11th, 1862; got by Marmion, 1843, Dam Pocahontas 2d, by Tam O'Shanter,
168,--
2d dam Pocahontas, by North American, 116,
3d--Princess, by Washington, (1566) 4th--Pansy, by
Blaize, (76) 5th--Primrose, by Charles, (127)
6th-- ----by Blythe Comet, (85) 7th-- ---- by
Prince, (621) 8th-- ---- by Patriot, (486).
=Virgilia,=
Red and white, bred by A. & J. A. CLARK, Granby, Mass.; property of H.
G. WHITE, South Framingham, Mass.: calved September 20th, 1855; got by
Prince Royal, 880, Dam Stella 2d, by Rollo, 152,--
2d dam Stella, by North American, 116,
3d--Stately, by North Star, (4592) 4th--
----Princess, by Splendid, (5297) 5th--Flora, by
Patriot, (2412) 6th--Nonpareil, by Young Denton,
(963) 7th--imported Arabella, by North Star, (460)
8th--Aurora, by Comet, (155), &c.
=Wall Flower,=
Red and white, bred by MORGAN GOODWIN & SON, West Hartford, Conn.;
property of NEWTON CARTER, Hartford, Conn.: calved May 23d, 1856; got by
Monarch, 718, Dam May Flower, by North American, 116,--
2d dam Rose, by Splendid, (5297) 3d--Romp, by
Enchanter, (3729) 4th--Rachel, by Washington,
(1566) 5th--Pansy, by Blaize, (76) 6th--Primrose,
by Charles, (127) 7th-- ---- by Blythe Comet, (85)
8th-- ---- by Prince, (521) 9th-- ----by Patriot,
(486).
=Wood Nymph,=
Red and white, bred and owned by WILLIAM HURST, Albany, N. Y.: calved
February 27th, 1862; got by imported Neptune, 3192, Dam Sea Nymph, by
imported Neptune, 3192,--
2d dam Nymph, by Bertram 2d, 21, 3d--Nannette, by
Patriot, (2412) 4th--Nonpareil, by Young Denton,
(963) 5th--Arabella, by North Star, (460)
6th---Aurora, by Comet, (155) 7th-- ---- by Henry,
(301) 8th-- ---- by Danby, (190).
=Windsor Belle,=
Red and white, bred by SAMUEL W. BARTLETT & SON, East Windsor, Conn.;
property of H. G. WHITE, South Framingham, Mass.: calved February 29th,
1856, (leap year); got by Powhatan, 829, Dam Red Romp, by Agate 2,--
2d dam Romp, by Enchanter, (3729) 3d--Rachel, by
Washington, (1566) 4th--imported Pansy, by Blaize,
(76) 5th--Primrose, by Charles, (127) 6th-- ----
by Blythe Comet, (85) 7th-- ---- by Prince, (521)
8th-- ---- by Patriot, (486).
=Windsor Lass,=
Red and white, bred by SAMUEL W. BARTLETT & SON, East Windsor, Conn.;
property of DANIEL W. BARTLETT, East Windsor, Conn.: calved April 4th,
1857; got by Powhatan, 829, Dam Red Romp, by Agate 2,--
2d dam Romp, by Enchanter, (3729) 3d--Rachel, by
Washington, (1566) 4th--imported Pansy, by Blaize,
(76) 5th--Primrose, by Charles, (127) 6th-- ----by
Blythe Comet, (85) 7th-- ---- by Prince, (521)
8th-- ---- by Patriot, (486).
=Windsor Lady,=
Light roan, bred and owned by SAMUEL W. BARTLETT & SON, East Windsor,
Conn.: calved March 2d, 1859; got by 2d Hiawatha, 1667, Dam Windsor
Belle, by Powhatan, 829,--
2d dam Red Romp, by Agate 2, 3d--Romp, by
Enchanter, (3729) 4th--Rachel, by Washington,
(1566) 5th--Pansy, by Blaize, (76) 6th--Primrose,
by Charles, (121) 7th-- ---- by Blythe Comet, (85)
8th-- ---- by Prince, (521) 9th-- ----by Patriot,
(486).
