wintering in South America; migrating through the eastern half of the
United States, more abundantly in the interior than on the coast.
A still smaller species than the last (length 14 inches) and very
similar to it. A few years ago this was considered the most abundant of
the curlews, but so persistently have they been hunted that they are now
practically exterminated. They were the most unsuspicious of the shore
birds, and would allow the near approach of the gunner, and the penalty
may now be seen. Only a short while ago they were very often found,
during migration, in company with other waders such as the Golden or
Black-bellied Plovers. Their nests are simply hollows in the plains,
lined with a few grasses, dried leaves, or moss. The three or four eggs
are the same as the last for color but are smaller; size 2.00 × 1.45.
267. WHIMBREL. _Numenius phaeopus._
A European species casually appearing in Greenland; very similar to the
Hudsonian Curlew, but with the rump white.
This species is known as the Jack Curlew in England and Scotland, where
it is very abundant, and is a favorite game bird. It breeds in the
northern parts of Europe and Asia, and in the extreme north of Scotland
and on the Shetland Islands. The eggs are laid in hollows on the ground
on higher parts of the marshes. The three or four eggs have an olive or
greenish brown color and are blotched with dark brown. Size 2.30 × 1.60.
Data.--Native, Iceland, May 29, 1900. Six eggs. Nest a depression in the
ground, lined with dried grass.
268. BRISTLE-THIGHED CURLEW. _Numenius tahitiensis._
Range.--Islands and coast on the Asiatic side of the Pacific; casually
found in Alaska. A very peculiar species with many of the feathers on
the flanks terminating in long bristles.
[Illustration 162: Eskimo Curlew.]
[Illustration: Olive brown.]
[Illustration: left hand margin.]
Page 161
PLOVERS. Family CHARADRIIDÆ
Plovers are stouter built birds than those of the previous family, have
larger head, shorter necks and but three toes, the bill also is much
harder and shorter.
269. LAPWING. _Vanellus vanellus._
An abundant European species accidentally occurring on the Atlantic
coast. It may readily be recognized by its long black crest, black chin
and throat, and white under parts. It breeds throughout temperate
Europe, laying its eggs in hollows on the ground. The eggs have a dark
grayish buff ground and are spotted with black. Size 1.85 × 1.30.
269.1. DOTTEREL. _Eudromias morinellus._
A European bird supposed to have been accidentally taken on the Atlantic
coast.
270. BLACK-BELLIED PLOVER. _Squatarola squatarola._
Range.--Northern Hemisphere, breeding in the Arctic regions and
wintering from the Gulf States to northern South America.
This is a remarkably handsome species when in the summer dress. The
upper parts are largely white with black spots and bars on the back,
wings and tail; the throat, sides of head, breast and fore under parts,
black. In winter, brownish-black, somewhat mottled, above; below, dull
white. Young similar to winter adults, but the back is spotted with
yellowish-white. While these handsome plover migrate to some extent, and
sometimes in large flocks, through the interior of the United States,
they are chiefly and most abundantly found on the coast. This species
has a very small hind toe. It is a very familiar bird to sportsmen and
gunners, to whom it is generally known by the names of "Bull-head," or
"Beetle-head Plover." They are very numerous in the fall, during which
season the underparts are entirely white. The eggs are either laid upon
the bare ground or upon a slight lining of grasses or dead leaves. They
are three or four in number, brownish or greenish buff in color and
boldly marked with black. Size 2.00 × 1.40. Data.--Point Barrow, Alaska,
June, 1900. Nest a small hollow on side of hillock, lined with dry
grass.
[Illustration 163: Grayish.]
[Illustration: Greenish buff.]
[Illustration: right hand margin.]
Page 162
[Illustration 164: BLACK-BELLIED PLOVER.]
Page 163
272. EUROPEAN GOLDEN PLOVER. _Charadrius apricarius._
A European bird, similar to the next, casually found in Greenland.
It is a very abundant bird throughout Europe, breeding in the northern
parts. Its habits, nests and eggs are the same as those of the American
bird.
272. GOLDEN PLOVER. _Charadrius dominicus dominicus._
Range.--Whole of North America, breeding in the Arctic regions and
wintering south to Patagonia.
