We have come to the part of this siege which is told us in the _Iliad_,
the oldest poem we know, except the Psalms, and one of the very finest.
It begins by telling how Chryses prayed to Apollo to help him to get back
his daughter, and Apollo sent a plague upon the Greeks in their camp.
Calchas told them it was because of Chryseis, and they forced Agamemnon
to give her safely back to her father. His pride, however, was hurt, and
he said he must have Briseis in her stead, and sent and took her from
Achilles. In his wrath Achilles declared he would not fight any more for
the Greeks, and his mother Thetis begged Jupiter to withdraw his aid from
them likewise, that they might feel the difference.
The Trojans went out to attack them, and when they were drawn up in
battle array, old Priam made Helen come and sit by him on the battlements
over the gateway, to tell him who all the chiefs were. It was proposed
that, instead of causing the death of numbers who had nothing to do with
the quarrel, Menelaus and Paris should fight hand-to-hand for Helen; and
they began; but as soon as Venus saw that her favourite Paris was in
danger, she came in a cloud, snatched him away, and set him down in
Helen's chamber, where his brother Hector found him reclining at his
ease, on coming to upbraid him for keeping out of the battle, where so
many better men than he were dying for his crime. Very different were
Hector's ways. He parted most tenderly with his wife Andromache, and his
little son Astyanax, who was so young that he clung crying to his nurse,
afraid of his father's tall helmet and horsehair crest. Hector took the
helmet off before he lifted the little one in his arms and prayed to the
gods for him.
Each day the Trojans gained, though one day Jupiter forbade any of the
gods or goddesses to interfere, and on another he let them all go down
and fight for their own parties. He was himself impartial; but one day
Juno managed to borrow Venus' girdle, which made her so charming that
nothing could resist her, and she lulled him to sleep. During that time
the Greeks prevailed again, but this only lasted till Jupiter awoke, and
then the Trojans gained great success. All the Greek heroes were
disabled one after another, and Hector and his men broke through the
rampart they had made round their camp, and were about to burn the ships,
when Patroclus, grieved at finding all his friends wounded, came to
Achilles with an entreaty that he might be allowed to send out the
Myrmidons, and try to save the ships. Achilles consented, and dressed
Patroclus in his own armour. Then all gave way before the fresh
Myrmidons led by Patroclus, and the Trojans were chased back to their
walls; but as Hector made a last stand before the gates, Apollo, who
loved Troy because he had built the walls, caused a sunbeam to strike on
Patroclus and make him faint, so that Hector easily struck him down and
killed him. Then there was a desperate fight over his body. The Trojans
did get the armour off it, but the Greeks saved the corpse, and had
almost reached the rampart, when the Trojans came thicker and more
furiously on them, and were almost bursting in, when Achilles, hearing
the noise, came out, and, standing on the rampart just as he was, all
unarmed, gave a terrible thundering shout, at which the Trojans were
filled with dismay, and fled back in confusion, while the corpse of
Patroclus was borne into the tent, where Achilles mourned over it, with
many tears and vows of vengeance against Hector.
[Picture: Achilles binding his armour on Patroclus] His mother Thetis
came from the sea and wept with him, and thence she went to Vulcan, from
whom she obtained another beautiful suit of armour, with a wondrous
shield, representing Greek life in every phase of war or peace; and in
this Achilles went forth again to the battle. He drove the Trojans
before his irresistible might, came up with Hector, chased him round and
round the walls of Troy, and at length came up with him and slew him.
Then, when Patroclus had been laid on a costly funeral pile, Achilles
dragged Hector's body at the back of his chariot three times round it.
Further, in honour of his friend, he had games of racing in chariots and
on foot, wrestling, boxing, throwing heavy stones, and splendidly
rewarded those who excelled with metal tripods, weapons, and robes.
But when poor old Priam, grieving that his son's corpse should lie
unburied, thus hindering his shade from being at rest, came forth at
night, in disguise, to beg it from Achilles, the hero received the old
man most kindly, wept at the thought of his own old father Peleus, fed
and warmed him, and sent home the body of Hector most honourably.
