(a) Regular magnetograph records were ke_The Home of the Blizzard Being the Story of the Australasian Antarctic Expedition, 1911-1914

for a period of eighteen months. A system of term days for quick runs

was also followed; Melbourne, Christchurch, and other stations co

operating. In connexion with the magnetograph work, Webb conducted

regular, absolute observations throughout the year 1912. Bage continued

the magnetograph records for a further six months in 1913, observed

term days, and took absolute observations.

(b) At the Western Base (Queen Mary Land) Kennedy kept term days in

the winter, using a magnetometer and dip-circle.

Biology

1. Station Collections.

(a) At Macquarie Island, Hamilton worked for two years amongst a rich

fauna and a scanty but interesting flora. Amongst other discoveries

a finch indigenous to Macquarie Island was found.

(b) In Adelie Land, Hunter, assisted by Laseron, secured a large

biological collection, notwithstanding the continuous bad weather.

Dredgings from depths down to fifty fathoms were made during the

winter. The eggs of practically all the flying birds known along

Antarctic shores were obtained, including those of the silver-grey

petrel and the Antarctic petrel, which were not previously known;

also a variety of prion, of an unrecorded species, together with its

eggs.

other petrels were found, and a large rookery of Emperor penguins was

located; the second on record. Harrisson, working under difficulties,

succeeded in trapping some interesting fish on the bottom in two

hundred and fifty fathoms of water.

2. Ship Collections.

(a) A collection made by Mr. E. R. Waite, Curator of the Canterbury

Museum, on the first Sub-Antarctic cruise.

(b) A collection made by Professor T. T. Flynn, of Hobart, on the

second Sub-Antarctic cruise.

waters during the summer of 1913-1914. This comprised deep-sea

dredgings at eleven stations in depths down to one thousand eight

hundred fathoms and regular tow-nettings, frequently serial, to

depths of two hundred fathoms. Six specimens of the rare Ross seal

were secured. A large collection of external and internal parasites

was made from birds, seals and fish.

Geology

(a) A geological examination of Macquarie Island was made by Blake.

The older rocks were found to be all igneous. The Island has been

overridden in comparatively recent times by an ice-cap travelling

from west to east.

(b) Geological collections at the Main Base. In Adelie Land the rocky

outcrops are metamorphic sediments and gneisses. In King George V

Land there is a formation similar to the Beacon sandstones and dolerites

of the Ross Sea, with which carbonaceous shales and coaly strata are

associated.

terminal moraine near Winter Quarters, Adelie Land. Amongst them was

red sandstone in abundance, suggesting that the Beacon sandstone

formation extends also throughout Adelie Land but is hidden by the

ice-cap. A solitary stony meteorite was found by a sledging party

lying on the ice of the plateau.

(d) In the collections made by Watson and Hoadley at the Western

Base (Queen Mary Land) gneisses and schists were ascertained to be

the predominant types.

(e) A collection of erratics was brought up by the deep-sea trawl in

the course of dredgings in Antarctic waters.

Glaciology

(a) Observations of the pack-ice, coastal glaciers and shelf-ice from

the 'Aurora' during her three Antarctic cruises.

(b) Observations of the niveous and glacial features met with on the

sledging journeys from both Antarctic bases.

Meteorology

(a) Two years' observations at Macquarie Island by Ainsworth

(b) Two years' observations in Adelie Land by Madigan.

(d) Observations by the Ship on each of her five voyages.

(e) Observations during the many sledging journeys from both

Antarctic Bases.

Bacteriology, etc.

In Adelie Land, McLean carried out many months of steady work in

Bacteriology, Haematology and Physiology.

Tides

Self-recording instruments were run at Macquarie Island by Ainsworth

and at Adelie Land by Bage.

Wireless and Auroral Observations

A very close watch was kept upon auroral phenomena with interesting

results, especially in their relation to the "permeability" of the

ether to wireless waves.

Geographical Results

1. The successful navigation by the 'Aurora' of the Antarctic pack

ice in a fresh sphere of action, where the conditions were practically

unknown, resulting in the discovery of new lands and islands.

2. Journeys were made over the sea-ice and on the coastal and upland

plateau in regions hitherto unsurveyed. At the Main Base (Adelie

Land) the journeys aggregated two thousand four hundred miles, and at

the Western Base (Queen Mary Land) the aggregate was eight hundred

miles. These figures do not include depot journeys, the journeys of

supporting parties, or the many miles of relay work. The land was

mapped in through 33 degrees of longitude, 27 degrees of which were

covered by sledging parties.

3. The employment of wireless telegraphy in the fixation of a

fundamental meridian in Adelie Land.

4. The mapping of Macquarie Island.

[TEXT ILLUSTRATIONS]

A Section of the Antarctic Plateau from the Coast to a Point Three

Hundred Miles Inland, along the Route followed by the Southern

Sledging Party (Adelie Land)

A Section across the Antarctic Continent through the South Magnetic

Pole from the D'Urville Sea to the Ross Sea; Compiled from Observations

made by the British Antarctic Expedition (1907-1909) and by the

Australian Antarctic Expedition (1911-1914)

Oceanography

1. By soundings the fringe of the Antarctic Continent as well as the

Continental Shelf has been indicated through 55 degrees of longitude.

2. The configuration of the floor of the ocean southward of Australia

and between Macquarie Island and the Auckland Islands has been broadly

ascertained.

3. Much has been done in the matter of sea-water temperatures and

salinities.

[TEXT ILLUSTRATIONS]

A Section of the Floor of the Southern Ocean between Tasmania

and King George V Land

A Section of the Floor of the Southern Ocean between Western

Australia and Queen Mary Land

APPENDIX Ill

An Historical Summary**

** For this compilation reference has been largely made to Dr. H. R.

Mill's "The Siege of the South Pole." Several doubtful voyages

during the early part of the nineteenth century have been omitted.

1775. James Cook circumnavigated the Globe in high southern

latitudes, discovering the sub-antarctic island of South Georgia.

He was the first to cross the Antarctic Circle.

1819. William Smith, the master of a merchant vessel trading between

Montevideo and Valparaiso, discovered the South Shetland Islands.

1819. Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen, despatched in command of an

Expedition by the Emperor, Alexander I of Russia, with instructions

to supplement the voyage of Captain Cook, circumnavigated the

Antarctic continent in high southern latitudes. The first discovery

of land south of the Antarctic Circle was made, namely, Peter I Island

and Alexander I Land (also an island), in the American Quadrant of

Antarctica.

1820. Nathaniel Palmer, master of an American sealing-vessel, sighted

new land to the south of the South Shetland Islands. It seems clear

that he was the first to view what is now known as the Palmer

Archipelago (1820-21).

1823. James Weddell, a British sealer, sailing southward of the

Atlantic Ocean, reached 74 degrees 15' south latitude in the American

Quadrant, establishing a "farthest south" record.

1830. John Biscoe, a whaling master of the British firm of Enderby

Brothers, sailed on a voyage circumnavigating the Antarctic Regions.

Enderby Land was discovered south of the West Indian Ocean in the

African Quadrant of Antarctica. This was apparently a part of the

Antarctic continent. New land was also met with to the south of

America and charted as Graham's Land, Biscoe Island and Adelaide

Island.

Kemp, a sailing master of Enderby Brothers, extended Biscoe's

discoveries shortly after by the report of land east of, and

adjacent to, Enderby Land.

Neither of these discoveries has yet been proved, though Enderby Land

(Biscoe) undoubtedly exists.

1839. John Balleny, another of Enderby's whaling captains, discovered

the Balleny Islands within the Antarctic Circle, in the Australian

Quadrant of Antarctica, and gave a vague description of an appearance

of land to the westward. This has been charted on maps, without

adequate evidence, as Sabrina Land.

[TEXT ILLUSTRATION]

Antarctic Land Discoveries Preceding 1838

Note. This and the two following maps of the series illustrate land

discoveries only. In cases where the existence of land once reported

has since been disproved no record at all is shown

1837. Jules Sebastian Cesar Dumont D'Urville, was despatched by King

Louis Philippe of France for the prosecution of scientific researches

on a voyage round the World. His cruise in the Antarctic resulted in

the charting of Joinville Island and Louis Philippe Land to the south

of America (American Quadrant) and the discovery of a portion of the

Antarctic continent, named Adelie Land, southward of Australia

(Australian Quadrant).

1838. Charles Wilkes, United States Navy, in accordance with a bill

passed by Congress, set out on an exploring expedition to circumnavigate

the World. His programme included the investigation of the area of

the Antarctic to the south of Australia--the Australian Quadrant.

The squadron composing this American expedition first visited the

Antarctic regions in the American Quadrant, and then proceeded eastward

round to the Australian Quadrant from which, after a long cruise, they

returned, reporting land at frequent intervals in the vicinity of the

Antarctic Circle between longitudes 157 degrees 46' E. and 106 degrees

19' E. He shares with D'Urville the full honour of the discovery of

Adelie Land. Some of the supposed landfalls known to be non-existent.

1839. James Clark Ross proceeded south in charge of a scientific

expedition fitted out by the Admiralty at the instance of the British

Association for the Advancement of Science and approved of by the Royal

Society. His aim was to circumnavigate the Antarctic regions and to

investigate the Weddell Sea. The geographical results were fruitful;

the Ross Sea, the Admiralty Range and the Great Ice Barrier were

discovered and some eight hundred miles of Antarctic coastline were

broadly delineated.

1844. T. E. L. Moore was detailed by the Admiralty to supplement

the magnetic work of Ross and to explore to the southward of Africa

and of the Indian Ocean, but no additions were made to geographical

knowledge.

1872. Eduard Dallmann, whilst engaged in whaling with a German

steamer to the southward of America, added some details to the map of

the Palmer Archipelago but did not go further south than 64 degrees

45' S. Iatitude.

1874. The 'Challenger' scientific expedition, under the command of

George Strong Nares, in the course of their voyage from the Cape to

Australia during the circumnavigation of the World penetrated within

the Antarctic Circle in longitude 78 degrees 22' E.

1892. A fleet of four Scottish whalers cruised through the north

western part of the Weddell Sea. Scientific observations were made

by W. S. Bruce and others, but no geographical discoveries were

recorded.

