AMERICA.
If this work had any pretension to being a complete history or
statistical account of the Rude Monuments of the world, it might be
necessary to describe somewhat in detail, and to illustrate those of
the New World as well as those of the Old. In the form that it has now
taken, however, nothing more is required than to point out as briefly
as possible what the American monuments really are, with sufficient
detail to show whether they have or have not any connexion with those
we have been describing, and to point out what bearing--if any--their
peculiarities may have on the main argument of this work.
In so far as the rude monuments of North America are concerned, there
is fortunately no difficulty in speaking with confidence. In the
first volume of the 'Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge,'[594]
the Americans possess a detailed description of their antiquities of
this class such as no nation in Europe can boast of. The survey was
carefully and scientifically carried out by Messrs. Squier and Davis,
to whom it was entrusted. The text is tersely and clearly written,
mere theories or speculations are avoided, and the plates are clearly
and carefully engraved. If we had such a work on our own antiquities
we should long ago have known all about them; but unfortunately there
are no Smithsons in this country, and among our thousand and one
millionaires, to whom the expense would be a flea-bite, there is not
one who has the knowledge requisite to enable him to appreciate the
value of such a survey, nor consequently the liberality sufficient to
induce him to incur the expense necessary for its execution.
NORTH AMERICA.
With this work before us, we feel justified in making the assertion
that there are no rude-stone monuments on the continent of North
America. There are extensive earth works of nearly all the classes
found in the Old World, and some--especially the animal forms--which
are peculiar to the New.
These earthworks Messrs. Squier and Davis classify as follows (page
7):--
1. Enclosures for defence.
2. Sacred and miscellaneous enclosures.
3. Mounds of sacrifice.
4. Mounds of sepulture.
5. Temple mounds.
6. Animal mounds.
With the first we have nothing to do: they are similar to those erected
everywhere and in all ages of the world. They consist of a ditch, the
earth taken in forming which is thrown up on its inner side, so as to
form an obstacle to the advance of an enemy, and to become a shelter to
the defenders. Some of these in America are of great extent, and show
not only considerable proficiency in the art of defence, but indicate
the presence of an extensive and settled population. The so-called
"sacred enclosures" are not only numerous and extensive, but are unlike
anything met with elsewhere. In Ross county alone our authors state
that there are 100 at least of various sizes, and in the State of Ohio
1000 to 1500, some of them enclosing areas from 100 to 200 acres in
extent.
[Illustration: 227. Enclosure in Newark Works.]
Their typical form will be understood from the annexed woodcut. All
seem to have a forecourt either square or octagonal in form, with 4
or 8 entrances to it, and beyond this is a circle generally quite
complete, and entered only by a passage or opening from the forecourt.
These are enclosed by earthen mounds varying from 5 to 30 feet in
height, with the ditch almost invariably on the inside.
The last peculiarity is in itself, as in the case of the English
circles, quite sufficient to preclude the idea of their being
fortifications or meant for defence, and they certainly are not
sepulchral in any sense in which we understand the term. In the first
place, because we know perfectly what the sepulchres of these people
were, from the thousands and tens of thousands of tumuli which dot the
plains everywhere; but also because, unlike the English circles, which
are as a rule found in the most remote and barren spots, these American
enclosures as generally occupy the flattest and richest spots in the
country. They are most frequently situated near the rivers, and on the
natural lines of communication; so much so indeed that many of the
cities of the present occupants of the country stand on the same spots
and within the enclosures of the earlier races who raised these mounds.
We are thus left to the choice between two hypotheses. Either they
are sacred enclosures, as suggested by our authors, or they are royal
residences--temples or palaces.
All the arguments, derived from its excessive size, that were urged
against Avebury being a temple, apply with redoubled force to these
American enclosures. Temples occupying 50 to 100 acres are certainly
singular anomalies when we try to realise what these admeasurements
imply. Our largest square, Lincoln's Inn Fields, occupies only 12
acres; the Green Park is 53; and all our parks together do not occupy
the same space as the Newark enclosures, which, according to Messrs.
Squier and Davis, cover more than four square miles.[595] Yet all these
are circles and squares with connecting lines, and all with inside
ditches. Temples of these dimensions, without divisions, or enclosures,
or mounds, or permanent works of any kind, are anomalies difficult to
understand, and must belong to some religion of which I, at least, have
no knowledge; and no one, so far as I know, has yet suggested what
that religion was, nor how these vast spaces could be utilized for any
religious purpose.
If we adopt the idea that they were the residences of the chiefs of
the people, the mystery does not seem so great. If the circular wigwam
of the chief was erected in the centre of the circles, and the wigwams
of his subordinates and retainers in concentric circles around him,
it would account for their dimensions, and also for the disappearance
of all traces of habitation. The forecourt would thus be the place of
assembly of the tribe, the exercise ground or gymnasium, and for such
purposes it is admirably adapted, and both the size and the situation
of these enclosures seem easily explicable.
One curious circumstance tends to render this view more tenable. On
plate xxi. of Messrs. Squier and Davis's work four groups of squares
with circles are delineated, situated in different parts of the
country; but all the four squares are almost identical in size, each
side measuring 1080 feet. Why four temples should be exactly alike is a
mystery, but that a tetrarchy of chiefs should be bound down to equal
dimensions for their rival residences seems reasonable from a civil
point of view.
It does not seem difficult to explain the meaning of the inside ditch
when fortification was not intended, as it must have been almost a
necessity with a people who had not arrived at the elevation of using
brick drains or drain-pipes. Without some such arrangement all the
rain that fell within these solid enclosures would have remained on
the surface, or in the squares could only have escaped through the
openings, but a deep and broad ditch all round would drain the whole
surface without inconvenience, and secure the only mode which would
prevent the enclosure, be it a temple or palace, from becoming a swamp.
* * * * *
Messrs. Squier and Davis divide the conical mounds which they excavated
into two classes. The first they call "Mounds of sacrifice," because
on digging into them they found on the level of the soil what appeared
to be altars--raised floors which exhibited evidence of intense heat,
and what they considered a long-continued practice of burning. It is
evident, however, that such results might be produced in a week as well
as in years, and it is very difficult to understand why at any time
that which had been an altar should be buried in a tumulus. If it had
been used for years, why, and on what occasion, was it agreed to bury
it? If it was the funereal pyre of some chief, and used for burning
sacrifices for the time the funeral services lasted, and was then
buried, the case is intelligible enough, but the other hypothesis is
certainly not easy of explanation.
The true "Sepulchral mounds" are, as before mentioned, immensely
numerous, and of all sizes, from a few feet up to such as the Grave
Creek mound, 70 feet high and 1000 feet in circumference, or that at
Miamisburgh, 68 feet high, and 852 feet in circumference at its base.
The dead were buried in them apparently without coffins or cists,
unless of wood, and generally in the contracted doubled-up position
found so frequently in Scandinavia and in Algeria.
The "Temple mounds" are generally square or oblong truncated pyramids,
with inclined planes leading up to them on three and frequently on all
four sides. They are in fact in earth the same form as the Teocallis
of the Mexicans, though the latter seem always to have been in stone.
Whether in the one material or the other, they are of a perfectly
intelligible templar form. If a human sacrifice or any great ceremonial
is to take place before all the people, the first requisite is an
elevated platform where the ministrants can stand above the heads of
the crowd, and be seen by all; and the absence of this in the Ohio
and in our English circles is one of the most fatal objections to the
temple theory. In one or two instances a single earthen Teocalli is
found within the circles, but this no further militates against the
supposition that they were residences than the presence of a chapel or
place of worship in any of our palaces would prove them to be temples
also. It must, however, be borne in mind that it is always difficult to
draw a hard and fast line between the House of God and the Palace of
the King. In Egypt it is never possible, and in the middle ages royal
monasteries and royal residences were frequently interchangeable terms.
We should not therefore feel surprised if, in America, we found the
one fading into the other. But, on the whole, the enormous number of
these circular enclosures--1000 and 1500 in one State--their immense
size, 100 and 200 acres being not unfrequent, and the general absence
of all signs of preparations for worship, seem sufficient to prove that
they must be classed among civil and not among sacred erections. This
seems to be the case even though sometimes three or four temple mounds
are found together surrounded by a rampart just sufficient to enclose
them with the necessary space for circulation all round; in which case,
however, it is evident that they have passed the line separating the
two divisions, and may, probably must, be classified as really sacred
enclosures. These are generally found in the South, in Texas, and in
the States most nearly bordering on Mexico, which looks as if they
belonged to another race more nearly allied to the Toltecs or Aztecs
than to the northern tribes.
The only remaining class of mounds are those representing "Animals,"
to which plates xxxv. to xliv. of Messrs. Squier and Davis's book are
devoted. One of these, our authors have no doubt, represents a serpent
700 feet long as he lies with his tail curled up into a spiral form,
and his mouth gaping to swallow an egg (?) 160 feet long by 60 feet
across. This at first sight looks so like one of Stukeley's monstrous
inventions that the first impulse is to reject it as an illusion on the
part of the surveyors. When, however, we bear in mind that the American
mound-builders did represent not only men, but animals, quadrupeds,
and lizards, in the same manner, and on the same relative scale, all
improbability vanishes. At the same time the simple fact that the form
is so easily recognisable here is in itself sufficient to prove that
our straight-lined stone rows were not erected with any such intention,
and could only be converted into Dracontia by the most perverted
imagination.
Though therefore we may assume that this mound really represents a
serpent, it by no means follows that it was an idol or was worshipped.
It seems to represent an action--the swallowing of something, but
whether a globe or a grave is by no means clear, and must be left for
further investigation. It is, however, only by taking it in connection
with the other animal mounds in America that we can hope to arrive at a
solution. They were not apparently objects of worship, and seem to have
no connexion with anything found in the Old World.
