THE SUCCESSORS OF ALBUQUERQUE (_continued_)
_Dom Constantino de Braganza and Dom Luis de Athaide_
The thirty-five years which followed from the death of Dom Joao de
Castro to the extinction of the independence of Portugal are neither
so interesting nor so important as those which saw the building up of
the Portuguese power in the East. Commercially, the value of Vasco da
Gama's voyage and of Albuquerque's victories became greater than
ever. The largest fleets of merchant-ships ever sent to Portugal were
despatched after Philip II of Spain had become also Philip I of
Portugal. The Portuguese monopoly remained unbroken until 1595, and
the nations of Europe, while they grew in civilisation and in love of
luxury, continued until that time to buy from Lisbon the Asiatic
commodities which had become necessary to them. As the commerce
became systematised it grew larger and more profitable, both to the
Royal Treasury which equipped the merchant fleets and sold their
cargoes at Lisbon, and to the individual agents in India, who
purchased the goods {190} which made up these cargoes. But
politically the history of the Portuguese in India becomes less
interesting. There were no more great discoveries; no more great
conquests and great victories; no more grandiose conceptions of
expelling the Muhammadans from the markets of Asia.
Gallant feats of arms were still accomplished, but they only proved
how the Portuguese had degenerated since the days of Albuquerque. The
defence of Goa by Dom Luis de Athaide was brilliant, but after all it
was a defensive operation, and not a victory such as Dom Joao de
Castro had won at Diu, or the storming of a strong city, like the
captures of Goa and Malacca by Albuquerque. There were one or two
high-minded and able men among the successors of the splendid
Albuquerque, but they did not attempt to rival his deeds or carry out
his ideas. The romance of Portuguese history in the East is no longer
bound up with the growth of the power of the nation, but is to be
found rather in the careers of daring adventurers such as Fernao
Mendes Pinto and Sebastiao Gonzales. The complete attainment of
commercial prosperity seems to have destroyed the dream of Empire.
But at the time when the political interest in the career of the
Portuguese in Asia diminishes, the religious interest increases. The
new heroes of Portugal are not her soldiers and her sailors, but her
missionaries. These were the men who made their way into the interior
of India, and who penetrated the {191} farthest East. Japan, China,
and even Tibet, witnessed their presence and heard their preaching;
the great Emperor Akbar gave them a not unkindly welcome at his Court
at Agra; and they laboured among the savages of the Spice Islands as
well as among the learned men of China and of India.
The greatest of all these missionaries, Saint Francis Xavier, was not
a Portuguese subject. But the Company of Jesus, of which he was the
pioneer missionary, contained many Portuguese, and he could not have
attempted what he did but for the support of the Portuguese
government at home and of the Portuguese authorities in India.
The idea of discouraging Christian missionaries, which formed a part
of the policy of the Dutch and English East India Companies, never
had an adherent among the Portuguese. They believed sincerely in
their religion, and the principal use they made of their influence
when they were firmly established in Asia was to spread it abroad.
Again and again orders were sent from Portugal that the missionaries
were to be assisted in every possible way.
The Franciscan friars who first came to India were engaged in looking
after the souls of the Portuguese soldiers, but they were followed,
and in increasing numbers after the successes of Saint Francis, by
priests and friars and Jesuits, who left Europe for the express
purpose of converting the heathen. The history of the Roman Catholic
missions in India, for which there is plenty of material, {192} would
need a volume in itself. It must suffice to point out that those
missions did not begin to attain their full development until after
the Portuguese had reached their highest political power during the
governorship of Dom Joao de Castro, and were beginning to decline.
In 1538 the Pope nominated for the first time a Bishop of Goa in the
person of Frei Joao de Albuquerque, a Franciscan friar, and a
relative of the great Governor. This holy man, who won a great
reputation for sanctity, died in 1553, and in 1557 the see of Goa was
raised to an archbishopric and conferred upon Dom Gaspar de Leao
Pereira. The archbishops soon rivalled the viceroys in wealth and
dignity, and in at least one instance, at the beginning of the
seventeenth century, an archbishop also acted as governor. Other sees
were speedily established at Cochin, Malacca, and Macao, and many
missionary bishops were appointed for other parts of India, China,
and Japan. The first labourers in the mission field were the
Franciscans. They were soon followed by other religious orders, and
were exceeded in success and ability by the Jesuits.
In 1560, after the death of Dom Joao de Castro and of St. Francis
Xavier, the Holy Inquisition was established in Goa. It was granted
as its headquarters the magnificent palace of Yusaf Adil Shah, which
had been the residence of the viceroys until 1554. Its first action
was rather corrective than persecuting, and it was not until the
seventeenth {193} century that the periodical burnings of relapsed
converts and supposed witches, which are known as _Autos da Fe_,
commenced their sanguinary work. The most notable event in the
religious history of the Portuguese in India, the condemnation of the
doctrines and ritual of the Nestorian Christians of the Malabar
coast, did not occur till the Synod of Diamper (Udayampura) in 1599.
The educational work of the missionaries, their custom of dwelling
among the people and imitating their mode of life, as well as their
building of superb churches in the Portuguese cities, well deserve an
extended notice, which cannot be adequately given in this volume. It
is enough to say that Albuquerque, though zealous and desirous of
spreading the faith, did not initiate the policy of persecution. It
was his feeble successors who threw away the opportunity afforded for
the propagation of the Christian faith, by the existence of a native
Christian community in the very part of India where the Portuguese
first landed.
When the sealed order of succession was opened, after the lamented
death of Dom Joao de Castro, it was found that the two first
nominees, Dom Joao Mascarenhas and Dom Jorge Tello de Menezes, had
already left India for Portugal. The third packet opened contained
the name of Garcia de Sa, an aged gentleman, who had spent nearly all
his life in India. He hastened to make peace with Ibrahim Adil Shah
of Bijapur, and with Muhammad III of Gujarat. To {194} the former he
promised that the Portuguese would not allow Mir Ali Khan to leave
Goa, and on that condition the cession of Bardes and Salsette was
confirmed. In the treaty with the King of Gujarat it was agreed that
the Portuguese should continue to hold the fortress of Diu, which
they had twice so gallantly defended, while the city and the rest of
the island remained subject to Muhammad III. Garcia de Sa died at Goa
on July 13, 1549, and was succeeded as governor by Jorge Cabral, a
descendant of the second Portuguese captain who visited India.
Cabral, who was Captain of Bassein, assumed the office and engaged in
a war that was raging between the Raja of Cochin and the Zamorin. He
had taken and sacked Tiracol and Ponani, and was just about to attack
Calicut, when he received information of the arrival of Dom Affonso
de Noronha as Viceroy. This nobleman was the second son of the
Marquis de Villa Real, and had been selected for the office of
Viceroy by John III, though no Viceroy had been sent out from
Portugal with full powers since Dom Garcia de Noronha in 1538. The
Viceroy, on taking over office from Cabral, declined to attack
Calicut and ordered the fleet back to Goa. He ruled for four years,
during which time he greatly extended the Portuguese power in the
island of Ceylon.
Dom Affonso de Noronha was succeeded as Viceroy in 1554 by Dom Pedro
Mascarenhas, an aged nobleman who had filled the office of ambassador
to the Emperor Charles V and the Pope, and had since {195} acted as
governor to the heir-apparent. He was over seventy years of age when
he was sent to India, and held office but nine months. On his death
the sealed orders were opened, and the first name found in them was
that of Francisco Barreto, a most experienced officer. This governor
is chiefly known from his persecution of the poet Camoens, whom he
sent to the little island of Macao as a punishment for a satire he
had written on the pride and immorality of the officials at Goa. But
Barreto was a very vigorous governor. He did much to strengthen the
various Portuguese fortresses throughout Asia, and showed himself a
skilful and daring general.
During Barreto's government King John III of Portugal died, leaving
the throne to his infant grandson, the ill-fated King Sebastian. One
of the first acts of the widow of John III, Queen Catherine, who
became Regent of the kingdom, was to appoint a prince of the blood
royal, Dom Constantino de Braganza, to be Viceroy. This young prince
was only thirty years of age, but he soon showed that he surpassed
his predecessors in ability as well as in rank. He reached Goa in
1558, and one of his earliest measures was to capture Daman, where he
erected a fortress. This place and Goa and Diu are at the present
time the only relics of the Portuguese power in India. On his return
from Daman he dispatched powerful fleets to Malacca, to Ormuz, and to
Ceylon, and placed the position of affairs in all parts of Asia in a
most favourable condition for the Portuguese.
{196} Dom Constantino de Braganza's internal reforms resembled those
of Joao de Castro; he endeavoured to put down peculation, and
insisted on the obedience of his officers. In 1560 he made an
expedition with a powerful armament to Ceylon, where he took
Jaffnapatam, which became the capital of the Portuguese power in that
island. The high character of the young prince, no less than his
courage and his enterprise, caused the Rajas of India to treat him
with great respect, and he was begged by the Queen Regent to continue
in office, and even to accept the post of Viceroy of India for life.