1892. C. A. Larsen, master of a Hamburg whaler, added important

details to the geography of the American Quadrant of Antarctica on

the western side of the Weddell Sea.

1894. Evensen, master of another Hamburg whaler, brought back further

information of the American Quadrant on the Pacific Ocean side.

1895. H. J. Bull organized a whaling venture and with Leonard

Kristensen, master of the ship, revisited the Ross Sea area where

a landing was made at Cape Adare (Australian Quadrant). This was the

first occasion on which any human being had set foot on the Antarctic

continent.

[TEXT ILLUSTRATION]

Antarctic land Discoveries Preceding 1896 (A. J. Hodgeman)

1897. Adrien de Gerlache sailed from Belgium on a scientific exploring

expedition to the American Quadrant. Important additions were made to

the map, but the ship became frozen into the pack-ice and drifted about

for a whole year south of the Antarctic Circle. The members of this

expedition were the first to experience an Antarctic winter. Antarctic

exploration now entered upon a new era.

1898. Carstens Egeberg Borchgrevink led an expedition, fitted out by

Sir George Newnes; its objective being the Ross Sea area. Further

details were added to the map, but the most notable fact was that the

expedition wintered at Cape Adare, on the mainland itself. The Great

Ross Barrier was determined to be thirty miles south of the position

assigned by Ross in 1839.

1898. Chun of Leipsig, in charge of the 'Valdivia' Expedition, carried

out oceanographical researches far to the south, in the vicinity of

Enderby Land (African Quadrant), though he did not come within sight

of the continent.

1901. Robert Falcon Scott, in command of the 'Discovery' Expedition,

organised by the Royal Geographical Society and Royal Society with

the co-operation of the Admiralty, in accordance with a scheme of

international endeavour, passed two winters at the southern extremity

of the Ross Sea and carried out many successful sledging journeys.

Their main geographical achievements were: the discovery of King

Edward VII Land; several hundred miles of new land on a "farthest

south" sledging journey to latitude 82 degrees 17' S.; the discovery

of the Antarctic plateau; additional details and original contributions

to the geography of the lands and islands of the Ross Sea.

1901. A German national expedition, led by Erich von Drygalski, set

out for the region south of the Indian Ocean. After a small party

had been stationed on Kerguelen Island, the main party proceeded

south close to the tracks of the Challenger. They came within sight

of Antarctic shores but were frozen into the pack-ice for a whole

year. Kaiser Wilhelm II Land was discovered close to the junction

between the Australian and African Quadrants.

1901. A Swedish national expedition, planned and led by Otto

Nordenskjold, wintered for two years on Snow Hill Island in the

American Quadrant, and did much valuable scientific work.

1902. William Speirs Bruce organized and led a Scottish expedition to

the Weddell Sea, southward of the Atlantic Ocean. The party effected

notable oceanographic researches and wintered at the South Orkney

Islands, but were foiled in their attempt to penetrate the pack-ice.

During the second season, conditions were more favourable and the ship

reached Coats Land in 74 degrees 1' S. Iatitude.

1903. Jean Charcot organized and led a French expedition to the

American Quadrant and there added many details to the existing chart.

1907. Ernest Henry Shackleton organized and led a British

expedition with the main object of reaching the South Geographical

Pole. His party wintered at Cape Royds, McMurdo Sound, and two main

sledging parties set out in the early summer. E. H. Shackleton's

party ascended the Antarctic plateau and penetrated to within ninety

seven geographical miles of the South Pole, discovering new land beyond

Scott's "farthest south." T. W. Edgeworth David's party reached the

South Magnetic Polar Area, filling in many details of the western coast

of McMurdo Sound.

1908. Jean Charcot organized and led a second French expedition to

extend the work accomplished in 1903 in the American Quadrant. He was

successful in discovering new land still further to the south.

Loubet, Fallieres and Charcot Lands, towards and beyond Alexander I

Land, were added to the map of Antarctica.

1910. Roald Amundsen organized an expedition for scientific research

in the vicinity of the North Pole but changed his plans, eventually

heading for the South Pole. The expedition wintered on the Ross

Barrier near King Edward VII Land, from which point he set out and

attained the South Geographical Pole, mapping in new land on the way.

Another party visited King Edward VII Land.

1910. Robert Falcon Scott led a second Antarctic expedition, the main

object of which was to reach the South Geographical Pole. The

principal party wintered near his old winter quarters at Hut Point,

McMurdo Sound. A second party was landed at Cape Adare. Scott

reached the Pole soon after the Norwegian Amundsen, but he and his

party perished on the return journey. Other parties added details to

the map of Victoria Land. Oates Land was sighted from the ship to the

westward of Cape Adare in the Australian Quadrant.

1910. A Japanese expedition sailed to the Ross Sea, but on account of

the lateness of the season was forced to turn back without landing.

The winter was spent at Sydney, New South Wales. Next year a summer

visit was made to the South, but no additional land discoveries were

made.

1911. A German expedition, led by Wilhelm Filchner, proceeded to the

Weddell Sea; the South Pole being its objective. The party

succeeded in reaching further south in that region than any previous

navigators and discovered new land, to be named Prince Luitpold Land.

They were driven northwards amongst the pack in a blizzard and spent

the winter frozen in south of Coats Land.

[TEXT ILLUSTRATION]

A Map of the Antarctic Regions as Known at the Present Day

[1915]

APPENDIX IV

Glossary

Oceanography. The study of the ocean, including the shape and

character of its bed, the temperature and salinity of the water at

various depths, the force and set of its currents, and the nature of

the creatures and plants which haunt its successive zones.

Neve. [n,e acute, v, e acute] The compacted snow of a snow-field;

a stage in the transition between soft, loose snow and glacier-ice.

Sastrugi. The waves caused by continuous winds blowing across the

surface of an expanse of snow. These waves vary in size according to

the force and continuity of the wind and the compactness of the snow.

The word is of Russian derivation (from zastruga [sing.], zastrugi

[pl.] ), denoting snow-waves or the irregularities on the surface of

roughly-planed wood.

Ice-foot. A sheath of ice adhering along the shores of polar lands.

The formation may be composed of attached remnants of floe-ice,

frozen sea-spray and drift-snow.

Nunatak. An island-like outcrop of rock projecting through a sheet of

enveloping land-ice.

Shelf-ice. A thick, floating, fresh water ice-formation pushing out

from the land and continuous with an extensive glacier. Narrow

prolongations or peninsulas of the shelf-ice may be referred to as

ice-tongues or glacier-tongues.

Barrier is a term which has been rather loosely applied in the

literature of Antarctic Exploration. Formerly it was used to

describe a formation, which is mainly shelf-ice, known as the Great

Ross Barrier. Confusion arose when "Barrier" came to be applied to

the seaward ice-cliff (resting on rock) of an extensive sheet of

land-ice and when it was also employed to designate a line of

consolidated pack-ice. Spelt with a small "b" the term is a

convenient one, so long as it carries its ordinary meaning; it seems

unnecessary to give it a technical connotation.

Blizzard. A high wind at a low temperature, accompanied by drifting,

not necessarily falling snow.

Floe or Floe-ice. The comparatively flat, frozen surface of the sea

intersected by cracks and leads (channels of open water).

Pack or Pack-ice is a field of loose ice originating in the main from

broken floe, to which may be added material from the disintegration

of bergs, and bergs themselves.

Brash or Brash-ice. Small, floating fragments of ice--the debris of

larger pieces--usually observed bordering a tract of pack-ice.

Bergschrund has been "freely rendered" in the description of the

great cleft between the lower part of the Denman Glacier and the

Shackleton Shelf-Ice (Queen Mary Land). In a typical glacier, "the

upper portion is hidden by neve and often by freshly fallen snow

and is smooth and unbroken. During the summer, when little snow

falls, the body of the glacier moves away from the snow-field and a

gaping crevasse of great depth is usually established, called a

'Bergschrund', which is sometimes taken as the upper limit of the

glacier" ("Encyclopaedia Britannica").

Sub-Antarctica. A general term used to denote the area of ocean,

containing islands and encircling the Antarctic continent, between the

vicinity of the 50th parallel of south latitude and the confines of

the ice-covered sea.

Seracs are wedged masses of icy pinnacles which are produced in the

surface of a glacier by dragging strains which operate on crevassed

areas. A field of such pinnacles, jammed together in broken

confusion, is called serac-ice

The following colloquial words or phrases occurring in the narrative

were largely determined by general usage:

To depot = to cache or to place a stock of provisions in a depot;

drift = drift-snow;

fifty-mile wind = a wind of fifty miles an hour;

burberry = "Burberry gabardine" or specially prepared wind-proof

clothing;

whirly (pi. whirlies) = whirlwind carrying drift-snow and pursuing a

devious track;

night-watchman = night-watch;

glaxo = "Glaxo" (a powder of dried milk);

primus = primus stove used during sledging;

hoosh = pemmican and plasmon biscuit "porridge";

tanks = canvas bags for holding sledging provisions;

boil-up = sledging meal;

ramp = bank of snow slanting away obliquely on the leeward side of an

obstacle;

radiant = an appearance noted in clouds (especially cirro-stratus)

which seem to radiate from a point on the horizon

The following appended list may be of biological interest:

Birds Aves

Emperor penguin Aptenodytes forsteri

King penguin Aptenodytes patagonica

Adelie penguin Pygoscelis adeliae

Royal penguin Catarrhactes schlegeli

Victoria penguin Catarrhactes pachyrynchus

Gentoo or Rockhopper penguin Pygoscelis papua

Wandering albatross Diomedea exulans

Mollymawk or Black-browed albatross Diomedea melanophrys

Sooty albatross Phoebetria fuliginosa

Giant petrel or nelly Ossifraga gigantea

MacCormick's skua gull Megalestris maccormicki

Southern skua gull Megalestris antarctica

Antarctic petrel Thalassoeca antarctica

Silver-grey petrel or southern fulmar Priocella glacialoides

Cape pigeon Daption capensis

Snow petrel Pagodroma nivea

Lesson's petrel Oestrelata lessoni

Wilson petrel Oceanites oceanicus

Storm petrel Fregetta melanogaster

Cape hen Majaqueus oequinoctialis

Small prion or whale bird Prion banksii

Crested tern Sterna sp.

