DYER, SIR EDWARD EAST LIVERPOOL
DYER, JOHN EAST LONDON
DYER, THOMAS HENRY EASTON
DYMOKE EAST ORANGE
DYNAMICS EASTPORT
DYNAMITE EAST PROVIDENCE
DYNAMO EAST PRUSSIA
DYNAMOMETER EASTWICK, EDWARD BACKHOUSE
DYNASTY EATON, DORMAN BRIDGMAN
DYSART EATON, MARGARET O'NEILL
DYSENTERY EATON, THEOPHILUS
DYSPEPSIA EATON, WILLIAM
DYSTELEOLOGY EATON, WYATT
DZUNGARIA EAU CLAIRE
E EAU DE COLOGNE
EA EAUX-BONNES
EABANI EAVES
EACHARD, JOHN EAVESDRIP
EADBALD EBBW VALE
EADIE, JOHN EBEL, HERMANN WILHELM
EADMER EBEL, JOHANN GOTTFRIED
EADS, JAMES BUCHANAN EBER, PAUL
EAGLE EBERBACH (town of Germany)
EAGLEHAWK EBERBACH (monastery of Germany)
EAGRE EBERHARD
EAKINS, THOMAS EBERHARD, CHRISTIAN AUGUST GOTTLOB
EALING EBERHARD, JOHANN AUGUSTUS
EAR EBERLIN, JOHANN ERNST
EARL EBERS, GEORG MORITZ
EARLE, JOHN EBERSWALDE
EARLE, RALPH EBERT, FRIEDRICH ADOLF
EARL MARSHAL EBINGEN
EARLOM, RICHARD EBIONITES
EARLSTON EBNER-ESCHENBACH, MARIE
EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON EBOLI
EARLY ENGLISH PERIOD EBONY
EARN EBRARD, JOHANNES HEINRICH AUGUST
EARNEST EBRO
EAR-RING EBROIN
EARTH EBURACUM
EARTH, FIGURE OF THE ECA DE QUEIROZ, JOSE MARIA
EARTH CURRENTS ECARTE
EARTH-NUT ECBATANA
EARTH PILLAR ECCARD, JOHANN
EARTHQUAKE ECCELINO DA ROMANO
EARTH-STAR ECCENTRIC
EARTHWORM ECCHELLENSIS, ABRAHAM
EARWIG ECCLES
EASEMENT ECCLESFIELD
EAST, ALFRED ECCLESHALL
EAST ANGLIA ECCLESIA
EASTBOURNE ECCLESIASTES
EAST CHICAGO ECCLESIASTICAL COMMISSIONERS
EASTER ECCLESIASTICAL JURISDICTION
EASTER ISLAND ECCLESIASTICAL LAW
EASTERN BENGAL AND ASSAM ECCLESIASTICUS
EASTERN QUESTION, THE ECGBERT (king of the West Saxons)
EAST GRINSTEAD ECGBERT (archbishop of York)
EAST HAM ECGFRITH
EASTHAMPTON ECGONINE
EAST HAMPTON ECHEGARAY Y EIZAGUIRRE, JOSE
EAST INDIA COMPANY ECHELON
EAST INDIES ECHIDNA
EASTLAKE, SIR CHARLES LOCK
DYER, SIR EDWARD (d. 1607), English courtier and poet, son of Sir Thomas
Dyer, Kt., was born at Sharpham Park, Somersetshire. He was educated,
according to Anthony a Wood, either at Balliol College or at Broadgates
Hall, Oxford. He left the university without taking a degree, and after
some time spent abroad appeared at Queen Elizabeth's court. His first
patron was the earl of Leicester, who seems to have thought of putting
him forward as a rival to Sir Christopher Hatton in the queen's favour.