=Yarico 7th,=
Roan, bred by WELLS LATHROP, South Hadley Falls, Mass.; property of
PAOLI LATHROP, South Hadley Falls, Mass.: calved October 21st, 1853; got
by Prince Leopold, 869, Dam Yarico, by North American, 116,--
2d dam Young Miranda, by Frederic, (2038)
3d--Miranda, by Young Denton, (963) 4th--imported
Arabella, by North Star, (460) 5th--Aurora, by
Comet, (155) 6th-- ---- by Henry, (301) 7th-- ----
by Danby, (190).
=Yarico 17th,=
Roan, bred by WELLS LATHROP, South Hadley Falls, Mass.; property of
WILBUR WILSON, Agawam, Mass.: calved November 6th, 1858; got by
Kirkleavington, 610, Dam Yarico 6th, by Prince Leopold, 869.--
2d dam Yarico 2d, by East Windsor, 56, 3d--Yarico,
by North American, 116, 4th--Young Miranda, by
Frederic, (2038) 5th--Miranda, by Young Denton,
(963) 6th--imported Arabella, by North Star, (460)
7th--Aurora, by Comet, (155) 8th-- ---- by Henry,
(301) 9th-- ---- by Danby, (190).
=Yarico 22d,=
Red and white, bred by PAOLI LATHROP, South Hadley Falls, Mass.;
property of WILBUR WILSON, Agawam, Mass.: calved September 2d, 1859; got
by John Bull, _{*}40, 3025, Dam Yarico 7th, by Prince Leopold, 869,--
2d dam Yarico, by North American, 116, 3d--Young
Miranda, by Frederic, (2038) 4th--Miranda, by
Young Denton, (963) 5th--Arabella, by North Star,
(460) 6th--Aurora, by Comet, (155).
=Yarico 23d,=
Red, bred and owned by PAOLI LATHROP, South Hadley Falls, Mass.: calved
August 5th, 1860; got by John Bull, _{*}40, 3025, Dam Yarico 7th, by
Prince Leopold, 869,--
2d dam Yarico, by North American, 116, 3d--Young
Miranda, by Frederic, (2038) 4th--Miranda, by
Young Denton, (963) 5th--Arabella, by North Star,
(460) 6th--Aurora, by Comet, (155).
=Yarico,=
Red and white, bred and owned by WILBUR WILSON, Agawam, Mass.: calved
January 18th, 1862; got by Hamilcar, _{*}33, Dam Yarico, 22d, by John
Bull, _{*}40, 3025,--
2d dam Yarico 7th, by Prince Leopold, 869,
3d--Yarico, by North American, 116, 4th--Young
Miranda, by Frederic, (2038), &c., as in Yarico
22d above.
=Young Pocahontas,=
Red and white, bred and owned by WILBUR WILSON, Agawam, Mass.: calved
July 4th, 1861; got by Plato, 2032, Dam Pocahontas 2d, by Tam O'Shanter,
168,--
2d dam Pocahontas, by North American, 116,
3d--Princess, by Washington, (1566) 4th--Pansy, by
Blaize, (76) 5th--Primrose, by Charles, (127,)
6th-- ----by Blythe Comet, (85) 7th-- ---- by
Prince, (521) 8th-- ---- by Patriot, (486).
NOTE.--On page 27, the note at bottom of _{*}27,
Stephenson, should read, this is a three-fourth
Stephenson blood Bull.
HERD RECORD
OF THE
ASSOCIATION OF BREEDERS
OF
Thorough-Bred Neat Stock.
AYRSHIRES.
HARTFORD:
PRESS OF WILLIAMS, WILEY & WATERMAN.
1863.
NOTICE.
OWING to circumstances beyond the control of the Committee of
Publication, or of the Committees on the Pedigrees of the various
classes of stock, it has been impossible to publish the first volume of
the Herd Record of the Association of Breeders of Thorough-bred Neat
Stock at an earlier day. The desire to obtain as large a representation
of stock as possible, and to extend the advantages of the Association as
widely among breeders as they could, has induced the committees on the
various classes of stock to hold open their books and the delays
incident upon tracing doubtful pedigrees, through in many instances a
long correspondence with owners and breeders, have prevented them from
furnishing the copy to the Publication Committee, in season to have the
work finished sooner. Every care has been taken to have the records
perfect, and to admit no pedigrees of doubtful character. It is believed
this has been successfully accomplished, and that the animals here
recorded may be relied upon as of undoubted purity of blood.