The other mounds representing quadrupeds are quite unmistakable: they
are a freak of this people whoever they were. But it seems difficult to
explain why they should take this Brobdignagian way of representing the
animals they possessed, or were surrounded by. If we knew more of the
people, or of their affinities, perhaps the solution would be easy; at
present it hardly interests us, as we have no analogue in Europe.[596]
It only now remains to try and ascertain if any connexion exists
or existed between these American monuments and those of the Old
World; and what light, if any, their examination may be expected to
throw on the problems discussed in the preceding chapters. If it is
wished to establish anything like a direct connexion between the two
continents, we must go back to the far distant prehistoric times when
the conformations of land and water were different from what they
now are. No one, I presume, will be found to contend that, since the
continents took their present shape, any migration across the Atlantic
took place in such numbers as to populate the land, or to influence the
manners or customs of the people previously existing there. It may be
that the Scandinavians did penetrate in the tenth or eleventh centuries
to Vinland, by the way of Greenland, and so anticipated the discovery
of Columbus by some centuries;[597] but this is only a part of that
world-pervading energy of the Aryan races, and has nothing whatever
to do with the people of the tumuli. If any connexion really existed
between the Old and the New World, in anything like historic times,
everything would lead us to believe that it took place _viâ_ Behring
Strait or the Aleutian Islands. It seems reasonable to suppose that the
people who covered the Siberian Steppes with tumuli may have migrated
across the calm waters of the Upper Pacific, and gradually extended
themselves down to Wisconsin and Ohio, and there left these memorials
we now find. It may also be admitted that the same Asiatic people may
have spread westward from the original hive, and been the progenitors
of those who covered our plains with barrows, but beyond this no
connexion seems to be traceable which would account for anything we
find. Nowhere, however, in America do these people ever seem to have
risen to the elevation of using even rude stones to adorn their tombs
or temples. Nor do they appear to have been acquainted with the use of
iron or of bronze; all the tools found in their tombs being of pure
unalloyed native copper--both of which circumstances seem to separate
these American mound-builders entirely from our rude-stone people in
anything like historic times.
Unfortunately, also, the study of the manners and customs of the
Redmen, who occupied North America when we first came in contact with
them, is not at all likely to throw any light on the subject. They
have never risen beyond the condition of hunters, and have no settled
places of abode, and possess no works of art. The mound-builders, on
the contrary, were a settled people, certainly pastoral, probably to
some extent even agricultural; they had fixed well chosen unfortified
abodes, altogether exhibiting a higher state of civilization than we
have any reason to suppose the present race of Redmen ever reached or
are capable of reaching.
Although, therefore, it seems in vain to look on the Red Indians who
in modern times occupied the territories of Ohio and Wisconsin as the
descendants of the mound-builders, there are tribes on the west coast
of America that probably are, or rather were, very closely allied to
them. The Hydahs and the natives inhabiting Vancouver's Island and
Queen Charlotte's Sound seem both from their physical condition, and
more so from their works of art, to be just such a people as one would
expect the mound-builders to have been. If this is so, it again points
to Northern Asia, and not to Europe, as the country where we must
look for the origin of this mysterious people; and it is there, I am
convinced, if anywhere, that the solution of our difficulties with
regard to this phase of North American civilization is to be found.
CENTRAL AMERICA.
When we advance a little farther south, we meet in Mexico and Yucatan
with phenomena which are the exact converse of those in Ohio and
Wisconsin. There everything is in stone; earth either never being
used, or, if employed at all, it was only as a core to what was faced
or intended to be faced with the more durable material. There is one
fact, however, which takes the Mexican monuments entirely out of the
category of the works contemplated in this book. All the stones in
Central America are carved. So far as is known, no rude stones were
ever set up there, even the obelisks which stand alone, and look most
like our menhirs in outline, are, like the Babas of the Steppes, all
carved, most of them elaborately; and though it may be true that they
may, at some remote period, have been derived from some such rude
originals as are found in Europe, still till we find some traces of
these in Central America they cannot be said to belong to the class
of monuments of which we are now treating; nor can they be used as
affording any analogies or illustrations which it would be worth while
citing in this place.
PERU.
The same remarks apply to what we find in Peru with equal force, but
not with equal distinctness. No one will, I presume, contend that there
was any direct communication between Europe and the west coast of South
America before the time of Columbus. Yet there are similarities between
the masonry of the Peruvian monuments and those of the Pelasgi in
Greece and Tyrrheni in Italy which are most striking, and can only be
accounted for, at present, on the assumption that nations in the same
stage of civilization, and using similar materials, arrive nearly at
the same results. Perhaps we ought to add to this, provided they have
some taint of the same blood in their veins; and that, in this case,
does not seem absolutely improbable.
Be this as it may, there are, so far as I know, no rude-stone monuments
in Southern America. The ruins, for instance, of Tia Huanaco, which
have often been quoted for their similarity to "Druidical remains,"
are as far removed as possible from that category. It is true that
there are rows of squared stones that now stand apart, and in imperfect
drawings look like our menhirs enclosing a square or circular space.
In reality, however, as we learn from photographs, they are carefully
squared stones, which formed pilasters in walls constructed with
Adobes, or imperfectly burned bricks, or smaller stones which have been
removed.[598] The doorways which led into this enclosure are hewn out
of a single block of stone, and are more carefully cut and polished
than anything else to be found anywhere out of Egypt, and there only in
the best days of her great Pharaohs.
The same remarks may apply to the circles and squares illustrated by
Mr. Squier.[599] I may be mistaken, but my impression is that like
Houel's Druidical circles in Gozo, above alluded to, they are only the
foundation courses of square and circular buildings, the upper parts of
which have perished. At all events, till they are excavated, or some
traditional or real use is found for them, I should be very unwilling
to base any argument on their accidental similarity with our stone
circles.
* * * * *
There can be no doubt that these earthen mounds and primitive carved
stones of the American continent form in themselves a most interesting
group of monuments, well deserving more attention than has yet been
bestowed upon them, and that, when properly investigated, they will
throw more light on the origin and migrations of the various aboriginal
races of that country than can be expected from any other source.
They are not, however, of the class we are treating of, nor do they
seem to have any direct connexion with those of the Old World. As,
besides this, their examination does not promise to solve any of our
difficulties, they do not necessarily occupy an extended space in
a work devoted to the elucidation of the Use and Age of Rude-Stone
Monuments.
[Footnote 594: 'Ancient Monuments in the Mississippi Valley;'
Philadelphia, 1847.]
[Footnote 595: 'Ancient Monuments,' &c., p. 49. Hyde Park,
including Kensington Gardens, occupies about one square mile.]
[Footnote 596: I cannot help fancying that the great animals in
stone that line the avenues leading to the tombs of the emperors in
China may have some affinity with the American animal sculptures,
which occur principally in Wisconsin and the farther West. I am
unable, however, to obtain any information with regard to the
Chinese or Siberian examples sufficiently reliable to found any
argument upon.]
[Footnote 597: 'Annal. for Nordk. Oldkyndighed,' ii. p. 3 _et seqq_.
See also C. C. Rafn, 'Antiquitates Americanæ,' &c., Hafniæ, 1837.]
[Footnote 598: 'History of Architecture,' by the Author, vol. ii.
pp. 774 _et seq._]
[Footnote 599: 'The American Naturalist,' iv., March, 1870,
figures 1, 8, and 9.]
APPENDIX A.
(_Referred to, page 225._)
DUNMINNING, GLARRYFORD, CO. ANTRIM,
_August 18, 1871_.
MY DEAR SIR,--I was unable to get to Glen Columbkille till
this week, and I am afraid that I shall be too late to be of use
to you. As, however, I did not forget to examine the monuments, I
send the notes I made on them. All were written down at the stones
themselves. Glen Columbkille is about 4 miles long and 3 broad. Its
eastern boundary is a steep rocky mountain, from which the floor of
the glen slopes down to the sea, and ends westward in Glen Bay. Glen
Bay is of considerable width from its southern point, Rossan, to its
northern, Glen Head, but it has only a short beach. There is also
a dangerous bar, so that it is an almost impossible landing-place
except for curraghs, and in smooth weather for boats. The north side
of Glen Columbkille is rocky and steep, and is chiefly formed by the
mountain Ballard. The south side, though in parts precipitous, and
nowhere a very gradual slope, is not so steep as its opposite. The
coast south and north of Glen Bay for miles is a range of cliffs, of
from 1900 to 100 feet, with here and there a small beach, but no safe
landing-places. South of Glen Columbkille is a smaller and shallower
valley, Glen Malin. The sides of Glen Malin are all gradual; its
coast is precipitous; on the south it is bounded by a mountain of
large base, Leathan. Both Glen Columbkille and Glen Malin are in the
parish of Glen Columbkille and barony of Banagh. Most of the great
stone structures are in Glen Malin.
The monuments are of three kinds: (1) cromlechs;[600] (2) stone
chambers; (3) solitary stones. They are in groups of various size and
compactness. There are five distinct groups, a considerable distance
apart, and with no apparent connexion of arrangement. Three groups
are on the north and two on the south side of the glen. The stones in
each have been more or less disturbed, and have been made to serve
in lime-kilns and byres and as malt stores. While examining one set,
I felt my foot sink, and, lifting the edge of a piece of heather,
found an excavation filled with barley, soaking. On getting into
another cavity, I found two black lambs inside, and in another some
pigs, in another calves. The most remarkable general feature of the
architecture that I noticed was that the stones in each group were
much of a size, but that in some groups they were a good deal larger
than in others. I shall speak of the groups as they are marked by
letters in a plan I made for my own use on the spot.
[Illustration: 228. Plan of the Uprights of Cromlech D I.]
D. This group, which is that nearest the sea on the south side of the
river, consists of six cromlechs, arranged in line, with considerable
intervals. A few yards west of this group are several mounds of
stones with some large blocks amongst them, but no blocks more than 4
feet long. These extend for some 50 yards in line from west to east.
A few yards above them is a large pile of stones, in the midst of
which is a stone 6 feet high and 3 feet wide. These heaps have been
augmented by stones collected from the fields, but I think there are
indications that they were originally of the nature of the cromlechs.
There are six cromlechs, and from the first the other five are in
sight. The line in which they are placed along the glen side is not
quite straight. The westernmost cromlech is some yards south of the
others, and the west to east line is not exact with regard to the
others, but is nowhere so much departed from as with the first pile.
The first is about half a mile from the sea. I shall describe them
from west to east.
I. This was a cromlech of five huge stones and a top. The top stone
has fallen to westward, and the uprights are all somewhat displaced.
Three of the upright stones are still erect; two are fallen, but not
quite to the ground. At the west end are some smaller blocks and
another slab. These are hidden by small stones and earth; I think
there were two support stones and a slab. After examining all the
monuments of the two glens, I came to the conclusion that this (D I.)
was a cromlech with a stone chamber beside it. There is a space 2
feet 6 inches wide between the two tallest uprights. The annexed plan
shows the arrangement of the uprights. The top slab has fallen over
_e_; _d_ and _e_ are fallen; _a_, _b_, and _c_ are upright, but slant
more or less. The dimensions are:--
Ft. In.