Southern black-backed or Dominican gull Larus dominicanus

Macquarie Island shag Phalacrocorax traversi

Mutton bird Puffinus griseus

Maori hen or "weka" Ocydromus scotti

Seals Pinnipedia

Sea elephant Macrorhinus leoninus

Sea-leopard Stenorhynchus leptonyax

Weddell seal Leptonychotes weddelli

Crab-eater seal Lobodon carcinophagus

Ross seal Ommatophoca rossi

Whales and Dolphins Cetacea

Rorqual, finner, or blue whale Balaenoptera sibbaldi

Killer whale Orca gladiator

APPENDIX V

Medical Reports

Western Base (Queen Mary Land)

by S. E. Jones, M.B., CH.M.

There was a very marked absence of serious illness during the whole

period of our stay at the Base. After the 'Aurora' left Adelie Land

on January 19, 1912, for her western cruise, an epidemic of influenza

broke out. It should be noted that one case occurred on the voyage

south from Hobart, and then an interval of almost a month occurred

before the infection spread. An interesting feature of the outbreak

was the fact that the recovery of those who were convalescing, when

we arrived at Queen Mary Land, was much more rapid than was the case

with those whose convalescence occurred on the Ship.

By the careful use of snow-goggles during the summer, snow-blindness

was practically prevented, and such cases as occurred yielded quickly

when zinc and cocaine tablets were used and the eyes obtained rest.

An undoubted factor in the causation of snow-blindness is the strain

caused by the continual efforts at visual accommodation made

necessary on dull days when the sun is obscured, and there is a

complete absence of all light-and-shade contrast.

Although frostbites were frequent during the winter months, immediate

attention to the restoration of circulation prevented the occurrence

of after-effects, so that no one suffered the loss of any more tissue

than the superficial epithelium. The nose, ears, fingers and toes

were the parts which suffered first.

Our supplies of food were excellent in point of view of variety. Some

tinned onions were responsible for several mild attacks of poisoning,

but these were not used after our first experience. There was no sign

of scurvy in any form.

Hoadley, on one occasion, had an unpleasant experience. He was alone

in the hut sleeping one night when he awoke to find the room filled

with smoke. On going outside he found that the chimney had become

blocked with snow; as the fire was banked, the hut was filled with the

gases from the imperfect combustion of the coal. It was three or four

days before Hoadley recovered from his experience, having marked

symptoms of carbon monoxide poisoning.

On my return from the Western Depot journey I found that Wild was

suffering from an attack of herpes zoster. The illness came on while

he was out sledging, and he suffered severely from the pain and

irritation.

Beyond a few cases of minor illness, and one or two accidents, there

was nothing of serious moment to report.

Main Base (Adelie Land)

by A. L. McLean, M.B., CH.M., B.A.

Throughout the whole period of the Expedition--from December 2, 1911,

to February 26, 1914--the health of the expedition was remarkably

good. Undoubtedly Antarctica has a salubrious climate, and it is

simply because one returns in a measure to the primitive that such an

ideal result is obtained.

The first thing to resist is the cold, and additional clothing is the

first and adequate means to such an end. No one needs to be specially

inured to a rigorous climate. If he has a normal circulation he

immediately reacts to a new set of temperature conditions, and in a

few weeks may claim to be acclimatized. Most of the members of the

expedition were Australians, so that the change of latitudes was

rather abrupt but none the less stimulating and healthful.

Appetite for food had suddenly a new piquancy, hard manual work was

a pleasure in a novel and wonderful environment, the intellect and

imagination were quickened and the whole man embodied the mens sana

in corpore sano. That is why illness was practically unknown for more

than two years; and, further, it may be said with partial truth that

in the high sense of physical and mental fitness he possessed for a

time, lies the explanation of the proverbial desire of an explorer

to return to the ice-lands.

Regular monthly examinations of the blood were made from the date of

leaving Hobart in December 1911 until October 1912, with an interval

of about nine weeks between the first and second examinations. The

haemoglobin or red colouring-matter went up with a leap and then very

steadily increased in amount during the winter months in Adelie Land.

The blood pressure became slightly more marked, the weight increased,

but as one might have expected, the resistance to ordinary civilized

germs was decreased. With regard to weight, the maximum amount gained

by a single individual during a period of eight weeks was almost two

stones, and every one became heavier by as much as ten pounds. As

clinical evidence of the loss in immunity may be quoted the epidemic

of influenza to which Dr. S. E. Jones referred. As well, it was noted

that several members had attacks of "boils" during the voyage

southward; in Adelie Land during 1912 there were two instances of acute

abscesses on the fingers (whitlows) and one jaw abscess. It appears as

if, with its new and unbounded energy of function, the body attempts to

throw oft its waste products. Then, too, experimental observations of

opsonic index pointed towards the lowering of resistance, and, by the

way, it was rather a remarkable fact that after a few months in Adelie

Land, staphylococcus pyogenes aureus--a common germ in civilization-

could not be cultivated artificially from the throat, nose or skin, of

six individuals from whom monthly bacteriological cultures were made.

Within the Hut, at a temperature which ranged from 40 degrees to

45 degrees F., the number of micro-organisms continuously increased,

if the exposure of agar plates at regular intervals (by night) gave

a true indication. The organisms were staphylocci albi, bacilli, yeasts,

and moulds; the latter overgrowing the plate after it had been for forty

eight hours in the incubator.

Frostbites were common, but, perhaps for that reason, were not regarded

seriously. No one suffered permanent harm from being frost-bitten,

though in several cases rather extensive blisters formed and nails and

skin were lost.

Whilst the Hut was being built, minor casualties often occurred; the

common remedy being to cover the injured part with a small piece of

gauze surrounded by adhesive tape; for open wounds will not heal

when exposed to the cold. The Greenland dogs had small accidents and

ailments which often required treatment.

On sledging journeys snow-blindness was an affection which sooner or

later caught every one in an unguarded moment. That moment was when

he ceased to use goggles if the light were at all trying to his eyes.

Prevention came first, and then the "zinc and cocaine" cure.

Adelie Land can only be regarded as an intolerable country in which

to live, owing to the never-ceasing winds. Usage and necessity

helped one to regard the weather in the best possible light; for the

sake of a few hours of calm which might be expected to occasionally

intervene between the long spells of the blizzards. It is, therefore,

with regret and some diffldence that I speak of the illness of Mr. S.

N. Jeffryes, who took up so conscientiously the duties of wireless

operator during the second year (1913); but upon whom the monotony

of a troglodytic winter life made itself felt. It is my hope that he

is fast recovering his former vigour and enthusiasm.**

So many miles of sledging were done at both Antarctic Bases in a

climate which is surely without a parallel in the history of polar

travelling, the Ship was so often in jeopardy during her three main

cruises to the South, that we feel the meagre comment should be made

on our providential return to civilization with the loss of two

comrades whose memory will ever be imperishable to each one of us.

** With the advent of summer, Jeffryes became normal, but unfortunately

suffered a temporary relapse upon his return to Australia.--D. M.

APPENDIX VI

Finance

A General reference was made to the finances of the expedition in the

Introduction. Here is an extended statement which, more fully amplified

with a detailed list of donations, will be again published when

additional funds have been raised to pay off the debit balance and

establish equilibrium.

GRANTS AND DONATIONS

AUSTRALIA, January 1911: L

Australasian Association for the Advancement of Science, L1000;

R. Barr Smith (South Australia), L100; Hugh Denison (Sydney),

L1000; Samuel Hordern (Sydney), L1000 (subsequently increased

to L2500)........................... 4,000

LONDON, June 1911:

S. Hordern (Sydney), L1500 (second donation); Roderick Murchison

(Melbourne), L1000; W. A. Horn (South Australia), L1000;

Lord Strathcona, L1000; Eugene Sandow, L1050; Imperial Government,

L2000; Royal Geographical Society, L500; Lionel Robinson (Sydney),

L250; C. D. Mackellar, L150; G. P. Doolette, L150; G. Buckley,

L150; Lord Denman, L100; Madame Melba (Melbourne), L100;

S. Y. Buchanan, L100 (later increased to L200); Daily Mail,L100;

Messrs. Bullivants L100, &c., aggregating an additional L593.. 9,843

AUSTRALIA, October 1911:

Sydney: Government grant, L7000; collected by L.

Professor David, L50; 'Sydney Morning Herald',

L100; Professor David's own donation and

lecture proceeds, L100............... 7,250

Melbourne: Government grant, L6000; collected by

Professor Masson, L70............... 6,070

Adelaide: Government grant, L5000; collected by

Mr. Piper, L250 (including Angus L100, Simpson L85,

Scarfe L50).................... 5,250

Hobart: Government grant, L500; collected, L55... 555

Commonwealth grant 5,000

________

24,125

Carried forward...... 37,968

LONDON, 1913: Brought forward...... 37,969

Sir Lucas Tooth, L1000 (Sydney); Imperial Treasury, L1000;

Royal Geographical Society, L100; S. Y. Buchanan, L100;

Lady Scott, L100; Commander Evans, L100; other members of

Scott Expedition and general subscriptions, L227....... 2,627

Australia, 1913:

Commonwealth grant, L5000; collected by Professor David

(approximately), L50...................... 5,050

Australia, 1914:

Collected by Professor Masson (approximately), L80;

G. J. R. Murray (Adelaide), L100; Sir Samuel Way, L50..... 230

Collected in London, 1914.................... 10

Total moneys donated L45,885

Assets realized and added to the fund:

Sale of photos and newspaper articles, L490; sale

of ship and materials, L3699; lectures, films, &c., L726..... 4,915

Bills Owing ...... 5,932 5,932

Assets to be realized:

In hand.................. 560

Owing .................. 340

Anticipated sale of gear......... 570

----

1,470

Debit balance............. 4,462

Total cost ** of Expedition........... 56,732

There is therefore a deficit of L4462 to be made up by the royalty

on the sale of the book, lectures, donations, &c., and the cost of

the publication of the scientific results, which will be approximately

L8000, has yet to be defrayed.

** An estimate of the cost of the expedition should also take

account of donations in kind, which, as can be gathered, were numerous.