H. A. DYER, } _Committee_
S. I. BARTLETT,} _of Publication._
INDEX.
Adams, Charles Francis, 24
Agricultural Society for the District of Montreal, 19, 24, 55
Aiton, Andrew, 18
Aiton, Hugh, 42
Ames, Frederic L., 18, 30, 48, 54
Anderson, James, 26
Archibald, Hugh, 55, 57
Ball, William, 14, 21, 45, 50, 53, 59
Barrett, George M., 50, 60
Baron de Longuiell, 19
Birnie, William, 13, 17, 23, 24, 29, 30, 33, 34, 35, 41, 45, 46
Bill, John, 58
Borrie, Mr. 11
Bradley, C. S., 19
Brodie, Hugh, 28
Brooks, John, 14
Brodie, James, 47, 63
Bruce, Alexander, 52
Cameron, David, 32
Campbell, Ivie, 21, 32, 36, 52, 55, 57, 59
Camp, B. F., 29
Cabot, J. S., 11, 49, 60
Carter, Rufus, 17
Chapin, H. O., 15, 27
Collins, H. S., 20, 24, 36, 54, 55
Collins, A. L., 22
Crookshank, Y. Otty, 28
Craig, James, 40, 50, 51, 52, 61
Cushing, J. P., 20
Dane, Nathan Jr., 12, 20, 28, 33, 39, 41, 43, 45, 49, 54, 59
Day, Horatio E., 17, 21, 37, 38, 39, 46, 47
Daws, Thomas & Son, 24, 26, 36, 40, 47, 50, 53, 55
Davidson, Thomas, 28
Denison, Richard L., 18, 19, 31
Dods, John, 18
Dods, Thomas, 23, 26, 46, 50
Drennan, James, 18
Drew, L., 30, 33, 48, 50, 51, 53, 63
Dunlop, John, 49
Forristall, Geo. D., 12
Fields, Thomas J., 12
Gilbert, H. G., 22
Girvan, Mr., 26
Glasgow, Lord, 36, 55, 57
Gordon, Geo., 19
Gray, John, 58
Gray, Robert, 15, 16, 28, 33, 39, 40, 41, 43, 45, 49, 59
Griswold, R. S., 43
Hatch, Thomas E., 18, 24, 37, 50
Harris, C. & S., 14, 18, 19, 31, 36, 43, 53, 58, 60, 62, 63
Hayes, T. M., 59
Hendrie, James, 11
Hoffman, Mr., 37
Hubbard, H. & R., 25
Hungerford & Brodie, 12, 17, 22, 38, 39, 47, 63
Hungerford, S. D., 13
Hurst, William, 22
Jardine, R., 28, 33
Kellogg, M. S., 20, 32, 42, 47, 62
Kilgour, John, 49, 50, 51, 52, 59
Kirkwood, Mr., 24
Lambie, John, 58
Lambie, Hugh, 58
Lawson, Peter, 42, 49, 50
Lincoln, W. S., 42, 49, 60
Logan, James, 23, 36, 40, 43, 47, 58, 60, 63
Logan, Robert, 22
Loomis, Byron, 39, 53, 58
Loring, Geo. B. 11, 16, 17, 18, 21, 23, 32, 39, 44, 50, 51, 54,
56, 58, 59, 60, 61
Lyman, Geo. W., 19, 25, 54, 56
Massachusetts Society for the Promotion of Agriculture, 11, 16,
18, 19, 20, 24, 25, 31, 32, 39, 42, 47, 48, 49, 52, 54, 56,
58, 59, 60
Martin, Capt. 50, 51
McNaughton, James, 48
McHenry, R., 37, 42
McGregor, Andrew, 28, 33
Meikle, John, 14, 21, 27, 44, 58
Meikle, James, 59
Morton, James, 35, 52
Murray, James, 44
Murdock, Mr., 17
Nye, E., 12, 21, 28, 37, 43, 45, 48, 55, 58
Oswald, Alexander, 20, 55
Oswald, Richard, 33
Otis, Ephraim, 16, 40
Parker, John 15, 16, 24, 32, 48, 54, 55
Parker, Mr., 36, 49, 61
Peabody, Geo., 31
Peters, H. H. 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 22, 24, 26, 27,
29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 35, 36, 37, 38, 40, 41, 43, 44, 46, 47,
48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 59, 61, 62, 63
Penner, John, 19
Pearce, E. D., 19, 32
Peate, James, 48, 51
Pierce, T. W., 11, 48
Pond, C. M., 21, 22, 26, 28, 31, 32, 33, 39, 42, 44, 48, 53, 54,
56, 58, 61, 62
Portland, Duke of, 37, 55
Prentice, E. P., 14, 29, 30, 33, 34, 37, 41, 45, 46, 47
Randall, Capt., 15, 17, 19, 25, 33, 34, 41, 60
Reid, James, 39
Richmond, A., 23, 26, 28, 40, 46, 47, 50, 63
Richmond, George, 38, 60