(_a_) Height 12 9 (_a_) slants somewhat to
Breadth 9 4 westward; the height from its tip
Thickness(about) 3 0 to the ground is 10 feet 2 inches.
Widest girth 23 0
(_b_) Height 7 5 (_b_) from tip perpendicular
Breadth 4 3 the height is 6 feet 6 inches.
Thickness 2 0
(_c_) Height 7 0
Breadth 2 10
Thickness 1 0
(_d_) Length 10 0
Breadth 5 0
Thickness 2 0
(_e_) Length 7 0 (_e_) is hard to measure, as it
lies under earth, stones, and the
top slab.
All these are of a gritty stone, veined with quartz, a rock plentiful
in Sliabh Liag, Sliabh Leathan, and the cliffs of the coast. Their
shape is rugged.
The top slab is of pure quartz. It is about a foot thick, and is
smooth on both sides. This sort of stone splits with a smooth
surface, as may be seen on Sliabh Liag and in some of the cliffs.
The slab is a tolerably regular oblong, 9 feet 8 inches by 6 feet 6
inches. The smaller slab alluded to above, and which was, I think,
the top of the chamber, is about 6 feet by 3 feet.
D II. lies about 40 feet east of D I. It, too, is a cromlech, but the
stones of which it is built are of smaller size than those of D I.
There are no traces of a chamber, but otherwise it is constructed as
D I. The highest standing stone is 4 feet high. There seem to have
been five uprights. The top slab has fallen to the west side. It
measures 6 feet 3 inches by 5 feet.
[Illustration:
229. Plan showing the actual position of the Stones of D III. ]
D III. is situate 55 feet east of D II. It is a cromlech of five
uprights and one slab. One upright only is erect now. Its height is 5
feet, its width 3 feet. The slab which was atop is 8 feet by 7 feet,
and averages 2 feet in thickness.
D IV. is 31 feet east of D III. It is a small-sized cromlech. The
uprights are all fallen. The slab measures 6 feet 8 inches by 6 feet.
A series of low mounds with large stones sticking out here and there
forms a sort of connexion with the next cromlech, which stands 48
feet farther east.
D V. Its slab has fallen to eastward, and the uprights in several
directions. The tallest upright is 6 feet high. The slab is of
quartz, and measures 10 feet by 7 feet, and is about 13 inches thick.
Around this cromlech are numbers of loose stones. They are from 1
foot to 2 feet long, and are of mica-schist and quartz. They are not
such as would be picked off the meadow, and seem to have been in some
way connected with the cromlech.
[Illustration: 230. Plan (excl. Top Slab).]
D VI. stands 96 feet farther east. It is a very large cromlech. It is
a good deal fallen; all the stones of which it is built have more or
less the character of slabs. It is used as one side of a respectable
byre. One great smooth piece of quartz seems to have been the roof.
It measures 18 feet 7 inches by 11 feet. The biggest of the stones
seems to have formed the east wall of the chamber. Its dimensions are
12 feet by 14 feet, and it is 4 feet thick. I took the dimensions of
three others:--1. Length 5 feet 6 inches, width 4 feet; 2. Length 11
feet, width 8 feet; 3. Length 9 feet, width 3 feet, thickness 3 feet.
From the flat nature of the component stones, the chamber inside
would have had few gaps in its walls. Near this cromlech is a low
stony mound.
From a few yards east of D VI. a ridge runs slantwise up the side
of Leathan. Many stones stick up out of it, but I could make out no
arrangement. The highest projecting stone is not 4 feet high. This
ridge is about a quarter of a mile long. It might be natural, but it
has very much the look of a human work. Some 150 yards up the ridge
I noticed a slab projecting from the heather. It might possibly be
the top of a chamber, of which the walls are beneath the earth. This
seeming road does not lead to another group of stones, but disappears
a short way up the mountain side. Near the mountain top there is a
small bare cliff, the only bare bit of rock on the otherwise smooth
slopes of Leathan. The rock exposed is quartz, and the position of
the little cliff leads one at a glance to imagine that it may have
been the quarry whence the slabs were brought. In this case the ridge
may have been the road down the mountain. When one goes up to the
crag, it looks less like a quarry than from below, but at the same
time I could perceive no geological reason for the exposure of so
small a surface of rock.
Some distance up Glen Malin, and on the same side of the river as D,
but not in sight from it, is another group, E, of stone monuments.
The large stones of this group are surrounded by numbers of rough,
weather-worn stone blocks, averaging 2 feet in length. The monuments
seem to be all cromlechs or chambers, and, as far as I could tell,
are about a dozen in number. One cromlech stands a good deal higher
than the rest. West of it are two stony mounds; these seem to have
been chambers. They are built of long flat slabs, with similar slabs
at the ends and top.
[Illustration: 231. Plan of the Arrangement of the Cromlechs of Group
E.
_a._ Eastmost one.
_b._ Highest.
_c_, _d_. Mounds.]
The ground beyond the cromlechs is moorland, and without loose
stones. The stony area is oval, and measures east to west 130 feet,
north to south 50 to 60 feet.
All the cromlechs are about the same size. In the construction
of all, the aim seems to have been a well shut-in chamber. The
easternmost one is a chamber 9 feet 10 inches long. At each end it
has a flat stone 3 feet high. The side stones are 7½ feet long
and 3 feet high The width of the chamber is 4 feet 6 inches. At each
side, and at each end, are heaps of loose small stones. The top slab
is about 1 foot thick, and is almost a square of 9 feet.
On the north side of Glen Malin, there are three groups:--
A. This, which is the group furthest from the sea, is of five or six
cromlechs, but only one is in good preservation. It consists of a
slab resting on four flat blocks, and encloses a chamber. The side
stones are each 5 feet 8 inches long. This group stands on a small
flat piece of ground below a crag and above a stream. Leading from the
chamber there seems to have been a passage, the sides of which were
formed of slabs of stone, of which a few remain.
Some distance lower down the glen, on the north side, is a solitary
pointed stone. It is 6 feet 1 inch high, and its girth is 5 feet 5
inches. Higher on the slope by 110 feet, and 18 feet farther west,
group B begins.
B. The first of this group is a chamber cromlech. It is much buried
in the heather. Some loose stones lie around the cromlech. What seems
to have been the top slab is 10 feet across and nearly square, and 2
feet thick. One of the side slabs of the chamber is 10 feet 8 inches
by 4 feet. The tallest stone is at the east end, and is in height 6
feet 8 inches. Lower down the slope, below this cromlech, are several
low mounds, from which there are no projecting stones; 200 yards west
in a straight line is a huge cromlech. It seems to have consisted of
a gigantic slab, supported on three upright stones, not forming a
closed chamber. The top slab is still on its supports; it is 3 feet
thick, and measures 13 feet by 10 feet 9 inches. The tallest of the
uprights is 9 feet high, and is rather pointed at top. The third
upright seems to have been broken into several pieces. Some 10 yards
from this is another cromlech of equal dimensions, and a little south
of these several large loose stones are lying on the ground. Forty
yards west is a chamber cromlech of small dimensions, and near it are
many mounds with stones projecting, possibly artificial.
C. This group is some distance farther down on the same side of the
glen; it consists of two cromlechs, separated by a short ridge, so
that I think they are really parts of one structure. The eastern part
is fallen; it consists of three uprights and a top slab. The western
part consists of two stones leaning gablewise against one another.
Between the two there is a short ridge, from which several stones
stick out. Each of the western pair of stones is about 7 feet high
by 6 feet broad. The dimensions of the eastern part of the monument
are:--Top slab, 11 feet by 7 feet; thickness, 1½ foot. Uprights:
(_a_) 8 feet (and I think 2 feet below ground) by 7 feet 7 inches
broad; 2 feet 3 inches thick. (_b_) 9 feet 6 inches by 2 feet 8
inches; thickness 2 feet 5 inches, (_c_) 9 feet 6 inches by 3 feet 5
inches; thickness, 1 foot 9 inches.
The other groups do not command remarkable prospects, but from this
last group there is a fine view of the sea, with the island of
Rathlin O'Beirne close below, and beyond the mountainous coast line
of Mayo as far as Belmullet.
So far the stone monuments of Glen Malin.
In Glen Columbkille is but one group. It stands in the townland of
Farn MacBride, on the north side of the glen, and at the foot of the
mountain Ballard. Its monuments are all of the chamber kind. The
chambers are made of huge slabs, one at each side, one atop, one at
each end. I measured one, and found the sides each 12 feet long and
4 feet broad. Most of the monuments project but little above the
ground. One is used to keep calves in, one for pigs, and one for
lambs. A native of the townland told me that his brother had dug up a
skull and a piece of earthenware near one of the cromlechs. The skull
was buried in the churchyard, and its grave is forgotten. The same
man also told me that, digging to clear a cromlech for a malt-store,
they found that the side slabs rested on a basement slab. The ground
is very rugged about these monuments, and some are quite beneath
ground, but I think there are altogether six.
I hope that, if these notes are too late to be of use for your book,
they may yet be of some interest to you, and
I remain, my dear Sir, yours sincerely,
NORMAN MOORE.
_James Fergusson, Esq._
On receiving the above communication, I forwarded to Mr. Moore an
impression of the woodcut No. 80, representing Calliagh Birra's Tomb or
House, and received the following reply:--
DUNMINNING, GLARRYFORD, CO. ANTRIM,
_August 28, 1871_.
MY DEAR SIR,--The cromlechs of Farn MacBride, as they stand
apparently undisturbed, exactly resemble in plan that depicted in
the woodcut. With one or two exceptions the cromlechs of Glen Malin,
as far as one can tell in their fallen condition, are built on the
same plan. The shape of the stones at the sides and of the top slabs
of the cromlech in the engraving is exactly the shape of the stones
of the cromlechs in both Glen Malin and Farn MacBride. In one or
two of the cromlechs I noticed stones which might correspond to the
buttress-like outside stones of the ground-plan in the cut.
The number of slabs in the side walls of the Glen cromlechs is
smaller than the number in the woodcut.
The very large cromlech, easternmost of the group the first described
in my letter, is in every particular, except the number of its
component blocks, the counterpart of your engraving.
