1. Germany [2] is separated from Gaul, Rhaetia, [3] and Pannonia, [4] by
the rivers Rhine and Danube; from Sarmatia and Dacia, by mountains [5]
and mutual dread. The rest is surrounded by an ocean, embracing broad
promontories [6] and vast insular tracts, [7] in which our military
expeditions have lately discovered various nations and kingdoms. The
Rhine, issuing from the inaccessible and precipitous summit of the
Rhaetic Alps, [8] bends gently to the west, and falls into the Northern
Ocean. The Danube, poured from the easy and gently raised ridge of Mount
Abnoba, [9] visits several nations in its course, till at length it
bursts out [10] by six channels [11] into the Pontic sea; a seventh is
lost in marshes.
2. The people of Germany appear to me indigenous, [12] and free from
intermixture with foreigners, either as settlers or casual visitants.
For the emigrants of former ages performed their expeditions not by
land, but by water; [13] and that immense, and, if I may so call it,
hostile ocean, is rarely navigated by ships from our world. [14] Then,
besides the danger of a boisterous and unknown sea, who would relinquish
Asia, Africa, or Italy, for Germany, a land rude in its surface,
rigorous in its climate, cheerless to every beholder and cultivator,
except a native? In their ancient songs, [15] which are their only
records or annals, they celebrate the god Tuisto, [16] sprung from the
earth, and his son Mannus, as the fathers and founders of their race.
To Mannus they ascribe three sons, from whose names [17] the people
bordering on the ocean are called Ingaevones; those inhabiting the
central parts, Herminones; the rest, Istaevones. Some, [18] however,
assuming the licence of antiquity, affirm that there were more
descendants of the god, from whom more appellations were derived; as
those of the Marsi, [19] Gambrivii, [20] Suevi, [21] and Vandali; [22]
and that these are the genuine and original names. [23] That of Germany,
on the other hand, they assert to be a modern addition; [24] for that
the people who first crossed the Rhine, and expelled the Gauls, and
are now called Tungri, were then named Germans; which appellation of a
particular tribe, not of a whole people, gradually prevailed; so that
the title of Germans, first assumed by the victors in order to excite
terror, was afterwards adopted by the nation in general. [25] They
have likewise the tradition of a Hercules [26] of their country, whose
praises they sing before those of all other heroes as they advance to
battle.
3. A peculiar kind of verses is also current among them, by the recital
of which, termed "barding," [27] they stimulate their courage; while the
sound itself serves as an augury of the event of the impending combat.
For, according to the nature of the cry proceeding from the line, terror
is inspired or felt: nor does it seem so much an articulate song, as the
wild chorus of valor. A harsh, piercing note, and a broken roar, are
the favorite tones; which they render more full and sonorous by applying
their mouths to their shields. [28] Some conjecture that Ulysses, in the
course of his long and fabulous wanderings, was driven into this ocean,
and landed in Germany; and that Asciburgium, [29] a place situated on
the Rhine, and at this day inhabited, was founded by him, and named
_Askipurgion_. They pretend that an altar was formerly discovered here,
consecrated to Ulysses, with the name of his father Laertes subjoined;
and that certain monuments and tombs, inscribed with Greek characters,
[30] are still extant upon the confines of Germany and Rhaetia. These
allegations I shall neither attempt to confirm nor to refute: let every
one believe concerning them as he is disposed.
4. I concur in opinion with those who deem the Germans never to have
intermarried with other nations; but to be a race, pure, unmixed, and
stamped with a distinct character. Hence a family likeness pervades the
whole, though their numbers are so great: eyes stern and blue; ruddy
hair; large bodies, [31] powerful in sudden exertions, but impatient of
toil and labor, least of all capable of sustaining thirst and heat. Cold
and hunger they are accustomed by their climate and soil to endure.
5. The land, though varied to a considerable extent in its aspect, is
yet universally shagged with forests, or deformed by marshes: moister on
the side of Gaul, more bleak on the side of Norieum and Pannonia. [32]
It is productive of grain, but unkindly to fruit-trees. [33] It abounds
in flocks and herds, but in general of a small breed. Even the beeve
kind are destitute of their usual stateliness and dignity of head: [34]
they are, however, numerous, and form the most esteemed, and, indeed,
the only species of wealth. Silver and gold the gods, I know not whether
in their favor or anger, have denied to this country. [35] Not that I
would assert that no veins of these metals are generated in Germany; for
who has made the search? The possession of them is not coveted by these
people as it is by us. Vessels of silver are indeed to be seen among
them, which have been presented to their ambassadors and chiefs; but
they are held in no higher estimation than earthenware. The borderers,
however, set a value on gold and silver for the purpose of commerce,
and have learned to distinguish several kinds of our coin, some of which
they prefer to others: the remoter inhabitants continue the more simple
and ancient usage of bartering commodities. The money preferred by the
Germans is the old and well-known species, such as the _Serrati_ and
_Bigati_. [36] They are also better pleased with silver than gold; [37]
not on account of any fondness for that metal, but because the smaller
money is more convenient in their common and petty merchandise.
6. Even iron is not plentiful [38] among them; as may be inferred from
the nature of their weapons. Swords or broad lances are seldom used; but
they generally carry a spear, (called in their language _framea_, [39])
which has an iron blade, short and narrow, but so sharp and manageable,
that, as occasion requires, they employ it either in close or distant
fighting. [40] This spear and a shield are all the armor of the cavalry.