Here ends the _Iliad_. It is from other poems that the rest of the
history is taken, and we know that Achilles performed many more great
exploits, until Paris was aided by Apollo to shoot an arrow into the heel
which alone could be wounded, and thus the hero died. There was another
great fight over his body, but Ajax and Ulysses rescued it at last; Ajax
bore it to the ships, and Ulysses kept back the Trojans. Thetis and all
the Nereids and all the Muses came to mourn over him; and when he was
burnt in the funeral pile she bore away his spirit to the white island,
while the Greeks raised a huge mound in his honour. She promised his
armour to the Greek who had done most to rescue his corpse. The question
lay between Ajax and Ulysses, and Trojan captives being appointed as
judges, gave sentence in favour of Ulysses. Ajax was so grieved that he
had a fit of frenzy, fancied the cattle were the Greeks who slighted him,
killed whole flocks in his rage, and, when he saw what he had done, fell
on his own sword and died.
[Picture: Sepulchral mound, known as the Tomb of Ajax]
Having lost these great champions, the Greeks resolved to fetch Achilles'
young son Pyrrhus to the camp, and also to get again those arrows of
Hercules which Philoctetes had with him. Ulysses and Pyrrhus were
accordingly sent to fetch him from his lonely island. They found him
howling with pain, but he would not hear of coming away with them. So
Ulysses stole his quiver while he was asleep, but when he awoke and
missed it his lamentations so moved young Pyrrhus that he gave them back;
and this so touched the heart of Philoctetes that he consented to return
to the camp. There Machaon, the physician of the Greeks, healed his
foot, and he soon after shot Paris with one of the arrows.
Instead of now giving up Helen, Deiphobus and Helenus, the two next
brothers, quarrelled as to which should marry her, and when she was given
to Deiphobus, Helenus was so angry that he went out and wandered in the
forests of Mount Ida, where he was made prisoner by Ulysses, who
contrived to find out from him that Troy could never be taken while it
had the Palladium within it. Accordingly, Ulysses and Diomed set out,
and, climbing over the wall by night, stole the wondrous image. While
the Trojans were dismayed at the loss, the Greeks seemed to have changed
their minds. They took ship and went away, and all the surviving
Trojans, relieved from their siege, rushed down to the shore, where all
they found was a monstrous wooden horse. While they were looking at it
in wonder, a Greek came out of the rocks, and told them that his name was
Sinon, and that he had been cruelly left behind by the Greeks, who had
grown weary of the siege and gone home, but that if the wonderful horse
were once taken into Troy it would serve as another Palladium. The
priest of Neptune, Laocoon, did not believe the story, and declared that
Sinon was a spy; but he was cut short in his remonstrance by two huge
serpents, which glided out of the sea and devoured him and his two sons.
Cassandra, too, a daughter of Priam, who had the gift of prophecy, but
was fated never to be believed, shrieked with despair when she saw the
Trojans harnessing themselves to the horse to drag it into Troy, but
nobody heeded her, and there was a great feast to dedicate it to Pallas.
Helen perhaps guessed or knew what it meant, for at dark she walked round
it, and called the names of Ulysses, and many other Greeks, in the voices
of Penelope and the other wives at home.
[Picture: Laocoon] For indeed the horse was full of Greeks; and at dark
Sinon lighted a beacon as a signal to the rest, who were only waiting
behind the little isle of Tenedos. Then he let the others out of the
horse, and slaughter and fire reigned throughout Troy. Menelaus slew
Deiphobus as he tried to rise from bed, and carried Helen down to his
ship. Poor old Priam tried to put on his armour and defend Hecuba and
his daughters, but Pyrrhus killed him at the altar in his palace-court;
and AEneas, after seeing this, and that all was lost, hurried back to his
own house, took his father Anchises on his back, and his little son Iulus
in one hand, his household gods in the other, and, with his wife Creusa
following, tried to escape from the burning city with his own troop of
warriors. All succeeded except poor Creusa, who was lost in the throng
of terrified fugitives, and was never found again; but AEneas found ships
on the coast, and sailed safely away to Italy.
All the rest of the Trojans were killed or made slaves. Ulysses killed
Hector's poor little son, and Andromache became slave to young Pyrrhus.
Cassandra clung to Pallas' statue, and Ajax Oileus, trying to drag her
away, moved the statue itself--such an act of sacrilege that the Greeks
had nearly stoned him on the spot--and Cassandra was given to Agamemnon.
Polyxena, the youngest sister, was sacrificed on the tomb of Achilles,
and poor old Hecuba went mad with grief.
[Picture: Funeral Feast]