He refused, and in 1561 was succeeded as Viceroy by Dom Francisco de
Coutinho, Count of Redondo.
After the resignation of Dom Constantino de Braganza few events of
importance happened for some years to the Portuguese in India. The
Muhammadan King of Bijapur, Ali Adil Shah, who had succeeded his
father Ibrahim in 1557, was at first more concerned with his scheme
to break the power of the last great Hindu sovereign, the Raja of
Vijayanagar, than to attack the Portuguese. Freed from danger on this
side, the Portuguese governors were able to scatter their power over
small but successful expeditions. The most notable of these was to
Ceylon, which was gradually brought entirely under the control of the
Portuguese. The Count of Redondo died in March, 1564, at Goa, and was
succeeded as Viceroy, after a short administration as Governor by
Joao de Mendonca, by Dom Antao de Noronha.
{197} The new Viceroy commenced his government by the capture of
Mangalore, but the important events which occurred during his tenure
of office took place without his active intervention. The first of
these was the siege of Malacca by the King of Achin. The defence of
Albuquerque's conquest ranks with that of Diu. It is true that the
savage Achinese were not such formidable soldiers as the Turks or the
Gujaratis; but, on the other hand, Malacca was further from Goa, and
it was more difficult to obtain reinforcements. The Captain who
maintained the defence was Dom Leonis Pereira, who held out for
several months and eventually beat off his enemies after killing more
than 4000 of them.
The other event was the defeat of the Raja of Vijayanagar in 1565, at
Talikot, by the allied Muhammadan kings of the Deccan. It may fairly
be conjectured that Albuquerque would have assisted the last powerful
Hindu monarch against the Muhammadans, for it was a part of his
policy to pose as the protector of the Hindus. But his successors did
not appreciate his policy, and, disgusted by an attack which the
Hindu prince had made some years previously on the Portuguese
settlement of Saint Thome, they left the Raja of Vijayanagar to his
fate.
In 1568 Dom Luis de Athaide, an officer who had had much experience
in Indian warfare, and who had been knighted as a lad by Dom Estevao
da Gama in the monastery of Mount Sinai, arrived in Goa as Viceroy.
He quickly perceived that a first result {198} of the victory of
Talikot must be that the King of Bijapur would attack Goa. The city
of Goa had far outgrown the limits imposed by the wall which
Albuquerque had built. Dom Antao de Noronha had, during his
government, begun to build a new wall, which was to run from the
north-eastern angle of the island of Goa and should terminate at the
west of the city. Dom Luis de Athaide continued this wall, and was in
the act of building other fortifications when Ali Adil Shah declared
war and made his way into the island with an army estimated at
100,000 men, and accompanied by more than 2000 elephants. This attack
was part of a general scheme formed by the Muhammadan rulers of
India, with the Zamorin of Calicut and the King of Achin, to expel
the Portuguese from Asia. Even sovereigns who had hitherto been
allies of the Portuguese, such as the Raja of Honawar, joined in the
league against them.
Never was the situation of the Portuguese more critical; never did
they show more conspicuous valour. The garrison of Goa, when the
siege commenced in 1570, only consisted of 700 Portuguese soldiers.
Consequently the Viceroy placed under arms 300 friars and priests and
about a thousand slaves. The defence was worthy of the best days of
the Portuguese power. For ten months an obstinate resistance was
offered, and at the end of that time Ali Adil Shah retreated, having
lost by disease and by fighting the larger part of his army.
The defence of Goa, by the Viceroy, was rivalled {199} by the gallant
resistance of Malacca, of Chaul, and of Chale near Calicut, where Dom
Leonis Pereira, Dom Jorge de Menezes, and Dom Diogo de Menezes, all
repulsed their assailants. On the retreat of Ali Adil Shah from
before Goa, the Portuguese Viceroy swept the Malabar coast, punishing
all opponents and relieving the other garrisons. His vengeance was
particularly shown at Honawar, which he burnt. Just after the league
was finally broken, on September 7, 1571, Dom Antonio de Noronha
arrived to succeed Dom Luis de Athaide as Viceroy. The defender of
Goa received a cordial welcome on his return to Lisbon from his
friend, the young King Sebastian, who created him Count of Atouguia.
Dom Antonio de Noronha, who was only a distant relative of the
predecessor of Dom Luis de Athaide, did not possess the powers of
previous Viceroys. King Sebastian perceived the great inconvenience
of leaving the whole of his possessions from the Cape of Good Hope to
Japan under the superintendence of the Goa government. The difficulty
of communication was so great that for months at a time the captains
of the more distant settlements were practically independent. It was
resolved, therefore, to divide the East into three independent
governorships.
Dom Antonio de Noronha, with the title of Viceroy, was to be supreme
from the coasts of Arabia to Ceylon, with his capital at Goa. This
left him entire control of the Indian and Persian trade. Antonio
Moniz Barreto was to govern from Bengal to the {200} furthest East,
with his headquarters at Malacca, and was charged with the control of
the spice trade. Francisco Barreto, the former Governor of India, was
to rule all the Portuguese settlements on the South-East coast of
Africa, with his capital at Mozambique.
Hitherto these African settlements had been regarded solely as
stopping-places for the fleets to and from India. But King Sebastian
wished to use them also as the basis for exploration and conquest in
the interior of Africa. This is not a history of the Portuguese in
Africa, but it may be remarked that much important and interesting
work was done by the Portuguese in that continent during the
sixteenth century which seems to be forgotten by writers on the
opening up of Africa at the present time. Francisco Barreto, for
instance, made his way far into the interior and conquered the
kingdom and city of Monomotapa, where he died.
Dom Antonio de Noronha handed over the government of India in 1573 to
Antonio Moniz Barreto. Ruy Lourenco de Tavora, who was nominated to
succeed as Viceroy, died on his way out, and Dom Diogo de Menezes,
the defender of Chale, administered the government from 1576 to 1578.
He was superseded by Dom Luis de Athaide, who at the special request
of King Sebastian consented once more to return to India. Athaide's
second viceroyalty was not marked by any important event. He died at
Goa on March 10, 1581; it is said from a broken heart caused by the
news of the defeat of the King Sebastian {201} and of his melancholy
death at Alcacer Quibir (El-Kasr Kebir) in Morocco.
With the death of Dom Luis de Athaide this rapid sketch of the
successors of Albuquerque must end: he was the last great Portuguese
ruler in the East, and none of the Viceroys who succeeded him deserve
separate notice. The commercial monopoly of Portugal lasted some
years longer, but the fabric of the Portuguese power in India was
utterly rotten, and gave way with hardly a struggle before the first
assaults of the Dutch merchant-adventurers.
The causes of the rapid fall of Portuguese influence in Asia are as
interesting to examine as the causes of their rapid success, and,
like the latter, they may be classed under external and internal
headings. The chief external cause was the union of the Portuguese
crown with that of Spain in 1580. Philip II kept the promise he made
to the Cortes of Thomar, and appointed none but Portuguese to offices
in Portuguese Asia. His accession to the throne was everywhere
recognised in the East, and the Prior of Crato who opposed him found
no adherents there. The first Viceroy whom Philip nominated, Dom
Francisco Mascarenhas, bore a name famous in Portugal, and had no
difficulty in persuading the various captains of fortresses to swear
fealty to the Spanish king. It is curious to note among the Viceroys
whom Philip II nominated to Goa two relations of the most famous
Portuguese conquerors in the East, Mathias de Albuquerque and Dom
Francisco da Gama, grandson of {202} the navigator. In spite of
Philip's loyalty in this respect, the fact that he was King of
Portugal involved that country in war with the Dutch and the English.
The merchants of Amsterdam and London were forbidden to come to
Lisbon for Asiatic commodities, and they consequently resolved to go
to the East and get them for themselves. In 1595 the first Dutch
fleet doubled the Cape of Good Hope, and in 1601 it was followed by
the first English fleet, both being despatched by trading companies.
The Portuguese endeavoured to expel the intruders, but they signally
failed.
The reasons for this failure are to be found in the internal causes
of the Portuguese decline. The union with Spain brought their rivals
into the Eastern seas, but it was their own weakness which let those
rivals triumph. The primary cause of that weakness was the complete
exhaustion of the Portuguese nation. Year after year this little
country, which never exceeded 3,000,000 in population, sent forth
fleets to the East, carrying sometimes as many as 3000 and 4000
soldiers. Of these men few ever returned to Europe. Many perished in
battle, in shipwreck, or from the climate, and those who survived
were encouraged to settle down and marry native women. During the
whole of the sixteenth century Portugal was being drained of men, and
those the strongest and bravest of her sons. In return she got plenty
of wealth, but money cannot take the place of brain and muscle.
