, N. Y.

* Carrie Perkins, Box 8, Dunkirk, N. Y.

Lillian Kennedy, 1426 Master Street, Phila., Pa.

* Grace E. Bosley, Haselton, Barber Co., Kansas.

Ada Miller, South Oil City, Pa.

THIRD GRADE.

Wilkie D. Neville, Box 187, South Toledo, O.

Mary R. Stevens, Wellsville, N. Y.

* Bessie Barrett, Box 54, Titusville, Pa.

* Miner Crarey, Sheffield, Warren Co., Pa.

Genevieve E. Merritt, Chautauqua, N. Y.

Dana Jewell, Olean, N. Y.

Kate Foulke, Albion, Erie Co., Pa.

Allien Davis, Youngsville, Warren Co., Pa.

Frances E. Sersall, Warren, Pa.

Torrence Parker, Randolph, N. Y.

May Wallace, Erie, Pa.

FOURTH GRADE.

Leon Tallman (no address given).

* Gracie Jones, Greenfield, Pa.

Anna Gale, 745 N. Logan Street, Cleveland, O.

Willie Anderson, Wellsville, N. Y.

Daisy Morris, New Wilmington, Lawrence Co., Pa.

E. D. Williamson, 275 Christian Avenue, Indianapolis, Ind.

* Nellie Vance, Sheakleyville, Mercer Co., Pa.

Orry Bashline, Cottage, Cattaraugus Co., N. Y.

Florence Milliman, Buffalo, N. Y.

* * * * *

The following members of the Children’s Class, who have already taken the

Diploma, are entitled to seals by having passed parts of the Intermediate

examination:

One seal, Carrie M. Dixon, Box 213, Titusville, Pa.

One seal, Grace J. Kirkland, Dewittville, N. Y.

Two seals, Grace E. Barrett, Box 54, Titusville, Pa.

The * at the end of names in the list of children is to show who have

passed examinations previous to this year.

* * * * *

Transcriber’s Notes:

Obvious punctuation errors repaired.

Page 72, “jar” changed to “war” (“peace” denotes the absence of war)

Page 79, “analagous” changed to “analogous” (deny that analogous

influences)

Page 106, “has” added (It has been my sad duty)

Page 109, “em hatic” changed to “emphatic” (short ones more emphatic)

Page 115, repeated word “of” deleted (Æëtes, king of the country)

Page 115, “Isis” changed to “Iris” (“Iris.” The messenger of the gods.)

Page 118, “Clytemnesta” changed to “Clytemnestra” (murdered by Ægisthus

and Clytemnestra)