Facilities offered by harbour boards and valuable assistance extended

in the matter of docking and repairing the 'Aurora', particularly in

the case of the State of Victoria, and to a less extent in New South

Wales.

Then there were valuable contributions of coal, particularly by Mr.

J. Brown of Newcastle (N.S.W.), Mr. H. D. Murphy (Melbourne),

and the Lithgow Collieries Company.

APPENDIX VII

Equipment

Clothing

With regard to the clothing, the main bulk was of woollen material

as supplied by Jaeger of London. This firm is unexcelled in the

production of camel's-hair garments and has supplied most polar

expeditions of recent years with underclothing, gloves, caps, and

the like. From the same firm we also secured heavy ski-boots,

finnesko-crampons, and the blankets which were used at Winter Quarters

at both Antarctic Bases. Some of the Jaeger woollens were damaged

by sea water on the voyage from London to Australia and were replaced

by Eagley goods; an Australian brand, which proved very satisfactory.

The Ship's Party were outfitted with Kaipoi woollens (New Zealand).

Outer garments were made up to our design from Jaeger fleece by

tailors in Hobart. The suit consisted of a single garment, to be worn

with combination underclothing, and was calculated to meet the

requirements of a severe climate.

An over-suit of wind-proof material, which may be worn when required,

is a necessary adjunct to woollen clothing. Such a suit should have

the additional properties of being light, strong, not readily

absorbing moisture, and not affected by the cold. Burberry

gabardine was found to possess all these properties, and two complete

suits were made up for each man. One suit consisted of three pieces,

whilst the other was made of two; the blouse-jacket and helmet of the

latter being combined.

Furs, which were obtained from Norway, were restricted to sleeping

bags, finnesko or fur-boots, and wolfskin mitts (Lapland).

The outfit of clothing for the party at Macquarie Island and on the

Ship, respectively, differed from that used in the Antarctic. Warmer

temperatures and wet conditions had to be taken into account, and so

rubber boots, oilskins, and rubberized materials were provided as

outer coverings.

Food

The food-stuffs were selected with at least as much consideration as

was given to any of the other requisites. The successful work of an

expedition depends on the health of the men who form its members, and

good and suitable food reduces to a minimum the danger of scurvy; a

scourge which has marred many polar enterprises. Thus our

provisioning was arranged with care and as a result of my previous

experience in the Antarctic with Sir Ernest Shackleton's Expedition.

A summary which may be of possible use to future expeditions is

appended below:

In the matter of canned meats we had some six tons of the excellent

Australian article supplied by the Sydney Meat Preserving Company,

Ramornie Meat Company (N.S.W.), Baynes Brothers (Brisbane), and the

Border (rabbit) Preserving Company of South Australia. For use on

the Ship three tons of salt beef and pork served to replenish the

"harness cask," largely obtained in Melbourne from Cook and Sons.

For a ton of sauces and pickles we were indebted to Brand and Company

(London) and to Mason and Company (London).

Of course fresh meat was consumed as far as possible; a number of

live sheep being taken by the 'Aurora' on each cruise. Some of these

were killed and dressed after reaching 60 degrees south latitude and

supplied our two Antarctic Bases with the luxury of fresh mutton

about once a week throughout a year.

One ton of preserved suet came from the firms of Hugon (Manchester)

and Conrad (Adelaide).

Almost all our bacon and ham, amounting to well over one ton, was of

the Pineapple Brand (Sydney), and to the firm which supplied them we

are indebted alike for the quality of its goods and for its generosity.

Soups in endless variety, totalling two tons, came chiefly from the

Flemington Meat Preserving Company (Melbourne).

Fours tons of canned fish were supplied by C. & E. Morton (London).

Variety in vegetables was considered important. We decided to reduce

the amount of dried vegetables in favour of canned vegetables. About

six and a half tons of the latter in addition to one ton of canned

potatoes were consumed; from Laver Brothers (Melbourne) and Heinz

(Pittsburgh). There were one and a half tons of dried vegetables.

In addition, large quantities of fresh potatoes and other vegetables

were regularly carried by the 'Aurora', and many bags of new and old

potatoes were landed at the Main Base. In the frozen condition, the

former kept satisfactorily, though they were somewhat sodden when

thawed. The old potatoes, on the other hand, became black and useless,

partly owing to the comparatively high temperature of the ship's hold,

and in part to the warmth of the sun during the first few weeks in

Adelie Land.

Canned fruits, to the extent of five tons, were supplied by Jones

Brothers (Hobart) and Laver Brothers (Melbourne). This stock was eked

out by some two and a half tons of dried fruits, chiefly from South

Australia.

The management of Hartley (London) presented us with two tons of jam,

and James Keiller and Son (London) with one ton of marmalade.

Of the twelve tons of sugar and half a ton of syrup consumed, all were

generously donated by the Colonial Sugar Refining Company (Sydney).

For milk we were provided with two tons of Glaxo (a dry powder) which

was used at the land bases, and a ton and a half of Nestle's condensed

variety for use on the ship.

Three tons of cereal meals, largely from Parsons (Sydney), were

consumed.

As one might have expected, the amount of flour used was enormous.

In the thirteen tons of this commodity from Colman (London) there were

three varieties, self-rising, plain, and wheatmeal flour, encased in

stout metal linings within strong, well-finished cases of a convenient

size. Until required, the cases of flour were used to solidify the

break-wind on the southern side of the Hut.

Bird and Company (Birmingham) more than satisfied our needs in the

matter of baking powder, custard powder, jelly crystals, and the

like.

There was over half a ton of fancy biscuits of excellent quality and

great variety, for which we were indebted to Jacob and Company

(Dublin), Arnott Brothers (Sydney), and Patria Biscuit Fabriek

(Amsterdam). "Hardtack," the name by which a plain wholemeal

biscuit of good quality, made by Swallow and Ariell (Melbourne) was

known, constituted the greater part of the remaining two and a half

tons of ordinary biscuits. "Hardtack" was much appreciated as a

change from the usual "staff of life"--soda bread.

For sledging we had secured one ton of biscuits specially prepared

by the Plasmon Company (London) containing 30 per cent. of plasmon.

These, together with one ton of pemmican and half a ton of emergency

ration prepared by the Bovril Company (London), are specially referred

to in the chapter on sledging equipment.

Butter was an important item; the large stock of two and a half tons

coming from the Colac Dairying Company (Melbourne). The butter was

taken fresh in fifty-six lb. blocks, packed in the usual export

cases. On the 'Aurora' it was carried as deck-cargo, and at the Main

Base was stacked in the open air on the southern side of the Hut. At

the end of the second year (1913) it was still quite good; a fact

which speaks well for the climate as a refrigerator. Of Australian

cheese we used half a ton, and this was supplied in forty-pound

blocks.

The firm of Messrs. Cadbury, well known for their cocoa and eating

chocolate, supplied us with these commodities, and receive our

unqualified praise for the standard of the articles and the way in

which they were packed. The total consumption was one ton of cocoa

and half a ton of chocolate.

The three-quarters of a ton of tea was donated by "Te Sol"

(Guernsey) and Griffiths Brothers (Melbourne). In both cases the

articles were well packed and much appreciated. Half a ton of coffee

was used, partly supplied from London and partly donated by

Griffiths Brothers.

Rose's (London) lime juice, as an antiscorbutic, was mainly reserved

for consumption on the Ship. This lime juice was much in favour as a

beverage.

Other supplies, taken in bulk, and for which we are indebted to the

manufacturers, are: one ton of Cerebos Salt, half a ton of Castle

salt, one ton of Sunlight Soap, our complete requirements in toilet

soap from Pears, candles from Price, matches from Bryant and May

including special sledging vestas, and dried milk from the Trufood

Company.

Sweets, which were used for dessert and on special occasions, were

presented by the firms of Fuller and Batger of London, and by Farrah

of Harrogate, &c. There were also small quantities of aerated waters,

ales, wines, and whisky for each Base.** At the Main Base, at least,

there was no demand for whisky until penguin omelettes became

fashionable.

** * Donated by Schweppes, Kopke, Burgoyne, and others.

The smokers were well provided for by a generous donation of Capstan

tobaccos, cigarettes and cigars from the British American Tobacco

Company in London. At a later date, when our Macquarie Island party

was formed, the Sydney branch of the same firm met our added needs

with the same generosity.

There are many other items which have not yet found a place in this

summary which cannot be acknowledged severally, but for which we are

none the less grateful. Mention is made of the following: Horlick's

Malted Milk, Neave's Health Diet, Brown and Polson's Cornflour,

International Plasmon Company's Plasmon chocolate and Plasmon powder,

Bovril and lime juice nodules manufactured by Bovril Limited,

Colman's Mustard and Groats, Flemington Meat Company's desiccated

soups, Seager's meats, Nestle's nut-milk chocolate, Escoffier's soups,

&c.

The cooking range which served us well for two years in the Hut at

Adelie Land was from J. Smith and Wellstood (London); others were

presented by Metters (Adelaide).

The total supply of foods purchased and donated aggregated quite one

hundred tons, exclusive of packing. Much of this was assembled in

London. In Australia the Government Produce Department of Adelaide

rendered valuable assistance.

TABLE OF FOOD-SUPPLIES FOR A TWELVE-MAN BASE

The following are the food requirements for a party of twelve men

wintering in the Antarctic. It is our own store list, with slight

modifications where these are found desirable. The figures are based

on the supposition that unlimited quantities of seal and penguin meat

can be had on the spot, and, furthermore, are ample for a second

year's requirements should the party be unavoidably detained. The

fare during the second year might be somewhat less varied, but would

otherwise be sufficient. Health was, of course, the first

consideration in this selection, but economy was also studied. The

quantities are stated in pounds weight.

lbs.

