PHILOSOPHICAL DISCUSSION.
Some time after this, Rollo, and Nathan, and James, were playing in the
shed, one pleasant morning in the spring. They were building with sticks
of wood, which they piled in various ways, so as to make houses. They
took care not to pile the wood, in any case, higher than their
shoulders, for Jonas had told them that, if they piled the wood higher
than that, there would be danger of its falling down upon them.
After some time, Rollo went into the house a few minutes, and James and
Nathan went to the open part of the shed, and began to look out of
doors. The sun was shining pleasantly, but the ground was wet, being
covered with streams and pools of water, and melting snow-banks.
"What a pleasant day!" said James. "I wish it was dry, so that we could
go out better."
"I wish we could fly," said Nathan, "for it is very pleasant up in the
air."
"I wish we had a balloon," said James. "If we had a balloon, we could go
up in the air, easier than to fly."
"O James," said Nathan, "you could not get into a balloon if you had
one."
"Why not?" said James.
"Because," said Nathan, "it would not be big enough."
"Why, Nathan," said James, "a balloon is bigger than this house."
"O James, it is not higher than my head."
"It is," said James, "I know it is. I have read about balloons bigger
than a house."
"And my father," said Nathan, putting down his foot in a very positive
air, "my father told me himself, that a balloon was about as high as my
head."
The boys disputed some time longer upon the subject, and finally, when
Rollo came out of the house, they both appealed to him very eagerly to
settle the dispute.
"Isn't a balloon higher than Nathan's head?" said James.
"Is it as high as a house?" said Nathan.
"Why, I know," said Rollo, "that a man made a balloon once about as high
as Nathan's head, because my father said so; but perhaps it was a little
one."
"Yes," said James, "I know it must be a little one; for balloons are big
enough for men to go up in them."
"O James," said Nathan, "I don't believe it. Besides, the fire would
burn 'em."
"What fire?" said James.
"The fire they burn under the balloons, to make the air hot," said
Nathan.
"I don't believe they have any fire," said James.
Just then Nathan, happening to look around, saw Jonas standing behind
them; he had just come out of the house, and was going out to his work.
Hearing the boys engaged in this dispute, he stopped to listen. The boys
both appealed to Jonas.
Jonas heard all that they had to say, and then replied,--
"I cannot tell you much about going up in a balloon, but I can tell you
something about getting along pleasantly down here upon the earth, which
I think may be of service to you."
"What is it?" said James.
"Why, that you will neither of you get along very pleasantly until you
can bear to have any body else mistaken, without contradicting them.
James, you think Nathan is mistaken about the size of a balloon, do
you?"
"Yes, I know he is," said James.
"Well," said Jonas, "now why not let him remain mistaken?"
"Why,--I don't know," said James.
"He isn't willing to be convinced, is he, that a balloon is as big as a
house?"
"No," said James, "he is not."
"Then why don't you let him remain unconvinced? Why should you insist on
setting him right, when he don't want to be set right?"
"And you, Nathan, suppose that James is mistaken, in thinking that the
balloon is so big."
"Yes," said Nathan, "and that men can get into it, and go up in the
air."
"Well, now, if he wants to believe that balloons are so big, why are you
not willing that he should? Why should you insist upon it that he
should know that they are smaller?"
"Because I _know_," said Nathan, very positively, "that they are small;
and, besides, the paper would not be strong enough to bear a man."
"I did not ask you," said Jonas, "why _you_ believed that men could not
go up in balloons, but why you were so anxious to make James believe so.
Why not let him be mistaken?"
"Why--because," said Nathan.
"You see, Nathan," continued Jonas, "the world is full of people that
are continually mistaken; and if you go about trying to set them all
right by disputing them, you'll have a hard row to hoe."
"A hard what?" said Nathan.
"A hard row to hoe," repeated Jonas. "It's never of any service to
attempt to convince people that don't want to be convinced; especially
if they are wrong."