This handsome bird is about the same size as the Black-bellied Plover
(10.5 inches long). No hind toe. Back and tail mottled with black and
yellow; below, more or less entirely black to the tail. Young and winter
adults, more or less spotted with yellow and blackish-brown above, and
grayish-white below, with indistinct streaks on the breast. Often
confused with the last species in this plumage, but is smaller, bill
smaller and more slender, and the axillars, or feathers nearest the
body, under the wings, are gray while those of the Black-bellied Plover
are black. This species is now regarded as rare on the North Atlantic
coast during migrations, while in the interior it is more abundant than
the last species. They do not seem to be as suspicious as the
Black-bellies, and a flock will often allow a close approach, even when
they see you. They nest abundantly along the coast and islands of the
Arctic Ocean. The four eggs are very similar to those of the preceding,
but smaller. Size 1.90 × 1.30. Data.--Peel River, Arctic America, June
1, 1898. Nest of grasses and leaves on the ground in the moss.
272a. PACIFIC GOLDEN PLOVER. _Charadrius dominicus fulvus._
Range.--An Asiatic species, breeding in northern Asia and on the islands
and coast of Asia. Very like the preceding, but more golden color on the
back and wings. Nesting and eggs the same.
[Illustration 165: Black-bellied Plover. Golden Plover.]
[Illustration: Greenish buff.]
[Illustration: right hand margin.]
Page 164
[Illustration 166: A. R. Spaid.
NEST AND EGGS OF KILLDEER.]
Page 165
273. Killdeer. _Oxyechus vociferus._
Range.--Temperate North America from the southern parts of Canada
southward. Next to the Spotted Sandpiper, this bird is the most common
of the shore birds in the United States. It is rarely seen in New
England, but is common south of there and in the interior of the country
to Canada.
They are very noisy birds, continually uttering their "kil-deer,
kil-deer" from which they take their name. They nest anywhere on the
ground, generally near water, placing their nests in fields, cornfields
or meadows. The eggs are drab or greenish buff and profusely spotted
with black. Size 1.50 × 1.10. Data.--Refugio county, Texas, May 11,
1899. 4 eggs in a depression on the ground, lined with a few grasses.
274. SEMIPALMATED. _Ægialitis semipalmata._
Range.--North America, breeding in the interior of Canada and wintering
south from the Gulf States.
Small web between the bases of the two outer toes. Single broad, black
band across the breast; black line from base of bill to eye. They are
very abundant on our seacoast in Fall, both in flocks composed entirely
of their own kind, and also with Least and Semipalmated Sandpipers. They
usually keep on the inner side of sandbars or muddy flats bordering
marshes, rather than on the open ocean beach. It is also found in
smaller flocks, about ponds and marshes in the interior of the country.
They are usually unsuspicious and will allow a close approach, or if you
are still, will run by within a very few feet. Nest on the ground; eggs
buffy, sparsely specked with black, 1.30 × .90; June.
[Illustration 167: Grayish buff.]
[Illustration: Kildeer. Semi-palmated Plover.]
[Illustration: Buff.]
[Illustration: right hand margin.]
Page 166
275. RING PLOVER. _Ægialitis hiaticula._
Range.--A European bird that breeds abundantly in Greenland. It nests in
great numbers on the banks of streams and in fields, laying its eggs in
hollows on the ground, generally without any lining. Their three or four
eggs are practically not distinguishable from those of the Semipalmated
Plover, but larger; size, 1.40 x 1.00. The bird, too, is similar, but
the toes are not palmated, and the black breast band is wider.
276. LITTLE RINGED PLOVER. _Ægialitis dubia._
An Old World species, accidentally occurring on the Pacific coast. Like
the last species, but smaller. The eggs, too, are smaller; size 1.20 x
.85.
277. PIPING PLOVER. _Ægialitis meloda._
Range.--Eastern North America, chiefly along the Atlantic coast,
breeding from the Carolinas north to Newfoundland.
A handsome little bird, with a black crescent on each side of neck, a
small black patch on top of the head, and without any black on the lores
or ear coverts. It is the lightest colored of any of the eastern
Plovers. Length, 7 inches. Young, similar, but the black replaced by
grayish, as is the case with the last species. This species, apparently,
never could be classed as abundant and of late years, it is becoming
rather rare along our Atlantic coast; this is probably more due to the
building of summer resorts and homes along their former breeding grounds
than to hunters. They are rather more shy than the last species, but
will usually attempt to escape by running along the beach or by hiding,
rather than by flight. Owing to their light colors it is very difficult
to see them at any distance. They lay their eggs upon the sandy beaches
in slight, and generally unlined, hollows. The eggs have a pale clay
colored ground and are sparsely specked with small black dots. Size 1.25
x 1.00.
[Illustration 168: Ring Plover. Snowy Plover.]
[Illustration: Buffy.]
[Illustration: Clay Color.]
[Illustration: deco.]
[Illustration: left hand margin.]