Meats, tinned--Corned beef, 216; roast beef, 72; roast mutton, 72;

boiled mutton, 72; Irish stew, 216; assorted meats, 168, including

mutton cutlets, haricot mutton, ox tail, ox tongue, sausages, and

brawn; sheep's tongues, 288; special meats, 192, including rabbit,

hare, duck, fowl, and turkey................... 1296

Live sheep--16 sheep to be dressed south of 60 degrees S. latitude

(weight not included)

Suet, tinned--400......................... 400

Bacon and Ham--Bacon in sides, packed in salt, 250; ham, 250... 500

Fish, tinned--Salmon, 360; haddocks, 96; kippered herrings, 216;

herrings in tomato sauce, 72; fresh herrings, 72; sardines, 300;

cods' roe, curried prawns, &c., 72.............., 1188

Soups, assorted tinned, 1152.................. 1152

Vegetables, fresh, in wooden cases--new potatoes, 1200; onions,

3601560

Tinned--potatoes, 864; onions, 216; peas, 450;

French beans, 450; spinach, 360; cabbage, 144; beetroot, 288;

carrots, 288; parsnips, 144; turnips, 108; celery, 144;

leeks, 72; champignons, 144; Boston baked beans, 144;

tomatoes, 288..................... 3240

Cereals and Dried Vegetables, &c.--Split peas, 112; lentils, 56;

marrowfat peas, 56; haricot beans, 56; barley, 72; rice, 252;

tapioca, 144; semolina, 56; macaroni, 56; rolled oats, 648;

cornflour, 156........................ 1664

Flour, including plain, wholemeal, and self-rising...... 4480

Biscuits, &c.--Plasmon wholemeal, 1344; plain wholemeal, 560;

assorted sweet, 560; cake tinned, 224; plum pudding, 224.... 1712

Fruit, tinned in syrup--peaches, 288; pears, 288; plums, 288;

apricots, 288; pineapples, 288; apples, 288; gooseberries, 216;

cherries, 216; mulberries, 48; strawberries, 48; red currants, 48;

black currants, 48; raspberries, 48............... 2400

Dried fruits--Prunes, 112; apples, 112; peaches, 56; nectarines, 56;

apricots, 56; raisins seeded, 224; currants, 112; figs, 224;

dates, 112; candied peel, 56.................. 1120

Sweets, &c.--Eating chocolate (chiefly for sledging) 504; assorted

sweets, 168; crystallized fruits, 56; assorted nuts, 84..... 812

Milk--as dried powder, 2400................... 2400

Butter--in 56 lb. export cases, 1456.............. 1456

Cheese--in original blocks or tins, 240............. 240

Cocoa, Tea, and Coffee--Cocoa, 576; tea, 288; coffee, 288.... 1152

Sugar, Jam, &c.--Sugar, 3584; jam, 1456; marmalade, 448;

honey, 576; syrup, 288..................... 6352

Sauces, Pickles, &c.--Tomato sauce, 180; Worcester sauce, 135;

sweet pickles, 162; mango chutney, 81; assorted pickles

(first quality) 216; vinegar, 210............... 984

Cooking requisites--Baking powder (in addition to that in

selfrising flour) 56; sodium bicarbonate, 1; ground mixed spice, 3;

ground ginger, 4; whole cloves, 1; nutmegs, 2; assorted essences, 10;

desiccated cocoanut, 12; mixed dried herbs, 2; dried mint, 6; dried

parsley, 1; onion powder, 9; curry powder, 30; mustard, 30; black

pepper, 12; white pepper, 12; table salt, 784.......... 975

Soap, &c.--Soap, 448; soda, 168................. 616

(16 tons approx.) 35,699

Note. These weights are exclusive of packing. When high southern

latitudes can be reached within three weeks, fresh eggs may be taken

with advantage, preferably unfertilized, but care should be taken to

freeze them as soon as possible, and not to allow them to thaw again

until required for use. It is advisable to take small quantities

of whisky, ale, wines and lime juice. Matches, candles, soap, and

other toilet requirements, kerosene and fuel are not reckoned with

here, appearing in a more general stores' list. Certain medical

comforts, such as malted milk and plasmon, may also be included.

Medical Equipment

The medical equipment consisted of a complete outfit of Burroughs

and Wellcome's drug's, dressings, &c., and Allen and Hanbury's

surgical instruments. Sets, varying in character with particular

requirements, were made up for the Ship and for each of the land

parties. Contained within the fifty-five boxes was a wonderful

assortment of everything which could possibly have been required

on a polar expedition. There was in addition a set of Burroughs

and Wellcome's medicines for the treatment of dogs.

Scientific Equipment

The scope of our projected scientific work necessitated extensive

purchases, and these were amplified by loans from many scientific

bodies and individuals.

Instruments for surveying and navigation were loaned by the Royal

Geographical Society and by the Admiralty, while many theodolites,

chronometers, and half-chronometer watches were manufactured to order.

An assortment of oceanographical gear was generously supplied through

H. S. H. The Prince of Monaco, from the Institut Oceanographique

of Monaco. Dr. W. S. Bruce made similar donations and supervised the

construction of our largest deep-sea dredge. The three-thousand

fathom tapered steel cables and mountings, designed to work the

deep-water dredges, were supplied by Messrs. Bullivant. Appliances

were also loaned by Mr. J. T. Buchanan of the 'Challenger' Expedition

and by the Commonwealth Fisheries Department. The self-recording

tide-gauges we employed were the property of the New South Wales

Government, obtained through Mr. G. Halligan.

The taxidermists' requirements, and other necessaries for the

preservation of zoological specimens, were for the most part purchased,

but great assistance was rendered through Professor Baldwin-Spencer

by the National Museum of Melbourne and by the South Australian Museum,

through the offices of Professor Stirling. Articles of equipment for

botanical work were loaned by Mr. J. H. Maiden, Director of the

Botanical Gardens, Sydney.

A supply of heavy cameras for base-station work and light cameras for

sledging was purchased; our stock being amplified by many private

cameras, especially those belonging to F. H. Hurley, photographer of

the Expedition. Special Lumiere plates and material for colour

photography were not omitted, and, during the final cruise of the

'Aurora', P. E. Correll employed the more recent Paget process for

colour photography with good results.

The programme of magnetic work was intended to be as extensive as

possible. In the matter of equipment we were very materially assisted

by the Carnegie Institute through Dr. L. A. Bauer. An instrument

was also loaned through Mr. H. F. Skey of the Christchurch Magnetic

Observatory. A full set of Eschenhagen self-recording instruments

was purchased, and in this and in other dispositions for the magnetic

work we have to thank Dr. C. Chree, Director of the National Physical

Laboratory, and Dr. C. C. Farr of University College, Christchurch.

Captain Chetwynd kindly assisted in arrangements for the Ship's

compasses.

Two complete sets of Telefunken wireless apparatus were purchased from

the Australasian Wireless Company. The motors and dynamos were got

from Buzzacott, Sydney, and the masts were built by Saxton and Binns,

Sydney. Manilla and tarred-hemp ropes were supplied on generous terms

by Melbourne firms (chiefly Kinnear).

The meteorological instruments were largely purchased from Negretti

and Zambra, but a great number were loaned by the Commonwealth

Meteorological Department (Director, Mr. H. A. Hunt) and by the

British Meteorological Office (Director, Dr. W. N. Shaw).

For astronomical work the following instruments were loaned, besides

transit-theodolites and sextants: a four-inch telescope by the

Greenwich Observatory through the Astronomer Royal: a portable

transit-theodolite by the Melbourne Observatory through the

Director, Mr. P. Baracchi; two stellar sidereal chronometers by

the Adelaide Observatory through the Astronomer, Mr. P. Dodwell.

The apparatus for bacteriological and physiological work were got in

Sydney, in arrangements and suggestions for which our thanks are due

to Dr. Tidswell (Microbiological Laboratory) and Professor Welsh, of

Sydney University.

Artists' materials were supplied by Winsor and Newton, London, while

the stationery was partly donated by John Sands, Limited, Sydney

Geological, chemical, and physical apparatus were all acquired at the

instance of the several workers.

Adjuncts, such as a calculating machine, a typewriter, and duplicator

were not forgotten.**

** Acceptable donations of various articles were made by the firms of

Ludowici, Sydney; Allen Taylor, Sydney; Sames and Company, Birmingham;

Gamage, London; Gramophone Company, London; the Acetylene Corporation,

London; Steel Trucks Ltd., &c.

**Through the offices of Mr. C. A. Bang we are indebted to "De

Forenede Dampskibsselskab," of Copenhagen, for the transport of the

dogs from Greenland.

Apart from the acquisition of the instruments, there were long

preparations to be made in the arrangement of the scientific programme

and in the training of the observers. In this department the

Expedition was assisted by many friends.

Thus Professor W. A. Haswell (Biology), Professor T. W. Edgeworth

David (Geology), and Mr. H. A. Hunt (Meteorology), each drew up

instructions relating to his respective sphere. Training in

astronomical work at the Melbourne Observatory was supervised by

Mr. P. Baracchi, Director, and in magnetic work by the Department

of Terrestrial Magnetism, Carnegie Institute (Director, Dr. L. A.

Bauer). Further, in the subject of magnetics, we have to thank

especially Mr. E. Kidston of the Carnegie Institute for field

tuition, and Mr. Baldwin of the Melbourne Observatory for

demonstrations in the working of the Eschenhagen magnetographs.

Professor J. A. Pollock gave us valuable advice on wireless and

other physical subjects. At the Australian Museum, Sydney, Mr.

Hedley rendered assistance in the zoological preparations. In the

conduct of affairs we were assisted on many occasions by Messrs. W.

S. Dun (Sydney), J. H. Maiden (Sydney), Robert Hall (Hobart), G.

H. Knibbs (Melbourne),and to the presidents and members of the

councils of the several Geographical Societies in Australia--as well,

of course, as to those of the Royal Geographical Society, London.

In conclusion, the proffered, disinterested help, of all the above

and many other friends contrived to make our scientific equipment

well-nigh complete and eminently up-to-date.

INDEX

Abrasion effects of drift snow,

Abruzzi expedition 1900, rations

Absolute Hut, the

Acetylene Corporation, London, (note)

Adare, Cape

Adelaide Island

.........University

'Adelie Blizzard'

........Land;

the main base at; glaciation of; hurricanes of; Wilkes'

account of; the Hut; drifts; wireless installation at;

clothing for; Empire Day in; temperatures

Admiralty Range

Aerial Cove, depot

Aeroplane sledge. See Air-tractor sledge

Ainsworth, G F.,

"Life on Macquarie Island;" "A Land of Storm and Mist,"

"Through Another Year;" picked up by the 'Aurora',

the home journey; account of

Air-tractor sledge, the;

Aladdin's Cave;

Albatross

Alden, Cape,

Alexander I Island,

Alexandra, Queen

Allen and Hanbury, Messrs.