_In fine_, the plan of all the cromlechs of Glen Columbkille, except
one or two, the variety of which may be owing to disarrangement, is
that of the Meath cromlech.
NORMAN MOORE.
[Footnote 600: Throughout this paper Mr. Moore uses the term
"Cromlech," as is usually done by English antiquaries, in the sense
in which "Dolmen" is employed in the body of the work.]
APPENDIX B.
THE DIGGINGS IN ODEN'S HOWE, &c. Gamla, Upsala, 1846-7.
These diggings were conducted by Riks Antiquary B. E. Hildebrand and
Lieut.-Colonel Ståt, chiefly in the days of August-September, 1846,
and June 7-22, 1847. The only printed notices thereon appeared at the
time, chiefly from the pen of B. E. Hildebrand, in the Upsala paper
'Correspondenten,' Nos. 75, 77, 79--September 12, 19, 26, 1846, and
Nos. 50, 53--June 23 and July 3, 1847.
1. 'Correspondenten,' September 12, 1846.--Diggings going on, but
prove more laborious than had been expected.
2. 'Correspondenten,' September 19, 1846.--A boarded gallery 7
Swedish feet 5 inches high and 5 feet broad has been constructed from
the east side of the howe (Oden's Howe, the largest of the three
so-called King-howes), towards the centre. After penetrating 68 feet
(20 met.), a mighty wall of granite blocks was struck, probably a
grave-chamber. The gently rising gallery abuts on the lowest stones
of the chamber. During the diggings have been found unburnt animal
bones, bits of dark wood, charcoal, burnt bones, &c. Thus this was
evidently a sepulchral mound. The name _King-howes_ is evidently
correct. Diggings have also been made in the smaller cairns near by,
and although they have been opened before, burial-urns have been
found, burnt human bones, bones of animals and birds, bits of iron
and bronze, &c.
3. 'Correspondenten,' September 26, 1846.--The great wall has proved
to be the edge of a mighty chamber. Between 200 and 300 large granite
blocks have been taken out. Some of them have traces of tooling. The
gallery has been carried 16 Swedish feet through the stone mass,
which lies on hard packed clay, over a layer of fine sand, resting
on large stones above the natural soil. At the middle of the howe
the grave-chamber is 9 feet above the level of the soil, 18 feet
under the top of the howe. On the bed of clay under the great stones
have been found an iron clinker 3 inches long, remains of pine poles
partly burnt, a lock of hair chestnut coloured, &c. The numerous
clusters of charcoal show that the dead had been burned on the layer
of clay, and the bones have been collected in an urn not yet found.
In one of the nearest small howes have been found a quantity of
burnt animal and human bones, two little-injured bronze brooches, a
fragment of a golden ornament, &c.
4. 'Correspondenten,' June 23, 1847.--The burial-urn has been found
in the grave-chamber. Also have turned up bones of men, horses, dogs,
a golden ornament delicately worked, a bone comb, bone buttons, &c.
5. 'Correspondenten,' July 3, 1847.--The gallery has been driven 4
feet farther, thereafter has been made a side gallery, 8½ feet
wide and 8 feet long, up to the burial-urn. This was found 3 inches
under the soil, and was covered with a thin slab. It was 7 inches
high, 9 inches in diameter, filled with burnt bones, human and animal
(horse, dog, &c.), ashes, charcoal (of needle and leaf trees), nails,
copper ornaments, bone articles, a bird of bone, &c. In the mass of
charcoal about were found bones, broken ornaments, bits of two golden
bracteates, &c. Coins of King Oscar were then placed in the urn, and
everything restored as before.
Frey's Howe was opened, and showed the same results.
* * * * *
The gallery remained for some years, and was visited by thousands of
persons, but afterwards fell in, and the howe is now inaccessible.
CARL SÄVE.
UPSALA, _March 1, 1871_.
APPENDIX C.
Since the sheets containing the account of the Scottish monuments were
printed off, I have received from Sir Henry Dryden slips of two letters
which he addressed to the editor of the _John o' Groat's Journal_,
giving an account of some explorations he had made in Caithness during
this autumn. One of these contains an account of certain chapels,
brochs, and circles he had examined. The first two classes do not
concern us here, and are therefore omitted; but the circles are of
interest as probably belonging to the same category as those in the
Orkneys, and the description of them is consequently printed with the
other letter, which gives an account of four alignments which are so
germane to our subject that Sir Henry's description is printed _in
extenso_. The name of the first, "The Battle Moss, Yarhouse," is of
itself singularly suggestive, and I have little doubt that, if properly
inquired into, the peasantry could tell what battle was fought there,
and what, consequently, these lines were erected to commemorate.
Taken in conjunction with the horned cairns described by Mr.
Anderson,[601] and the circles, it does not seem to me doubtful that
the whole of this Caithness group belongs to the tenth century. The
circles, and especially the horned cairns, are the exact counterparts
of the fanciful forms of the Viking graves found at Hjortehammer
(woodcut No. 118) and elsewhere in Scandinavia, which resemble them in
more respects than one, and the alignments are such as those at Ashdown
(woodcut No. 28). Nor need we go far for the events they commemorate.
Between the years 970 and 996, A.D., two great battles, at
least, are recorded to have taken place in Caithness, between the sons
of Thorfin, and between Liotr, the victor of the first fight, and the
Scots, who in vain attempted to avenge the death of Skiuli; and besides
these there may have been many subordinate frays. It is probable that
both brothers were buried in Caithness, and we are distinctly told
that Laudver, the last surviving son of Thorfin, was certainly buried
there.[602]
[Illustration: 232. Horned Cairn, Caithness.]
The fact of these alignments and horned cairns and semicircles being
unlike what is found elsewhere in Scotland, separates this group from
anything existing further south. Their similarity to the Viking graves
of Scandinavia, avowedly of the tenth century, points to an age from
which they cannot be distant; and when it is recollected that Caithness
in the tenth century formed part of the Orcadian Jarldom, it does not
seem that we have far to seek for an authentic explanation of all we
find in that remote corner of the isle.
J. F.
[Footnote 601: 'Proceedings Soc. Ant. Scot.,' vii. 480 _et seqq._]
[Footnote 602: 'Barry's History of Orkney,' pp. 125-129.]
LETTER FROM SIR H. DRYDEN, BART.,
TO THE
_Editor of the 'John o' Groat's Journal.'_
LINES, BATTLE MOSS, YARHOUSE. LINES AND CIST,
GARRYWHIN. LINES, "MANY STONES," CLYTH. LINES,
CAMSTER. CIRCLE(?) ACHANLOCH. CIRCLE, GUIDEBEST,
LATHERONWHEEL.
GROUPS OF LINES.
I am not aware of any similar groups in Great Britain, though no
doubt there are some, and have no books at hand to refer to any in
Denmark, Norway, or Sweden. The groups of lines in France (of far
larger stones and greater length than those in Caithness) have the
largest stones and widest intervals and the highest ground (the
heads) to the west or thereabouts, and the smallest stones and
narrowest intervals and lowest ground (the tails) to the east or
thereabouts. The Caithness groups differ entirely in principle. The
one at Yarhouse Loch runs north and south, does not radiate, and
is on nearly level ground; but the three others have the narrower
intervals and higher ground to the north (which end we may call the
head), and radiate towards the south and lower ground. The group
at Battlemoss, near Yarhouse, is on ground falling slightly to
north-west. It consists of eight lines placed north and south. The
width at the south end is forty-four feet. The lines are somewhat
irregular, and appear to radiate slightly towards the north, but this
is uncertain. One line extends 384 feet, and another one 170 feet,
but the remaining six now only extend 133 feet. The ground is covered
with peat and heather, and other stones may be hidden below the
surface. There is no cairn or other grave now visible in proximity to
the lines. The largest stones are about 2 feet 6 inches high, 2 feet
6 inches wide, and 1 foot 3 inches thick.
The group at Garrywhin consists of six lines. The whole width at the
head (north-east end) is 50 feet, and at the bottom 107 feet. The
central line bears N.N.E. or S.S.W. The length of this line is 200
feet. The fall is 20 feet to the S.S.W. At the head is a cist of
slabs 3 feet 6 inches by 2 feet 6 inches, and 2 feet 4 inches deep,
placed east and west. As this grave is on the highest point of the
knoll, and as the lines commence at it, it is fair to presume that
they are connected. In the cist were found ashes, pieces of pottery,
and flint chips, but no bones. As the cist is between the third and
fourth lines, it is fair to presume that there never were more than
six lines.
The group called "Many Stones" has the head on the top of a knoll,
from which the ground falls on all sides. The lines are on the south
slope, and are 22 in number. The width at the head or north end is
118 feet, and at the bottom is 188 feet. The length in the centre is
145 feet, but there is no proof that this was the original length,
and the presumption is the reverse. The average bearing is north
and south, and the fall 10 feet 3 inches. The largest stones now
remaining are about 3 feet high, 3 feet wide, and 1 foot 6 inches
thick. There are numerous blocks of stone lying about the head,
where, however, the rock is exposed, but the example of Garrywhin
makes it probable that a cairn once existed on this knoll. There are
no traces of any _sunk_ grave, but the cairn may have contained a
chamber above ground, like many in the vicinity.
The group at Camster is on the moor, on ground falling slightly
to the south-west. A considerable depth of peat overlies the rock
here, and many stones are below the surface. There are now six lines
ascertained. The length is 105 feet, width at the head or north end
30 feet, and at the tail or lower end 53 feet. The average bearing is
north and south. The stones are smaller than at the last mentioned
group. There is no cairn or other grave apparent close to these
lines, but in a direction due north, at 346 feet, is a chambered
cairn. No stones are now traceable between; but as there are gaps in
the lines themselves, this blank interval may once have had lines on
it to connect the cairn with the existing group. No habitation _now_
exists near the spot, but there were many in this strath, which may
account for destruction of stones in former times. A few hundred feet
farther north is the huge horned cairn described by Mr. Anderson, and
at 436 feet N.N.E. from the small cairn is the round chambered cairn
described in the same paper.
CIRCLE AT ACHANLOCH, ESTATE OF FORSE, IN PARISH OF LATHERON.
The name is spelt Achinloch and Auchinleck. These no doubt are wrong,
and probably the name is derived from Gaelic words signifying "The
Field at the Loch," or "The Field of the Stones," from these standing
stones. The place is close to the new road from Lybster to Thurso.