Page 167
278. SNOWY PLOVER. _Ægialitis nivosa._
Range.--Breeds along the Pacific coast of the United States, and from
Texas to Manitoba in the interior. Winters on the California coast and
south to Chili.
Snowy Plovers are very much like the Piping, but are smaller (length 6.5
inches), have a longer and more slender bill, and have a small black
patch on the side of head. It is the palest colored of the Plovers.
Large numbers of them nest along the Pacific coast and in Texas; north
of Texas, in the interior, they are locally distributed. The eggs are
pale clay color, marked with small scratchy dots of black. Size 1.20 x
.90. Data.--Newport Beach, California, May 1, 1897. Nest a hollow in the
sand, a short distance above high water; lined with broken shell.
Collector, Evan Davis.
279. MONGOLIAN PLOVER. _Ægialitis mongola._
An inhabitant of the Old World, awarded a place in our avifauna because
of its accidental occurrence at Alaska.
[Illustration 169: Pale buff.]
[Illustration: C. A. Reed. SPOTTED SANDPIPER AND NEST.]
[Illustration: right hand margin.]
Page 168
280. WILSON'S PLOVER. _Octhodromus wilsonius._
Range.--An abundant breeding species on the Gulf coast, coast of Lower
California, and on the Atlantic coast north to Virginia, and casually
farther.
A common Plover, which may be distinguished from others of the genus by
its comparatively large heavy black bill, and the single broad black
band across the breast, and not extending around the back of the neck.
They nest on pebbly "shingle" or in the marsh, back of the beaches.
Their eggs are an olive gray color and are spotted and scratched with
blackish brown, with some fainter markings of gray. Size 1.40 x 1.05.
Data.--Corpus Christi, Texas, May 10, 1899. 4 eggs laid on the ground
among drifted grass on a salt marsh near town. Collector, Frank B.
Armstrong.
281. MOUNTAIN PLOVER. _Podasocys montanus_.
Range.--Plains and prairies of western North America, breeding from the
central portions north to Manitoba, and wintering in California and
southward.
A very peculiar species, inhabiting even the driest portions of the
western prairies. It is 9 inches in length, and has a plumage of a pale
buffy tone. It seems to be less aquatic than any other American Plover
and is rarely found in the vicinity of bodies of water. It nests on the
ground anywhere on the prairie, laying its eggs in a slight hollow. The
eggs are brownish gray in color and are spotted and blotched with
blackish brown. Data.--Morgan county, Colorado, May 7, 1902. Nest a
slight hollow on the ground, near a large cactus bed and close to a
water hole. No lining to nest. Collector, Glenn S. White.
[Illustration 170: Olive gray.]
[Illustration: Wilson's Plover. Mountain Plover.]
[Illustration: Brownish gray.]
[Illustration: deco.]
[Illustration: left hand margin.]
Page 169
SURF BIRDS AND TURNSTONES. Family APHRIZIDÆ
282. Surf Bird. _Aphriza virgata._
This species, which is found on the Pacific coast from Alaska to Chili,
seems to be the connecting link between the plovers and the Turnstones,
having the habits of the latter combined with the bill of the former.
Its nest and eggs are not known to have been yet discovered.
283. TURNSTONE. _Arenaria interpres._
Range.--The distribution of this species, which is grayer above than the
following, is supposed to be confined, in America, to the extreme north
from Greenland to Alaska. Its habits and eggs are precisely like the
next.
283a. RUDDY TURNSTONE. _Arenaria interpres morinella._
Range.--Breeds in the Arctic regions, and migrates through all parts of
the United States, south to the southern parts of South America. This
species has the upperparts variegated with reddish brown, black and
white; the underparts are pure white, except for a black patch on the
throat, branching upward to the eye and back to the sides of the breast.
It has a peculiar, slightly up-turned bill, which is used, as their name
implies, for turning over pebbles and stones in their search for food.
They nest commonly in northern Labrador, about Hudson Bay and in Alaska,
laying their eggs in scantily lined hollows on the ground, near water.
The eggs are very peculiar and beautiful, having a light grayish or
cream color ground, peculiarly marbled with many shades of brown and
lilac. Size 1.65 × 1.10. Data.--Mackenzie River, Arctic America, June
28, 1900. Four eggs in a grass lined depression in the sand.
[Illustration 171: Creamy.]
[Illustration: Turnstone.]
[Illustration: deco.]
[Illustration: right hand margin.]
Page 170
284. BLACK TURNSTONE. _Arenaria melanocephala._
Range.--Pacific coast of North America, breeding from British Columbia
northward, and wintering south to Lower California.