Besides becoming exhausted {203} in quantity, the Portuguese in the
East rapidly degenerated in quality. It was not only that
Albuquerque's successors in supreme command were his inferiors; some
of them proved worthy of their office; but the soldiers and sailors
and officials showed a lamentable falling off. Brilliant courage was
shown up to the siege of Goa in 1570. After that time it is difficult
to recognise the heroic Portuguese of Albuquerque's campaigns.
Albuquerque's imperial notions were set aside as impracticable, and
interest in commerce and in Christian missions took the place of vast
schemes of conquest and of empire.
The later history of the Portuguese in Asia may be summed up in a
rapid record of their disasters. In 1603 and 1639 the Dutch blockaded
Goa. In 1656 they drove the Portuguese from Cannanore; in 1661 from
Negapatam and Kayenkolam, the port of Quilon; in 1663 from Cranganore
and Cochin. Nor were the Dutch victories confined to India; in 1619
they founded Batavia in the island of Java, and in 1640 they took
Malacca and concentrated the whole trade of the Spice Islands at
their new settlement. The Dutch were equally successful in Ceylon,
which they completely controlled after the capture of Jaffnapatam in
1658. The English were but little later in the field: in 1611 Sir
Henry Middleton defeated the Portuguese off Cambay, and in 1615
Captain Best won a great victory over the Portuguese fleet off
Swally, the port of Surat. The Dutch and English agencies quickly
covered the East, and soon after {204} the middle of the seventeenth
century the Asiatic trade of Portugal had practically disappeared.
What little commerce survived was in the hands of the Jesuits, and
became finally extinct on the suppression of that body by the Marquis
of Pombal in 1742.
It was not only by European competitors that the Portuguese power in
the East was shattered. It was the Emperor Shah Jahan who took Hugli
in 1629, after an obstinate resistance, and carried away 1000
Portuguese prisoners; and it was Abbas Shah of Persia, who, with the
assistance of some Englishmen, captured Ormuz in 1622. In 1670 a
small band of Arabs from Muscat plundered Diu, the fortress which,
under Silveira and Mascarenhas, had resisted the utmost power of
great Muhammadan fleets and armies.
The Maratha confederacy also found it easy and profitable to plunder
Portuguese settlements in India. In 1739 these hardy Hindu soldiers
sacked Bassein, and they extended their incursions to the very walls
of Goa. In the eighteenth century a vigorous effort was made by the
Portuguese to hold their own with the Marathas, which met with some
success, and led to a considerable increase of the province of Goa.
Lastly, it must not be forgotten that in 1661 the Portuguese ceded
the island of Bombay to England as part of the dowry of Catherine of
Braganza.
The present condition of the Portuguese in India affords a curious
commentary on the high aims and great successes of Albuquerque. The
remaining Portuguese possessions, Goa, Daman, and Diu could {205}
make no pretence of defending themselves against the English Empire
in India. They are maintained by Portugal, not for any benefits to be
derived from them, but as relics of the past and witnesses to former
glory. The condition of the Portuguese is indicated by the treaty
which was signed in 1878 with the British Government, by which the
right of making salt and the customs duties were ceded to the
Government of India for a yearly payment of four lakhs of rupees.
This sum was hypothecated for the construction of a railway to
Marmagao, near Goa, which possesses a fine harbour, and will probably
increase in wealth as the port of export for the cotton grown in
Bellary and the neighbouring British districts.
One interesting relic of the former supremacy of the Portuguese was
the right claimed by Portugal to nominate the Roman Catholic prelates
throughout India. This right, natural enough in the sixteenth
century, became absurd in the nineteenth. A long quarrel arising from
this claim has recently been settled by a Concordat between the Pope
and the King of Portugal.
The present volume may appropriately close with two descriptions of
the Portuguese in India by a Muhammadan and a Hindu writer in the
sixteenth century.
'The Franks beginning to oppress and commit hostilities against the
Muhammadans' says Sheik Zin-ud-din, in his historical work the
_Tohfut-ul-mujahideen_, 'their tyrannical and injurious usage
proceeded to a length that was the occasion {206} of a general
confusion and distraction amongst the population of the country.
This continued for a long period, for nearly eighty years, when the
affairs of the Moslems had arrived at the last stage of decay,
ruin, poverty and wretchedness; since whilst they were too
ill-practised in deceit to dissemble an obedience which was not
sincere, they neither possessed the power to repel nor means to
evade the evils that afflicted them. Nor did the Muhammadan princes
and chieftains who were possessed of large armies, and who had at
their command great military resources, come forward for their
deliverance or bestow any of their wealth in so holy a cause as in
the resistance to these tyrant infidels.' ...[1]
'Sorely did these Franks oppress the faithful, striving all of
them, the great and powerful, the old and young, to eradicate the
Muhammadan religion; and to bring over its followers to
Christianity (may God ever defend us from such a calamity!).
Notwithstanding all this, however, they preserved an outward show
of peace towards the Muhammadans, in consequence of their being
compelled to dwell amongst them; since the chief part of the
population of the seaports consisted of Muhammadans ... Lastly it
is worthy of remark that the Franks entertain antipathy and hatred
only towards Muhammadans, and to their creed alone; evincing no
dislike towards the Nairs and other Pagans of similar
description.'[2]
[Footnote 1: _Tohfut-ul-mujahideen_, Rowlandson's translation, pp. 6,
7.]
[Footnote 2: _Tohfut-ul-mujahideen_, Rowlandson's translation, pp.
109, 110.]
In the following terms, according to Dr. Burnell, does Venkatacarya,
a Brahman of Conjevaram, speak about the Portuguese:--
'This Brahman wrote about A.D. 1600 a Sanskrit poem called
Vicvagunadarca, often printed and once rudely {207} translated
(Calcutta, 1825, 4to.) In it he mentions the Portuguese, whom he
calls Huna. In abuse of them he says they are very despicable, are
devoid of tenderness, and do not value Brahmans a straw, that they
have endless faults, and do not observe ceremonial purity. But he
praises their self-restraint and truthfulness, their mechanical
skill, and their respect for law.'[3]
[Footnote 3: _A Tentative List of Books and some MSS. relating to the
History of the Portuguese in India Proper_, by A. C. Burnell,
Mangalore, 1880, p. 131.]
Had the Brahman poet known Albuquerque, or the greatest of his
successors, he would have praised also their valour, their tenacity,
and their disinterested unselfishness. But striking is the contrast
between Albuquerque and even the greatest of his successors. His
contemporaries felt this, and his son, in the dedication of the
second edition of the _Commentaries_ to King Sebastian, in 1574,
gives an anecdote which illustrates this general opinion.
'I shall say no more,' he says, 'than tell you what a soldier said
who always accompanied him in war. This man being very old and
staying in the city of Goa, when he reflected upon the disorder of
Indian affairs, went with a stick in his hand to the chapel of
Affonso de Albuquerque, and, striking the sepulchre wherein he was
lying buried, cried out:--"Oh! great captain, thou hast done me all
the harm thou couldst have done, but I cannot deny that thou hast
been the greatest conqueror and sufferer of troubles that the world
has known: arise thou, for what thou hast gained is like to be
lost!"'
{208}
INDEX
Proper names preceded by 'da,' 'de,' 'do' are indexed under the
succeeding initial letter.
ABBAS SHAH took Ormuz, 204.
ABD-EL-KHURI rocks, Sodre wrecked on, 30.
ABREU, Antonio de, explored the Spice Islands, 109.
ABYSSINIA, Covilhao in, 23:
interest taken in, 127:
Albuquerque's schemes about, 128:
Christovao da Gama killed in, 184.
ACENHEIRO, reply of Affonso V to, 45.
ACHINESE repulsed from Malacca, 197, 199.
ADEN, Albuquerque ordered to take, 94:
its importance, 126, 127:
Albuquerque repulsed from, 127:
Egyptians fail to take, 171:
offered to Soares, 172:
taken by the Turks, 181.
AFFONSO V, King of Portugal, expeditions of, to Morocco, 19:
Albuquerque educated at his Court, 44:
served under in Morocco, 45:
character of, 45.
AFFONSO SANCHES, ancestor of Albuquerque, 42.
AFFONSO, Master, the physician, attends Albuquerque's deathbed, 141.
AFRICA, Portuguese discoveries on the coast of, 21-23:
settlements on the south-east coast, 34:
exploration in the interior, 200.
AHMAD, Rais, Minister of Ormuz, 136:
killed by Albuquerque's orders, 137.
AHMADABAD, Kings of. _See_ GUJARAT.
AKBAR kindly received Portuguese missionaries, 191.
ALBERGARIA. _See_ SOARES.
ALBUQUERQUE, castle of, 42.