The foot have, besides, missile weapons, several to each man, which they
hurl to an immense distance. [41] They are either naked, [42] or lightly
covered with a small mantle; and have no pride in equipage: their
shields only are ornamented with the choicest colors. [43] Few are
provided with a coat of mail; [44] and scarcely here and there one with
a casque or helmet. [45] Their horses are neither remarkable for beauty
nor swiftness, nor are they taught the various evolutions practised with
us. The cavalry either bear down straight forwards, or wheel once to
the right, in so compact a body that none is left behind the rest. Their
principal strength, on the whole, consists in their infantry: hence
in an engagement these are intermixed with the cavalry; [46] so Well
accordant with the nature of equestrian combats is the agility of those
foot soldiers, whom they select from the whole body of their youth,
and place in the front of the line. Their number, too, is determined; a
hundred from each canton: [47] and they are distinguished at home by a
name expressive of this circumstance; so that what at first was only an
appellation of number, becomes thenceforth a title of honor. Their line
of battle is disposed in wedges. [48] To give ground, provided
they rally again, is considered rather as a prudent strategem, than
cowardice. They carry off their slain even while the battle remains
undecided. The greatest disgrace that can befall them is to have
abandoned their shields. [49] A person branded with this ignominy is not
permitted to join in their religious rites, or enter their assemblies;
so that many, after escaping from battle, have put an end to their
infamy by the halter.
7. In the election of kings they have regard to birth; in that of
generals, [50] to valor. Their kings have not an absolute or unlimited
power; [51] and their generals command less through the force of
authority, than of example. If they are daring, adventurous, and
conspicuous in action, they procure obedience from the admiration they
inspire. None, however, but the priests [52] are permitted to judge
offenders, to inflict bonds or stripes; so that chastisement appears not
as an act of military discipline, but as the instigation of the god whom
they suppose present with warriors. They also carry with them to battle
certain images and standards taken from the sacred groves. [53] It is
a principal incentive to their courage, that their squadrons and
battalions are not formed by men fortuitously collected, but by the
assemblage of families and clans. Their pledges also are near at hand;
they have within hearing the yells of their women, and the cries of
their children. These, too, are the most revered witnesses of each man's
conduct, these his most liberal applauders. To their mothers and their
wives they bring their wounds for relief, nor do these dread to count
or to search out the gashes. The women also administer food and
encouragement to those who are fighting.
8. Tradition relates, that armies beginning to give way have been
rallied by the females, through the earnestness of their supplications,
the interposition of their bodies, [54] and the pictures they have drawn
of impending slavery, [55] a calamity which these people bear with more
impatience for their women than themselves; so that those states who
have been obliged to give among their hostages the daughters of noble
families, are the most effectually bound to fidelity. [56] They even
suppose somewhat of sanctity and prescience to be inherent in the female
sex; and therefore neither despise their counsels, [57] nor disregard
their responses. [58] We have beheld, in the reign of Vespasian, Veleda,
[59] long reverenced by many as a deity. Aurima, moreover, and several
others, [60] were formerly held in equal veneration, but not with a
servile flattery, nor as though they made them goddesses. [61]
9. Of the gods, Mercury [62] is the principal object of their adoration;
whom, on certain days, [63] they think it lawful to propitiate even with
human victims. To Hercules and Mars [64] they offer the animals usually
allotted for sacrifice. [65] Some of the Suevi also perform sacred rites
to Isis. What was the cause and origin of this foreign worship, I have
not been able to discover; further than that her being represented with
the symbol of a galley, seems to indicate an imported religion. [66]
They conceive it unworthy the grandeur of celestial beings to confine
their deities within walls, or to represent them under a human
similitude: [67] woods and groves are their temples; and they affix
names of divinity to that secret power, which they behold with the eye
of adoration alone.
10. No people are more addicted to divination by omens and lots. The
latter is performed in the following simple manner. They cut a twig [68]
from a fruit-tree, and divide it into small pieces, which, distinguished
by certain marks, are thrown promiscuously upon a white garment. Then,
the priest of the canton, if the occasion be public; if private, the
master of the family; after an invocation of the gods, with his eyes
lifted up to heaven, thrice takes out each piece, and, as they come up,
interprets their signification according to the marks fixed upon them.
If the result prove unfavorable, there is no more consultation on the
same affair that day; if propitious, a confirmation by omens is still
required. In common with other nations, the Germans are acquainted with
the practice of auguring from the notes and flight of birds; but it is
peculiar to them to derive admonitions and presages from horses also.
[69] Certain of these animals, milk-white, and untouched by earthly
labor, are pastured at the public expense in the sacred woods and
groves. These, yoked to a consecrated chariot, are accompanied by the
priest, and king, or chief person of the community, who attentively
observe their manner of neighing and snorting; and no kind of augury
is more credited, not only among the populace, but among the nobles
and priests. For the latter consider themselves as the ministers of
the gods, and the horses, as privy to the divine will. Another kind of
divination, by which they explore the event of momentous wars, is to
oblige a prisoner, taken by any means whatsoever from the nation with
whom they are at variance, to fight with a picked man of their own, each
with his own country's arms; and, according as the victory falls, they
presage success to the one or to the other party. [70]
11. On affairs of smaller moment, the chiefs consult; on those of
greater importance, the whole community; yet with this circumstance,
that what is referred to the decision of the people, is first maturely
discussed by the chiefs. [71] They assemble, unless upon some sudden
emergency, on stated days, either at the new or full moon, which they
account the most auspicious season for beginning any enterprise. Nor do
they, in their computation of time, reckon, like us, by the number of
days, but of nights. In this way they arrange their business; in this
way they fix their appointments; so that, with them, the night seems to
lead the day. [72] An inconvenience produced by their liberty is, that
they do not all assemble at a stated time, as if it were in obedience
to a command; but two or three days are lost in the delays of convening.
When they all think fit, [73] they sit down armed. [74] Silence is
proclaimed by the priests, who have on this occasion a coercive power.
Then the king, or chief, and such others as are conspicuous for age,
birth, military renown, or eloquence, are heard; and gain attention
rather from their ability to persuade, than their authority to command.
If a proposal displease, the assembly reject it by an inarticulate
murmur; if it prove agreeable, they clash their javelins; [75] for the
most honorable expression of assent among them is the sound of arms.
12. Before this council, it is likewise allowed to exhibit accusations,
and to prosecute capital offences. Punishments are varied according to
the nature of the crime. Traitors and deserters are hung upon trees:
[76] cowards, dastards, [77] and those guilty of unnatural practices,
[78] are suffocated in mud under a hurdle. [79] This difference of
punishment has in view the principle, that villainy should be exposed
while it is punished, but turpitude concealed. The penalties annexed
to slighter offences [80] are also proportioned to the delinquency. The
convicts are fined in horses and cattle: [81] part of the mulct [82]
goes to the king or state; part to the injured person, or his relations.