Alligator Nunatak.

'Amakura', the

American expedition under Wilkes

........ Quadrant, the, accessibility; whaling industry in

Amundsen, Captain; sledging dogs presented by

..........dog

Anchor Rock

Anemobiagraph, the

Anemometers

Anemones, preservation of

Angas Mr. C.

"Annie Hill,"

Antarctic theory of distribution of flora

Antarctica, history of discovery

'Anthology of Australian Verse, An'

Anthony, Messrs., of Melbourne

'Archibald Russell', the

Arnott Bros., Messrs.

Asia, Southern, wind velocities

'Astrolabe', D'Urville's journey in the

Astronomer Royal, the

Astronomical Hut, the

"Atmospherics,"

Auckland Islands

'Aurora', the S.Y. plan and section; adaptation and fitting out;

from Macquarie Island to Adelie Land; the first ice; landing of

cargo at main base; new lands; food carried by the; return of the;

observations secured on the; deep-sea soundings; at Macquarie Island;

arrival at Port Lyttleton; at Melbourne; second deep-sea cruise;

departure from Hobart, Christmas; visit to the main base, Adelie Land;

reception by Wild; relief of Wild's party; arrival in Hobart; papers

brought by the; stores laid at Caroline Cove; visits to Macquarie

Island; at Dunedin; leaves Hobart on Southern trip to bring back the

two parties; wireless communication with; the Homeward Cruise; list

of ship's officers

.........Peak

Auroral phenomena

Australasian Association for Advancement of Science,

Australian ensign hoisted

Avalanche Rocks

Avalanches,~

Azimuth Hill;

memorial cross on

Bacteriology, work of the expedition,

Bage, R., at the main base; work at the hut; the tide-gauge;

transit house; food experiences; search for the dogs;

with the Southern Sledging Party; return to the hut;

on building a tent; snow-blindness; return to Aladdin's Cave;

note left by, at Cathedral Grotto; return from the south;

visit to the 'Aurora'; the relief expedition; winter work;

wireless work; magnetograph records; the home journey;

account of

Baldwin, Mr.

Baldwin-Spencer, Professor

Balleny Islands

John

Bang, C. A. (note)

Baracchi, Mr. P.

Barometer, movements of the

"Barrier," the, at the Winter Quarters

"Barrier-formations,"

Barron, Lady

........Sir Harry

Barr-Smith, Mount

......Mr. Robert

Basilisk, dog

Bass Strait

Bates, Mr. D. C.; request for weather reports

Batger, Messrs.

Bauer, Dr. L. A.

Mr., Sealer at Macquarie Island

Baynes Bros., Messrs.

"Beaufort scale" of wind-pressure

Belgian Antarctic expedition

Bellingshausen, expedition of 1821

"Benzine Hut,"

Bergschrund

Betli, dog

Bickerton, F. H., at main base; work at the hut; erection of the

wireless installation; food experiences; "bus driver";

the air-tractor sledge; the Western sledging expedition;

on tent pitching; his birthday; the relief party; winter work

at the hut; wireless work; dredge constructed by; the home journey;

account of

Biology, work of the expedition

Bird & Coy, Messrs.

Birds, Antarctic, weight in relation to wing areas

Birthday Camp

Biscoe Island

........John, work

Bishop and Clerk, islet

Black Sunday

Blair, J. H., Chief Officer on the 'Aurora'

Blake, Cape

...... L R., work on Macquarie Island; visit to Sandy Bay;

accident to; visits to Lusitania Bay; photographs taken by

visits to the 'Aurora'; specimens obtained; sheepkilling;

the home journey; account of

Blizzard, puppy

.........the

'Blizzard, The', poem

Blood-pressure, observations by McLean,

"Blue Billys,"

"Board-sliding,"

Bollons, Captain

Borchgrevinck

Borda, Cape

Border (Rabbit) Preserving Coy.

Bovril Coy., the

Brand & Coy., Messrs.

Bridge-playing at Western Base

Bristow, Captain

British Antarctic expedition

British Expedition

British Meteorological Office

"Brothers (The),"

Brown, Mr. John

Brown & Polson, Messrs.

Bruce, Dr. W. S.

........Rise

Bruni Island

Bryant & May, Messrs.

Buchanan, Mr. J. Y.;

..........S. Y.

Buckley, Mr. G.

Budd Land;

Buenos Ayres

Bull, H. J.

Bullivant, Messrs.

Burberry, the

Burroughs & Wellcome, Messrs.

Buzzacott, Messrs.

Cadbury, Messrs.

Camp Cove

Campbell & Sons, Messrs.

Camping

"Cannonading,"

Canterbury Museum, Christchurch

Cape Town

Carbohydrates, definition of the term (note)

Cardiff to Hobart, the journey

Carnegie Institute

Carnley Harbour

Caroline Cove, Macquarie Island

Carr, Cape

Caruso, dog

Castor, dog

Cat, wild

Catch Me Cave

Cathedral Grotto, the

'Challenger' expedition

Charcot, Jean

.........Land

Chetwynd, Captain

Chocolate as barter

Chree, Dr. C.,

Christchurch, New Zealand

...........Magnetic Observatory

'Christmas Carol, A'

...........Day, Dr. Mawson's; with the Southern Sledging Party;

Madigan's account; with Bickerton's party; at Hobart;

with Wild's party; with S. E. Jones's party;

Ainsworth's account; on the homeward journey

Chun, Professor, of Leipsic

Close, J. H., at Main Base; at Aladdin's Cave; journey to the West;

and the Near Eastern Party; journey to Commonwealth Bay;

return from the East; back to Australia; account of

Clothing for the expedition

Clyde, wreck of the

Coal-supply, difficulties of

Coats Land

Cocoa, value of,

Colac Dairying Coy.

Colman, Messrs.

Colonel, dog

Colonial Sugar Refining Coy.

Commonwealth Bay

.............Fisheries Department

.............Meteorological Department

.............Weather Bureau, reports to

Cormorant. See Shag

Compass, variations of the; the bearing of the sun and the

magnetic needle compared

Conrad, Messrs.

Cook, Captain James

Copenhagen

Coronae, lunar

Correll, P. E., at Main Base; and the tide-gauge;

production of 'The Washerwoman's Secret;

the Eastern Coastal Party; at Horn Bluff,

the search party; return to Australia;

photographs taken by; the homeward journey;

account of

.........Nunatak

Cote Clarie

Crampons, use of

Crippen, dog

Crown Fuel Company, briquettes

'Daily Graphic'

.......'Mail'

Dallman, Eduard

Danish Geographical Society

Darwin, Charles

David Island

......Professor T. W. Edgeworth

Davis, Captain J. K., appointment; arrival at Hobart; work of stowage;

the journey to Macquarie Island; voyage in the Nimrod;

at Macquarie Island; events on board; narrative quoted; return

of the 'Aurora'; his decision regarding Wild's party; "The Ship's

Story"; mission to London; visits to Macquarie Island;

the homeward cruise; account of

.......Captain James, of Hobart, joins the 'Aurora'; efforts to recover

ship's lost chain; account of

.......Sea

"DeadBeat Gully,"

Deakin, Hon. Alfred

Declination of the magnetic needle

Decouverte, Cape

Delay Point

Denison, Cape;

..........Mr. Hugh

Denman Glacier, the

........Lord, messages to Antarctica; Finance

Denny, Mr., visit to Macquarie

D'Entrecasteaux Channel

Depot Bay

Depots maintained by the New Zealand Government

Derwent River, the;

Dietetics

Disappointment Island

'Discovery', voyage of the

...........Cape

Dixson Island

Mr. Hugh

Dodwell, Mr. P.

Dogs for the expedition, journey to Hobart; at the hut; harness for the;

food for the; at Aladdin's Cave; with the sledging parties;

the lost; used for food; presented to the 'Aurora' by Amundsen;

with the Western Party; pups; quarrels

Dolerite (note)

Dominion Meteorological Office

Doolette, Mr. G. P.

Dovers, G., member of Wild's party; depot-laying party formed;

surveying work; at Haswell Island; account of

'Drake', H.M.S., wireless communication with

Drift gauge, a

Drift snow; abrasion effects of; electrical effects of

Drygalski Island (note)

..........Professor;

Ducks

Dun, W.S.

'Dundonald', barque

Dunedin

D'Urville Sea;

'Eagle' Cave

........schooner, wreck

Earthquake shocks at Macquarie Island

Eastern Barrier

........Coastal Party, formation; account of, by Madigan;

instruments cached by

Eclipse, lunar,

Eitel, Mr. C. C.

Elder, Mr.

.......Mount

'Eliza Scott', the

Empire Day, at the Western Base; on Adelie Land

'Encyclopaedia Britannica', use of

'Endeavour', the

Enderby Island

........Land

Equinox, effects of the

Equipment of the expedition

Erebus Cove

"Erratics,"

Esperance, Port

Esquimaux, dogs of the; method with snow-blindness,

Euphausia

Evans, Commander

Evensen, work of

Farr, Dr. C. C.

Fallieres Land

'Fantome', H.M.S.

Far-Eastern Party, the; the return of

Farrah, Messrs.

Fats, definition of term, (note)

"Feather Bed" terrace

Fiala, quoted

Figure of Eight Island

Filchner, Wilhelm

Finance of the expedition

Finnesko footwear

Fisher, Hon. Andrew,

........wireless message to

Fishing

Fix, dog

Flag depot

Flagstaff Point, Carnley Harbour

Flemington Meat Preserving Coy.

Fletcher, F. D.

Flora, Antarctic, theories concerning

'Flying Fish', the

........Fox, working of the

Flynn, Professor T. T.

Foehn effect

Food, for sledging journey, dietetics; rations; items;

table of supplies

Fram, dog

......voyage of the

Franklin, dog

Freshfield, Cape

Fuller, Messrs.