This series of standing-stones, entitled "circle," as a classname,
is in the form of a donkey's shoe, the length being N.N.W, and
S.S.E., the open end to the latter. The sides are nearly parallel.
The area is covered with heather and peat, on a substratum of rock
of the slaty character common to the district. The ground falls from
the area to the west, north, and east. In the latter direction, the
ground falls only for a short distance, and then rises to much higher
ground. On the north-east, at 700 feet or 800 feet, is the loch of
Stemster.
There is no evidence that the two south ends were ever joined by a
straight or curved line of stones; and as the sides are of equal
length, we may infer that they never were joined, though possibly
intended to be so. The highest point of the area is about 13 feet
above the hollow on the east. This donkey-shoe-shaped series of stones
is 226 feet long, and 110 feet wide in the middle, inside measure. The
two extremities are 85 feet 3 inches apart.
There are now 36 stones existing, of which only one is down; but by
filling up intervals at usual distances, it appears there were 54
stones, supposing the lower end vacant as now. The average interval
seems to have been 8 feet. The highest stone is 5 feet 7 inches high
above ground; the widest 5 feet 4 inches; and the thickest 1 foot 7
inches.
All these stones are of a slaty character, and have their sides
parallel, so that in width (long sides) they are generally three
or four times their thickness (short sides). But the singular
characteristic of this series is that the stones are set with their
long sides at right angles to the curve, projecting like cogs of a
wheel.
In many circles some or all of the stones have no decided difference
in the measures of width and thickness; but in all cases, when I have
found a difference, the long sides are in the line of the curve.
Any notice of an arrangement similar to that at Achanloch would be a
favour.
There is no appearance of any part of the area having been disturbed
for burial or other purposes. There is a ruin of a chambered cairn
south-east of the circle; and in the loch of Rangag, about a mile
west, is the remain of a brough.
CIRCLE AT GUIDEBEST, LATHERONWHEEL, PARISH OF LATHERON.
The place is on the north bank of the burn, one mile and a half
up the strath. The circle is nearly true in form, and though now
imperfect, doubtless was once complete. It is 170 feet in diameter.
The area is flat, covered with heather and peat, on a substratum of
rock in some places, and of alluvial gravel in others. It is 15 feet
above the brook, which has washed away the cliff very close up to the
south-west stone, and appears likely, unless prevented, to dislocate
the stones on that side.
There are now only seven stones existing--all erect--and by filling
up the gaps at usual distances there were thirteen stones. The
average interval seems to have been 45 feet. The highest stone is
5 feet 3 inches above ground; the widest 3 feet 2 inches; and the
thickest 1 foot 10 inches. The stone is of the common argillaceous
slate of the district.
The stones are nearer square or circular in plan than those at
Achanloch, but (so far as they can be) are all set with the long
sides to the curve. The south stone is a little beyond the line of
the circle, but is evidently a moved and erected stone.
There are numbers of stones lying about the area; but no evidence of
a cairn or other burial-place in or near the circle. From its soil,
and the absence of remains, it was probably not sepulchral, though
some antiquaries hold that all circles are sepulchral.
Lower down the strath on the same side of the brook were many circles
which were destroyed in "improving" the land some years ago. These
are stated to have been 20 or 30 yards across, of stones 2 feet to
4 feet high. No remains are known to have been found in them; but
no observations or measures were made. It is probable that these
circles were sepulchral--the absence of stones in the centres
notwithstanding. Nearer the road and shore are other remains of
broughs, cairns, cists, &c.
I remain your obedient servant,
H. DRYDEN,
Hon. Mem. of the Soc. of Antiquaries of Scotland.
_Caithness, September 21, 1871._
[Illustration: 233. Dolmen near Bona, Algeria.]
INDEX.
Abbeville, museum at, 16.
Abbot Millitus, Pope Gregory's letter to, 21.
Abd en Nar and Abd en Nour, 404.
Aberdeenshire circles, 202 _et seq._
Aberlemmo, stone at, with cross, 268;
date, 270;
memorial of what, 270.
Abraham, stone set up by, 438.
Ac, import of termination, 329, 330;
its prevalence in West of France, 329;
its coincidence with dolmens, 329;
its occurrence in West of England, 330;
names of cities with this termination in France, 328, 376.
Achemlock circle, 530.
Addington, groups at, 118;
circles at, 119.
_See_ Aylesford.
Adil, Swedish king, defeats Snio, 279.
Africa. _See_ Algeria, Tripoli. Its monuments may furnish key to
solution of mysterious questions, 414.
African prince mentioned by Asoka, 498.
Age between exodus of Romans and Alfred, darkness of, 113-4;
stones more eloquent than books then, 114.
Agra, tomb of Akbar at, 496.
Agricola, 20.
Ahmedabad, city of, 457.
Aix la Chapelle, decree of, 25.
Ajunta, importance of Vihara at, 501.
Akbar, sovereign of India, 459;
tomb of, 47, 496.
Alajor, Talyot at, 435.
Alaska, Hydahs in, 18.
Aleutian Islands, route of peoplers of America, 516.
Alexander mentioned in edict of Indian prince, 498.
Alfred, 23-4;
his victory at Ashdown, 123;
how commemorated, 123.
Alentejo, dolmen in, 378.
Algeria, no Druids in, 6;
long ignorance as to its numerous dolmens, 395;
researches of Messrs. Rhind, Christy, and M. Féraud, 395;
Bou Moursug, 395;
Setif, 396;
Tiaret, 397;
Tripoli, 397;
their ordinary position, 397;
Bazinas, 397;
Chouchas, 398;
dolmen on steps, 398;
tumuli with lines between, 399;
sepulchral stones, 399;
plan and elevation of African tumulus, 400;
dolmen with two circles, 400, 471;
others on road from Bona to Constantine, four
cairns enclosed in squares, 402;
analogy to examples in Scandinavia, 403;
age of Algerian examples, 403;
of what race, 403;
Djidjeli, tombs near, with circle, 404;
find there, _ib._;
their age, _ib._;
Sidi Kacem, dolmen near, and inscription, 405;
circle near Bona, 405;
Algerian monuments contemporary with early Christians, 405-6;
their general age, 406;
who erected them, 406 _et seq._;
date of, 403;
compared to Aveyron, 407.
Alignment, at Shap, 130;
Carnac, Erdeven, St.-Barbe, 354 _et seq._;
two heads, 354;
singular head of column, 355;
Crozon, Kerdouadec, Carmaret, Leuré, Gré de Cojou, 368;
Preissac, 368;
Stonehenge, why made, 110-1;
Sesto Calende, 391.
_See_ Avebury, Avenues, Beckhampton, Caithness.
Alkil, Danish chief, 279.
Allées couvertes ou grottes des Fées in France, 340 _et seq._, 358-9;
at Lochmariaker, 365.
Alleth, battle at, 374.
Alphabetical writing, date of its introduction into Ireland, 189,
196, 271;
interruption of use for centuries, 272.
Altars, 425.
Altmark, dolmen at, 301.
Alyattes, tomb of, 31.
Ambrius, convent of, 109.
Ambrosius Aurelius said to have erected Stonehenge, and why, 106;
forces a peace upon Saxons, 107.
America, North, Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge;
survey of Messrs. Squiers and Davis, 510;
absence of rude-stone monuments, _ib._;
earthworks, American peculiarity, 511;
_enclosures for defence_, extent of, _ib._;
inference from, _ib._;
_sacred enclosures_, peculiarity and number of, size and form of
enclosures, _ib._;
Newark Works, _ib._;
whether residences of chiefs, 513;
_conical mounds_, mounds of sacrifice, finds, _ib._;
Grave Creek mound, Miamisburgh mound, 514;
_temple mounds_ compared to Teocallis of Mexicans, _ib._;
difficulty of distinguishing between temple and palace, _ib._;
were the mounds not civil? _ib._;
animal mounds, gigantic serpent form, doubt
whether animal object of worship, 515;
whether European emigrants account for population of America, 517;
way of communication, 516;
material of tools found in America, 517;
Redmen and mound-builders distinguished, these correspond with the
"Hydahs," 517.
America, Central, and Peru, carved stone monuments, 517-8;
Peruvian compared to those of Pelasgi and Tyrrheni, 518;
no rude-stone monuments observed in South America, _ib._;
Tia Huanaco not like so-called Druidical remains, _ib._;
circles and squares, 519.
American Indians non-progressive, 18.
Amesbury, Hengist's meeting with British chiefs at, 107.
Amlaff, King, 253.
Amlech, or Hamlet, tomb of, 299.
Amorites, dolmens in country of, and perhaps nowhere else in
Palestine, 442.
Amravati, arts of Bactria at, 456;
sepulchral circles at, 474;
tope and rail, 475, 493;
representations of priests at, 501.
'Ancient and Modern Wiltshire,' 5.
'Ancient English Castles,' Mr. Clark's, 84.
Andalusia, dolmens in, 378.
Anderson, Mr., horned cairns described by, 528.
Angles, _see_ Saxons.
Anglesea, Druids in, 5;
circles in, 162.
Anhalt dolmen, 301.
Animal mounds in America, 515;
whether of Chinese origin, 517 _note_.
'Annals of the Four Masters,' 176, 187-8.
Annandale, 129;
circle, _see_ Woodcastle.
Antequera dolmen, 383.
Antigonus } mentioned in edict of Asoka, 498.
Antiochus }
Antiquity, why caution necessary in assigning, 144;
of rude and polished stone monuments, 508.
Antony, whether founder of Monasticism, 499.
Aquhorties circle, 263.
Aquitania in time of Cæsar, 328;
of Augustus, 328;
language of, unknown, 333;
pressed upon by Celts, 409;
whether they migrated to Africa, 410.
Aquitanians perhaps in Britain, 163, 238;
and perhaps dolmen builders, 328;
but few dolmens between Garonne and Pyrenees, 328.
Arabia, rude-stone monuments in, 444 _et seq._
Arabs, their conquest of North Africa, 404;
their feeling as to monasticism, 500.
Arborlowe, vallum and ditch of, 62.
_See_ Derbyshire.
Archæological Congress at Copenhagen, 10.
Arches not in use amongst Hindus, but Burmese, 458.
