Lincoln settles at Springfield as a Lawyer--Candidate for the
Office of Presidential Elector--A Love Affair--Marries Miss
Todd--Religious Views--Exerts himself for Henry Clay--Elected
to Congress in 1846--Speeches in Congress--Out of Political
Employment until 1854--Anecdotes of Lincoln as a Lawyer.
Abraham Lincoln’s career was now clear. He was to follow the law for
a living, as a step to political eminence. And as the seat of State
Government was henceforth to be at Springfield, he determined to
live where both law and politics might be followed to the greatest
advantage, since it was in Springfield that, in addition to the State
Courts, the Circuit and District Courts of the United States sat. He
obtained his license as an attorney in 1837, and commenced his practice
in the March of that year. He entered into partnership with his friend,
J. T. Stewart, and lived with the Hon. W. Butler, who was of great
assistance to him in the simple matter of living, for he was at this
time as poor as ever. During 1837, he delivered several addresses in
which there was a strong basis of common sense, though they were fervid
and figurative to extravagance, as suited the tastes of his hearers. In
these speeches he predicted the great struggle on which the country
was about to enter, and that it would never be settled by passion but
by reason--“cold, calculating, unimpassioned reasoning, which must
furnish all the materials for our future defence and support.” He also
distinguished himself in debate and retort, so that ere long he became
unrivalled, in his sphere, in ready eloquence. From this time, for
twenty years, he followed his great political rival, Douglas, seeking
every opportunity to contend with him. From 1837 he concerned himself
little with the politics of his state, but entered with zeal into the
higher interests of the Federal Union.
In 1840, Lincoln was a candidate for the office of Presidential elector
on the Harrison ticket, and made speeches through a great part of
Illinois. Soon after, he again became involved in a love affair, which,
through its perplexities and the revival of the memory of his early
disappointment, had a terrible effect upon his mind. He had become
intimate with a Mr. Speed, who remained through life his best friend.
For a year he was almost a lunatic, and was taken to Kentucky by Mr.
Speed, and kept there until he recovered. It was for this reason that
he did not attend the Legislature of 1841-42. It is very characteristic
of Lincoln that, from boyhood, he never wanted true friends to aid him
in all his troubles.
Soon after his recovery, Lincoln became engaged to Miss Mary Todd.
This lady was supposed to be gifted as a witty and satirical writer,
though it must be admitted that the specimens of her literary capacity,
exhibited in certain anonymous contributions to the newspapers, show
little talent beyond the art of irritation. Several of these were
levelled at a politician named James Shields, an Irishman, who,
being told that Lincoln had written them, sent him a challenge.
The challenge was accepted, but the duel was prevented by mutual
friends. Lincoln married Miss Todd on the 4th November, 1842. This
marriage, which had not been preceded by the most favourable omens,
was followed by a singular misfortune. In 1843, Lincoln was a Whig
candidate for Congress, but was defeated. “He had a hard time of it,
and was compelled to meet accusations of a strange character. Among
other things, he was charged with being an aristocrat, and with having
deserted his old friends, the people, by marrying a proud woman on
account of her blood and family. This hurt him keenly,” says Lamon,
“and he took great pains to disprove it.” Other accusations, equally
frivolous, relative to his supposed religion or irreligion, also
contributed to his defeat.
On this much-vexed subject of Lincoln’s religious faith, or his want
of it, something may here be said. In his boyhood, when religious
associations are most valuable in disciplining the mind, he had never
even seen a church, and, as he grew older, his sense of humour and
his rude companions prevented him from being seriously impressed by
the fervid but often eccentric oratory of the few itinerant preachers
who found their way into the backwoods. At New Salem, he had read
“Volney’s Ruins” and the works of Thomas Paine, and was for some time
a would-be unbeliever. It is easy to trace in his youthful irreligion
the influence of irresistible causes. As he grew older, his intensely
melancholy and emotional temperament inclined him towards reliance in
an unseen Providence and belief in a future state; and it is certain
that, after the unpopularity of freethinkers had forced itself upon his
mind, the most fervidly passionate expressions of piety began to abound
in his speeches. In this he was not, however, hypocritical. From his
childhood, Abraham Lincoln was possessed even to unreason with the idea
that whatever was absolutely popular, was founded on reason and right.
He was a Republican of Republicans, faithfully believing that whatever
average common sense accepted must be followed.[17] His own personal
popularity was at all times very great. One who knew him testifies
that, when the lawyers travelling the judicial circuit of Illinois
arrived at the villages where trials were to be held, crowds of men and
women always assembled to welcome Abraham Lincoln.
Lincoln himself had a great admiration for Henry Clay. In 1844, he went
through Illinois delivering speeches and debating and speaking, or, as
it is called in America, “stumping” for him, and he even extended his
labours into Indiana. It was all in vain, and Clay’s defeat was a great
blow to Lincoln.[18] At this time, though he withdrew from politics
in favour of law, he began to think seriously of getting a seat in
Congress. His management of this affair indicates forcibly his entire
faith in party-right, and his principle of _never_ advancing beyond his
party. Of all the men of action known to history as illustrating great
epochs, there never was a more thorough man of action than Lincoln, but
the brain which inspired his action was always that of the people.
Through all his poverty, Lincoln was always just and generous. In
1843, while living with his wife for four dollars a-week, at a country
tavern, he gave up a promissory-note for a large fee to an impoverished
client who, after the trial, had lost a hand. He paid all his own
debts, and generously aided his stepmother and other friends.