In the same assemblies chiefs [83] are also elected, to administer
justice through the cantons and districts. A hundred companions, chosen
from the people, attended upon each of them, to assist them as well with
their advice as their authority.
13. The Germans transact no business, public or private, without being
armed: [84] but it is not customary for any person to assume arms till
the state has approved his ability to use them. Then, in the midst of
the assembly, either one of the chiefs, or the father, or a relation,
equips the youth with a shield and javelin. [85] These are to them the
manly gown; [86] this is the first honor conferred on youth: before this
they are considered as part of a household; afterwards, of the state.
The dignity of chieftain is bestowed even on mere lads, whose descent is
eminently illustrious, or whose fathers have performed signal services
to the public; they are associated, however, with those of mature
strength, who have already been declared capable of service; nor do
they blush to be seen in the rank of companions. [87] For the state of
companionship itself has its several degrees, determined by the judgment
of him whom they follow; and there is a great emulation among the
companions, which shall possess the highest place in the favor of their
chief; and among the chiefs, which shall excel in the number and valor
of his companions. It is their dignity, their strength, to be always
surrounded with a large body of select youth, an ornament in peace,
a bulwark in war. And not in his own country alone, but among the
neighboring states, the fame and glory of each chief consists in being
distinguished for the number and bravery of his companions. Such chiefs
are courted by embassies; distinguished by presents; and often by their
reputation alone decide a war.
14. In the field of battle, it is disgraceful for the chief to be
surpassed in valor; it is disgraceful for the companions not to equal
their chief; but it is reproach and infamy during a whole succeeding
life to retreat from the field surviving him. [88] To aid, to protect
him; to place their own gallant actions to the account of his glory, is
their first and most sacred engagement. The chiefs fight for victory;
the companions for their chief. If their native country be long sunk in
peace and inaction, many of the young nobles repair to some other state
then engaged in war. For, besides that repose is unwelcome to their
race, and toils and perils afford them a better opportunity of
distinguishing themselves; they are unable, without war and violence,
to maintain a large train of followers. The companion requires from the
liberality of his chief, the warlike steed, the bloody and conquering
spear: and in place of pay, he expects to be supplied with a table,
homely indeed, but plentiful. [89] The funds for this munificence
must be found in war and rapine; nor are they so easily persuaded
to cultivate the earth, and await the produce of the seasons, as to
challenge the foe, and expose themselves to wounds; nay, they even think
it base and spiritless to earn by sweat what they might purchase with
blood.
15. During the intervals of war, they pass their time less in hunting
than in a sluggish repose, [90] divided between sleep and the table.
All the bravest of the warriors, committing the care of the house, the
family affairs, and the lands, to the women, old men, and weaker part
of the domestics, stupefy themselves in inaction: so wonderful is the
contrast presented by nature, that the same persons love indolence,
and hate tranquillity! [91] It is customary for the several states to
present, by voluntary and individual contributions, [92] cattle or grain
[93] to their chiefs; which are accepted as honorary gifts, while they
serve as necessary supplies. [94] They are peculiarly pleased with
presents from neighboring nations, offered not only by individuals,
but by the community at large; such as fine horses, heavy armor, rich
housings, and gold chains. We have now taught them also to accept of
money. [95]
16. It is well known that none of the German nations inhabit cities;
[96] or even admit of contiguous settlements. They dwell scattered and
separate, as a spring, a meadow, or a grove may chance to invite
them. Their villages are laid out, not like ours in rows of adjoining
buildings; but every one surrounds his house with a vacant space, [97]
either by way of security against fire, [97] or through ignorance of
the art of building. For, indeed, they are unacquainted with the use
of mortar and tiles; and for every purpose employ rude unshapen timber,
fashioned with no regard to pleasing the eye. They bestow more than
ordinary pains in coating certain parts of their buildings with a kind
of earth, so pure and shining that it gives the appearance of painting.
They also dig subterraneous caves, [99] and cover them over with a great
quantity of dung. These they use as winter-retreats, and granaries; for
they preserve a moderate temperature; and upon an invasion, when the
open country is plundered, these recesses remain unviolated, either
because the enemy is ignorant of them, or because he will not trouble
himself with the search. [100]
17. The clothing common to all is a sagum [101] fastened by a clasp, or,
in want of that, a thorn. With no other covering, they pass whole days
on the hearth, before the fire. The more wealthy are distinguished by a
vest, not flowing loose, like those of the Sarmatians and Parthians, but
girt close, and exhibiting the shape of every limb. They also wear the
skins of beasts, which the people near the borders are less curious in
selecting or preparing than the more remote inhabitants, who cannot by
commerce procure other clothing. These make choice of particular skins,
which they variegate with spots, and strips of the furs of marine
animals, [102] the produce of the exterior ocean, and seas to us
unknown. [103] The dress of the women does not differ from that of the
men; except that they more frequently wear linen, [104] which they stain
with purple; [105] and do not lengthen their upper garment into sleeves,
but leave exposed the whole arm, and part of the breast.
18. The matrimonial bond is, nevertheless, strict and severe among them;
nor is there anything in their manners more commendable than this. [106]
Almost singly among the barbarians, they content themselves with one
wife; a very few of them excepted, who, not through incontinence, but
because their alliance is solicited on account of their rank, [107]
practise polygamy. The wife does not bring a dowry to her husband, but
receives one from him. [108] The parents and relations assemble, and
pass their approbation on the presents--presents not adapted to please
a female taste, or decorate the bride; but oxen, a caparisoned steed, a
shield, spear, and sword. By virtue of these, the wife is espoused; and
she in her turn makes a present of some arms to her husband. This they
consider as the firmest bond of union; these, the sacred mysteries,
the conjugal deities. That the woman may not think herself excused from
exertions of fortitude, or exempt from the casualties of war, she is
admonished by the very ceremonial of her marriage, that she comes to her
husband as a partner in toils and dangers; to suffer and to dare equally
with him, in peace and in war: this is indicated by the yoked oxen, the
harnessed steed, the offered arms. Thus she is to live; thus to die.