Architecture, meagreness of historical accounts of buildings between
erection of Parthenon and Henry VII.'s Chapel, 114;
Irish, 221 _et seq._;
law of progressive development, 222;
when inapplicable, 222-3;
sequence in monuments of Ireland, 237-8;
three styles of three races perhaps simultaneous there, 238;
of monuments at Stennis, 255-6;
differences of style of similar monuments in different countries,
306;
sequence of style in dolmens, 335;
without drawings no words can describe style, 334;
peculiarity of church architecture in south dolmen region in France,
332;
Celtic, _ib._;
similarity of style no proof of synchronism, 369;
different examples compared, 369;
influences of Roman, 414;
of Indian Art, _ib._;
of dolmens or nurhags and giants' towers, which the older, 437;
sequence of style and material in India, 456 _et seq._;
wood, stone imitation of wood architecture, 456;
Mahommedan mosque built by Hindus, 457;
arches not used by Hindus, _ib._;
ruins of Ahmedabad, 457;
Palitana, _ib._;
Burmah, Cambodia, 458;
Hindu not immutable, 459;
Indian unprogressive tribes, _ib._;
rude and refined architecture, co-existence of, in India, 482;
early crosses in India, of what date?, 486 _et seq._;
appropriation by Romanists of pagan forms, 489;
connexion of Singalee dagobas and sepulchral tumuli, 491;
Tee, what it represented, 490;
wood and then stone forms--rails, 492-3;
styles of Eastern and European dolmens compared, 494;
points of similarity and dissimilarity, 495;
cists outside tumuli, holed slabs, simulated summit cists,
concentric enclosing circles, 496 _et seq._;
use of stone imitated by rude nations in Europe, from what nations,
508;
and in India from what race, _ib._;
when introduced in the East in its rude form, and in its polished
form, _ib._;
ditto in the West, _ib._;
age of introduction of tumuli or barrows unascertained, _ib._;
as also of Cave men and stone implements, _ib._;
uses sepulchral or cenotaphic, 509;
or for battle-field, or offerings to spirits of the departed, _ib._;
connexion with relics of the dead, _ib._;
whether dedicated to God, sun or moon, &c., or serpents, _ib._;
twofold principle of erection of such structures, _ib._;
North America, 511;
civil and sacred, royal and monastic, 514;
animal, gigantic earthen forms, 515.
Ard-na-Raigh, place of execution, 233.
Ardèche, remains of Cave men in, 321.
Arfin, Prince of Norway, 250.
Argyllshire dolmens, 273.
Arles council, 24, 25.
Arnbjörg, wife of Sandulf, 272.
Art, King, where buried, 212.
Arthur, King, his existence doubted by some, 114, 132;
round table, 62;
contemporary history null, 114;
his round table, 128 (_see_ Penrith);
probable history of Arthur, 133;
his defensive war against invaders, 134;
his supposed Scottish career, 134;
ill-founded, 135;
localities of his twelve battles, 135 _et seq._;
of his last battle, 86-7;
views of the author, 152;
fables respecting, likened to those about Alexander, 133;
Arthur's pike at Shap, 130;
Arthur's Quoit, 170.
_See_ Baden Mound, Bas Lowe, Caerleon, Caledonian Forest, Gain,
Salkeld, Stanton Drew, Woodcastle Lyn.
Arrichinaga dolmen, 388.
Arroyolos dolmen, 377;
described by Borrow, 389.
Aryans a progressive race, 18, 19;
occupation of Greece, 39;
when they crossed Indus, 445;
penetrate into North America, by what route, 516;
Aryan, non-Aryan, equivalents of what, 506.
Aschenrade, singular arrangement of circles, 317.
Ashdown, Sarsen stones at, 121-3;
drawing of, 122;
contrasted with Carnac, _ib._;
Druidical, 123;
or monument of battle between Saxons and Danes, _ib._
Asia Minor, dolmens not yet found in, 445.
Asoka, King, monument of, 47;
introduction of stone monuments in India, 48, 455;
his rock-engraved edict, 498;
convocation, 501.
Aspatria, 155;
compared to Herrestrup, 304.
_See_ Circles.
Asser cited as to battle between Saxons and Danes, 123.
Astarte, _see_ Melkart.
Asturias, dolmens in, 378.
Atridæ, tombs of, 32;
Atreus, 33.
Aubrey, 3;
his account of Hakpen Hill, 76;
cited, 104.
Augustine, St., cession of temple at Canterbury to, 22-3.
Augustus, tomb of, 40;
no coins of, found in Britain, 144.
Auisle, King, 201.
Aurelius, _see_ Ambrosius.
Axevalla, singular dolmen at, 312-3;
find there, 312.
Aztecs, buildings of, 515.
Avebury, 1, 3, 6, 7, 61;
age of, 17;
pretended serpent worship, 4;
represented, 62;
vallum, ditch and circle, 62, 63;
Sarsens, 62;
Kennet avenue, 63;
no curved avenues, 64;
double circle or oval, 64;
who interred there, 86;
author's opinion, 86, 89;
holes, 343;
Beckhampton avenue, 64, 98;
Silbury hill, 62;
Waden hill, 62;
object of structure, 65;
theory of Druidical temples, 66;
disputed, 66 _et seq._;
Avebury a burying-place, 72;
charter of Athelstan as to, 73;
stone row, 73;
plan of, 81;
sepulchral or battle-field, 116;
attached to circles, 29, 51;
with or without circles or dolmens, 29, 53;
example at St. Helier, Jersey, 51;
chamber there found buried, 54;
at Merivale Bridge, on Dartmoor, _ib._;
why erected, _ib._;
what they represent, 56.
Avening, holes in chamber at, 357.
Avenue. _See_ Alignments, Avebury, Aylesford.
Averni Celts mentioned by Livy, 327.
Aylesford, 110 _et seq._
Kit's Cotty House, what, 116;
description of, 110;
why erected, 119;
erroneous view of Mr. Wright as to Belgian burials there, 119;
Tollington, stones at, purpose of, 119;
obelisks or coffin stones, 117;
in memory of what, 119;
circles of Addington abbey, _ib._;
Horstead, tumulus at, 120;
explored by Colonel Fisher, _ib._;
absence of valuables or other articles in tombs there, accounted
for, _ib._;
"Countless stones," 117;
resembles Oroust, 305;
drawing of, 117;
a supposed avenue near, 117-8;
other groups at Addington and near Kit's Cotty House, 118;
Aylesford the stage of a battle between Vortigern and Saxons, 119;
Bede's statement of locality of battle not conclusive, 121.
BABA, images of, buried, 449.
Babylon, age of its palaces, 1.
Bactrian Greeks, influence of, upon Indian architecture, 456, 508.
Badon Hill, Arthur's battle there, 138. _See_ Battles.
Bahmany dynasty in India, 485.
Bähr, Professor, his book of Graves, 318.
Baille clough togal dolmen, 229.
Baker, Mr., his account of Aryan interments, 479.
Balk, Saracenic arches, 457.
Ballina, _see_ Maols.
Ballo dolmen, 321.
Ballysadare, cairn at, 179.
Balor of the Evil Eye, 187.
Balquhain circle, 263.
Banesdown battle, 87.
Bang, importance of monastery at, 50.
Bangkok, Buddhist monument at, 413.
Barbarism of early Irish, 235.
Barbato, monuments in, 415.
Barbury Castle, siege of, 88.
Bards, 19;
testify to Druids, 6.
Barrows, 11;
of Roman period, 36 (_see_ Bartlow Hills);
British, 65;
Silbury, _ib._;
conical, 83;
their number and position, 102;
age of, 104;
Derbyshire, 138;
Yorkshire, _ib._;
on Boyne, 200;
in Orkneys at Stennis;
bowl-shaped, 243;
find, 243;
Sandwick, _ib._;
conoid barrows, _ib._;
find, _ib._;
of what race the barrows, 243-4;
_see_ Maes-Howe;
little barrows by thousands in Orkneys, of what race, 249;
Halfdan's barrow, 250;
Danish Royal barrow, _ib._;
_Long_ barrow at Lethra, 282;
and at West Kennet, 284;
whose grave, 283;
date, 285;
explored by Thurnam, 283;
find there, 285;
inference from, 286-9;
post-Roman, 286;
long barrow at Wiskehärad in Halland, 288;
what it marks, _ib._;
long barrows post-Roman, 289;
ship barrows, 291-2;
numerous in East France, 327;
holed chambers in long barrows at Kerlescant and Rodmarton, 357.
Barry's 'Views in Orkneys,' 241.
Bartlow Hills barrow, 36;
elevation, 14, 83.
Bas Lowe, Arthur's table, 137.
Basin, flat-bottomed, mysterious, 216-7.
Bassas, Arthur's battle on, 136.
Bateman, Messrs., diggings by, 138, 140-4;
finds at Benty Grange, 145;
and at Kenslow barrow, _ib._;
overlook monuments at Stanton Drew, 146.
Bateman, Mr., explores Arbor Lowe, 357;
his and author's remarks on finds by, 13-4.
Bath, _see_ Battles.
Battles.--Arthur's, 12, 135 _et seq._;
Ashdown, 122;
Aylesford, 119;
Badbury, 87;
Badon Hill, 86;
place of Arthur's last battle disputed, 86-7;
Banbury Hill, date of, 109;
Banesdon, 87;
Bath, 87;
Battlemoss, Yarhouse, 526;
Braavalla, 188, 280-2;
Deorham, 88;
Kongsbacka, 279;
Moytura, South and North, 176 _et seq._;
Rollright, 126.
Battlefields marked by megalithic remains, 14.
Battlestones in Scotland, 240, 272;
Kirkliston, 272.
Bauta stones, 60, 272.
Bazinas in North Africa, 397-8.
Beaumont-sur-Oise, find at, 339.
Beckhampton avenue, 64;
position of stone, 98.
Bede, his division of Kent explained, 121.
"Beds" of Diarmid and Graine, 225.
Behring's Straits route of peoplers of America, 516.
Beira dolmens, 378.
Belgæ, absence of dolmens amongst, 302;
their pre-dolmen immigration into Britain, 323-4;
Belgæ or Firbolgs in Ireland, 176.
Belgaum, altars and tables at, 467.
Belgians, erroneous statement of interments at Kit's Cotty House, 119.
Bellovesus, his invasion of Italy, 327.
Benares, style of architecture at, 412.
Benty Grange barrow, 144. _See_ Derbyshire.