Robbins, S. W., 26
Roger, Hugh, 41
Ross, R. L. 31
Rogers, John, 14, 16, 42, 43
Shepherd, R. D., 42
Smith, John C. 42
Smith, George G. 49, 52
Speares, Mr. 35
Stewart, Henry L., 13, 14, 21, 37, 38, 39, 42, 45, 47, 51, 53
Stetson, C. A., 15, 60, 61
Stone, Bela J., 17
Starr, John 17, 46
Struthers, Alexander, 30, 53
Sweetser, Luke, 15, 16, 19, 20, 21, 27, 28, 29, 32, 58, 62
Thurber, H. N., 27, 54, 56
Todd, James, 37, 38
Todd, Thomas, 39, 46
Tredwell, A. M., 17, 20, 22, 29, 36, 38, 43, 45, 46, 47, 63
Trustees of State Reform School, Mass., 11
Wheeler, William F., 24
Walker, J. D., 16
Warren, N. H., 20, 42, 47
Ward, Samuel, 14, 20, 29
Ward, Mr., 41
Watson, William, 17, 20, 29, 35, 38, 46
Wilson, Hugh, 15
Wilson, David, 32
Wilson, Alex, 52, 60, 63
Young, James, 23, 60, 63
Young, Mr., 36, 52, 60, 61
PREFACE.
THE Committee appointed to examine and prepare for publication pedigrees
of Ayrshire Stock, having completed their labors, offer the following as
their Report.
In arranging the pedigrees, we have endeavored to render them simple and
exact, and to trace each animal to a direct importation. In a few
instances this latter has been impossible, and we have been obliged to
be content with tracing the pedigrees to the herds of well known
breeders, having their assurances that the animals in question were
thorough-bred Ayrshire.
Many breeders, who have taken the utmost pains, and have been at great
expense to keep their herds pure, have not been careful to keep accurate
records of the pedigrees of their stock, feeling that as long as they
themselves were satisfied, their assurances would be sufficient to
convince purchasers. This course answered when there were but few cattle
of this breed in the country, and the necessity of an organized effort
to preserve the purity of the blood had not been recognized; but
hereafter it is hoped that every one liberal enough to breed
thorough-bred stock, will see the advantages and the necessity of a
record of pedigrees, and assist in swelling the next edition of the
work, to a size more nearly commensurate with the importance of the
subject.
The Committee thought best to have a short history of the Ayrshires,
together with the points given by the Ayrshire Agricultural
Association, printed as an introduction to the work, and applied to
Sanford Howard, Esq., of Boston, who kindly consented to write such an
article.
Mr. Howard's opportunities of studying this breed, both in Scotland and
in this country have been such, that he is eminently fitted to write
with authority on the subject. The Committee did not follow his
suggestion and give in the Herd Book the lists of premiums taken by the
animals at the various Agricultural Fairs, knowing that many of the
premiums in this country have been awarded for want of competition, and
by judges not acquainted with the excellencies or the peculiarities of
the breed. Should this Society ever hold exhibitions, a record of the
premiums taken at them would be of great value to breeders in selecting
animals for stock purposes.
HENRY H. PETERS, Southboro', Mass., }
THOS. E. HATCH, Keene, N. H., }_Committee._
WM. BIRNIE, Springfield, Mass., }
INTRODUCTION.