She receives what she is to return inviolate [109] and honored to her
children; what her daughters-in-law are to receive, and again transmit
to her grandchildren.
19. They live, therefore, fenced around with chastity; [110] corrupted
by no seductive spectacles, [111] no convivial incitements. Men and
women are alike unacquainted with clandestine correspondence. Adultery
is extremely rare among so numerous a people. Its punishment is instant,
and at the pleasure of the husband. He cuts off the hair [112] of the
offender, strips her, and in presence of her relations expels her from
his house, and pursues her with stripes through the whole village. [113]
Nor is any indulgence shown to a prostitute. Neither beauty, youth, nor
riches can procure her a husband: for none there looks on vice with
a smile, or calls mutual seduction the way of the world. Still more
exemplary is the practice of those states [114] in which none but
virgins marry, and the expectations and wishes of a wife are at once
brought to a period. Thus, they take one husband as one body and one
life; that no thought, no desire, may extend beyond him; and he may be
loved not only as their husband, but as their marriage. [115] To limit
the increase of children, [116] or put to death any of the later progeny
[117] is accounted infamous: and good habits have there more influence
than good laws elsewhere. [118]
20. In every house the children grow up, thinly and meanly clad, [119]
to that bulk of body and limb which we behold with wonder. Every mother
suckles her own children, and does not deliver them into the hands of
servants and nurses. No indulgence distinguishes the young master from
the slave. They lie together amidst the same cattle, upon the same
ground, till age [120] separates, and valor marks out, the free-born.
The youths partake late of the pleasures of love, [121] and hence
pass the age of puberty unexhausted: nor are the virgins hurried into
marriage; the same maturity, the same full growth is required: the sexes
unite equally matched [122] and robust; and the children inherit the
vigor of their parents. Children are regarded with equal affection by
their maternal uncles [123] as by their fathers: some even consider
this as the more sacred bond of consanguinity, and prefer it in the
requisition of hostages, as if it held the mind by a firmer tie, and the
family by a more extensive obligation. A person's own children, however,
are his heirs and successors; and no wills are made. If there be no
children, the next in order of inheritance are brothers, paternal and
maternal uncles. The more numerous are a man's relations and kinsmen,
the more comfortable is his old age; nor is it here any advantage to be
childless. [124]
21. It is an indispensable duty to adopt the enmities [125] of a father
or relation, as well as their friendships: these, however, are not
irreconcilable or perpetual. Even homicide is atoned [126] by a certain
fine in cattle and sheep; and the whole family accepts the satisfaction,
to the advantage of the public weal, since quarrels are most dangerous
in a free state. No people are more addicted to social entertainments,
or more liberal in the exercise of hospitality. [127] To refuse any
person whatever admittance under their roof, is accounted flagitious.
[128] Every one according to his ability feasts his guest: when his
provisions are exhausted, he who was late the host, is now the guide
and companion to another hospitable board. They enter the next house
uninvited, and are received with equal cordiality. No one makes a
distinction with respect to the rights of hospitality, between a
stranger and an acquaintance. The departing guest is presented with
whatever he may ask for; and with the same freedom a boon is desired in
return. They are pleased with presents; but think no obligation incurred
either when they give or receive.
22. [129] [Their manner of living with their guest is easy and affable]
As soon as they arise from sleep, which they generally protract till
late in the day, they bathe, usually in warm water, [130] as cold
weather chiefly prevails there. After bathing they take their meal, each
on a distinct seat, and a a separate table. [131] Then they proceed,
armed, to business, and not less frequently to convivial parties, in
which it is no disgrace to pass days and nights, without intermission,
in drinking. The frequent quarrels that arise amongst them, when
intoxicated, seldom terminate in abusive language, but more frequently
in blood. [132] In their feasts, they generally deliberate on the
reconcilement of enemies, on family alliances, on the appointment of
chiefs, and finally on peace and war; conceiving that at no time the
soul is more opened to sincerity, or warmed to heroism. These people,
naturally void of artifice or disguise, disclose the most secret
emotions of their hearts in the freedom of festivity. The minds of all
being thus displayed without reserve, the subjects of their deliberation
are again canvassed the next day; [133] and each time has its
advantages. They consult when unable to dissemble; they determine when
not liable to mistake.
23. Their drink is a liquor prepared from barley or wheat [134] brought
by fermentation to a certain resemblance of wine. Those who border on
the Rhine also purchase wine. Their food is simple; wild fruits, fresh
venison, [135] or coagulated milk. [136] They satisfy hunger without
seeking the elegances and delicacies of the table. Their thirst for
liquor is not quenched with equal moderation. If their propensity to
drunkenness be gratified to the extent of their wishes, intemperance
proves as effectual in subduing them as the force of arms. [137]
24. They have only one kind of public spectacle, which is exhibited
in every company. Young men, who make it their diversion, dance naked
amidst drawn swords and presented spears. Practice has conferred skill
at this exercise; and skill has given grace; but they do not exhibit for
hire or gain: the only reward of this pastime, though a hazardous one,
is the pleasure of the spectators. What is extraordinary, they play at
dice, when sober, as a serious business: and that with such a desperate
venture of gain or loss, that, when everything else is gone, they set
their liberties and persons on the last throw. The loser goes into
voluntary servitude; and, though the youngest and strongest, patiently
suffers himself to be bound and sold. [138] Such is their obstinacy in
a bad practice--they themselves call it honor. The slaves thus acquired
are exchanged away in commerce, that the winner may get rid of the
scandal of his victory.