In 1846, Lincoln accepted the nomination for Congress. His Democratic
opponent was Peter Cartwright, a celebrated pioneer Methodist preacher.
It is a great proof of Lincoln’s popularity that he was elected by an
unprecedented majority, though he was the only Whig Congressman from
Illinois. At this session, his almost life-long adversary, Douglas,
took a place in the Senate. Both houses shone with an array of great
and brilliant names, and Lincoln, as the only representative of his
party from his state, was in a critical and responsible situation. But
he was no novice in legislation, and he acquitted himself bravely. He
became a member of the Committee on Post Offices and Post Roads, and
in that capacity made his first speech. He found it as easy a matter
to address his new colleagues as his old clients. “I was about as
badly scared,” he wrote to W. J. Herndon, “and no worse, as when I
speak in court.” During this session, the United States were at war
with Mexico, and Lincoln was, with his party, in a painful dilemma.
They were opposed to the principle of the war, since they detested
forcible acquisition of territory, and it was evident that Mexico was
wanted by the South to extend the area of slavery. Yet they could
not, in humanity, withhold supplies from the army in Mexico while
fighting bravely. So Lincoln denounced the war, and yet voted the
supplies--an inconsistency creditable to his heart, but which involved
him in trouble with his constituents. But he struck the Administration
a severe blow in what was really his first speech before the whole
House. President Polk having declared, in a Message, that “the Mexicans
had invaded our territory, and shed the blood of our citizens on
our own soil,” Lincoln introduced what were called the famous “spot
resolutions,” in which the President was invited in a series of
satirical yet serious questions to indicate the spot where this outrage
had been committed.
Lincoln was very busy this year. The Whig National Convention was to
nominate a candidate for President on the 1st June, and he was to be
one of its members. On July 27th, he delivered, in Congress, a speech
as remarkable in some respects for solid sense and shrewdness as it
was in others for eccentric drollery and scathing Western retorts.
The second session, 1848-49, was quieter. At one time he proposed, as
a substitute for a resolution that slavery be at once abolished by
law in the district of Columbia, another, providing that the owners
be paid for their slaves. If he did little in this session to attract
attention, he made for himself a name, and was known as a powerful
speaker and a rising man; but, after returning to Springfield, though
a Whig President had been elected, and his own reputation greatly
increased, he was thrown out of political employment until the year
1854. He made great efforts to secure the office of Commissioner of
the General Land Office, but failed. President Fillmore, it is true,
offered him the Governorship of Oregon, but Mrs. Lincoln induced him to
decline it.
In 1850, his friends wished to nominate him for Congress, but he
positively refused the honour. It is thought that he wished to
establish himself in his profession for the sake of a support for his
family, or that he had entered into a secret understanding with other
candidates for Congress, who were to nominally oppose each other, but
in reality secure election in turn by excluding rivals.[19] But it
is most probable that he clearly foresaw at this time the tremendous
struggle which was approaching between North and South, and wished
to prepare himself for some great part in it. To engage in minor
political battles and be defeated, as would probably be the case in his
district, where his war-vote in Congress was still remembered to his
disadvantage, would have seriously injured his future prospects of
every kind. He said, in 1850, to his friend Stuart--“The time will come
when we must all be Democrats or Abolitionists. When that time comes,
my mind is made up. The slavery question can’t be compromised.”
Many interesting anecdotes of Lincoln’s legal experiences at this time
have been preserved. In his first case, at Springfield, he simply
admitted that all laws and precedents were in favour of his opponent,
and, having stated them in detail, left the decision to the Court. He
would never take an unjust, or mean, or a purely litigious case. When
retained with a colleague, named Swett, to defend a man accused of
murder, Lincoln became convinced of his client’s guilt, and said to
his associate--“You must defend him--I cannot.” Mr. Swett obtained an
acquittal, but Lincoln would take no part of the large fee which was
paid. On one occasion, however, when one of his own friends of boyhood,
John Armstrong, was indicted for a very atrocious murder, Lincoln,
moved by the tears and entreaties of the aged mother of the prisoner,
consented to plead his cause. It having been testified that, when
the man was murdered, the full moon was shining high in the heavens,
Lincoln, producing an almanac, proved that, on the night in question,
there was in fact no moon at all. Those who were associated with him
for years declare that they never knew a lawyer who was so moderate
in his charges. Though he attained great reputation in his profession,
the highest fee he ever received was 5,000 dollars. His strength lay
entirely in shrewd common sense, in quickly mastering all the details
of a case, and in ready eloquence or debate, for he had very little
law-learning, and was averse to making researches. But his rare genius
for promptly penetrating all the difficulties of a legal or political
problem, which aided him so much as President, enabled him to deal
with juries in a masterly manner. On one occasion, when thirty-four
witnesses swore to a fact on one side, and exactly as many on the
other, Mr. Lincoln proposed a very practical test to the jury--“If you
were going to _bet_ on this case,” he said, “on which side would you
lay a picayune?”[20]
Any poor person in distress for want of legal aid could always find a
zealous friend in Lincoln. On one occasion, a poor old negro woman came
to him and Mr. Herndon, complaining that her son had been imprisoned
at New Orleans for simply going, in his ignorance, ashore, thereby
breaking a disgraceful law which then existed, forbidding free men of
colour from other states to enter Louisiana. Having been condemned
to pay a fine, and being without money, the poor man was about to
be sold for a slave. Messrs. Lincoln and Herndon, finding law of no
avail, ransomed the prisoner out of their own pockets. In those days, a
free-born native of a Northern state could, if of African descent, be
seized and sold simply for setting foot on Southern soil.