To the westward of Greece lay a mountainous land, bordered by the
Adriatic Sea, and in old times called Epirus. The people spoke a sort of
barbarous Greek, worse than that of the Macedonians; but the royal family
were pure Greeks, and believed themselves to be descended from Achilles;
and Alexander's mother, Olympias, had been one of them. In the wars and
confusion that followed upon Alexander's death, the Epirot king,
AEacides, took part, and this led to a rising against him, ending in his
being killed, with all his family, except his little two-year-old son,
named Pyrrhus, who was saved by some faithful servants. They fled
towards the city of Megara, on the border of Macedon, but they only
reached it late at night, and there was a rough and rapid river between,
swelled by rains. They called to the people on the other side, and held
up the little child, but the rushing of the river drowned their voices,
and their words were not understood. At last one of them peeled off a
piece of bark from an oak tree, and scratched on it with the tongue of a
buckle an account of their distress, and, fastening it to a stone, threw
it over. The Megarians immediately made a sort of raft with trees, and,
floating over, brought little Pyrrhus and his friends across; but finding
Macedon not safe, since Cassander had been the enemy of AEacides, they
went on to Illyria, where they found the king, Glaucias, sitting with his
queen. Putting the child on the ground, they began to tell their story.
At first the king was unwilling to grant him shelter, being afraid of
Cassander; but the little fellow, crawling about, presently came near,
and, laying hold of his leg, pulled himself upon his feet, and looked up
in his face. The pretty, unconscious action of a suppliant so moved
Glaucias that he took him up in his arms, and gave him into those of the
queen, bidding her have him bred up among their own children; and though
Cassander offered 200 talents, he would not give up the boy.
When Pyrrhus was twelve years old, Glaucias sent an army to restore him
to his throne, and guarded him there. He was high-spirited, brave, and
gracious, but remarkable-looking, from his upper teeth being all in one,
without divisions. When he was seventeen, while he was gone to Illyria
to the wedding of one of Glaucias' sons, his subjects rose against him,
and made one of his cousins king. He then went to Demetrius, who had
married his elder sister, and fought under him at the battle of Ipsus;
after which Demetrius sent him as a hostage to Alexandria, and his grace
and spirit made him so great a favourite with Ptolemy that he gave him
his step-daughter Berenice in marriage, and helped him to raise an army
with which he recovered his kingdom of Epirus.
He had not long been settled there before the Macedonians, who had begun
to hate Demetrius, heard such accounts of Pyrrhus' kindness as a man and
skill as a warrior, that the next time a war broke out they all deserted
Demetrius, who was forced to fly in the disguise of a common soldier, and
his wife poisoned herself in despair. However, Demetrius did not lose
courage, but left his son Antigonus to protect Greece, and went into Asia
Minor, hoping to win back some of his father's old kingdom from Seleucus,
but he could get nobody to join him; and after wandering about in hunger
and distress in the Cilician mountains, he was forced to give himself up
a prisoner to Seleucus, who kept him in captivity, but treated him
kindly, and let him hunt in the royal park. His son Antigonus, however,
who still held Greece, wrote to offer himself as a hostage, that his
father might be set free; but before he could reach Syria, Demetrius the
City-taker had died of over-eating and drinking in his captivity, and
only the urn containing his ashes could be sent to his son in Greece.
Pyrrhus had not kept Macedon long, for Lysimachus attacked him, and the
fickle Macedonians all went over to the Thracian, so that he was obliged
to retreat into his own kingdom of Epirus; whilst Seleucus and Lysimachus
began a war, in which Lysimachus was killed; and thus both Thrace and
Macedon were in the hands of Seleucus, who is therefore commonly called
the Conqueror. He was the last survivor of all Alexander's generals, and
held all his empire except Egypt; but while taking possession of
Macedonia he was murdered by a vile Egyptian Greek, whom he had
befriended, named Ptolemy Keraunus. This man, in the confusion that
followed, managed to make himself king of Macedon.
