You remember that Cadmus founded Thebes. One of his daughters was named
Ino. She married a son of King AEolus, who had been married before, and
had two children, Phryxus and Helle. Ino was a cruel stepmother, and
deceived her husband into thinking that the oracle at Delphi required him
to sacrifice his son to Jupiter; but as the poor boy stood before the
altar, down from the skies came a ram with a golden fleece, which took
both the children on his back, and flew away with them over land and sea;
but poor Helle let go in passing the narrow strait between Asia and
Europe, fell into the sea, and was drowned. The strait was called after
her, the Hellespont, or Helle's Sea. Phryxus came safely to Colchis, on
the Black Sea, and was kindly received by AEetes, the king of the
country. They sacrificed the golden-woolled ram to Jupiter, and nailed
up its fleece to a tree in the grove of Mars.
Some time after, Pelias, the usurping king of Iolcus, was driving a
mule-car through the market-place, when he saw a fine young man, with
hair flowing on his shoulders, two spears in his hand, and only one
sandal. He was very much afraid, for it had been foretold to him by an
oracle that he would be slain by the man with one foot bare. And this
youth was really Jason, the son of his brother AEson, from whom he had
taken the kingdom. Fearing that he would kill the child, AEson had sent
it away to the cave of the Centaur Chiron, by whom Jason had been bred
up, and had now come to seek his fortune. He had lost his shoe in the
mud, while kindly carrying an old woman across a river, little knowing
that she was really the goddess Juno, who had come down in that form to
make trial of the kindness of men, and who was thus made his friend for
ever. Pelias sent for the young stranger the next day, and asked him
what he would do if he knew who was the man fated to kill him. "I should
send him to fetch the Golden Fleece," said Jason.
"Then go and fetch it," said Pelias.
Jason thereupon began building a ship, which he called Argo, and
proclaimed the intended expedition throughout Greece, thus gathering
together all the most famous heroes then living, most of whom had, like
him, been brought up by the great Centaur Chiron. Hercules was one of
them, and another was Theseus, the great hero of the Ionian city of
Athens, whose prowess was almost equal to that of Hercules. He had
caught and killed the great white bull which Hercules had brought from
Crete and let loose, and he had also destroyed the horrid robber
Procrustes (the Stretcher), who had kept two iron bedsteads, one long and
one short. He put tall men into the short bed, and cut them down to fit
it, and short men into the long bed, pulling them out till they died,
until Theseus finished his life on one of his own beds.
[Picture: Building the Argo]
Another deed of Theseus was in Crete. The great white bull which Minos
ought to have sacrificed had left a horrible offspring, a monster called
the Minotaur, half man and half bull, which ate human flesh, and did
horrible harm, till a clever artificer named Daedalus made a dwelling for
it called the Labyrinth, approached by so many cross paths, winding in
and out in a maze, that everyone who entered it was sure to lose himself;
and the Minotaur could never get out, but still they fed him there; and
as Athens was subject to Crete, the people were required to send every
year a tribute of seven youths and seven maidens for the Minotaur to
devour. Theseus offered himself to be one of these, telling his father
that whereas a black sail was always carried by the ship that bore these
victims to their death, he would, if he succeeded in killing the
Minotaur, as he hoped to do, hoist a white one when coming home. When he
reached Crete, he won the heart of Minos' daughter Ariadne, who gave him
a skein of thread: by unwinding this as he went he would leave a clue
behind him, by which he could find his way out of the labyrinth, after
killing the monster. When this was done, by his great skill and
strength, he took ship again, and Ariadne came with him; but he grew
tired of her, and left her behind in the isle of Naxos, where Bacchus
found her weeping, consoled her, and gave her a starry crown, which may
be seen in the sky on a summer night. Theseus, meantime, went back to
Athens, but he had forgotten his promise about the white sail, and his
poor old father, seeing the black one, as he sat watching on the rocks,
thought that ill news was coming, fell down, and was drowned, just as
Theseus sailed safely into port. Theseus was a friend of Hercules, had
been with him on his journey to the land of the Amazons, and had married
one of them named Antiope.