THE breed of cattle now know as the Ayrshire, undoubtedly originated in
the county of that name, in Scotland; but by what special means it was
formed cannot be particularly told. Youatt (1835) says, "A century ago
there was no such breed in Ayrshire or in Scotland;" and he asks, "Did
the [present] Ayrshire cattle arise entirely from a careful selection of
the native breed?" adding, "If they did it is a circumstance
unparalleled in the history of agriculture. The native breed may be
ameliorated by careful selection; its value may be incalculably
increased; some good qualities may for the first time be developed; but
yet there will be some resemblance to the original stock." A comparison
of the modern breed with the description given by Aiton of the cattle
which he says occupied Ayrshire fifty years before the time when he
wrote (1806), will show that the difference is great. He says, "The cows
kept in the districts of Kyle and Cunningham [districts of Ayrshire],
were of a diminutive size, ill-fed, ill-shaped, and they yielded but a
scanty return in milk; they were mostly of a black color, with stripes
of white along the chine or ridge of their backs, about their flanks and
on their faces. Their horns were high and crooked, * * * their pile
[hair] was coarse and open; and few of them yielded more than three or
four Scotch pints [six to eight wine quarts] of milk a day."
Those who are acquainted with the Ayrshire cattle of to-day, will
readily admit that they present a wide contrast with the old stock,
according to the above description of the latter; and the suggestion of
Youatt, that the present breed could not have arisen entirely by
selection from the old, seems reasonable. It follows, then, that the
Ayrshire, like the modern or "improved" Short Horn breed, originated in
crossing. The question as to the breeds from which it was derived, will
be briefly considered, although the attempt will not be made to give
precise details on this point.
Various accounts represent that the Earl of Marchmont, some time between
1724 and 1740, introduced to his estates, in Berwickshire, some cattle,
conjectured (their history was not positively known) to be of the
Holderness or Teeswater breed, and that, not long afterwards, some of
the stock was carried to estates belonging to the same nobleman, in that
part of Ayrshire called Kyle. But, perhaps, the main nucleus of the
improved breed was the "Dunlop stock," so called, which appears to have
been possessed by a distinguished family by the name of Dunlop, in the
Cunningham District of Ayrshire, as early as 1780. This stock, it is
said, was derived, at least in part, from animals imported from Holland.
The Dunlop cows soon became noted. Rawlin (as quoted by Youatt), who
wrote in 1794, speaking of the cattle of Ayrshire, says, "They have
another breed, called the Dunlop, which are allowed to be the best race
for yielding milk in Great Britain, or Ireland, not only for large
quantities, but also for richness and quality." This, though extravagant
praise, perhaps, shows that the stock possessed remarkable qualities at
that early day. It was, indeed, held in great esteem still earlier. In
Youatt's Treatise, it is mentioned, when speaking of the cattle of
Dumfrieshire, that the poet Burns, when he occupied a farm near the city
of Dumfries, "not content with the Galloway breed, introduced some of
the West-Country cows, which he thought would produce more milk." In
the poet's published correspondence, allusion is made, in a letter dated
November 13th, 1788, to a heifer which had been presented to him by the
proprietor of Dunlop House, as "the finest quey in Ayrshire." Mrs.
Dunlop, it will be remembered, was a special friend and correspondent of
the poet.[A]
Col. Le Couteur, in a paper on the Jersey or Alderney cow, published in
the Journal of the Royal Agricultural Society, refers to a statement by
Quayle, that the Ayrshire was a cross of the Short Horn and Alderney;
and adds himself that "there is a considerable affinity between the two
breeds." Rawlin also says, in reference to the Ayrshire breed, "It is
said to be a mixture by bulls brought from the island of Alderney, with
their own or the old race of cows." Martin says, "At some period or
other there has evidently been a cross with the Durham or Holderness,
and, perhaps, also with the Alderney." Professor Low, in his
"Illustrations of British Quadrupeds," says, "From all the evidence
which, in the absence of authentic documents, the case admits of, the
dairy breed of Ayrshire cows, owes the characters which distinguish it
from the older race, to a mixture of the blood of the races of the
continent and of the dairy breed of Alderney."