"Especially if they are wrong!" repeated Rollo, in astonishment.
"Yes," replied Jonas. "The very worst time to argue with a boy, is when
he is wrong, and does not want to be set right. It is a great deal
harder to get along in argument with one who is right, than with one who
is wrong; for the one who is wrong, disputes; the one who is right,
reasons."
"Well, Jonas," said James, "which of us was disputing?"
"Both of you," said Jonas.
"Both of us," said James; "but you said that only the one who was wrong,
disputed."
"Well," replied Jonas, "you were both wrong."
"Both wrong! O Jonas!" said James.
"Yes, both wrong," replied Jonas; and so saying, he was going away to
his work.
"But stop a minute longer," said James, "and tell us how it is about the
balloon; we want to know."
"O no," said Jonas, "you don't want to know; you want to _conquer_."
"What do you mean by that?" said Nathan.
"Why, you don't really wish to learn any thing; but you want to have me
decide the case, because each of you hopes that I shall decide in his
favor. You want the pleasure of a victory, not the pleasure of
acquiring knowledge."
"No, Jonas," said Nathan, "we do really want to know."
"Well," said Jonas, "I can't stop now to tell you; perhaps I will this
evening; but I advise you always, after this, not to contradict people,
and dispute with them, when they say things that you don't believe. Do
as the gentleman did, when the man said the moon was a fire."
"What did he do?" said Rollo.
"Why, he let him say it as much as he wanted to."
"Tell us all about it," said James.
"Well, then," said Jonas, "once there was a man, and he saw the moon
coming up behind the trees, and thought it was a large house burning up.
He went along a little way, and he met a vulgar fellow, riding in a
carriage."
"Riding in a carriage!" repeated Rollo, astonished.
"Yes," said Jonas, "handsomely dressed. 'Sir,' said the man, 'see that
great fire!'
"'It isn't a fire, you fool,' said the vulgar fellow; 'it's nothing but
the moon.'
"'The moon! no it isn't,' said the man; 'it is a monstrous great fire.
Don't you see how it blazes up?'
"'It is not a fire, I tell you,' said the vulgar fellow.
"'I tell you 'tis,' said the man.
"'You don't know any thing about it,' said the vulgar fellow.
"'And you don't know the moon from a house on fire,' said the man, and
so passed on.
"A minute or two after this, he met a gentleman driving a team."
"A gentleman driving a team!" said James.
"Yes," said Jonas, "with a frock on. He was tired and weary, having
driven all day. The man asked him if he did not see that house on fire.
"'Ah,' said the gentleman, 'I thought it was the moon.'
"'No,' said the man, 'it is a house on fire.'
"'Well,' said the gentleman, 'I am very sorry if it is. I hope they'll
be able to put it out!'
"So saying, he started his team along, and bade the man good evening."
Jonas then, having finished his story, stepped out of the shed, and
went along towards the barn; Nathan called out after him to say,--
"Well, Jonas, I don't understand how the gentleman came to be driving a
team all day."
Jonas did not reply to this, but only began to laugh heartily, and to
walk on. Nathan turned back into the shed, saying, he did not see what
Jonas was laughing at.
The boys wanted very much to have the question about the balloon
settled; and, after some further conversation on the subject, they
concluded to go in and ask their mother. So they all three went in.
Rollo proposed this plan, and he led the way into the house. He found
his mother sitting in the parlor at her work.
"Well, boys," said she, "have you got tired of your play?"
"No, mother," said Rollo, "but we want to know about balloons: how big
are they?"
"O, some of them," said she, "are very large."
"Ain't they as big as this house?" said James.
"Yes, I believe they have been made as big," said she.
"But, mother," said Nathan, "father told me, his very self, that they
were no higher than my head."
"O no," said his mother; "he said that a man made _one_ which was about
as high as your head; but that was only a little one, for experiment.
When they make large ones, for use, they are as high as this house."
"For use, mother? what use?" said Nathan.