ALBUQUERQUE, Affonso de, first voyage to India, 30, 31, 47:
not allowed to take up office, 38, 39, 60-62:
ancestry, 41-43:
family, 43, 44:
birth and education, 44, 45:
at Court of John II, 45, 46:
in Morocco, 46:
Asiatic policy, 48:
sent again to Asia, 48:
instructions to, 48, 49:
campaign on African coast, 50:
wounded at Socotra, 51:
left in independent command, 52:
quarrels with his captains, 52, 53, 55-57:
at Ormuz, 54-57:
deserted by his captains, 57, 58:
attacks Calayate, 58:
reply to Cogeatar, 59, 60:
intrigues against, 60, 61:
imprisoned at Cannanore, 61:
recognised as Governor, 62:
magnanimity, 63:
attitude towards Hindus and instructions to Frei Luis, 66, 67:
attack on Calicut, 67-69:
wounded, 69:
decides to attack Goa, 72:
reasons, 72-74:
first capture of Goa, 76:
embassy to Shah Ismail, 77, 78:
abandons Goa, 79:
blockaded in the harbour, 79-82:
receives reinforcements, 82-84:
second capture of Goa, 85-88:
builds fortress at, 88, 89:
letter to Ismail Adil Shah, 90, 91:
negotiations with Calicut and Gujarat, 91, 92:
sails for the Malay Peninsula, 99:
first capture of Malacca, 101:
speech to his captains, 102-105:
second capture of Malacca, 106:
execution of Utemuta Raja, 107:
opens relations with China, Siam, &c., 108-110:
wrecked on way back to India, 110:
receives reinforcements, 113:
relieves Goa, 114:
defeats Rasul Khan, 115:
takes Benastarim, 116:
despatch on Goa, 120-124:
expedition to the Red Sea, 126-128:
fails to take Aden, 127:
establishes a factory at Diu, 129:
builds a fortress at Calicut, 131:
embassy to King of Gujarat, 132, 133:
and to Shah Ismail, 134, 135:
expedition to Ormuz, 136-138:
receives news of his supersession, 139:
last letter to the King, 139, 140:
death, 141, 142:
personal appearance and character, 143, 144:
policy of empire, 147:
its bases, 152:
colonisation, 153-155:
settlement of Goa, 155-159:
use of natives, 159, 160:
abolition of _sati_, 160:
commercial reforms, 160-162:
coinage at Goa, 162:
at Malacca, 163:
piety, 164, 165:
causes of his success:--state of India, 165, 166:
superiority of ships, artillery, and soldiers, 166-168:
his own character, 168, 169:
knighted Nuno da Cunha, 177:
not a religious persecutor, 193:
superiority to his successors, 207.
ALBUQUERQUE, Alvaro de, Prior of Villa Verde, brother of Affonso, 44.
ALBUQUERQUE, Braz de, son of Affonso, recognised at Court, 140:
compiled the _Commentaries_, 141:
removed body of Affonso to Portugal, 143:
gives anecdote about Affonso, 207.
ALBUQUERQUE, Fernao de, elder brother of Affonso, 44.
ALBUQUERQUE, Fernao Affonso de, ancestor of Affonso, 43.
ALBUQUERQUE, Francisco de, cousin of Affonso, succours the Raja of
Cochin, 30:
quarrels with Affonso, 31, 47:
lost at sea, 48.
ALBUQUERQUE, Goncalo de, Lord of Villa Verde, father of Affonso, 43.
ALBUQUERQUE, Joao de, first Bishop of Goa, 192.
ALBUQUERQUE, Jorge de, cousin of Affonso, Captain of Cochin, 126:
of Malacca, 134.
ALBUQUERQUE, Martim de, brother of Affonso, 44:
killed at Arzila, 46.
ALBUQUERQUE, Mathias de, Viceroy, 202.
ALBUQUERQUE, Pedro de, uncle of Affonso, Lord High Admiral of
Portugal, 43.
ALBUQUERQUE, Pedro de, son of Jorge, commanded expedition to Ormuz
and the Persian Gulf, 135, 136:
Captain of Ormuz, 138.
ALGOA BAY reached by Dias, 23.
ALHANDRA, Albuquerque born at, 44.
ALI ADIL SHAH, King of Bijapur, accession and policy, 196:
besieges Goa, 198.
ALMEIDA, Dom Francisco de, appointed first Viceroy, 34:
policy in Africa, 34:
viceroyalty, 34-39:
victory off Diu, 38:
death, 39:
policy in Asia, 39, 40:
letter to the King, 40:
letter censuring Albuquerque, 58, 59:
opposition to Albuquerque's ideas, 60:
imprisons Albuquerque, 61:
resigns office to him, 62:
friendly to Timoja, 71:
comparison of his policy and Albuquerque's, 73:
supporters of his policy, 102, 118.
ALMEIDA, Dom Lourenco de, bombards Quilon, 35:
visits Ceylon, 35:
defeats the Calicut fleet, 35, 36:
sacks Ponani, 36:
defeated and killed at Chaul, 37.
ALPOEM, Pedro de, _Ouvidor_ of India, condemns Ruy Dias to death, 81:
and Utemuta Raja, 107:
executor of Albuquerque, 142.
ANDRADE, Fernao Peres de, arrested by Albuquerque, 81:
released, 83:
at capture of Malacca, 101:
visited Canton, 109:
Captain of Malacca squadron, 110:
quarrels with the Captain of Malacca, 133:
his naval victory, 134.
ANDRADE, Simao de, commander of a galley, 76:
arrested by Albuquerque, 81:
released, 83.
ANGOJA burnt by Da Cunha and Albuquerque, 50.
ARABS plunder Diu, 204.
ARAUJO, Ruy de, Factor at Malacca, 97:
imprisoned there, 98:
communicates with Albuquerque, 98, 99:
letter to Albuquerque, 100:
released, 101:
advises execution of Utemuta Raja, 107:
Factor and Judge at Malacca, 110.
ARZILA, Albuquerque in garrison at, 45, 46.
ATHAIDE, Dona Leonor de, mother of Albuquerque, 43.
ATHAIDE, Dom Luis de, first viceroyalty, 197-199:
defence of Goa, 198:
second viceroyalty, 200:
death, 201.
AYAZ, Malik, Nawab of Diu, helps to win victory at Chaul, 37:
defeated off Diu, 38:
allows a factory at Diu, 129:
goes to Ahmadabad, 132.
AZORES discovered by Prince Henry's sailors, 21.
BAHADUR SHAH, King of Gujarat, grants Bassein to the Portuguese, 180:
and Diu, 181:
killed at Diu, 181.
BARDES ceded to the Portuguese, 184:
cession confirmed, 194.
BARRETO, Antonio Moniz, burnt Cambay, 187:
Governor of Malacca, 200:
of India, 200.
BARRETO, Francisco, Governor of India, 195:
of South-east Africa, 200:
invasion of Monomotapa, 200.
BARRETO, Jorge, married Albuquerque's niece, 44.
BASSEIN granted to the Portuguese, 180:
sacked by Marathas, 204.
BATAVIA founded by the Dutch, 203.
BATICALA [Bhatkal], port of Raja of Vijayanagar, 67:
Portuguese propose to build a fort at, 126.
BEJA, Diogo Fernandes de, flag-captain of Albuquerque, commands a
galley at taking of Panjim, 76:
ambassador to Bijapur, 126:
to Ahmadabad, 132, 133:
friend of Albuquerque, 138.
BENASTARIM occupied by Fulad Khan, 111:
by Rasul Khan, 112:
blockaded by the Portuguese, 114:
taken, 116:
fortress built at, 125.
BENDARA, the, Prime Minister of Malacca, 97.
BENGAL, Portuguese relations with, 178, 179.
BENGALIS numerous at Malacca, 96.
BEST, Captain, defeats the Portuguese, 203, 204.
BHATKAL. _See_ BATICALA.
BIJAPUR, Kings of. _See_ ALI, IBRAHIM, ISMAIL, YUSAF ADIL SHAH.
BOMBAY ceded to England by the Portuguese, 204.
BRABOA or BRAVA, burnt by Da Cunha and Albuquerque, 50, 51.
BRAGANZA, Dom Constantino de, Viceroyalty of, 195, 196.
BRAZIL, discovery of, 26.
BRITO, Lourenco de, defends Cannanore, 38.
BROACH offered to Albuquerque as site for a fortress, 133.
BUKKUR, offered to Albuquerque as site for a fortress, 133.
BURMA, Albuquerque sends envoy to, 109.
BURMESE, a trading community at Malacca, 95:
favoured by Albuquerque, 106.
BURNELL, A. C., Sanskrit account of the Portuguese quoted from, 207.
CABRAL, Jorge, Governor of India, 194.
CABRAL, Pedro Alvares, commands second fleet sent to India, 26, 27.