He is mentioned by Gabriel Harvey with Sidney as one of the ornaments of
the court. Sidney in his will desired that his books should be divided
between Fulke Greville (Lord Brooke) and Dyer. He was employed by
Elizabeth on a mission (1584) to the Low Countries, and in 1589 was sent
to Denmark. In a commission to inquire into manors unjustly alienated
from the crown in the west country he did not altogether please the
queen, but he received a grant of some forfeited lands in Somerset in
1588. He was knighted and made chancellor of the order of the Garter in
1596. William Oldys says of him that he "would not stoop to fawn," and
some of his verses seem to show that the exigencies of life at court
oppressed him. He was buried at St Saviour's, Southwark, on the 11th of
May 1607. Wood says that many esteemed him to be a Rosicrucian, and that
he was a firm believer in alchemy. He had a great reputation as a poet
among his contemporaries, but very little of his work has survived.
Puttenham in the _Arte of English Poesie_ speaks of "Maister Edward
Dyar, for Elegie most sweete, solempne, and of high conceit." One of the
poems universally accepted as his is "My Mynde to me a kingdome is."
Among the poems in _England's Helicon_ (1600), signed S.E.D., and
included in Dr A.B. Grosart's collection of Dyer's works (_Miscellanies
of the Fuller Worthies Library_, vol. iv., 1876) is the charming
pastoral "My Phillis hath the morninge sunne," but this comes from the
_Phillis_ of Thomas Lodge. Grosart also prints a prose tract entitled
_The Prayse of Nothing_ (1585). The _Sixe Idillia_ from Theocritus,
reckoned by J.P. Collier among Dyer's works, were dedicated to, not
written by, him.
DYER, JOHN (c. 1700-1758), British poet, the son of a solicitor, was
born in 1699 or 1700 at Aberglasney, in Carmarthenshire. He was sent to
Westminster school and was destined for the law, but on his father's
death he began to study painting. He wandered about South Wales,
sketching and occasionally painting portraits. In 1726 his first poem,
_Grongar Hill_, appeared in a miscellany published by Richard Savage,
the poet. It was an irregular ode in the so-called Pindaric style, but
Dyer entirely rewrote it into a loose measure of four cadences, and
printed it separately in 1727. It had an immediate and brilliant
success. _Grongar Hill_, as it now stands, is a short poem of only 150
lines, describing in language of much freshness and picturesque charm
the view from a hill overlooking the poet's native vale of Towy. A visit
to Italy bore fruit in _The Ruins of Rome_ (1740), a descriptive piece
in about 600 lines of Miltonic blank verse. He was ordained priest in
1741, and held successively the livings of Calthorp in Leicestershire,
Belchford (1751), Coningsby (1752), and Kirby-on-Bane (1756), the last
three being Lincolnshire parishes. He married, in 1741, a Miss Ensor,
said to be descended from the brother of Shakespeare. In 1757 he
published his longest work, the didactic blank-verse epic of _The
Fleece_, in four books, discoursing of the tending of sheep, of the
shearing and preparation of the wool, of weaving, and of trade in
woollen manufactures. The town took no interest in it, and Dodsley
facetiously prophesied that "Mr Dyer would be buried in woollen." He
died at Coningsby of consumption, on the 15th of December 1758.
His poems were collected by Dodsley in 1770, and by Mr Edward Thomas
in 1903 for the _Welsh Library_, vol. iv.
DYER, THOMAS HENRY (1804-1888), English historical and antiquarian
writer, was born in London on the 4th of May 1804. He was originally
intended for a business career, and for some time acted as clerk in a
West India house; but finding his services no longer required after the
passing of the Negro Emancipation Act, he decided to devote himself to
literature. In 1850 he published the _Life of Calvin_, a conscientious
and on the whole impartial work, though the character of Calvin is
somewhat harshly drawn, and his influence in the religious world
generally is insufficiently appreciated. Dyer's first historical work
was the _History of Modern Europe_ (1861-1864; 3rd ed. revised and
continued to the end of the 19th century, by A. Hassall, 1901), a
meritorious compilation and storehouse of facts, but not very readable.
The _History of the City of Rome_ (1865) down to the end of the middle
ages was followed by the _History of the Kings of Rome_ (1868), which,
upholding against the German school the general credibility of the
account of early Roman history, given in Livy and other classical
authors, was violently attacked by J.R. Seeley and the _Saturday
Review_, as showing ignorance of the comparative method. More favourable
opinions of the work were expressed by others, but it is generally
agreed that the author's scholarship is defective and that his views are
far too conservative. _Roma Regalis_ (1872) and _A Plea for Livy_ (1873)
were written in reply to his critics. Dyer frequently visited Greece and
Italy, and his topographical works are probably his best; amongst these
mention may be made of _Pompeii, its History, Buildings and Antiquities_
(1867, new ed. in Bohn's _Illustrated Library_), and _Ancient Athens,
its History, Topography and Remains_ (1873). His last publication was
_On Imitative Art_ (1882). He died at Bath on the 30th of January 1888.