Beowulf's poem contains incidents of Saxon burials, 120;
Beowulf's victory over Wurm, _ib._;
his interment, _ib._;
his helmet, 145;
his verses on Knock na Rea, 185.
Bernard, Commandant, his description of enormous dolmen at Tiaret,
397.
Bertrand, Alexander, attacks Celtic origin of megalithic monuments,
254.
Bertrand, M., 6;
his essay upon dolmens, 324;
his theory as to migration of dolmen race, 378-9, 407;
as to builders in North Africa, 403.
Betal or Vetal, worship of, 467.
Bhils, Coles, Gonds and Toda, non-progressive tribes in India, 459;
their tenacity to usages, _ib._
Bilithons, 435.
Birck, dolmen enclosed in square, 307.
Birra the hag, 231;
monastery, 231 _note_.
Biscay dolmens, 378.
Bits of Bridle, 81, 304. _See_ Stukeley.
Blaine, Mr. D. R., his notes and sketch of dolmen at Kafr er Wâl, 441.
Blair, Dr., engraves Carnac, 350.
Blenda, Swedish heroine, her victory, 291.
Bluestones, if part of Stonehenge, 97;
whence the stones, 108;
story explained, 108-9. _See_ Sarsens.
"Bluetooth," 296.
Boece and Fordun, their fables, 134.
Boinn, wife of Nechtan, 212;
"her small hound" buried with her, _ib._
Bollandists' work silent as to Buddhism, 505.
Bona, circle near, 405;
dolmen, 532.
Bonstetten, cited, 308, 379;
map, 324;
according to, no dolmen in Poland, 301.
Borlase cited as to Boscawen circles, 160.
Borrow mentions monument at Arroyolos, 377.
Borther Lowe, find at, 12.
Boscawen, 160. _See_ Circles.
Boucher de Perthes, collection by, 16.
Bouie's survey of New Grange, 204.
Bousquet, dolmen of, 46, 49.
Boyne, monuments on, 200, 290;
burials, 212.
Braavalla Heath battle, 280-2. _See_ Battle-fields.
Brachenbyr dolmen, 46, 49.
Brahmins, their domination in India, 459.
Breas' invasion of Ireland and defeat, 187.
Brest Menhir, 58.
Brigantes join Silures, 381.
British chiefs massacred by Hengist, where, 106.
British isles described by Diodorus, 8;
not more prosperous before Roman invasion than in 5th century,
114-5;
Spaniards, Silures, settle in, 383.
British Rude-Stone Monuments,
how affected by conquest by and withdrawal of Romans, 394.
Britons, 20, 21, 37;
peace with Saxons, when, 89.
Brittany, monuments in, 6. _See_ Carnac.
Broad-pated race, 306.
Brochs, Scotch, resemble Nurhags, 431 _note_.
Brodick Bay circles, 262.
Brogar, King of, in Orkneys, 241;
failure of search there, 243;
how to proceed, _ib._;
tumuli, 252-3;
compared to Stanton Drew circles, 256.
Bronze age, Stonehenge belongs to, 102;
as also tumuli in South of France, 327.
Brouillet, M., his work on Poitou, 329.
Brown, Mr., his account of Hydahs, 18.
Bruges, capital of Celts, temp. Bellovesi, 327.
Brugh, burial-place of Kings of Tara, 190, 199, 212.
Brugh na Boinne, burials at, 191 _et seq._
Brunswick dolmens, 301.
Bryce, Dr., his observations in Arran, 265.
Buckingham, Duke of, directs diggings at Stonehenge, 104.
Buddha, Dagobas or Stupas of, 41.
Buddhagosa, no written books before, 500.
Buddhism, 458;
in India, 458 _et seq._;
in the West, 499 _et seq._;
in Christianity, 499;
monastic institutions, _ib._;
monasticism opposed to Egyptian institutions and Arab or Semitic
feeling, 500;
relation of Essenes to Buddhism, _ib._;
monasticism in India apparent from monuments and inscriptions, 501;
three convocations: cells: Viharas, Chaityas, 501;
sculptures: Sanchi: Ascetics: Amravati shaven priests: date of
similar institutions in West, _ib._;
peculiarities of, separation of clergy from laity, 501;
canonization, relic worship, 503;
date, silence of the Fathers, eloquence of architecture, 506;
Buddhism Turanian, _ib._;
nature of the faith, _ib._;
Turanians in Europe in Middle Ages, 507;
what with respect to stone monuments the West borrowed from the
East, 507;
of what Buddhism was the reform, 504.
Buddhist architecture, 40-2.
Buddhist Topes 46;
rails, 48, 492;
Lâts or Stambas, 57;
convocations, 501.
Burials, usages of, in the Steppes, 449.
Burmah, date of temples at, 1;
dagobas, 41.
Burmah and Siam, architecture of wood, 456.
Burn Moor, 159. _See_ Circles.
Burton, Right Hon. W., describes cairn Knock na Rea, 184.
Butte de Cæsar, find there, 339.
Buxton, rude monuments near. _See_ Derbyshire.
CABEIRI, images of, 425.
Caboul valley, 452.
Cæsar mentions Druids, but not their temples, 20;
stood, perhaps, at Carnac, _ib._;
inference from his and Pliny's silence, 373.
Caerleon, or Chester, Arthur's ninth battle at, 137.
Cairns at Rath Cruachan, 200;
Lough Crew, 213;
Glen Columbkille, 226;
Freyrsö, 292;
Norway, 302;
the distribution of dolmens in Europe, 301-2;
dolmens belong to a sea-faring race, 302;
four cairns enclosed in squares, 402;
compared to Aschenrade, 403;
Jewurgi, 471-2;
probably battle-field, 472;
huge horned cairn Caithness, 528, 530;
of "one Man," find there, 178-9.
Caldwell, Mrs., find in possession of, 210.
Caledonians like Germans, 162;
Caledonian Forest, place of Arthur's battle, 137.
Callernish, age of, 52.
Calliagh Birra's House, 230.
Calvaries in Brittany, 59.
Cambodia, monuments of, not ancient, 1;
style of buildings, 458.
Camden, his remark as to place of interments at Stonehenge, 105;
as to Rollright and Rollo in England, 126;
as to Long Meg, 127;
as to ruins at Shap, 129;
and Penrith, 132.
Camster alignment, 529.
Cangas de Onis, 387.
Cannibalism of early Irish, 235.
Canonization in the East, 503.
Canterbury, Roman Cathedral at, 22.
Canute forbids adoration of stones, 25.
Caons, or Giants' circles, 453.
Cape St. Matthieu, 59.
Carder Lowe, barrow opened at, 1.
Carl Sverkersson slays Danish prince, 291.
Carmaret, alignment at, 367.
Carnac, 1;
Rev. Bathurst Deane's plan of, 6;
Cæsar perhaps saw from it battle with Veneti, 20;
described, 349;
plan, 352.
Carnutes, Druids' chief seat amongst, 5.
Carrowmore, 181;
field of battle, 187, 198, 223.
Carte, Mr., as to field of battle at Baydon hill, 87.
Carthaginians in Spain, 379;
not building or burying race, 394.
Cartheilhac, M., his paper on megalithic monuments, 335.
Cas Tor avenue, 56.
Castern, find at, 13.
Castille, if dolmens in, 378.
Castle Wellan dolmen, 45.
Cat stones, 57, 146. _See_ Derbyshire battle stones.
Catalonia, dolmens in, 378.
Cathair, or round fort, 235;
of Tuatha de Danann, 193;
of Cormac at Tara, 194.
Cathregomion, Cabregonnon, Catbregonnion, or Cathbregion, Arthur's
11th battle there, 138. _See_ Stanton Drew.
Catigren, where buried, 144. _See_ Kitt's Cotty House.
Cattle spoil of Cooley, 196.
Cave men, 17, 18, 329;
like Red Indians, 17;
or Esquimaux, _ib._;
under what circumstances found in France, 16;
and England, 16, 17.
Cave races, gradations of style of monuments among, 335.
Caves, early, in India, 456;
Buddhist, 460.
Ceallach, murder of, 233.
Cedric, Saxon chief, 88-9.
Celtiberians, _see_ Iberians.
Celtic race, priests of, 3, 4;
whether French megalithic monuments belong to, 6;
their influence upon Etruria, 393.
Celts, ready converts to Christianity, 227;
date of the first invasion of Gaul, _ib._;
were earlier converts than dolmen builders, 328;
spread themselves through centre of France, _ib._;
either Celts or a prehistoric race built the dolmens, 329;
the Cave men, _ib._;
who these were, _ib._;
dolmens and Cave men perhaps conterminous, _ib._;
Cimbri, Celts, and Gauls, 333;
Cimbri and Aquitanians, relation of, _ib._;
their capital temp. Bellevesi, 327;
described by Livy, _ib._;
Averni, _ib._;
if dolmens in Galatia, important bearing upon Celtic theory, 446;
their invasions of other countries, 409.
Cemeteries of Ireland, 199;
Cruachan, or Rathcrogan, _ib._;
circular mounds there, _ib._;
monument of Dathi, _ib._;
Relig na Riogh, 200;
Red stone pillar, _ib._;
circle, _ib._;
cairns, _ib._;
burials, Queen Meave and Dathi, _ib._;
compared with Arbor Low and Salkeld, _ib._;
Knowth, _ib._;
New Grange, 201;
plundered by Danes, _ib._;
first mentioned by Mr. Lloyd, _ib._;
Sir T. Molyneux's statement, _ib._;
Governor Pownall's, 202;
engravings of by Bouie, 203;
if uncovered, resemblance to Salkeld and Stanton Drew, _ib._;
sculpture, 204;
reverses of stones elaborately carved, 205;
how such came to be covered, _ib._;
entrance, position of, _ib._;
ornaments, 206-7;
sculptured mark, 207;
whether characters, _ib._;
Dowth, or perhaps Dubhad, plundered by Danes, 208;
diggings, _ib._;
find there, 210;
Netterville House, 209;
tomb of the Dagdha, _ib._;
perhaps intact, _ib._;
find there, 209, 210;
ornaments at Dowth, 211-2;
written evidence respecting these three cemeteries, 212;
and persons buried, _ib._;
author's conjecture as to New Grange, 213;
Lough Crew, 213 _et seq._;
if cemetery of Talten, 219;
choice of plan of cemetery amongst Irish, 220;
'Book of the Cemeteries' cited, 221;
stone in cairn T, Lough Crew, 222;
stones in sculptured graves, 223;
Clover Hill, _ib._;
Shahpoor, 485.