25. The rest of their slaves have not, like ours, particular employments
in the family allotted them. Each is the master of a habitation and
household of his own. The lord requires from him a certain quantity
of grain, cattle, or cloth, as from a tenant; and so far only the
subjection of the slave extends. [139] His domestic offices are
performed by his own wife and children. It is usual to scourge a slave,
or punish him with chains or hard labor. They are sometimes killed by
their masters; not through severity of chastisement, but in the heat
of passion, like an enemy; with this difference, that it is done with
impunity. [140] Freedmen are little superior to slaves; seldom filling
any important office in the family; never in the state, except in those
tribes which are under regal government. [141] There, they rise above
the free-born, and even the nobles: in the rest, the subordinate
condition of the freedmen is a proof of freedom.
26. Lending money upon interest, and increasing it by usury, [142] is
unknown amongst them: and this ignorance more effectually prevents
the practice than a prohibition would do. The lands are occupied
by townships, [143] in allotments proportional to the number of
cultivators; and are afterwards parcelled out among the individuals
of the district, in shares according to the rank and condition of each
person. [144] The wide extent of plain facilitates this partition. The
arable lands are annually changed, and a part left fallow; nor do they
attempt to make the most of the fertility and plenty of the soil, by
their own industry in planting orchards, inclosing meadows, and watering
gardens. Corn is the only product required from the earth: hence their
year is not divided into so many seasons as ours; for, while they
know and distinguish by name Winter, Spring, and Summer, they are
unacquainted equally with the appellation and bounty of Autumn. [145]
27. Their funerals are without parade. [146] The only circumstance to
which they attend, is to burn the bodies of eminent persons with some
particular kinds of wood. Neither vestments nor perfumes are heaped upon
the pile: [147] the arms of the deceased, and sometimes his horse, [148]
are given to the flames. The tomb is a mound of turf. They contemn the
elaborate and costly honours of monumental structures, as mere burthens
to the dead. They soon dismiss tears and lamentations; slowly, sorrow
and regret. They think it the women's part to bewail their friends, the
men's to remember them.
28. This is the sum of what I have been able to learn concerning the
origin and manners of the Germans in general. I now proceed to mention
those particulars in which they differ from each other; and likewise
to relate what nations have migrated from Germany into Gaul. That great
writer, the deified Julius, asserts that the Gauls were formerly the
superior people; [149] whence it is probable that some Gallic colonies
passed over into Germany: for how small an obstacle would a river be
to prevent any nation, as it increased in strength, from occupying or
changing settlements as yet lying in common, and unappropriated by the
power of monarchies! Accordingly, the tract betwixt the Hercynian forest
and the rivers Rhine and Mayne was possessed by the Helvetii: [150] and
that beyond, by the Boii; [151] both Gallic tribes. The name of
Boiemum still remains, a memorial of the ancient settlement, though
its inhabitants are now changed. [152] But whether the Aravisci [153]
migrated into Pannonia from the Osi, [154] a German nation; or the Osi
into Germany from the Aravisci; the language, institutions, and manners
of both being still the same, is a matter of uncertainty; for, in their
pristine state of equal indigence and equal liberty, the same advantages
and disadvantages were common to both sides of the river. The Treveri
[155] and Nervii [156] are ambitious of being thought of German origin;
as if the reputation of this descent would distinguish them from the
Gauls, whom they resemble in person and effeminacy. The Vangiones,
Triboci, and Nemetes, [157] who inhabit the bank of the Rhine, are
without doubt German tribes. Nor do the Ubii, [158] although they have
been thought worthy of being made a Roman colony, and are pleased
in bearing the name of Agrippinenses from their founder, blush to
acknowledge their origin from Germany; from whence they formerly
migrated, and for their approved fidelity were settled on the bank of
the Rhine, not that they might be guarded themselves, but that they
might serve as a guard against invaders.
29. Of all these people, the most famed for valor are the Batavi; whose
territories comprise but a small part of the banks of the Rhine, but
consist chiefly of an island within it. [159] These were formerly a
tribe of the Catti, who, on account of an intestine division, removed
to their present settlements, in order to become a part of the Roman
empire. They still retain this honor, together with a memorial of their
ancient alliance; [160] for they are neither insulted by taxes, nor
oppressed by farmers of the revenue. Exempt from fiscal burthens and
extraordinary contributions, and kept apart for military use alone,
they are reserved, like a magazine of arms, for the purposes of war. The
nation of the Mattiaci [161] is under a degree of subjection of the same
kind: for the greatness of the Roman people has carried a reverence
for the empire beyond the Rhine and the ancient limits. The Mattiaci,
therefore, though occupying a settlement and borders [162] on the
opposite side of the river, from sentiment and attachment act with us;
resembling the Batavi in every respect, except that they are animated
with a more vigorous spirit by the soil and air of their own country.
[163] I do not reckon among the people of Germany those who occupy the
Decumate lands, [164] although inhabiting between the Rhine and Danube.
Some of the most fickle of the Gauls, rendered daring through indigence,
seized upon this district of uncertain property. Afterwards,
our boundary line being advanced, and a chain of fortified posts
established, it became a skirt of the empire, and part of the Roman
province. [165]
30. Beyond these dwell the Catti, [166] whose settlements, beginning
from the Hercynian forest, are in a tract of country less open and
marshy than those which overspread the other states of Germany; for
it consists of a continued range of hills, which gradually become more
scattered; and the Hercynian forest [167] both accompanies and leaves
behind, its Catti. This nation is distinguished by hardier frames, [168]
compactness of limb, fierceness of countenance, and superior vigor of
mind. For Germans, they have a considerable share of understanding
and sagacity; they choose able persons to command, and obey them when
chosen; keep their ranks; seize opportunities; restrain impetuous
motions; distribute properly the business of the day; intrench
themselves against the night; account fortune dubious, and valor
only certain; and, what is extremely rare, and only a consequence of
discipline, depend more upon the general than the army. [169] Their
force consists entirely in infantry; who, besides their arms, are
obliged to carry tools and provisions. Other nations appear to go to
a battle; the Catti, to war. Excursions and casual encounters are rare
amongst them. It is, indeed, peculiar to cavalry soon to obtain, and
soon to yield, the victory. Speed borders upon timidity; slow movements
are more akin to steady valor.