[Picture: Warriors]
Two more of the Argonauts were Castor and Pollux, the twin sons of Leda,
queen of Sparta. She had also two daughters, named Helen and
Clytemnestra, and Helen was growing into the most beautiful woman in the
world. These children, in the fable, had been hatched from two huge
swans' eggs; Castor and Clytemnestra were in one egg, and Pollux and
Helen in the other. Castor and Pollux were the most loving of brothers,
and while Castor was famous for horsemanship, Pollux was the best of
boxers. They, too, had been pupils of Chiron; so was Peleus of AEgina,
who had wooed Thetis, one of the fifty Nereids, or sea-nymphs, though she
changed herself into all sorts of forms when he caught her first--fire,
water, a serpent, and a lioness; but he held her fast through all, and at
last she listened to him, and all the gods and goddesses had come to the
wedding feast. They had one son, named Achilles, whom Thetis had tried
to make immortal after Ceres' fashion, by putting him on the fire at
night; but, like Triptolemus' mother, Peleus had cried out and spoilt the
spell. Then she took the boy to the river Styx, and bathed him there, so
that he became invulnerable all over, except in the heel by which she
held him. The child was now in Chiron's cave, being fed with the marrow
of lions and bears, to make him strong and brave.
One more Argonaut must be mentioned, namely, the minstrel Orpheus. He
was the son of the muse Calliope, and was looked on as the first of the
many glorious singers of Greece, who taught the noblest and best lessons.
His music, when he played on the lyre, was so sweet, that all the
animals, both fierce and gentle, came round to hear it; and not only
these, but even the trees and rocks gathered round, entranced by the
sweetness.
All these and more, to the number of fifty, joined Jason in his
enterprise. The Argo, the ship which bore them, had fifty oars, and in
the keel was a piece of wood from the great oak of Dodona, which could
speak for the oracles. When all was ready, Jason stood on the poop, and
poured forth a libation from a golden cup, praying aloud to Jupiter, to
the Winds, the Days, the Nights, and to Fate to grant them a favourable
voyage. Old Chiron came down from his hills to cheer them, and pray for
their return; and as the oars kept measured time, Orpheus struck his lyre
in tune with their splash in the blue waters.
They had many adventures. After passing the Hellespont, they found in
the Propontis, which we call the Sea of Marmora, an islet called the
Bears' Hill, inhabited by giants with six arms, whom they slew.
In Mysia a youth named Hylas went ashore to fetch water, but was caught
by the nymphs of the stream and taken captive. Hercules, hearing his
cry, went in search of him, and, as neither returned, the Argo sailed
without them. No more was heard of Hylas, but Hercules went back to
Argos.
They next visited Phineus, a wise old blind king, who was tormented by
horrid birds called Harpies, with women's faces. These monsters always
came down when he was going to eat, devoured the food, and spoilt what
they did not eat. The Argonauts having among them two winged sons of
Boreas (the north wind), hunted these horrible creatures far out into the
Mediterranean. Phineus then told them that they would have to pass
between some floating rocks called the Symplegades, which were always
enveloped in mist, were often driven together by the wind, and crushed
whatever was between. He told them to let fly a dove, and if it went
through safely they might follow. They did so, and the dove came out at
the other side, but with her tail clipped off as the rocks met. However,
on went the Argo, each hero rowing for his life, and Juno and Pallas
helping them; and, after all, they were but just in time, and lost the
ornaments at their stern! Fate had decreed that, when once a ship passed
through these rocks unhurt, they should become fixed, and thus they were
no longer dangerous. It does not seem unlikely that this story might
have come from some report of the dangers of icebergs. Of course there
are none in the Black Sea, but the Greeks, who knew little beyond their
own shores, seem to have fancied that this was open to the north into the
great surrounding ocean, and the Phoenicians, who were much more
adventurous sailors than they, may have brought home histories of the
perils they met in the Atlantic Ocean.
The Argonauts had one more encounter with Hercules' old foes, the birds
of Stymphalis, and after this safely arrived at Colchis, and sailed into
the mouth of the river Phasis, from which it is said the pheasant takes
its name.
[Picture: Decorative chapter ending]