"Men go up in them, don't they, aunt?" said James.
"Not _in_ them, exactly," said his aunt. "They could not live in them,
but they go up _by means_ of them."
"How?" said Nathan.
"Why, they have a kind of basket, which hangs down below the balloon,
and they get into that."
"I knew they could not get into the balloon," said Nathan.
"Then you have had a dispute about it," said his mother.
"Why,--yes," said Nathan, with hesitation, "we disputed a little."
"I am sorry to hear that," said his mother, "for disputing seldom does
any good. The fact is, however, that men have often been carried up by
balloons, but they never get into them. They could not live in them.
They could not breathe the kind of air which balloons are filled with."
"It is hot air," said Nathan.
"No," said his mother, "the kind of balloon which your father told you
of was filled with hot air; but the balloons which people generally use
to go up with, are filled with another kind of air, which is very light
when it is cool. They make an enormous bag of silk, and fill it with
this light air, which they make in barrels; and then, when the bag is
filled, it floats away above their heads, and pulls hard upon the
fastening. There is a net all over it, and the ends of the net are drawn
together below, and are fastened to the basket, or car, where the man is
to sit. When it is all ready, the man gets into the car, and then they
let go the fastenings, and away the great bag goes, and carries the man
with it, away up into the air."
"And then how does he get down?" said Nathan.
"Why, he can open a hole in the bag, and let some of the light air out;
and then he begins to come down slowly. If he comes down too fast, or if
he finds that he is coming into the water, or down upon any dangerous
place, there is a way by which he can make his balloon go up again."
"What way is it, aunt?" said James.
"Why, he has some bags of sand in his balloon," said his aunt; "and the
balloon is made large enough to carry him and his sand-bags too. Then,
if he finds that he is coming down too fast, he just pours out some of
his sand, and that makes his car lighter; and so the balloon will carry
him up again."
"That's a good plan," said Rollo.
"Yes," said his mother; "the reason why he takes sand is, because that
will not hurt any body by falling upon them. If he should take stones,
or any other heavy, solid things, and should drop them out of his car,
they might possibly fall upon some body, and hurt them. So he takes sand
in bags, and, when he wants to lighten his balloon, he just pours the
sand out."
Rollo's mother then told the boys that there was a large book, which had
several stories in it of men's going up in balloons, and that she would
get it for them. So she left her work, and went out of the room; but in
a few minutes she returned, bringing with her two very large, square
books, with blue covers. One of them had pictures in it, and among the
rest there were pictures of balloons. She opened the other book, and
found the place where there was an account of balloons, and she showed
the place to Rollo.
She told the boys that they had better go out in the kitchen, or into
the shed, if it was warm enough, and read the account.
"You and James, Rollo," said she, "can read by turns, and let Nathan
hear. Then, when the plates are referred to, you must look into the
other book and find them."
"Yes," said Rollo, "we will; only, mother, if you would let us sit down
here and read it--and then, if there is any thing which we cannot
understand, you can tell us what it means."
"Very well," replied his mother, "you may sit down here upon the sofa."
So the boys sat down upon the sofa. They put Nathan between them, so
that he might look over. Rollo and James took turns to read, and they
continued reading about balloons for more than an hour. There was one
story of a sheep, which a man carried up in his car, under a balloon,
and then let him drop, from a great height, with a parachute over his
head, to make him fall gently. And he did fall gently. He came down to
the ground without being hurt at all.
QUESTIONS.
How was the subject of balloons introduced into the
conversation? What was Nathan's opinion about the possibility of
being carried up by a balloon? What was the dispute about the
size of balloons? What was Nathan's evidence? What was James's
evidence? What did Jonas say when they appealed to him? What was
the story that he related? Which of the boys did he finally say
was wrong? Whom did the boys appeal to afterwards? What did
Rollo's mother say about the size of balloons? How did she say
that large balloons were filled? How can they make the balloon
come down? How can they make it go up again, if they wish to do
so?