This species, which has the form and habits of the preceding, is
blackish above and on the breast; the rump and the base of the tail are
white, being separated from each other by the black tail coverts. Their
nesting habits are in no wise different from those of the common
turnstone. The eggs are similar, but the markings are not so strikingly
arranged. Size 1.60 × 1.10. Data.--Kutlik, Alaska, June 21, 1898. Nest
simply a depression in the sand on the sea beach.
OYSTER-CATCHERS. Family HÆMATOPODIDÆ
285. EUROPEAN OYSTER-CATCHER. _Hæmatopus frazari._
This European species is very similar to the American one which follows.
It casually occurs in Greenland.
286. OYSTER-CATCHER. _Hæmatopus palliatus._
Range.--Breeds on the coast of the South Atlantic States and Lower
California and winters south to Patagonia. Oyster-catchers are
large, heavy-bodied birds, with stocky red legs and long, stout red
bills. The present species has the whole upper parts and entire head and
neck, blackish; underparts and ends of secondaries, white; length, 19
inches. They are abundant breeding birds on the sandy beaches of the
South Atlantic States, and casually wander north to Nova Scotia. They
lay their two or three eggs on the ground in slight hollows scooped out
of the sand. The eggs are of a buffy or brownish buff color, and are
irregularly spotted with blackish brown, with subdued markings of
lavender. Size 2.20 × 1.50. Data.--Sandy Point, S. C., May 12, 1902.
Three eggs on the sand just above high water mark; nest a mere
depression on a small "sand dune" lined with pieces of shells.
[Illustration 172: Grayish.]
[Illustration: American Oyster-catcher.]
[Illustration: Buff.]
[Illustration: left hand margin.]
Page 171
286.1. Frazar's Oyster-catcher. _Hæmatopus bachmani._
Range.--Lower California.
This species is darker on the back than the preceding, and the breast is
mottled with dusky. Bill very long, heavy, compressed, and thin and
chisel-like at the tip.
Bill and eyes red; legs flesh color; under parts white, and a white wing
bar. These are large, awkward looking birds. It is not an uncommon wader
in its somewhat restricted range. Its nesting habits are the same as
those of the preceding one, but the markings are generally more sharply
defined. The one figured is from a set in the collection of Mr. C. W.
Crandall.
287. BLACK OYSTER-CATCHER. _Hæmatopus bachmani._
Range.--Pacific coast of North America from Lower California north to
Alaska.
This species is the same size as the Oyster-catcher, but the plumage is
entirely black both above and below. They are found upon the rocky
coasts and islands, more frequently than upon sandy beaches. Their eggs
are laid upon bare rocks or pebbles with no attempt at lining for the
nest. The eggs are an olive buff in color, spotted and blotched with
brownish black. Size 2.20 × 1.55. Breeding throughout the Aleutian
Islands, British Columbia and south to Lower California. Three or four
eggs are laid.
[Illustration 173: Brownish buff.]
[Illustration: 287--286.1.]
[Illustration: Olive buff.]
[Illustration: deco.]
[Illustration: right hand margin.]
Page 172
JACANAS. Family JACANIDÆ
288. Mexican Jacana. _Jacana spinosa._
Range.--Tropical America, north in summer to the lower Rio Grande Valley
in Texas, and casually to Florida.
This interesting species has most of its structural characters similar
to the Plovers, but has more the appearance and habits of the Rails.
They are about eight inches long, the head and neck are black, the body
chestnut, and the wings largely greenish yellow. They have long legs,
long toes and extremely long toe nails, a scaly leaf on the forehead,
and a sharp spur on the shoulder of the wing. Owing to their long toes
and nails, they are enabled to walk over floating weeds and rubbish that
would sink beneath their weight, otherwise. They build their nests on
these little floating islands in the marsh; they are also sometimes made
of weeds and trash on floating lily pads. They lay from three to five
eggs of a yellowish olive color, curiously scrawled with brown and
black. Size 1.22 × .95. Data.--Tampico, Mexico, June 3, 1900. Three
eggs. Nest of weeds and drift on lily leaf floating in fresh water pond
near town.
[Illustration 174: Mexican Jacana.]
[Illustration: Yellowish olive.]
[Illustration: deco.]
[Illustration: left hand margin.]
Page 173
[Illustration 175: C. A. Reed.
NEST AND EGGS OF BOB-WHITE.]
Page 174
[Illustration 176: BOB WHITE.
Female--Male.]
