[Picture: Decorative chapter heading]
The ablest man just at this time in Greece was Agesilaus, one of the
kings of Sparta. He was small, weakly, and lame, but full of courage,
and an excellent general; and though he was as plain and hardy as suited
with Spartan discipline, he had a warm, kind, tender heart, and was not
ashamed to show it, as some of the Spartans were. So that, when some
ambassadors came to see him, they found him riding on a stick to please
his children; and again, when a trial of a distinguished man was going on
in his absence, he wrote, "If he be not guilty, spare him for his own
sake; if he be guilty, spare him for mine."
He was young, and full of fire and spirit, when the Spartans resolved to
try to free the Greek colonies in Asia Minor from the Persians, by an
army under his command. Xenophon had been so much grieved by his master
Socrates' death that he would not remain at Athens, but joined his old
friends once more, and was a great friend of Agesilaus. The Athenians,
Corinthians, and Thebans were all asked to send troops, but they refused,
and Agesilaus set sail with 8000 men, meaning to meet and take with him
the remains of the 10,000, who were well used to warfare with the
Persians. He was the first Greek king who had sailed to Asia since the
Trojan war, and, in imitation of Agamemnon, he stopped at Aulis, in
Boeotia, to offer sacrifice to Diana. He dreamt that a message came that
it ought to be the same sacrifice as Agamemnon had made, but he declared
that he would not act so cruelly towards his own child, and caused a
white hind to be crowned, and offered as the goddess' chosen offering;
but as this was not the usual sacrifice, the Thebans were affronted, and
threw away the sacrifice as it lay on the altar. This was reckoned as a
bad omen, and Agesilaus went on his way, doubting whether he should meet
with success.
He was a man who went very much by omens, for after he had landed, had
gained several successes, and was just advancing into Caria, at the
sacrifice he found the liver of one of the victims imperfect, and this
decided him on going back to Ephesus for the winter, to collect more
horse. When he marched on in the spring he was much stronger; he
advanced into the Persian territories, and defeated the Persians and
their allies wherever he met them, and at last the satrap Pharnabazus
begged to have a conference with him, being much struck with his valour.
Agesilaus came first to the place of meeting, and having to wait there,
sat down on the grass under a tree, and began to eat his homely meal of
bread and an onion. Presently up came the satrap in all his splendour,
with attendants carrying an umbrella over his head, and others bearing
rich carpets and costly furs for him to sit on, silver and gold plate,
and rich food and wines. But when he found that the little, shabby,
plain man under the tree was really the mighty king of Sparta, the
descendant of Hercules, Pharnabazus was ashamed of all his pomp, and went
down upon the ground by Agesilaus' side, to the great damage, as the
Greeks delighted to observe, of his fine, delicately-tinted robes. He
told Agesilaus that he thought this attack a bad reward for all the help
that the Spartans had had from Persia in the Peloponnesian war; but
Agesilaus said that they had been friends then, but that as cause of war
had arisen it was needful to fight, though he was so far from feeling
enmity that Pharnabazus should find the Greeks willing to welcome him,
and give him high command, if he would come and be a free man among them.
Pharnabazus answered that as long as he held command in the name of the
Great King he must be at war with the foes of Persia, but if Artaxerxes
should take away his satrapy he would come over to the Spartans.
Therewith Agesilaus shook hands with him, and said, "How much rather I
would have so gallant a man for my friend than my enemy?" The young son
of the satrap was even more taken with the Spartan, and, waiting behind
his father, ran up to the king, and, according to the Persian offer of
friendship, said, "I make you my guest," at the same time giving him a
javelin. Agesilaus looked about for anything fine enough to offer the
young Persian in return, and seeing that a youth in his train had a horse
with handsome trappings, asked for them, and made a gift of them to his
new friend. The friendship stood the youth in good stead, for when he
was afterwards driven from home by his brethren, Agesilaus welcomed him
in Laconia, and was very kind to him. The war, however, still continued,
and Agesilaus gained such successes that the Persians saw their best hope
lay in getting him recalled to Greece; so they sent money in secret to
the Athenians and their old allies to incite them to revolt, and so
strong an army was brought together that the Spartans sent in haste to
recall Agesilaus. The summons came just as he was mustering all the
Greek warriors in Asia Minor for an advance into the heart of the empire,
and he was much disappointed; but he laughed, and, as Persian coins were
stamped with the figure of a horseman drawing the bow, he said he had
been defeated by 10,000 Persian archers.