So far, the authorities quoted have, doubtless, given the main facts in
regard to the originals of the present Ayrshire cattle. But there is
evidence that the present leading type of the breed was formed, in part,
by an infusion of the blood of the Kyloe, or West-Highland breed. This
appeared in the first instance, probably, in what has been called the
Swinley variety. The facts, which the writer has obtained in Scotland in
regard to it, are substantially as follows: Theophilus Parton, of
Swinley Farm, near Dairy, Ayrshire, about forty to forty-five years ago,
took great pains to establish a herd of what were deemed the _best_
Ayrshire cattle, into which he infused a strain of the West-Highland
blood, the particular degree of which is not publicly or generally
known. The Swinley stock differs from the older Ayrshire in having a
shorter head, with more breadth across the eyes, more upright and
spreading horns, more hair, and generally better constitutions. They are
also somewhat smaller boned than the old stock, though from their
superior symmetry, and greater tendency to fatten, they are fully equal
to the former in weight of carcass when slaughtered.
The following points given by the Ayrshire Agricultural Association,
1853, "as indicating superior quality," will give an idea of the
standard for Ayrshire cattle, as recognized by the leading breeders:
Head short, forehead wide, nose fine between the muzzle and the eyes;
muzzle moderately large, eyes full and lively, horns widely set on,
inclining upwards and curving slightly inwards.
Neck long and straight from the head to the top of the shoulders, free
from loose skin on the underside, fine at its junction with the head,
and the muscles symmetrically enlarging towards the shoulders.
Shoulders thin at the top, brisket light, the whole fore-quarter thin in
front and gradually increasing in depth and width backwards.
Back short and straight, spine well defined, especially at the
shoulders, short ribs arched, the body deep at the flanks, and the
milk-veins well developed.
Pelvis long, broad and straight, hook [or hip] bones wide apart, and not
much overlaid with fat, thighs deep and broad, tail long and slender,
and set on a level with the back.
Milk-vessel [udder] capacious and extending well forward, hinder-part
broad and firmly attached to the body, the sole or under surface nearly
level. The teats from two to two and a half inches in length, equal in
thickness, and hanging perpendicularly; their distance apart at the
sides should be equal to about one-third the length of the vessel, and
across to about one-half the breadth.
Legs short, the bones fine and the joints firm.
Skin soft and elastic, and covered with soft, close and woolly hair.
The colors preferred are brown, or brown and white, the colors being
distinctly defined. Weight of the animal, when fattened, about forty
imperial stones, sinking the offal [that is 560 pounds], the quarters or
meat only.
From what has already been said, it will be understood, that the dairy
is the leading object with the breeders of Ayrshires. At the same time
the fact has not been overlooked, that to breed and perpetuate a
profitable dairy stock, regard must be had to hardiness and strength of
constitution, and also to such fattening tendencies as will insure a
profitable return from calves fattened for veal, from steers reared for
beef, and for cows, which having served their turn in the dairy, are at
last dried of their milk and prepared for the shambles. The importance
of these properties is not sufficiently regarded by keepers of dairy
stock in this country. The remark has not unfrequently been heard that
the "_looks_ of a cow are nothing." People who hold this absurd notion
will never be distinguished for breeding profitable dairy stock. Even if
milk were the sole object, it would be impossible to preserve a breed
possessing superior qualities, in this respect, without giving attention
to those points of form which denote strength of constitution. It has
been well observed by Magne, that in the breeding of dairy stock, we
should "make choice only of animals possessing the _two-fold character
of general vigor, and activity of the mammary system_."
The leading breeders of Ayrshire, in Scotland, have followed these
principles to some extent, if not to the full degree to which they
should be observed. Hence, they claim a high rank for the breed in
reference to general usefulness. Aiton, speaking of what the Ayrshire
cow would do, says, "She yields much milk, and that of an oily or
butyraceous, or caseous nature, and after she has yielded very large
quantities of milk for several years, she shall be as valuable for beef
as any other breed of cows known; her fat shall be much more mixed
through the whole flesh, and she shall fatten faster than any other."
Whatever may be said in regard to the extent of these claims, it will be
admitted that they indicate the confidence which was long ago placed in
the breed in regard to the properties mentioned. Youatt, who wrote
twenty-five years after Aiton, says, "The breed has been much improved
since Mr. Aiton described it." It is thirty years since Mr. Youatt made
this remark, and in this time the breed has been still further improved
in reference to general usefulness. I have been assured by some of the
most experienced breeders in Scotland, that while nothing has been lost
on the score of dairy properties, considerable has been gained in
hardiness and thrift, and in the faculty of giving a greater return,
both in milk and flesh, for the food consumed. Of course it is the
return obtained in proportion to the food eaten, that constitutes the
true criterion of value in all animals.