CALAYATE (K[a-macron]lh[a-macron]t) visited by Albuquerque, 54:
sacked, 58.
CALICUT, Vasco da Gama at, 24, 25:
Portuguese factor murdered, 27:
ships burnt at, 27:
bombarded, 29, 32:
attacked by Albuquerque, 67-70:
blockaded, 112, 125, 126:
Mopla merchants ruined, 129:
fortress built at, 131:
Cabral prevented from attacking, 194:
see also ZAMORIN.
CAM or CAO, Diogo, discovers the Congo, 23.
CAMBAY burnt by Portuguese, 187:
Portuguese defeated at, 204.
CAMINHA, Joao Alvares de, settled Goa island, 158.
CAMOENS, Luis de, on Lourenco de Almeida, 37:
on execution of Ruy Dias, 81:
exiled by Barreto, 195.
CAMPO, Antonio do, one of Albuquerque's mutinous captains, 52:
signs protest at Ormuz, 56:
deserts Albuquerque, 57, 58.
CANNANORE visited by Vasco da Gama, 25:
by Cabral, 27:
factory established at, 30:
Raja of, punished by Almeida, 35:
fort at, defended by Brito, 38:
Albuquerque imprisoned at, 61:
Portuguese driven from by the Dutch, 203.
CAPE OF GOOD HOPE first doubled by the Portuguese, 23.
CASTELLO-BRANCO, Nuno Vaz de, joins Albuquerque, 98.
CASTRO, Dom Alvaro de, knighted at Mount Sinai, 183:
his gallantry, 185:
sent to relief of Diu, 186:
sacked Surat, 187.
CASTRO, Dom Fernao de, his gallantry, 185:
killed at Diu, 186.
CASTRO, Dom Joao de, Governor of India, 184-188:
defeats King of Bijapur, 186:
relieves Diu and defeats King of Gujarat, 186, 187:
internal reforms, 187:
death and character, 188.
CATHERINE, Queen-Regent of Portugal, allows Albuquerque's bones to be
removed to Portugal, 143:
appoints Constantino de Braganza Viceroy, 195.
CERNICHE, Dinis, arrested for attempting to leave Goa, 94, 95.
CEYLON, first visited by L. de Almeida, 35:
Portuguese power established in, 172, 194, 196:
taken by the Dutch, 203.
CHALE, defence of, 199.
CHANOCA, Gaspar, envoy to Vijayanagar, 126:
secretary to the _Tanadar_, 157.
CHARLES V, Emperor, admires valour of Joao de Castro, 184.
CHAUL, defeat of Portuguese off, 37:
fortress built at, 175:
Portuguese headquarters in north-west India, 180:
defence of, 199.
CHINESE, trading community at Malacca, 96:
favoured by Albuquerque, 106:
result of this policy, 108.
CHITTAGONG, visited by the Portuguese, 178, 179.
CHRISTIANS, a ruling caste on Malabar coast, 17, 25:
Greek, at Socotra, 51:
Nestorian, condemned at Synod of Diamper, 193.
_See_ MISSIONARIES.
CINNAMON obtained from Ceylon, 35, 161.
_Cirne_, the, Albuquerque's flagship in first Ormuz campaign, 52.
COCHIN visited by Cabral, 26:
factory established at, 27, 29:
Raja succoured by F. de Albuquerque, 30:
fortress built at, 31, 47:
defence of by Pacheco, 31:
first headquarters of Portuguese government, 35:
Albuquerque invests new Raja of, 84:
Vasco da Gama dies and is buried at, 175:
at war with Calicut, 194:
taken by the Dutch, 203.
COCHIN CHINA, Albuquerque sends to explore, 109.
COELHO, Duarte, sent to Cochin China, 109.
COELHO, Joao, first Portuguese to visit Bengal, 178.
COELHO, Nicolas, commanded a ship under Vasco da Gama, 23.
COGEATAR (Khojah Atar), Prime Minister of Ormuz, Albuquerque's
relations with, 54-57:
refuses to surrender Portuguese deserters, 57:
sends Almeida's letter to Albuquerque, 58:
Albuquerque's reply, 59, 60:
death, 134.
COGE COFAR (Khojah Zufar) besieges Diu, 186.
COINAGE, Albuquerque's, at Goa, 162:
at Malacca, 163.
COLOMBO, Portuguese build fortress at, 172.
COLONISATION, Albuquerque's policy of, 152-155.
COMMERCE, trade routes of Asiatic, 19-21:
establishment of, the first aim of the Portuguese, 28, 94, 118,
145-148:
a royal monopoly, 148, 189:
Albuquerque's commercial reforms, 160-162:
palmiest days of Portuguese, 189, 190:
ruin of Portuguese, 204.
CONCORDAT, the, 205.
COROMANDEL COAST, Portuguese settlements on, 178.
CORREA, Ayres, Factor, killed at Calicut, 27.
CORREA, Diogo, Captain of Cannanore, 113.
CORREA, Gaspar, his dates of Vasco da Gama's voyage, 24:
quoted on Timoja, 71:
referred to, 76_n_, 89_n_, 102.
CORREA, Pedro, Ferdinand's remarks on Albuquerque to, 143, 144.
CORVINEL, Francisco, first Factor at Goa, 93.
COSTA, Affonso Lopes da, one of Albuquerque's mutinous captains at
Ormuz, 52:
signs protest, 56:
deserts, 57, 58.
COUTINHO, Dom Fernao de, Marshal of Portugal, places Albuquerque in
power, 39, 62:
insists on attacking Calicut, 68:
killed, 69.
COUTINHO, Dom Francisco de. _See_ REDONDO, Count of.
COUTINHO, Ruy Pereira, discovers Madagascar, 50.
COVILHAO, Joao Peres de, travels overland to India and Abyssinia, 22,
23, 127.
CRANGANORE, Almeida advises a fortress at, 40:
taken by the Dutch, 203.
CRATO, Antonio, Prior of, gets no support in India, 201.
CUNHA, Manoel da, knighted on capture of Goa, 88:
killed in battle, 111.
CUNHA, Nuno da, Governor of India, 177-183:
ability and activity, 178:
policy in Bengal, 179:
obtains Bassein, 180:
and Diu, 181:
disgrace and death, 182, 183.
CUNHA, Ruy da, ambassador to Pegu, 109.
CUNHA, Tristao da, selected to be first Viceroy, 34:
assisted in sack of Ponani, 36:
related to Albuquerque, 43:
sent to the East with him, 48:
difference of temperament, 49:
serves with him in Africa, 50:
knighted by him, 51:
goes to India after capture of Socotra, 51, 52:
returns to Portugal, 52.
CURIATE sacked by Albuquerque, 54.
DABHOL, attacked by L. de Almeida, 36:
sacked by F. de Almeida, 38:
blockaded, 125, 129:
taken by Joao de Castro, 187.
DAMAN taken by C. de Braganza, 195:
still belongs to Portugal, 205.
DAVID, Emperor of Abyssinia, receives Portuguese envoys, 128.
DIAMPER (Udayampura), Synod of, 193.
DIAS, Bartholomeu, doubles the Cape of Good Hope, 23.
DIAS, Ruy, executed in Goa harbour, 81.
DINIZ, King of Portugal, ancestor of Albuquerque, 41, 42.
DIU, Almeida's victory off, 38:
offered as site for a fortress, 92, 121:
refused, 133:
factory founded at, 129:
fortress built at, 181:
first siege, 181, 182:
second siege, 186:
finally ceded, 194:
plundered by Arabs, 204:
still belongs to Portugal, 205.
DIVARIM, fortress built at, 125.
DOMINGOS, Frei, Albuquerque's confessor, 141:
present at his death, 142.
DUMBES, offered to Albuquerque as site for a fortress, 133.
DUTCH, the, their position in Asia compared and contrasted with that
of the Portuguese, 28, 145-148:
first go to India, 202:
victories over the Portuguese, 203.
ECA, Dom Joao de, Captain of Goa, 136.
EGYPT derived wealth from passage of Asiatic trade, 20:
sends a fleet to India, 36:
at war with the Turks, 49, 150:
Albuquerque's schemes against, 128:
fails to conquer Aden, 171:
conquered by the Turks, 177.
ELEPHANT, the first, sent from Ceylon, 35.
ELEPHANTS used in battle at Malacca, 101.
EMMANUEL, King of Portugal, said to have selected Vasco da Gama, 23:
joy at discovery of direct sea route, 25:
his original views, 27, 28:
neglects Pacheco, 32, 33:
modifies his policy and commences war on the Muhammadans, 33:
looked coldly on Albuquerque, 46:
desires to close the Red Sea to commerce, 48, 70, 94, 150, 171:
orders war against Calicut, 68, 130:
commercial greed, 84, 160:
orders Socotra to be abandoned and Aden occupied, 94:
directs arguments on the retention of Goa to be laid before a
council, 118, 119:
resolves to keep Goa, 124, 171:
supersedes Albuquerque, 124, 139:
but partially retracts, 141:
would not let Albuquerque's bones be taken to Portugal, 143:
his policy, 149, 150:
death and character, 173, 174.