31. A custom followed among the other German nations only by a few
individuals, of more daring spirit than the rest, is adopted by general
consent among the Catti. From the time they arrive at years of maturity
they let their hair and beard grow; [170] and do not divest themselves
of this votive badge, the promise of valor, till they have slain an
enemy. Over blood and spoils they unveil the countenance, and proclaim
that they have at length paid the debt of existence, and have proved
themselves worthy of their country and parents. The cowardly and
effeminate continue in their squalid disguise. The bravest among them
wear also an iron ring [171] (a mark of ignominy in that nation) as a
kind of chain, till they have released themselves by the slaughter of a
foe. Many of the Catti assume this distinction, and grow hoary under
the mark, conspicuous both to foes and friends. By these, in every
engagement, the attack is begun: they compose the front line, presenting
a new spectacle of terror. Even in peace they do not relax the sternness
of their aspect. They have no house, land, or domestic cares: they
are maintained by whomsoever they visit: lavish of another's property,
regardless of their own; till the debility of age renders them unequal
to such a rigid course of military virtue. [172]
32. Next to the Catti, on the banks of the Rhine, where, now settled in
its channel, it is become a sufficient boundary, dwell the Usipii and
Tencteri. [173] The latter people, in addition to the usual military
reputation, are famed for the discipline of their cavalry; nor is
the infantry of the Catti in higher estimation than the horse of the
Tencteri. Their ancestors established it, and are imitated by posterity.
Horsemanship is the sport of their children, the point of emulation of
their youth, and the exercise in which they persevere to old age. Horses
are bequeathed along with the domestics, the household gods, and the
rights of inheritance: they do not, however, like other things, go to
the eldest son, but to the bravest and most warlike.
33. Contiguous to the Tencteri were formerly the Bructeri; [174] but
report now says that the Chamavi and Angrivarii, [175] migrating into
their country, have expelled and entirely extirpated them, [176] with
the concurrence of the neighboring nations, induced either by hatred of
their arrogance, [177] love of plunder, or the favor of the gods towards
the Romans. For they even gratified us with the spectacle of a battle,
in which above sixty thousand Germans were slain, not by Roman arms,
but, what was still grander, by mutual hostilities, as it were for our
pleasure and entertainment. [178] May the nations retain and perpetuate,
if not an affection for us, at least an animosity against each other!
since, while the fate of the empire is thus urgent, [179] fortune can
bestow no higher benefit upon us, than the discord of our enemies.
34. Contiguous to the Angrivarii and Chamavi backwards lie the
Dulgibini, Chasauri, [180] and other nations less known. [181] In front,
the Frisii [182] succeed; who are distinguished by the appellations of
Greater and Lesser, from their proportional power. The settlements of
both stretch along the border of the Rhine to the ocean; and include,
besides, vast lakes, [183] which have been navigated by Roman fleets. We
have even explored the ocean itself on that side; and fame reports that
columns of Hercules [184] are still remaining on that coast; whether it
be that Hercules was ever there in reality, or that whatever great and
magnificent is anywhere met with is, by common consent, ascribed to
his renowned name. The attempt of Drusus Germanicus [185] to make
discoveries in these parts was sufficiently daring; but the ocean
opposed any further inquiry into itself and Hercules. After a while no
one renewed the attempt; and it was thought more pious and reverential
to believe the actions of the gods, than to investigate them.
35. Hitherto we have traced the western side of Germany. It turns from
thence with a vast sweep to the north: and first occurs the country of
the Chauci, [186] which, though it begins immediately from Frisia, and
occupies part of the seashore, yet stretches so far as to border on
all the nations before mentioned, till it winds round so as to meet the
territories of the Catti. This immense tract is not only possessed, but
filled by the Chauci; a people the noblest of the Germans, who choose
to maintain their greatness by justice rather than violence. Without
ambition, without ungoverned desires, quiet and retired, they provoke
no wars, they are guilty of no rapine or plunder; and it is a principal
proof of their power and bravery, that the superiority they possess has
not been acquired by unjust means. Yet all have arms in readiness; [187]
and, if necessary, an army is soon raised: for they abound in men and
horses, and maintain their military reputation even in inaction.
36. Bordering on the Chauci and Catti are the Cherusci; [188] who, for
want of an enemy, long cherished a too lasting and enfeebling peace:
a state more flattering than secure; since the repose enjoyed amidst
ambitious and powerful neighbors is treacherous; and when an appeal is
made to the sword, moderation and probity are names appropriated by the
victors. Thus, the Cherusci, who formerly bore the titles of just and
upright, are now charged with cowardice and folly; and the good fortune
of the Catti, who subdued them, has grown into wisdom. The ruin of the
Cherusci involved that of the Fosi, [189] a neighboring tribe, equal
partakers of their adversity, although they had enjoyed an inferior
share of their prosperity.
37. In the same quarter of Germany, adjacent to the ocean, dwell the
Cimbri; [191] a small [192] state at present, but great in renown. [193]
Of their past grandeur extensive vestiges still remain, in encampments
and lines on either shore, [194] from the compass of which the strength
and numbers of the nation may still be computed, and credit derived to
the account of so prodigious an army. It was in the 640th year of Rome
that the arms of the Cimbri were first heard of, under the consulate
of Caecilius Metellus and Papirius Carbo; from which era to the second
consulate of the emperor Trajan [195] is a period of nearly 210 years.
So long has Germany withstood the arms of Rome. During this long
interval many mutual wounds have been inflicted. Not the Samnite, the
Carthaginian, Spain, Gaul, or Parthia, have given more frequent alarms;
for the liberty of the Germans is more vigorous than the monarchy of
the Arsacidae. What has the East, which has itself lost Pacorus, and
suffered an overthrow from Ventidius, [196] to boast against us, but
the slaughter of Crassus? But the Germans, by the defeat or capture of
Carbo, [197] Cassius, [198] Scaurus Aurelius, [199] Servilius Caepio,
and Cneius Manlius, [200] deprived the Roman people of five consular
armies; [201] and afterwards took from Augustus himself Varus with three
legions. [202] Nor did Caius Marius [203] in Italy, the deified Julius
[204] in Gaul, or Drusus, [204] Nero, [204] or Germanicus [204] in their
own country, defeat then without loss. The subsequent mighty threats
of Caligula terminated in ridicule. Then succeeded tranquillity; till,
seizing the occasion of our discords and civil wars, they forced the
winter-quarters of the legions, [205] and even aimed at the possession
of Gaul; and, again expelled thence, they have in latter times been
rather triumphed over [206] than vanquished.