Page 175
GALLINACEOUS BIRDS. Order X. GALLINÆ
GROUSE, PARTRIDGES, ETC. Family TETRAONIDAE
The members of this family are birds of robust form, subdued (not
brightly colored) plumage, comparatively short legs and necks; the tarsi
and toes are feathered in the Ptarmigan, the tarsi, only, feathered in
the Grouse, and the tarsi and toes bare in the Partridges and
Bob-whites. They feed upon berries, buds, grain and insects.
289. BOB-WHITE. _Colinus virginianus virginianus._
Range.--United States east of North Dakota and Texas and from the
southern British Provinces to the Gulf coast.
A celebrated "game bird" which has been hunted so assiduously in New
England that it is upon the verge of extermination, and the covers have
to be continually replenished with birds trapped in the south and west.
They frequent open fields, which have a luxuriant growth of weeds, or
grain fields in the fall. Their nests are built along the roadsides, or
beside stonewalls or any place affording satisfactory shelter. The nest
is made of dried grasses and is arched over with grass or overhanging
leaves so as to conceal the eggs. They lay from ten to twenty pure white
eggs, which are very frequently nest stained when found. Size 1.20 ×
.95. Often two or three broods are raised in a season, but frequently
one or more broods are destroyed by rainy weather.
289a. FLORIDA BOB-WHITE. _Colinus virginianus floridanus._
Range.--This sub-species, which is found in the southern half of
Florida, is very much darker than the northern Bob-white, and is
numerously barred below with black. Its nesting habits and eggs are
identical with those of the preceding.
289b. TEXAS BOB-WHITE. _Colinus virginianus texanus._
Range.--Texas; casually north to Kansas. A grayer variety of the
Bob-white. The nesting habits and eggs are the same as those of the
Bob-white, except that the eggs may average a trifle smaller. Size 1.18
× .92.
291. MASKED BOB-WHITE. _Colinus ridgwayi._
Range.--Sonoran region of Mexico north to southern Arizona.
The female of this species is like that of the Texan Bob-white. Their
nesting habits and eggs are in all respects like those of the other
Bob-whites. Size of eggs, 1.20 × .95.
[Illustration 177: White.]
[Illustration: Bobwhite. Florida Bobwhite. Masked Bobwhite.]
[Illustration: right hand margin.]
Page 176
292. MOUNTAIN QUAIL. _Oreortyx picta picta._
Range.--Pacific coast of North America from California to Washington.
This is the largest of the Partridges, being 11 inches in length. It is
of a general grayish color, with chestnut throat patch, and chestnut
flanks, barred with white. Two long plumes extend downward from the back
of the head. This species nests abundantly in the mountainous portions
of northern California and throughout Oregon, and is gradually
increasing in numbers in Washington. As a rule they nest only on the
higher mountain ranges, placing their nest of leaves under the
protection of an overhanging bush or tuft of grass. Their eggs number
from six to fifteen, and are of a pale reddish buff color. Size 1.35 ×
1.05.
292a. PLUMED QUAIL. _Oreortyx picta plumifera._
Range.--Mountain ranges of California and Lower California, chiefly in
the southern parts of the former. This species is like the latter except
that it is grayer on the back of the head and neck. Its nesting habits
and eggs are like the preceding.
292b. SAN PEDRO QUAIL. _Oreortyx picta confinis._
Range.--San Pedro Mountains, Lower California.
This species, which is grayer above than the preceding two, breeds only
in the highest peaks of its range. Otherwise its nesting habits and eggs
are the same as the other Plumed Partridges.
293. SCALED QUAIL. _Callipepla squamata squamata._
Range.--Mexico and southwestern border of the United States.
This blue gray species is 10 inches in length; the feathers on the neck
and underparts have narrow dark borders, thus giving the plumage a scaly
appearance, from which the birds take their name. They have a small tuft
of whitish or buffy feathers on the top of the head. It is especially
abundant in the dry arid portions of its range, being found often many
miles away from water. Their eggs are laid in a shallow hollow under
some small bush or cactus, and number from eight to sixteen; they are
creamy white, finely specked with buff or pale brownish. Size 1.25 ×
.95.
[Illustration 178: Reddish buff.]
[Illustration: Mountain Partridge. Scaled Partridge.]
[Illustration: Creamy white.]
[Illustration: right hand margin.]
Page 177
293a. CHESTNUT-BELLIED SCALED QUAIL. _Callipepla squamata
castanogastris._
Range.--Lower Rio Grande Valley in Texas and southward into Mexico.
This sub-species is like the last with the addition of a chestnut patch
on the belly. Their breeding habits do not vary in any particular way
from those of the Scaled Partridge.
294. CALIFORNIA QUAIL. _Lophortyx californica californica._
Range.--Coast region of California, Oregon, Washington and British
Columbia.