ENGLISH, the, early alliance with the Portuguese, 18:
empire in India compared and contrasted with the Portuguese, 28,
67, 145-148:
go to India, 202:
defeat the Portuguese, 203, 204:
treaty of 1878 with Portugal, 205.
EVANGELHO, Fernao Martins, Factor at Diu, 129.
FACTORIES founded at Calicut, 26:
Cochin, 27:
Cannanore, 30:
Quilon, 31:
Goa, 93:
Malacca, 97, 110:
Diu, 129.
FANATICISM, causes of Portuguese, against Muhammadans, 18, 19.
FERDINAND, King of Arragon, his praise of Albuquerque, 143, 144.
FERISHTA, referred to, 74, 90.
FERNANDES, Duarte, sent to Siam, 109.
FERNANDES, Frederico, knighted for leading assault on Goa, 88.
FERREIRA, Miguel, his embassy to Ismail Shah, 135.
_Flor de la Mar_, the, at Ormuz, 53:
wrecked, 110.
_Flor da Rosa_, the, Albuquerque's last ship, 138:
he died on board, 142.
FOGACA, Jorge, arrested for opposing execution of Ruy Dias, 81:
not released, 83.
FORTRESSES or forts built at Cochin, 31:
Quiloa, 34:
Cannanore, 38:
Socotra, 51:
Ormuz commenced, 54; completed, 137:
Goa, 76, 88:
Malacca, 106, 110:
Benastarim, Panjim, Divarim, 125:
Calicut, 131:
Colombo, 172:
Chaul, 175:
Bassein, 180:
Diu, 181:
Daman, 195.
FORTRESSES, Almeida's arguments against, in India, 40, 147:
Albuquerque's views on, 102, 103, 122, 132, 147, 152.
FRANCISCAN friars the first Christian missionaries in India, 192.
FULAD KHAN invades the island of Goa, 111:
defeats the Portuguese, 111:
driven out of Benastarim, 112.
GA, Tristao de, envoy to Gujarat, 126:
mint master at Goa, 162.
GAMA, Dom Christovao da, killed in Abyssinia, 184.
GAMA, Dom Estevao da, Governor of India, 183, 184:
campaign in the Red Sea, 183.
GAMA, Dom Francisco da, Viceroy of India, 202.
GAMA, Paulo da, captain of a ship in first voyage to India, 23:
died on way home, 25.
GAMA, Dom Vasco da, his first voyage to India, 23-25:
honours conferred on, 26:
his second voyage, 28-30:
burnt the ships of Timoja, 71:
sent ambassadors to Abyssinia, 128:
his viceroyalty, 174, 175:
death, 175.
GOA, city, Timoja suggests attack upon, 71, 72:
situation, 72:
reasons for attacking, 73, 74:
history, 74, 75:
first capture, 76:
Portuguese retire from, 79:
second capture, 85-89:
effect of its conquest, 91, 92:
besieged, 112:
relieved by Albuquerque, 114-117:
arguments for abandoning, 118, 119:
Albuquerque's despatch on, 120-124:
Albuquerque's love for, 138, 141:
buried at, 142:
bishopric of, 192:
Inquisition established at, 192:
defended by Athaide, 198:
blockaded by the Dutch, 203.
GOA, harbour, its advantages, 72:
Portuguese fleet blockaded in, 79-82.
GOA, island, its situation, 72:
invaded by Yusaf Adil Shah, 79:
by Fulad Khan, 111:
fortified, 125, 126:
administration of, 156-159:
invaded by Ali Adil Shah, 198:
by the Marathas, 204:
still belongs to Portugal, 205.
GOMES, Ruy, ambassador to Shah Ismail, 77.
GOMIDE, Joao Goncalvez de, grandfather of Albuquerque, 43.
GONZALES, Sebastiao, typical Portuguese adventurer, 190.
GRACIOSA, fort at, defended by Albuquerque, 46.
GUJARAT, Kings of. _See_ BAHADUR, MAHMUD, MUHAMMAD III, MUZAFFAR II.
GUJARATIS control Malacca trade, 96:
oppose the Portuguese at, 100.
HENRY THE NAVIGATOR, Prince, schemes and discoveries, 21.
HIDALCAO, Portuguese version of Adil Khan, 75.
HINDUS favoured by the Portuguese against the Muhammadans, 65, 206:
by Albuquerque, 66, 67, 169:
grief at Albuquerque's death, 142, 143.
HONAWAR, Raja of punished by Almeida, 35:
Albuquerque at, 82, 84:
joins league against the Portuguese, 198:
burnt by Athaide, 199.
HORSES, Persian trade in, 54, 67, 74, 90.
HUGLI, Portuguese headquarters in Bengal, 179:
taken by Shah Jahan, 204.
HUMAYUN, Emperor, invasion of Gujarat by, assists Portuguese to
obtain Diu, 180, 181.
HUSAIN, Emir, commands Egyptian fleet, 36:
defeats L. de Almeida off Chaul, 37:
defeated off Diu, 38:
expelled from Gujarat, 92:
builds fleet in the Red Sea, 171.
IBRAHIM ADIL SHAH, King of Bijapur, cedes Bardes and Salsette, 184:
defeated by Joao de Castro, 186, 187:
peace made with, 194.
INFANTE, Joao, doubles the Cape of Good Hope with Dias, 23.
INQUISITION, the, established in Portugal, 174:
at Goa, 192.
ISMAIL ADIL SHAH, King of Bijapur, Albuquerque's letter to, 90, 91.
ISMAIL SHAH OF PERSIA, Albuquerque receives envoys from, 77:
sends Ruy Gomes to, 77, 78:
sends embassy to Ahmadabad, 132, 133:
Ormuz acknowledges supremacy and religion of, 134:
Albuquerque sends Ferreira to, 135:
at war with Egypt and Turkey, 150:
favoured the Portuguese, 165.
JAFFNAPATAM, capital of the Portuguese in Ceylon, 196:
taken by the Dutch, 203.
JAVA, Albuquerque sends envoys to, 109:
conquered by the Dutch, 203.
JAVANESE, ruling community at Malacca, 96:
assist Albuquerque, 106:
attack Malacca, 133:
defeated, 134.
JESUITS, their missions in India, 191, 192:
suppression of, 204.
JOAO AFFONSO, ancestor of Albuquerque, 42.
JOHN I, King of Portugal, 18.
JOHN II, King of Portugal, encourages exploration, 22, 23:
friend of Albuquerque, 44-46:
trained the future conquerors of India, 23, 173.
JOHN III, King of Portugal, would not let Albuquerque's bones be
removed to Portugal, 143:
policy and bigotry, 174:
death, 195.
JUSARTE, Martim Affonso de Mello, sent to aid the King of Bengal,
179.
K[A-macron]LH[A-macron]T. _See_ CALAYATE.
KAMAL KHAN, Minister of Bijapur, arrangement with Albuquerque as to
Goa, 90:
murdered, 126.
KILWA. _See_ QUILOA.
LACERDA, Manoel de, gallantry at capture of Goa, 87:
Captain of the Indian Sea, 95:
abandons blockade of Calicut, 112:
Captain of Goa, 112:
commanded cavalry in action with Rasul Khan, 115.
LEMOS, Duarte de, Captain of the Arabian Sea, demands help for
Socotra, 70:
joins Albuquerque, 83:
demands leave to return to Portugal, 84:
advises abandonment of Goa, 119.
LIMA, Dom Jeronymo de, anecdote of, 86, 87.
LIMA, Dom Joao de, at capture of Goa, 86, 87:
of Malacca, 101.
LOPES, Fernao, a renegade, his punishment, 116.
LOUREIRO, Frei Francisco, noble conduct of, 164.
LUIS, Dom, friend of Joao de Castro, 184.
LUIS, Frei, envoy to Vijayanagar, Albuquerque's instructions to,
66, 67.
MADAGASCAR, discovery of, 50.
MADEIRA, discovery of, 21:
Albuquerque asks for miners from, 128.
MAGALHAES, Fernao de [Magellan], sent to the Spice Islands, 110.
MAHIM, offered to Albuquerque as site for a fortress, 133.
MAHMUD SHAH BEGARA, King of Gujarat, gives up Portuguese prisoners,
39:
sends envoys to Albuquerque, 83, 91:
offers him Diu, 92, 121:
death, 129.
MALABAR COAST, condition of, at the arrival of the Portuguese, 17,
18, 64, 65.