Fusilier, dog

Gadget, dog

Gamage, Messrs (note)

'Gauss', expedition of the

Gaussberg

Geographical results of the expedition

Geological work of the expedition

George, dog

........V, King, wireless message to,

Georgia, South;

Gerlache, Adrien de

..........Cape

German Scientific Expedition; expedition of 1902, see Gauss

Gillies, F., chief engineer of the 'Aurora'

.........Nunataks

Ginger, dog

......Bitch, dog,

Glacier, the continental,

Glacier-ice, structural composition

Glacier-tongues

Glaciology, work of the expedition

Glaxo

Gloves

Goggles for snow-blindness

Golf at Western Base

Gracht, Mr. Van Waterschoot van der

'Grafton', wreck of the

Graham's Land

Gramophone Coy., London, (note)

Grampuses

Grandmother, dog

Gray, Cape

......P., second officer 'Aurora'

Great Australian Bight

.....Britain, Antarctic Expeditions

.....Ross Barrier;

Greely expedition of 1882

Green Valley

Greenland, dogs from

..........pup

Greenwich Observatory

Griffiths Brothers, Messrs.

"Grottoes (The)," the hut at the Western Base, building; return

of the sledging party; entrance and tunnels; the igloo;

clearing the tunnels; return of the Western depot party;

preparations for the Eastern summer journey; return of Wild;

distances from; return of Jones's party; the flagstaff

Guano deposits

Gulls, Dominican or black backed

.......skua

Haines, Mr., taxidermist

Haldane, dog

Hall, Robert

Halligan, Mr. G.

Hamilton, H., life at Macquarie Island; visits to Sandy Bay;

biological work; reception of the 'Aurora';

erection of the tide gauge; a dinghy for; visits to

Lusitania Bay; photographs by; home journey; account of

.........Mount

Hangar

Hannan, W. H., at Main Base; work at the hut; wireless work;

the drift gauge; as magnetician; working of the air-tractor

sledge; the wireless at Winter Quarters; return to Australia;

account of

Harbour Board, Hobart

Harness, sledging,

Harrisson, C. T.; member of Wild's party; visit to the capsized berg,

account; Hippo depot; meteorological work at The Grottoes;

included in the Eastern summer journey; winch contrived by;

account

Hartley, Messrs.

Hasselborough Bay

..............Captain

Haswell Island

............Professor W. A.

Hedley, Mr. C.

Heinz, Messrs.

Helen Glacier

Henderson, Professor G. C..

Henderson Island

Hens, Cape

'Hinemoa', rescue by

'Hints to Travellers'

Hippo Nunatak

Hoadley, C. A., member Wild's party; party to lay depot formed;

main western journey starting November; geological work;

at Haswell Island; account

Hobart

Hodgeman, A. J., at Main Base; work at hut; Near Eastern Party;

the cairn; return to the hut; journey of the Near Eastern

Party; trip to Aladdin's Cave; on tent-pitching; investigation

of snow ramp; the relief party; winter work at the hut;

journey to Mount Murchison; the home journey; map of Mackellar

Islets; account of

Holliman, Captain,

Holman, Hon., W. A.

Hoosh

Hordern, Mr. Samuel

Horlick, Messrs.

Horn Bluff

"Horn Bluff," by C. T. Madigan

Horn, Mr. W. A.

Hoyle, pup

Hugon, Messrs.

Hunt, Mount

......Mr. H. A.

Hunter, Cape

........J. G., at Main Base; biological work; parasitology;

sledging; production of 'The Washerwoman's Secret';

the Southern Supporting Party; expansion of the cave;

return from the south; return to Australia; arrival

with the 'Aurora'; fishing;the homeward journey;

account of

" Huntoylette,"

Hurley, J. F., Main Base; camera work; observations; rescue of the dogs;

production of 'The Washerwoman's Secret; the Southern

Party; the cairn;pitching tent; "Lot's Wife";

the 'Christmas Carol'; snow-blindness; return from the

south; arrival with the 'Aurora'; sledging

Hurricane-walking

Hut, the Main Base, temperature; tunnels; the nightwatchman's duty

......Point, McMurdo Sound

Hutchinson, sealer of Macquarie Island

Ice, Arctic and Antarctic compared; the first; pack-ice; bergs;

structural composition

"Ice floods,"

"Ice islands,"

Ice-shafts, digging of

"Icing-ship,"

'Illustrated London News'

Insect hunting

Jack, dog

Jackson, Port

Jacob & Coy., Messrs.

Jaeger fleece

Japanese Antarctic expedition

Jappy, dog

Jeffreys Deep

Jeffryes, S. N., wireless operator

'Jessie Nichol', wreck

John Bull, dog

Johnson, dog

Joinville Island

Jones, Dr. S. E., autopsy on the dogs; member of Wild's party; party

formed to lay a depot on September; Wild's instructions

to; main western journey starting November; "Linking

up with Kaiser Wilhelm Land," account by; discovery

of Antarctic petrels; view of Drygalski Island; account

of; medical report for Western Base

........Bros., Messrs.

Journalists' Association

Joyce, Mr. E., delivery of the dogs;

Judge and Clerk, islet of; soundings

Junction Corner

Kaiser Wilhelm I Land, linking up with, account by Dr. S. E. Jones

Kangaroo Island

Keiller, Messrs. James & Son

Kelp

Kembla, Port

Kemp, work of

Kennedy, [A. L.] member of Wild's party; attempted trip with Wild for

the minimum thermometer; Eastern summer journey; blocked on

the ice-shelf with Wild; observations; account of

Kerguelen Island

Kidston, Mr. E.

King Edward V Land

.....George V Land, naming of; map

King' Birthday, at Western Base

................Island

Kinsey, Mr. J. J.

Kite, work with

Knibbs, G. H.

Knox Land

Kristensen, Leonard

Lake-ice

Lamp, a non-magnetic

Lampwick, uses of

Larson, C. A.

Laseron, C. F., Main Base; biological work; collection of petrel

skin; at Aladdin's Cave; production of The 'Washerwoman's

Secret'; the Southern Supporting Party; recording

Webb's observations; expansion of the Cave; journey

to Commonwealth Bay December 9; collection of eggs

and birds; return from the east; back to Australia;

account of

Lassie, dog

Lever Brothers, Messrs.

Lewis, Sir Elliott

Lithgrow Colleries

"Lot's Wife,"

Loubet Land

Louis Phillippe Land

Lucas Sounding-machine

Lucas-Tooth, Sir Robert

Ludowici, Messrs. (note)

Lusitania Bay;

..........the, sealing boat

Lyttleton, Port, arrival of the 'Aurora'

"M. H. S. Championship, " the start

Mac, dog

McClintock, expedition of 1850; rations

Mackay, Dr. F. A.

Mackellar Islet

Mackellar Library

..........the Hon.C.D.

McLean, Dr. A. L., autopsy on the dogs; at Main Base; electrical

observations; lines on 'The Blizzard'; erection of

the wireless; observations regarding seals; at

Aladdin's Cave; blood-pressure, observations;

at Cathedral Grotto; expedition of the Eastern Coastal

Party; snow-blindness; at Horn Bluff; photographs taken

by; return of; the relief expedition; winter work at

the Hut; founding of 'The Adelie Blizzard'; on illness

of Jeffryes; a wind episode; dredging operations;

biological specimen; the home journey; account;

medical report for Main Base

McMurdo Sound, wind velocities, chart; the Scott expedition

Macquarie Island, the base at; "Life on Macquarie Island," by G. F.

Ainsworth; "A Land of Storm and Mist," by G. F. Ainsworth;

"Through Another Year," by G. F. Ainsworth;

Macquarie Island Party, list of

Madigan, C. T., at Main Base; meteorological observations; at the Hut;

electrical observation; spring exploits; journey to the

west, September 1912; sledging; the Eastern Coastal Party;

return to the Hut; his account of the expedition of the

Eastern Coastal Party; "Horn Bluff and Penguin Point" by;

depot of; visit to the 'Aurora'; care of the dogs; winter

work at the Hut; journey to Mount Murchison; the home

journey; account

...........Nunatak

Magnetic Flat, the

.........meridian

.........needle, use for steering purposes

.........Pole, North

.........Pole, South, observations regarding the; Bage's search for;

chart

Magnetograph House; work of the magnetician

Magnetometer, the

Maiden, Mr. J. H.

Main Base, Adelie Land, visit of the 'Aurora'; wireless installation at

...........Base Party, list of; return of members to Australia

Maori cabbage (Stilbocarpa polaris)

......hens, see Wekas

Martelli, Mr., assistant harbourmaster, Hobart

Mary, dog

......Queen, message to Antarctica

Mason Coy., Messrs.

Masson Island

.......Professor, efforts to raise funds,

Mawson, Dr., plans for the expedition; party of

Medical equipment for the expedition

........reports

Melba, Mme.

Melbourne, arrival of the 'Aurora'; wireless calls; time signals from

...........Observatory

Memorial cross on Azimuth Hill

Men, choice of, for a polar campaign

Mertz, Dr. Xavier, appointment; at Hobart, care of the dogs; at Main

Base; meteorological observations; skiing; cooking;

at Aladdin's Cave; journey to the southeast, September 11;

the Far Eastern Party; the return journey; illness and

death; Bage's parting from; meeting with the Eastward

Coastal Party; Captain Davis's inquiries after; message

to his relatives; account of

........Glacier

........Glacier-tongue

Meteorology, work of the expedition; meteorological chart for April

1913

Meteorite found

Midsummer Day, temperature

Midwinter Day at Western Base

Mikkel, dog

Mill, Dr. H. R., "Siege of the South Pole,"

.........Rise

Minerals of Adelie Land

Mitts

Mollymawk rookery

Monaco, Prince of

Monagasque trawl

Monkey, dog

Moore, T. E. L.

'Morning Herald', Sydney

Morton, Messrs. C. & E.

Motte, C. P de la

Moyes, M. H., member of Wild's party; account of

Moraine, terminal, Adelie Land

'Morning', the, British expedition,

Murchison, Mount;

...........Mr. Roderick

Murphy, H. D., at Main Base; erection of the wireless installation;

at Aladdin's Cave; journey to the southeast September 11;

observations; formation of the Southern Supporting Party;

return to the Hut; composition of party at Cathedral

Grotto; return from the south; visit to the 'Aurora';

return to Australia; account of

Murphy, H. D. (senior)

Murray, G. J. H.