DYMOKE, the name of an English family holding the office of king's
champion. The functions of the champion were to ride into Westminster
Hall at the coronation banquet, and challenge all comers to impugn the
king's title (see CHAMPION). The earliest record of the ceremony at the
coronation of an English king dates from the accession of Richard II. On
this occasion the champion was Sir John Dymoke (d. 1381), who held the
manor of Scrivelsby, Lincolnshire, in right of his wife Margaret,
granddaughter of Joan Ludlow, who was the daughter and co-heiress of
Philip Marmion, last Baron Marmion. The Marmions claimed descent from
the lords of Fontenay, hereditary champions of the dukes of Normandy,
and held the castle of Tamworth, Leicestershire, and the manor of
Scrivelsby, Lincolnshire. The right to the championship was disputed
with the Dymoke family by Sir Baldwin de Freville, lord of Tamworth, who
was descended from an elder daughter of Philip Marmion. The court of
claims eventually decided in favour of the owners of Scrivelsby on the
ground that Scrivelsby was held in grand serjeanty, that is, that its
tenure was dependent on rendering a special service, in this case the
championship.
Sir Thomas Dymoke (1428?-1471) joined a Lancastrian rising in 1469, and,
with his brother-in-law Richard, Lord Willoughby and Welles, was
beheaded in 1471 by order of Edward IV. after he had been induced to
leave sanctuary on a promise of personal safety. The estates were
restored to his son Sir Robert Dymoke (d. 1546), champion at the
coronations of Richard III., Henry VII. and Henry VIII., who
distinguished himself at the siege of Tournai and became treasurer of
the kingdom. His descendants acted as champions at successive
coronations. Lewis Dymoke (d. 1820) put in an unsuccessful claim before
the House of Lords for the barony of Marmion. His nephew Henry
(1801-1865) was champion at the coronation of George IV. He was
accompanied on that occasion by the duke of Wellington and Lord Howard
of Effingham. Henry Dymoke was created a baronet; he was succeeded by
his brother John, rector of Scrivelsby (1804-1873), whose son Henry
Lionel died without issue in 1875, when the baronetcy became extinct,
the estate passing to a collateral branch of the family. After the
coronation of George IV. the ceremony was allowed to lapse, but at the
coronation of King Edward VII. H.S. Dymoke bore the standard of England
in Westminster Abbey.
DYNAMICS (from Gr. [Greek: dynamis], strength), the name of a branch of
the science of Mechanics (q.v.). The term was at one time restricted to
the treatment of motion as affected by force, being thus opposed to
Statics, which investigated equilibrium or conditions of rest. In more
recent times the word has been applied comprehensively to the action of
force on bodies either at rest or in motion, thus including "dynamics"
(now termed kinetics) in the restricted sense and "statics."
ANALYTICAL DYNAMICS.--The fundamental principles of dynamics, and their
application to special problems, are explained in the articles MECHANICS
and MOTION, LAWS OF, where brief indications are also given of the more
general methods of investigating the properties of a dynamical system,
independently of the accidents of its particular constitution, which
were inaugurated by J.L. Lagrange. These methods, in addition to the
unity and breadth which they have introduced into the treatment of pure
dynamics, have a peculiar interest in relation to modern physical
speculation, which finds itself confronted in various directions with
the problem of explaining on dynamical principles the properties of
systems whose ultimate mechanism can at present only be vaguely
conjectured. In determining the properties of such systems the methods
of analytical geometry and of the infinitesimal calculus (or, more
generally, of mathematical analysis) are necessarily employed; for this
reason the subject has been named Analytical Dynamics. The following
article is devoted to an outline of such portions of general dynamical
theory as seem to be most important from the physical point of view.