MALACCA, reasons for attacking, 95, 96:
history and trade, 96:
Sequeira at, 96-98:
Albuquerque reaches, 99:
first capture, 101:
Albuquerque's speech on, 102-105:
second capture, 106:
Albuquerque's policy at, 106-110:
settlement of, 110:
reinforcements sent to, 125:
troubles at, 133:
Jorge de Albuquerque Captain of, 134:
new coinage at, 163:
besieged by Achinese, 197, 199:
made seat of independent government, 200:
taken by the Dutch, 203.
MALHAR RAO, Governor of Goa island, 93, 156:
defeated by Fulad Khan, 111:
becomes Raja of Honawar, 111.
MAMELUKE dynasty in Egypt, overthrown by the Turks, 177.
MANGALORE, taken by the Portuguese, 197.
MARATHAS, their wars with the Portuguese, 204.
MARMAGAO, railway made to, 205.
MASCARENHAS, Dom Francisco, first viceroy appointed by Spain, 201.
MASCARENHAS, Dom Joao, defended Diu, 186:
named Governor of India, 193.
MASCARENHAS, Pedro, commanded a division in the battle with Rasul
Khan, 115:
gallantry at Benastarim, 115:
Captain of Goa, 136:
named Governor of India, but not allowed to succeed, 176.
MASCARENRAS, Dom Pedro, Viceroy of India, 194, 195.
MEDINA, place of pilgrimage, 127:
Albuquerque's scheme to seize Muhammad's body from, 128.
MELINDA, pilots obtained at by Da Gama, 24:
by Cabral, 26:
visited a second time by Da Gama, 29:
by Da Cunha and Albuquerque, 50.
MENDONCA, Joao de, Governor of India, 196.
MENEZES, Dom Diogo de, defended Chale, 199:
Governor of India, 200.
MENEZES, Dom Duarte de, Governor of India, 173:
forced to resign, 175.
MENEZES, Dom Henrique de, Governor of India, 176.
MENEZES, Dom Jorge de, defended Chaul, 199.
MIDDLETON, Sir H., defeats Portuguese off Cambay, 203.
MIR ALI KHAN, Bardes and Salsette ceded for the surrender of, 184:
Joao de Castro refuses to surrender, 185:
final arrangement about, 194.
MIRANDA, Antonio de, ambassador to Siam, 109.
MISSIONARIES, Christian, in India, 190-193.
MOLUCCA ISLANDS, Albuquerque's expedition to explore, 109.
MOMBASSA, made tributary by Almeida, 34:
conquered by Nuno da Cunha, 178.
MONOMOTAPA, Barreto's expedition to, 200.
MOORS, Portuguese wars with, in Europe, 18:
in Morocco, 18, 19, 45, 46, 201.
MOPLAS, Arab merchants on Malabar Coast, intrigue against Portuguese
at Calicut, 25:
murder Correa, 27:
at Quilon, 32, 35:
at Ponani, 36:
at Cannanore, 38:
not favoured by Hindu rulers, 65:
of Calicut ruined, 129:
their position in India, 149.
MORADIAS, Albuquerque's power to grant, 64.
MORENO, Lourenco, Factor at Cochin, advises abandonment of Goa, 113.
MOROCCO, Portuguese expeditions to, 18, 19:
Albuquerque's service in, 45, 46:
Sebastian's death in, 201.
MOZAMBIQUE, Da Gama at, 24:
Albuquerque sails direct to, 47:
capital of a Portuguese government, 200.
MUGHAL Emperors not in power when Portuguese reached India, 17, 165.
MUHAMMAD, Albuquerque's plan to carry off the body of, 128.
MUHAMMAD SHAH II, King of the Deccan, conquers Goa, 74.
MUHAMMAD SHAH III, King of Gujarat, besieges Diu, 181, 182, 186:
defeated by Joao de Castro, 186:
makes peace with the Portuguese, 194.
MUHAMMADANS, Portuguese in Asia a check on their advance in Europe,
15, 16:
not concentrated in India, when Portuguese arrived, 17:
controlled the early trade routes, 20:
war with, the keynote of Emmanuel's and Albuquerque's policy, 33,
48, 66, 67, 74, 95, 103, 104, 125, 149-152:
Da Gama's cruelty towards, 29:
Albuquerque's cruelty towards, 54, 58, 79, 88:
Albuquerque willing to be tolerant to, 151, 169:
their divisions in Asia a cause of Portuguese success, 78, 150,
165, 166, 206.
MUSCAT, taken by Albuquerque, 54:
Arabs from, plunder Diu, 204.
MUZAFFAR SHAH II, submission of Malik Ayaz to, 129:
Albuquerque sends envoys to, 132, 133.
NAIRS, a military class on Malabar coast, 25:
repulse Portuguese attack on Calicut, 68, 69:
Portuguese did not persecute, 206.
NARSINGHA. _See_ VIJAYANAGAR.
NEGAPATAM, taken by the Dutch, 203.
NESTORIAN CHRISTIANS, a military class on Malabar Coast, 17, 24, 65,
165:
condemned by Synod of Diamper, 193.
NILE, Albuquerque's scheme for altering the course of the, 128.
NINACHATU, his kindness to Portuguese prisoners, 99:
made chief of the Hindu community at Malacca, 106, 110.
NOGUEIRA, Francisco, Captain of Calicut, 130.
NORONHA, Dom Affonso de, Albuquerque's nephew, Captain of Socotra,
51:
wrecked off coast of Gujarat, 83, 84, 121, 164.
NORONHA, Dom Affonso de, Viceroy, 194.
NORONHA, Dom Antao de, Viceroy, 196:
builds new wall at Goa, 198.
NORONHA, Dom Antonio de, Albuquerque's nephew, his support of
Albuquerque, 52:
gallantry at Calayate, 58:
commands reserve at Calicut, 68:
saves the Portuguese army, 69:
storms Panjim, 76:
Captain of Goa, 76:
death and character, 80, 81.
NORONHA, Dom Antonio de, Viceroy with reduced powers, 199, 200.
NORONHA, Dona Constance de, Albuquerque's sister, 44.
NORONHA, Dom Garcia de, Albuquerque's nephew, joins him with
reinforcements, 113:
commands a division in battle with Rasul Khan, 115:
brings despatch on Goa, 118:
blockades Calicut, 125:
leaves Albuquerque at Ormuz, 137:
Viceroy, 181:
relieves Diu, 181:
death, 183.
NOVA, Joao de, leads opposition to Albuquerque at Ormuz, 53:
signs protest, 56:
arrested, 57:
deserts him, 58:
excites Almeida against him, 61:
buried by him, 63.
ONOR. _See_ HONAWAR.
ORMUZ, its wealth and importance, 53:
Albuquerque commences a fortress at, 54:
his difficulties at, 55-57:
second visit to, 58-60:
Ruy Gomes poisoned at, 77:
Pedro de Albuquerque at, 136:
fortress completed, 137:
tribute exacted from by Nuno da Cunha, 178:
taken by Shah Abbas, 204.
PACEM, King of, in Sumatra, aided by Portuguese, 134.
PACHECO, Duarte, defeats Zamorin's army and fleet, 31, 32:
relieves Quilon, 32:
return to Portugal and death, 32, 33.
PAIVA, Affonso de, sent overland to India, 22.
PAIVA, Gaspar de, at capture of Malacca, 101.
PANJIM, first capture of, 76:
second capture, 80:
Portuguese fortress built at, 125.
PANTOJA, Francisco, Constable of Goa, 93:
passed over for captaincy, 111.
PATALIM, Ruy de Brito, Captain of Malacca, 110:
quarrels with Andrade, 133:
returns to India, 134.
PEDIR in Sumatra, Albuquerque reaches, 99.
PEPPER, Quilon chief port for Malabar, 29:
also sent from Malacca, 104.
PEREIRA, Diogo Fernandes, discovered Socotra, 51.
PEREIRA, Gaspar, his remark on the Nairs of Calicut, 68.
PEREIRA, Dom Gaspar de Leao, first Archbishop of Goa, 192.
PEREIRA, Dom Leonis, defends Malacca against Achinese, 197, 199.
PERSIA. _See_ ISMAIL SHAH.
PERSIA, trade of, concentrated at Ormuz, 53, 54.
PERSIAN GULF, ancient trade route, 20:
Albuquerque proposes to close, 48:
Albuquerque sails for, 53:
explored by Pedro de Albuquerque, 136.
PESTANA, Francisco Pereira, Captain of Goa, dismissed by Vasco da
Gama, 175.
PHILIP II, of Spain, prosperity of Portuguese trade under, 189:
kept promises made at his accession to throne of Portugal, 201:
yet his accession a cause of the ruin of Portugal in Asia, 202.
PILOTS, the first got at Melinda, 24, 26:
service of, established, 34.
PINTO, Fernao Mendes, typical Portuguese adventurer, 190.
POLO, Marco, describes Greek Christians of Socotra, 51.