38. We have now to speak of the Suevi; [207] who do not compose a single
state, like the Catti or Tencteri, but occupy the greatest part of
Germany, and are still distributed into different names and nations,
although all hearing the common appellation of Suevi. It is a
characteristic of this people to turn their hair sideways, and tie it
beneath the poll in a knot. By this mark the Suevi are distinguished
from the rest of the Germans; and the freemen of the Suevi from the
slaves. [208] Among other nations, this mode, either on account of some
relationship with the Suevi, or from the usual propensity to imitation,
is sometimes adopted; but rarely, and only during the period of youth.
The Suevi, even till they are hoary, continue to have their hair growing
stiffly backwards, and often it is fastened on the very crown of the
head. The chiefs dress it with still greater care: and in this respect
they study ornament, though of an undebasing kind. For their design is
not to make love, or inspire it; they decorate themselves in this manner
as they proceed to war, in order to seem taller and more terrible; and
dress for the eyes of their enemies.
39. The Semnones [209] assert themselves to be the most ancient and
noble of the Suevi; and their pretensions are confirmed by religion.
At a stated time, all the people of the same lineage assemble by their
delegates in a wood, consecrated by the auguries of their forefathers
and ancient terror, and there by the public slaughter of a human victim
celebrate the horrid origin of their barbarous rites. Another kind of
reverence is paid to the grove. No person enters it without being bound
with a chain, as an acknowledgment of his inferior nature, and the power
of the deity residing there. If he accidentally fall, it is not lawful
for him to be lifted or to rise up; they roll themselves out along the
ground. The whole of their superstition has this import: that from this
spot the nation derives its origin; that here is the residence of the
Deity, the Governor of all, and that everything else is subject and
subordinate to him. These opinions receive additional authority from
the power of the Semnones, who inhabit a hundred cantons, and, from the
great body they compose, consider themselves as the head of the Suevi.
40. The Langobardi, [210] on the other hand, are ennobled by, the
smallness of their numbers; since though surrounded by many powerful
nations, they derive security, not from obsequiousness, but from their
martial enterprise. The neighboring Reudigni, [211] and the Avions,
[212] Angli, [213] Varini, Eudoses, Suardones, and Nuithones, [214]
are defended by rivers or forests. Nothing remarkable occurs in any of
these; except that they unite in the worship of Hertha, [215] or Mother
Earth; and suppose her to interfere in the affairs of men, and to visit
the different nations. In an island [216] of the ocean stands a sacred
and unviolated grove, in which is a consecrated chariot, covered with a
veil, which the priest alone is permitted to touch. He becomes conscious
of the entrance of the goddess into this secret recess; and with
profound veneration attends the vehicle, which is drawn by yoked cows.
At this season, [217] all is joy; and every place which the goddess
deigns to visit is a scene of festivity. No wars are undertaken; arms
are untouched; and every hostile weapon is shut up. Peace abroad and
at home are then only known; then only loved; till at length the same
priest reconducts the goddess, satiated with mortal intercourse, to her
temple. [218] The chariot, with its curtain, and, if we may believe it,
the goddess herself, then undergo ablution in a secret lake. This office
is performed by slaves, whom the same lake instantly swallows up. Hence
proceeds a mysterious horror; and a holy ignorance of what that can be,
which is beheld only by those who are about to perish. This part of the
Suevian nation extends to the most remote recesses of Germany.
41. If we now follow the course of the Danube, as we before did that of
the Rhine, we first meet with the Hermunduri; [219] a people faithful to
the Romans, [220] and on that account the only Germans who are admitted
to commerce, not on the bank alone, but within our territories, and in
the flourishing colony [221] established in the province of Rhaetia.
They pass and repass at pleasure, without being attended by a guard; and
while we exhibit to other nations our arms and camps alone, to these
we lay open our houses and country seats, which they behold without
coveting. In the country of the Hermunduri rises the Elbe; [222] a river
formerly celebrated and known among us, now only heard of by name.
42. Contiguous to the Hermunduri are the Narisci; [223] and next to
them, the Marcomanni [224] and Quadi. [225] Of these, the Marcomanni are
the most powerful and renowned; and have even acquired the country which
they inhabit, by their valor in expelling the Boii. [226] Nor are the
Narisci and Quadi inferior in bravery; [227] and this is, as it were,
the van of Germany as far as it is bordered by the Danube. Within our
memory the Marcomanni and Quadi were governed by kings of their own
nation, of the noble line of Maroboduus [228] and Tudrus. They now
submit even to foreigners; but all the power of their kings depends upon
the authority of the Romans. [229] We seldom assist them with our arms,
but frequently with our money; nor are they the less potent on that
account.
43. Behind these are the Marsigni, [230] Gothini, [231] Osi, [232] and
Burrii, [233] who close the rear of the Marcomanni and Quadi. Of these,
the Marsigni and Burrii in language [234] and dress resemble the Suevi.
The Gothini and Osi prove themselves not to be Germans; the first, by
their use of the Gallic, the second, of the Pannonian tongue; and both,
by their submitting to pay tribute: which is levied on them, as aliens,
partly by the Sarmatians, partly by the Quadi. The Gothini, to their
additional disgrace, work iron mines. [235] All these people inhabit but
a small proportion of champaign country; their settlements are chiefly
amongst forests, and on the sides and summits of mountains; for a
continued ridge of mountains [236] separates Suevia from various remoter
tribes. Of these, the Lygian [237] is the most extensive, and diffuses
its name through several communities. It will be sufficient to name
the most powerful of them--the Arii, Helvecones, Manimi, Elysii, and
Naharvali. [238] In the country of the latter is a grove, consecrated to
religious rites of great antiquity. A priest presides over them, dressed
in woman's apparel; but the gods worshipped there are said, according to
the Roman interpretation, to be Castor and Pollux. Their attributes are
the same; their name, Alcis. [239] No images, indeed, or vestiges of
foreign superstition, appear in their worship; but they are revered
under the character of young men and brothers. The Arii, fierce beyond
the superiority of strength they possess over the other just enumerated
people, improve their natural ferocity of aspect by artificial helps.