He marched home by the way of the Hellespont, but before he was past
Thrace a great battle had been fought close to Corinth, in which the
Spartans had been victorious and made a great slaughter of the allies.
But he only thought of them as Greeks, not as enemies, and exclaimed, "O
Greece, how many brave men hast thou lost, who might have conquered all
Persia!" The Thebans had joined the allies against Sparta, and the
Ephors sent orders to Agesilaus to punish them on his way southwards.
This he did in the battle of Coronea, in which he was very badly wounded,
but, after the victory was over, he would not be taken to his tent till
he had been carried round the field to see that every slain Spartan was
carried away in his armour and not left to the plunderers.
He then returned to Sparta, where the citizens were delighted to see that
he had not been spoiled by Persian luxury, but lived as plainly as ever,
and would not let his family dress differently from others. He knew what
greatness was so well, that when he heard Artaxerxes called the Great
King, he said, "How is he greater than I, unless he be the juster?"
It should be remembered that Konon, that Athenian captain who had escaped
from AEgos Potami with six ships, had gone to the island of Cyprus. He
persuaded the people of the island of Rhodes to revolt from the Spartans,
and make friends with the Persians. It is even said that he went to the
court of Artaxerxes, and obtained leave from him to raise ships, with
which to attack the Spartans, from the colonies which were friendly to
Athens, yet belonged to the Greek Empire. Pharnabazus joined him, and,
with eighty-five ships, they cruised about in the AEgean Sea, and near
Cnidus they entirely defeated the Spartan fleet. It was commanded by
Pisander, Agesilaus' brother-in-law, who held by his ship to the last,
and died like a true Spartan, sword in hand.
After this Konon drove out many Spartan governors from the islands of the
AEgean, and, sailing to Corinth, encouraged the citizens to hold out
against Sparta, after which Pharnabazus went home, but Konon returned
with the fleet to the Piraeus, and brought money and aid to build up the
Long Walls again, after they had been ten years in ruins. The crews of
the ships and the citizens of Athens all worked hard, the rejoicing was
immense, and Konon was looked on as the great hero and benefactor of
Athens; but, as usual, before long the Athenians grew jealous of him and
drove him out, so that he ended his life an exile, most likely in Cyprus.
It was no wonder that Xenophon's heart turned against the city that thus
treated her great men, though he ought not to have actually fought
against her, as he did under Agesilaus, whom he greatly loved. The chief
scene of the war was round Corinth; but at last both parties were
wearied, and a peace was made between Athens and Sparta and the Persian
Empire. Artaxerxes kept all the Greek cities in Asia and the islands of
Cyprus and Clazomene, and all the other isles and colonies were declared
free from the power of any city, except the isles of Lemnos, Imbros, and
Scyros, which were still to belong to Athens. Sparta required of Thebes
to give up her power over the lesser cities of Boeotia, but Sparta
herself did not give up Messenia and the other districts in the
Peloponnesus, so that she still remained the strongest. This was called
the peace of Antaleidas.
Xenophon did not go back to Athens, but settled on a farm near Elis,
where he built a little temple to Diana, in imitation of the one at
Ephesus, and spent his time in husbandry, in hunting, and in writing his
histories, and also treatises on dogs and horses. Once a-year he held a
great festival in honour of Diana, offering her the tithe of all his
produce, and feasting all the villagers around on barley meal, wheaten
bread, meat, and venison, the last of which was obtained at a great
hunting match conducted by Xenophon himself and his sons.
[Picture: View on the Eurotas in Laconia]