PONANI, sacked by Portuguese, 36, 194.
PORTUGUESE, importance of their establishment in Asia, 15, 16:
fitness for this task, 18, 19:
comparison and contrast of their empire in India to that of the
Dutch and English, 28, 67, 145-148:
causes of their success, 165-168:
their missionary efforts, 190-192:
causes of their decline, 201-203:
present condition in India, 205:
description of contemporaries, 206, 207.
QUILOA (Kilwa), Vasco da Gama at, 24:
fortress built at, 34.
QUILON, Da Gama asked to trade with, 29:
factory established at, 31, 47:
relieved by Pacheco, 32:
bombarded, 35:
taken by the Dutch, 203.
RASUL KHAN (Rocalcao), left in command at Goa, 85:
takes Benastarim, 112:
defeated by Albuquerque, 115:
surrenders Benastarim, 116:
interview with Albuquerque, 126.
REBELLO, Rodrigo, Captain of Goa, 93:
killed in action, 111.
REDONDO, Dom Francisco Coutinho, Count of, his viceroyalty, 196.
RED SEA, chief trade route, 20:
Emmanuel and Albuquerque desire to close to commerce, 48, 70, 94,
125:
campaign of Albuquerque in, 128:
of Lopo Soares, 171, 172:
of Estevao da Gama, 183.
SA, Antonio de, Factor at Quilon, killed by Moplas, 35.
SA, Francisco de, tried to stop execution of Ruy Dias, 81.
SA, Garcia de, Governor of India, 193, 194.
SABAIO, the, Portuguese name for Yusaf Adil Shah, 75.
SAINT THOME, first Portuguese settlement on the Coromandel Coast,
178:
attacked by the Raja of Vijayanagar, 197.
SALDANHA, Antonio de, explores south-east coast of Africa, 30:
visits Socotra, 51.
SALDANHA BAY, Almeida killed at, 39.
SALSETTE, ceded to the Portuguese, 184:
cession confirmed, 194.
SAM PAIO, Lopo Vaz de, blockades Dabhol, 129:
Governor of India, 176:
sent home in chains, 178.
_Sati_, abolished by Albuquerque at Goa, 160.
SEBASTIAN, King of Portugal, accession of, 195:
divides the viceroyalty, 199:
desires exploration of interior of Africa, 200:
death, 201:
Commentaries of Albuquerque dedicated to, 207.
SELIM I, of Constantinople, at war with Egypt, 49, 150:
with Ismail Shah, 78, 134:
conquers Egypt, 177.
SEQUEIRA, Diogo Lopes de, offered governorship of India, 62:
at Malacca, 97, 98:
Governor of India, 173:
builds fortress at Chaul, 175.
SEQUEIRA, Goncalo de, refuses to assist Albuquerque against Goa, 84:
advises abandonment of Goa, 119.
SERRAO, Francisco, takes Magellan to the Spice Islands, 109.
SERRAO, Joao, joins Albuquerque with reinforcements, 84.
SHAH JAHAN takes Hugli, 204.
SHER SHAH, Portuguese assist the King of Bengal against, 179.
SIAM, Albuquerque's relations with, 109.
SILVA, Ayres da, blockades Benastarim, 114.
SILVA, Duarte da, at capture of Malacca, 101.
SILVEIRA, Antonio da, defends Diu, 181, 182.
SILVEIRA, Joao da, visits Chittagong, 178, 179.
SILVEIRA, Jorge da, killed at Aden, 129.
SINAI, Mount, Estevao da Gama at, 183.
SLAVE TRADE, negro, started by the Portuguese, 21.
SOARES DE ALBERGARIA, Lopo, bombards Calicut, 32:
succeeds Albuquerque, 138, 139:
his governorship, 170-173:
campaign in the Red Sea, 171, 172:
builds fort at Colombo, 173.
SOCOTRA, island, taken by Da Cunha and Albuquerque, 51:
settlement of, 52:
garrison half starved, 58:
help demanded for, 70:
abandoned, 94.
SODRE, Vicente, left in command of a squadron, 29:
wrecked, 30.
SOUSA, Dona Aldonsa de, mistress of King Diniz, ancestress of
Albuquerque, 41.
SOUSA, Garcia de, blockades Dabhol, 125:
killed at Aden, 127.
SOUSA, Martim Affonso de, Governor of India, 184.
SPICE ISLANDS, Albuquerque sends to explore, 109:
taken by the Dutch, 203.
SUEZ, Estevao da Gama fails in attack on, 183.
SULAIMAN, the Magnificent, his opinion of Albuquerque, 144:
prepares attacks on the Portuguese in India, 177, 183.
SULAIMAN PASHA commands Muhammadan fleet sent to India, 177:
besieges Diu, 181, 182:
death, 183.
SULAIMAN, Rais, fails to take Aden, 171.
SUMATRA, visited by Sequeira, 97:
Albuquerque reaches, 99:
enters into relations with, 109:
wrecked off, 110:
Portuguese victory in, 134.
SURAT, offered to Albuquerque as site for a fortress, 133:
sacked by Alvaro de Castro, 187.
SWALLY, English defeat the Portuguese off, 204.
TALIKOT, battle of, 65, 197.
_Tanadars_ appointed in island of Goa, 157.
TANGIER, Albuquerque at capture of, 45.
TAVORA, Francisco de, one of Albuquerque's mutinous captains, 52:
suspended, 55:
signs protest at Ormuz, 56:
disgraced, 58:
accompanies Lopo Soares to India, 139.
TAVORA, Ruy Lourenco de, dies on way to India as Viceroy, 200.
TEIXEIRA, Jayme, stops Mendes' ship from leaving Goa, 95:
ambassador to Ahmadabad, 132.
TELLES, Manoel, one of Albuquerque's mutinous captains, 52:
signs protest at Ormuz, 56:
deserts, 58.
TIMOJA, advises attack on Goa, 71:
a Hindu corsair, 71, 72:
surrender of demanded, 79:
leaves Goa harbour, 82:
advises second attack on Goa, 82, 85:
governor of Goa island, 93, 156-158:
defeat and death of, 111:
asks Albuquerque to strike money, 162.
TIRACOL, sacked by the Portuguese, 194.
_Tohfut-ul-mujahideen_ quoted, on attack on Calicut, 69, 70:
on capture of Goa, 89, 90:
on the Portuguese in India, 206.
TRADE routes of Asiatic commerce, 20.
TURKS still progressive in the 16th century, 16:
made overland trade routes unsafe, 20:
_see_ SELIM, SULAIMAN.
UTEMUTA RAJA, assists Albuquerque, 106:
executed, 107.
VASCONCELLOS, Diogo Mendes de, joins Albuquerque, 82:
accompanies him to Goa, 84:
opposition to Albuquerque, 94:
Captain of Goa, 111:
stupid policy and courage, 112:
accompanies Lopo Soares to India, 139:
discourages mixed marriages, 154.
VAZ. _See_ CASTELLO-BRANCO, SAM PAIO.
VENICE, its wealth as distributor of Asiatic trade, 20:
damage done to by Portuguese successes in India, 104:
press Turks to attack the Portuguese, 177.
VENKATACARYA, Brahman poet, his opinion of the Portuguese, 207.
VICEROY, Almeida takes title of, 34:
Albuquerque not a, 64:
Vasco da Gama appointed second, 174:
Joao de Castro made, 188.
VIEIRA, Braz, appointed a Tanadar, 157.
VIJAYANAGAR or Narsingha, powerful Hindu kingdom, 17, 65:
Frei Luis sent as envoy to, 66, 67:
at one time ruled over Goa, 74:
expected to have Goa returned to, 76:
Chanoca ambassador to, 126:
disgust of Raja at Albuquerque's fortress at Calicut, 131:
destroyed by battle of Talikot, 197.
VYPIN, island, Raja of Cochin besieged in, 30.
XAVIER, Saint Francis, Joao de Castro died in arms of, 188:
his missionary activity, 191.
YUSAF ADIL SHAH, King of Bijapur, his history, 74, 75:
fondness for Goa, 75:
retakes Goa, 79:
chivalry, 81, 82:
leaves Goa on Albuquerque's departure from the harbour, 82, 85:
death, 90.
YUSAF GURGI, Malik, Muhammadan governor of Goa, his cruelty, 75:
his flight from Goa, 76.
ZAMORIN of Calicut, receives Vasco da Gama, 24:
meaning of the word, 24_n_:
intrigues of Moplas with, against the Portuguese, 25:
attacked by Cabral, 27, and Da Gama, 29:
besieges Cochin and is repulsed, 30:
defeated on land and sea by Pacheco, 31, 32:
fleet defeated by L. de Almeida, 35, 36:
palace burnt, 69:
sues for peace, 91:
poisoned, 131.
THE END.
By the same Author
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