Their shields are black; their bodies painted: [240] they choose the
darkest nights for an attack; and strike terror by the funereal gloom of
their sable bands--no enemy being able to sustain their singular, and,
as it were, infernal appearance; since in every combat the eyes are the
first part subdued. Beyond the Lygii are the Gothones, [241] who live
under a monarchy, somewhat more strict than that of the other German
nations, yet not to a degree incompatible with liberty. Adjoining
to these are the Rugii [242] and Lemovii, [243] situated on the
sea-coast--all these tribes are distinguished by round shields, short
swords, and submission to regal authority.
44. Next occur the communities of the Suiones, [244] seated in the very
Ocean, [245] who, besides their strength in men and arms, also possess a
naval force. [246] The form of their vessels differs from ours in having
a prow at each end, [247] so that they are always ready to advance. They
make no use of sails, nor have regular benches of oars at the sides:
they row, as is practised in some rivers, without order, sometimes on
one side, sometimes on the other, as occasion requires. These people
honor wealth; [248] for which reason they are subject to monarchical
government, without any limitations, [249] or precarious conditions of
allegiance. Nor are arms allowed to be kept promiscuously, as among the
other German nations: but are committed to the charge of a keeper, and
he, too, a slave. The pretext is, that the Ocean defends them from any
sudden incursions; and men unemployed, with arms in their hands, readily
become licentious. In fact, it is for the king's interest not to entrust
a noble, a freeman, or even an emancipated slave, with the custody of
arms.
45. Beyond the Suiones is another sea, sluggish and almost stagnant,
[250] by which the whole globe is imagined to be girt and enclosed, from
this circumstance, that the last light of the setting sun continues so
vivid till its rising, as to obscure the stars. [251] Popular belief
adds, that the sound of his emerging [252] from the ocean is also heard;
and the forms of deities, [253] with the rays beaming from his head, are
beheld. Only thus far, report says truly, does nature extend. [254] On
the right shore of the Suevic sea [255] dwell the tribes of the Aestii,
[256] whose dress and customs are the same with those of the Suevi, but
their language more resembles the British. [257] They worship the mother
of the gods; [258] and as the symbol of their superstition, they carry
about them the figures of wild boars. [250] This serves them in place of
armor and every other defence: it renders the votary of the goddess safe
even in the midst of foes. Their weapons are chiefly clubs, iron being
little used among them. They cultivate corn and other fruits of the
earth with more industry than German indolence commonly exerts. [260]
They even explore the sea; and are the only people who gather amber,
which by them is called _Glese_, [261] and is collected among the
shallows and upon the shore. [262] With the usual indifference of
barbarians, they have not inquired or ascertained from what natural
object or by what means it is produced. It long lay disregarded [263]
amidst other things thrown up by the sea, till our luxury [264] gave
it a name. Useless to them, they gather it in the rough; bring it
unwrought; and wonder at the price they receive. It would appear,
however, to be an exudation from certain trees; since reptiles, and even
winged animals, are often seen shining through it, which, entangled
in it while in a liquid state, became enclosed as it hardened. [264] I
should therefore imagine that, as the luxuriant woods and groves in the
secret recesses of the East exude frankincense and balsam, so there are
the same in the islands and continents of the West; which, acted upon
by the near rays of the sun, drop their liquid juices into the subjacent
sea, whence, by the force of tempests, they are thrown out upon the
opposite coasts. If the nature of amber be examined by the application
of fire, it kindles like a torch, with a thick and odorous flame; and
presently resolves into a glutinous matter resembling pitch or resin.
The several communities of the Sitones [266] succeed those of the
Suiones; to whom they are similar in other respects, but differ in
submitting to a female reign; so far have they degenerated, not only
from liberty, but even from slavery. Here Suevia terminates.
46. I am in doubt whether to reckon the Peucini, Venedi, and Fenni among
the Germans or Sarmatians; [267] although the Peucini, [268] who are by
some called Bastarnae, agree with the Germans in language, apparel,
and habitations. [269] All of them live in filth and laziness. The
intermarriages of their chiefs with the Sarmatians have debased them
by a mixture of the manners of that people. [270] The Venedi have
drawn much from this source; [271] for they overrun in their predatory
excursions all the woody and mountainous tracts between the Peucini and
Fenni. Yet even these are rather to be referred to the Germans, since
they build houses, carry shields, and travel with speed on foot; in
all which particulars they totally differ from the Sarmatians, who pass
their time in wagons and on horseback. [272] The Fenni [273] live in a
state of amazing savageness and squalid poverty. They are destitute
of arms, horses, and settled abodes: their food is herbs; [274] their
clothing, skins; their bed, the ground. Their only dependence is on
their arrows, which, for want of iron, are headed with bone; [275] and
the chase is the support of the women as well as the men; the former
accompany the latter in the pursuit, and claim a share of the prey. Nor
do they provide any other shelter for their infants from wild beasts and
storms, than a covering of branches twisted together. This is the resort
of youth; this is the receptacle of old age. Yet even this way of life
is in their estimation happier than groaning over the plough; toiling
in the erection of houses; subjecting their own fortunes and those of
others to the agitations of alternate hope and fear. Secure against men,
secure against the gods, they have attained the most difficult point,
not to need even a wish.
All our further accounts are intermixed with fable; as, that the
Hellusii and Oxionae [276] have human faces, with the bodies and limbs
of wild beasts. These unauthenticated reports I shall leave untouched.
[277]