But just at this time the Kelts, or Gauls, the same race who used to
dwell in Britain and Gaul, made one of their great inroads from the
mountains. The Macedonians thought them mere savages, easy to conquer;
but it turned out quite otherwise. The Kelts defeated them entirely, cut
off Ptolemy Keraunus' head, and carried it about upon a pole, and overran
all Thrace and Macedon. Then they advanced to the Pass of Thermopylae,
found the way over Mount OEta by which Xerxes had surprised the Spartans,
and were about to plunder Delphi, their Bran, or chief, being reported to
say that the gods did not want riches as much as men did. The Greeks, in
much grief for their beloved sanctuary, assembled to fight for it, and
they were aided by a terrible storm and earthquake, which dismayed the
Gauls, so that the next morning they were in a dispirited state, and
could not stand against the Greeks. The Bran was wounded, and finding
that the battle was lost, called the other chiefs round him, advised them
to kill all the wounded men, and make their retreat as best they might,
and then stabbed himself to set the example. The others tried to
retreat, but were set upon by the Greeks, tormented, and starved; and it
is said that all who had marched to Delphi perished, and the only Gauls
of all this host who survived were a party who had crossed the
Hellespont, and made a settlement in the very heart of Asia Minor, where
they were known by the name of Galatians, and still kept up their own
language.
[Picture: Delphi and the Castalian Fount]
When they had thus cut off Keraunus, Antigonus came from Greece, and took
possession of Macedon. He made a treaty with Antiochus, who had
succeeded his father Seleucus in Syria, and thenceforth the family
founded by Antigonus the One-eyed held Macedon. This Antigonus is called
Gonatas, from the name of a guard for the knee which he wore.
Pyrrhus, in the meantime, set out on a wild expedition to help the Greek
colonies in Italy against the Romans, hoping to make himself as famous in
the West as Alexander had done in the East; but the story of his doings
there belongs to the history of Rome, so that I will leave it. He was
absent six years, and came home unsuccessful to harass Antigonus again.
For a few years the Macedonians again went over to Pyrrhus, and he tried
to conquer Greece, marching against Sparta with 25,000 men, 2000 horse,
and 24 elephants. He assaulted the city, but Spartan bravery was still
enough to beat him off twice. However, he wintered in the Peloponnesus,
and in the spring attacked the city of Argos, which was watched over by
Antigonus, with his army, on a hill near at hand. Pyrrhus had shown
himself so skilful a general that Antigonus would not fight a battle with
him, and at night some traitors invited Pyrrhus into Argos, with some of
his troops; but another party admitted Antigonus' son and his forces. In
the morning Pyrrhus saw how he had been caught, and sent a message to his
son Helenus outside to break down part of the wall, that he might
retreat; but there was some blunder in the message, and Helenus thought
he was to come in to help his father, so his men going in and Pyrrhus'
going out met in the gateway and choked it. Matters were made worse by
one of the elephants falling down and blocking up the street, while
another went mad, and ran about trampling down the crowd and trumpeting.
Pyrrhus kept in the rear, trying to guard his men through the streets,
when an Argive slightly wounded him, and as he was rushing to revenge the
blow, the mother of the man, who was looking down from her window above,
threw down a tile, hoping to save him, and struck Pyrrhus on the back of
the neck. He fell down stunned, and a soldier cut off his head, and
carried it to Antigonus, who turned away in tears at the sight of this
sad remnant of the ablest captain in Greece, and caused Pyrrhus' body to
be honourably buried in the temple of Ceres. Pyrrhus was only forty-six
years old when he was thus slain in the year 272.
There is a story of a conversation between Pyrrhus and a philosopher
named Kineas, just as he was setting off for Italy. "What shall you do
with these men?" asked Kineas. "Overcome Italy and Rome," said Pyrrhus.
"And what next?" "Then Sicily will be easily conquered." "Is that all?"
"Oh no; Carthage and Lybia may be subdued next." "And then?" "Then we
may secure Macedon and Greece." "And then?" "Then we may eat and drink
and discourse." "And pray," said Kineas, "why should we not do so at
once?"
[Picture: Decorative chapter heading]