Mutton birds

Nansen, expedition in the 'Fram'; 'Farthest North'; use of the primus

stove,

........dog

Nares, Captain G. S.

National Museum, Melbourne

.........Physical Laboratory, London

Near Eastern Party

Neave, Messrs.

Negretti & Zambra, Messrs.

Nestle, Messrs.

Neve

New Zealand, depots maintained by; flora of, theories regarding

Newnes, Sir George

Nightbirds

'Nimrod', the, voyages;

Ninnis Glacier

.......Lieut. B. E. S., appointment; care of the dogs; at the Main Base;

clothing artifices; spring exploits; journey

to the southeast, September 11; the Far Eastern

Party; his death in the crevasse; Bage's parting

from; flag planted by; Captain Davis's inquiries

after; message to his relatives; account of

"Nodules (The),"

Nordensyold, Otto

North, Cape

.......East Bay;

.......End

.......Head

Northcliffe Glacier

North's Land

Notothenia

"Nuggets (The)"

Oates Land

Observation Point

Oceanography, results of expedition

Oil, seal, methods of the sealers

Organ Pipe Cliffs

Pack-ice;

Palmer Archipelago

.......Nathaniel

Parisitology

Parsons, Messrs.

Parties for sledging, arrangement

Patria Biscuit Fabriek

Partridge & Twiss, Messrs.

Pavlova, dog

'Peacock', the;

Peary, dog

Pemmican

Penguin Hill

"Penguin Point," by C. T. Madigan

Penguin rookeries;

Penguins

........Adelie

........an Albino Penguin

........Emperor

........Gentoo

........King

........Royal

........Victoria,

Pennant Hills

'Perseverance', the

Peter I Island

Petrel Rookeries

Petrels

........Antaretic

........Giant

........Lesson's

........Silver-grey or Southern Fulmar

........Snow

........Wilson

Petrol, amount carried

Pianoforte Berg

"Piecrust"

Pigeons, Cape

Piper, Mr.

Plasmon

Pollock, Professor J. A.

'Porpoise', the

Posadowsky Bay

Possession Nunataks

Primmer, Mr.

Primus heater, the

Prince Luitpold Land

Prion Banksii

Proteins, value of

"Puffometer," the

Punch

Quarantine Station, Hobart

Queen Mary Land

Queen's Wharf, Hobart

Rabbits

'Rachel Cohen', the

Ramornie Meat Coy.

Rations, daily polar; for the Far Eastern Party; for the sledge journey

from the Western Base

Rats

Reid, Sir George,

......Glacier

Robinson, Lionel

......Bay

......anemometer, the

"Rock Flour,"

Rocks, effect of wind and rain on

.......igneous

Rose Island

.....Messrs.

Ross Barrier

......dog

......Expedition

......Port

......Sea, the

Royal Company Island

......Geographical Society.

Royds, Cape

Russian Antarctic Expeditions

Sabrina Land

'Sabrina', the

Sails, value of

St. Elmo's fire

St. Vincent's Gulf

Sames & Coy.

Sandell, C. A., Wireless work at Macquarie Island; cooking; lantern

made by; visit to the 'Aurora'; erection of the

tide-gauge; sheepkilling; as barber; an accident to;

telephone installed by; lamp made by; the home journey;

account of

Sandow, dog

........Mr. Eugene

Sandy Bay, Hobart

...........Enderby Island

...........Macquarie Island

"Sarcophagus," the

Sastrugi

Sawyer, A. J., wireless operator at Macquarie Island; visits to the

'Aurora'; erection of the tide-gauge; leaves Macquarie

Island; visit to the 'Tutanekai; account of

Saxton & Binns, Messrs.

Scarfe, Mr.

Scientific equipment for the expedition,

...........work of the expedition

'Scotia', the

Scott, Captain, work of; voyage of the 'Discovery; voyage in the

'Terra Nova'; rations allowed by; stay in Antarctica;

at McMurdo Sound; the disaster to; on Macquarie Island,

........Islands

........Lady

........the dog

Scott Expedition Staff

Scottish Antarctic Expedition

Sea, temperature, effect of snow on

Sea bears

Sea-elephants; rookeries of the

Seager, Messrs.

Sea-ice

Sea-leopards

Sealers of Macquarie Island; methods of the

Sea-lions

Seals

......Crabeater

......Fur

......Hair

......Ross

......Weddell

Sewing-machine, Wild's need of a

Shack, the

Shackleton Expedition

...........Ice-Shelf, the; establishment of the Western Base on;

winter and spring on; Western Party blocked on,

Wild's narrative; the 'Aurora' at

...........the dog

Shags

Shaw, Dr. W. N.

Shelf-ice

Shell Brand benzine and Shell kerosene

Shoe Island

" Shuteye," practice of

Signatures of members of land parties

Simpson, Mr.

Skeats, Professor E., examination of the meteorite

Skey, Mr. H. F.

Skiing

Sledge, the air-tractor

Sledging; preparation of equipment; wood for sledges; harness for;

a load; camping

Smith & Wellstood, Messrs.

.......William, work of

Snow, temperatures

Snow-blindness

Snow drift, electrical effects

Snow gauges

.....Hill Island

Soundings, Lucas automatic sounding machine

South Australian Museum

......Orkney Islands

......Shetland Islands

Southern Cross Depot, declination of the needle at

.........Ocean

.........Party; instruments cached by

.........Supporting Party,

'Sphere', the

Spratt, Messrs., care of the dogs

Steel Trucks Ltd.

Stewart Island (New Zealand)

Stillwell, F. L., at Main Base; geological researches; map of Winter

Quarters; records; production of 'The Washerwoman's

Secret'; finding an albino penguin; the Near Eastern

Party; his sledge; pitching tent; journey of the Near

Eastern Party; the search party; return to Australia;

account of

...........Island

Stirling, Professor

Storm Bay

Strathcona, Lord

............Mount

Sun, the midnight; display of rings and arcs

Suva, wireless station

Swallow & Ariell, Messrs.

Sweep, dog

Swiss Confederation Day

.......the dog

Switzerland, the dog.

Sydney, Wilkes's expedition started from; Cathedral of; wood from;

the harbour; wireless communication with

........Meat Preserving Coy.

'Sydney Morning Herald', donation

Tasman Sea

Tasmania, hospitality of; soundings

Taylor, Mr. Allen

"Te Sol,"

Tea

Temperature, Foehn effect; in Adelie Land

Tent-pitching; Bickerton on

'Terebus and Error in Eruption'

Termination Ice Tongue

............Land

Terns

'Terra Nova', Scott's voyage

Terrestrial magnetism, work of the expedition

"The Steps"

Theodolite, use of the

Tich, dog

Tide-gauge, Bage's; use on Macquarie Island

Tides, work of the expedition

Tidswell, Dr.

Tiger, dog

Tooth, Sir R. Lucas

.......Lady Helen--see Helen Glacier

'Toroa', s.s.

Totten's Land

Toucher, N. C.

Transit House

Trawl, Monagasque

Trawling, experiences of the 'Aurora'

Tussock grass

'Tutanekai', the, relief of Macquarie Island

'Ulimaroa', s.s., the

Umbrella aerial, use of the

Union Jack, hoisting the

University College, Christchurch

Urville, Dumont D', expedition under

.........the dog

'Valdivia' expedition

"Veranda Club"

Verran, Hon. J.

Vickers & Coy., Messrs.

Victoria Land

Vincennes, the

Waite, Mr. E. R.

'Washerwoman's Secret, The'

"Watersky,"

Watkins, Lieut., aviator

Watson, A. D., at the Western Base; attempted trip with Wild for the

minimum thermometer; preparation for the Eastern summer

journey; blocked on the ice-shelf with Wild; fall into

a crevasse

..........Bluff

Watt, Hon. W.

Way Archipelago

..............map

......Sir Samuel

Weather, the, as a conversational subject

Webb, E. N., at Main Base; care of the dogs; work at the Magnetograph

House; photo-work; magnetic ice-cave of; his first camp;

formation of the Southern Sledging Party; observations of

the needle; use of the theodolite; building a break-wind;

the toasts on Christmas Day; sighting Aladdin's Cave;

return from the south; return to Australia; account of

Weddell, James, work

.........Sea

Wekas

Wellington, Mount

.............wireless communication with

Welsh, Professor

Western Base, the party at; winter and spring at the; establishment and

adventures by F. Wild; the geological shaft; "The Glacier

Tongue"; Wild's party blocked on the Ice Shelf; linking

up with Kaiser Wilhelm II Land, account by Dr. S. E. Jones;

medical reports from

West Point

Western Sledging Party

'Westralia', s.s.,

Whalebirds

Whales

Whetter, Dr. L. A., at Main Base; the "Toggle King"; journey to the west;

the Western Party; meteorological work; preparations for

the air-tractor sledge trip; his birthday; on tent

pitching; investigations of a snow ramp; return; return

to Australia; account of

"Whirlies,"

Wild, Frank, the work at Hobart; working of the "flyingfox"; incidents

on board; leader of the Western Base; the winter station on

the ice shelf; rations for the expedition; arrangements with

the 'Aurora'; return to Aladdin's Cave; his party at Western

Base; relief of; reception of the 'Aurora'; winter and spring;

land mapped out by; blocked on the ice shelf, narrative

Wilkes, discoveries of; charts; Knox Land,

Wilkes's Land

Willesden-drill, tents

Williamstown, Victoria

Wind, velocities

Winds, Bay of

Winsor & Newton, Messrs.

Winter quarters, Adelie Land

.............Stillwell's map

Wireless Hill, establishment of the station;

.........installation range, in the Antarctic; report of Captain Davis;

messages received by Hannam on the 'Aurora'; messages from,

and to, Adelie Land; effect of ice on intensity of waves;

work of the expedition; telefunken apparatus

Worms, parasitical, in fish

'Zelee', the

Zip, the dog

Zoological investigations

End of Project Gutenberg's The Home of the Blizzard, by Douglas Mawson

The Home of the Blizzard Being the Story of the Australasian Antarctic Expedition, 1911-1914 · 第 38 / 38 章

(a) Regular magnetograph records were kept at the Main Base (Adelie Land)