Cetti, stone of, 173.
Ceylon dagobah, 41;
Thupa Ramayana, and Lanka Ramayana, 489, 490.
Chaityas, _see_ Church Caves.
Champollion's discoveries, 1.
Chardin cited as to circles at Tabriz and Miana, 453.
Chariot wheels sculptured on dolmens, 304.
Charlemagne condemns stone worship, 25.
Charleton, Dr., 15;
Inigo Jones's theory attacked by, 3.
Chartham Downs, find at, 13.
Chartres Carnutes, 5.
Chester, _see_ Caerleon.
China, monuments of, not ancient, 1.
Chinese not progressive, 19.
Chisel, early use of, in Ireland, 217.
Chorœa Gigantum, _see_ Giants' Dance.
Chouchas in North Africa, 398-9;
position of bodies in, _ib._
Christian era, rude-stone monuments subsequent to, 27;
according to Danes, iron introduced about commencement of, 9.
Christianity, according to Welsh and Irish writers, their Druids prior
to, 6;
date of introduction into Denmark, 10;
into India, 489;
in what respect influenced by Buddhism, 499 _et seq._
Christians in India, _see_ Crosses.
Christy, Mr., his researches in Algeria, 395-6.
Church caves at first more important than Viharas, 501.
Cimboeth marks date in Irish history, 189;
founds Armagh, _ib._
Cimbri, their cognate races, 333.
Cimbrian Chersonese visited by Pytheas, 38.
Circassia, dolmens in, of shaped stone, 447;
importance of, to migration or missionary theory, 447-8.
Circles, 154;
Englewood Wood, or Rosehill tumulus, _ib._;
platform, _ib._;
bilithons, 155;
find, _ib._;
Aspatria, 156;
barrow, _ib._;
find, 156-7;
circle of cists in Isle of Man, _ib._;
Mule Hill, _ib._;
view and plan of, 158;
openings to circle, 159;
Burn Moor, Cumberland, _ib._;
find there, _ib._;
square enclosure there, 160;
plan, 160;
Boscawen not Temples nor "Things," _ib._;
plan of, 161;
at Moytura, 183;
triple, _ib._;
sculptured, enclosing crosses, 304, 315;
mysterious concentric circles, with lines traversing them, 304;
the use of circles and Viking graves continuous in Ireland and
England, 317;
singular arrangement at Aschenrade and in Algeria, 317-8;
circles with stone in centre at Bajard, 318;
circular groups in India, 467 (_see_ Bazina, Choucha);
Alexandropol circles, 450;
Nikolajew concentric circles, base of tumulus, 451;
Western circles not imitation of Tartar, 452;
Peshawur, 453;
Deh Ayeh, near Darabgerd, _ib._;
circles attributed to Caons or Giants, _ib._;
enclosed circles in America, 511-3;
at Caithness (_see_ Scotland);
Amravati, 474.
Circles, great English, peculiar, 153;
and belong probably to Arthurian age, _ib._;
post-Roman, 154;
of what race, _ib._;
in Wales and Anglesea no circles, 163;
Giant's grave, Drumbo, 228;
circle there object of, 224;
in Scotland, 240;
district of circles _par excellence_ not on mainland, _ib._;
Orkneys, 241;
King of Brogar and Stennis, 241-2;
part of entire group, 254;
date, 256;
Callernish, 259;
circle-building race, 274;
opposite currents of migration, _ib._;
Braavalla Heath, 280;
in France, 340;
circle the skeleton of tumulus, 340;
circle at Sesto Calende, 391;
semicircle, _ib._;
circles, 397-9;
triple and quadruple, 399;
enclosed in squares, 402;
at Djideli, 404;
Bona, 405;
Malta, 416;
Sinai, 443-4;
Arabia, 444.
Circles surrounding tumuli or dolmens, circles without tumuli or
dolmens, 29, 47, 50;
at Addington, 118-9;
at Rollright, 124;
Dartmoor, _ib._;
at Penrith, 126;
concentric, 127 _note_;
at Marden, 65, 85;
at Shap, 130;
Merivale Bridge, _ib._;
at Arbor Low, 139;
Stanton Drew, 150.
Circular temple mentioned by Diodorus among Hyperboreans, 8.
Cissa, King, his tomb where, 283.
Cists, _see_ Kistvaens.
Civil and sacred structures, where indistinguishable, 515.
Clark, Mr. George, his paper on Ancient English Castles, 84.
Clatford Bottom, 44;
Sarsen stones at, 63;
circles at, 161.
Claudian, verses of, as to disasters of Saxons, Picts, and Scots, in
the North, 188.
Claudius Gothicus, coins of, 12, 36, 52;
Claudius, 461.
Clava, 265;
circles and mounds, _ib._;
perhaps burial-place of King Brude, 267.
Clemens of Alexandria, his surprise at relic-worship, 504;
as to Buddhism, 505.
Clergy and laity, separation of, in the East, 502.
Closmadeuc, Dr., antiquary, 337.
Clover Hill, 223.
Cnodhba, cave of, identified with Knowth, 201.
Cock sacrificed to Betal, 467.
Cocumella, tomb at, 33.
Cœlus, God, Stonehenge ascribed to, 3.
Cœre, tomb at, 33-4.
Cogolleros, dolmen del Tio, 385.
Coibi, his conversion, 23.
Coilsfield, rubbing on stone at, 211;
stone, 267.
Coins, Roman, of what Emperors generally found, 144;
in Ireland, 166;
inference from, _see_ Finds.
Cojou, Gré de, alignment at, 367.
Cole, _see_ Bhil.
Cole, Lieutenant, his report as to Kutub pillar, 181.
Collas barrow mentioned in Charter of Athelstan, 73.
Collinson, Colonel, finds columnar buildings in Malta, 425.
Columba, St., 59.
Columbus, America peopled by Europeans prior to, 516.
Columns, _see_ Alignment.
Come Lowe, find at, 13.
Commerce of early Britons, with what races, 133-4.
Conaing, 201.
Conan, _see_ Meriadec.
Concentric circles, _see_ Circles.
Conchobhar McNessa, 197;
husband of Queen Meave, 197, 221;
his conversion, 221;
where buried, _ib._
Confolens, dolmen at, 337.
Cong, at Moytura, 177;
place of battle, 198.
Conical form, Roman and Post-Roman, 84.
Conjeveran, city of Kurumbers, 478.
Conn of a Hundred Battles, 193-7, 212, 236.
_See_ Cormac MacArt.
Conor MacNessa, 193.
Constantine, Saxons defeated by, 109;
his supposed interment at Stonehenge, and when, 109;
coins, 11, 12, 13.
Constantine Junior, coins of, 12.
Constantinople, coins of, 11.
Constans, coins of, 11.
Constantius, coins of, 11.
Conwell, Mr., exploration of Lough Crew, 199, 213, 222.
Copenhagen, congress at, 10;
museum, 16, 325.
Cormack, son of Conn, 190;
where buried, 212.
Cormack MacArt, 193;
convert to Christianity, 196;
orders tracts to be written, _ib._;
could he write? _ib._
Cornelius, tradition as to, 373.
Cornwall, circles, 162;
circle-building race in, 274.
Corpre, Etan's son, 191.
Costa, S. Pereira da, his account of Portuguese dolmens, 377.
Cotty or Coity House, _see_ Aylesford.
Councils of Arles, Nantes, Rouen, Toledo, Tours, 24;
their decrees as to stoneworship, 23-4.
Countless Stones, _see_ Aylesford.
Court held at standing stones of Rayne by Bishop of Aberdeen, 264.
Cove, Long stone, 4.
Cremation amongst Saxons, 120.
Crew, Lough, 199.
Crichie, find at, 75.
Crimthann, when he lived, 190, 221;
where buried, 192;
seat of his dynasty, 194.
Croker, Mr., his survey of Stanton Drew, 150.
Crom, meaning of word, 44 _note_.
Cromlech, near Merivale, 55;
among M[a]la Aryans, 479.
_See_ Dolmen.
Cross Flats, 11.
Crosses, 270, 272;
Irish, how distinguished from Scottish, 270;
Isle of Man, with Runic inscriptions, 273;
crosses in circles, 304;
"Swastica"-like cross, 367;
in India, and their date, 486 _et seq._
Crozon, alignment at, 367;
what battle there, 375.
Cruachan, ancient burial-place of Kings of Tara, find, 190-9.
Crubelz, 359.
Crusades, rude-stone monuments in time of, 406.
Cuchullin, 193-7.
Cumberland, no mention of Druids in, 5;
rude monuments, 127, 128;
circles in, probably of same age, 147;
circle-building race in, 274.
Cumbhail (Fingal), 197.
Cumot, or Commensurate grave of Cairbre Lifeachaire, 213.
Cumrew, Salkeld and Mayborough, circles at, similar, 147.
Cuneus, Cape, unvisited by Portuguese writers, 378.
Cunningham, Lord Albert, finds by, at Dowth, 210.
Cunnington, Mr., his opinion as to Marden, 86;
excavation by, at Stonehenge, 105-6;
finds in long barrows, 289.
Curtius cited as to Nasomenes, 407.
Cuthbert, 22.
Cuttack, sacred groves at, 465.
Cyvragnon, pile of, mentioned in Welsh Triads, what, 173.
DABILLA, the hound, interment of, 212.
Daghda, the general, 187;
and king, _ib._;
where buried, 191;
when, 190;
real name Eochy, 192;
cairn of, _ib._;
residence, 195;
his spit, _ib._;
family, 197, 212;
his tomb where, according to author, 213;
written evidence as to, 212.
Dagoba, Buddhist, 41, 79, 490 _et seq._;
relic, cists, Tee, rail, 490-1;
compared to dolmen at Pullicondah, 491.
Dananns, Tuatha de, 177 _et seq._;
arrival in Ireland, 193;
when, _ib._;
burial of, 212.
_See_ Ireland, Moytura.
Danes, cemeteries plundered by, 209.
Danish antiquaries, their opinion as to epoch of introduction of
bronze and iron into Denmark, 9, 37;
their system respecting, 9, 10, 28;
too hastily adopted in France and England, 10, 388;
their mistaken proceedings, 10-14, 16, 146, 257, 275;
International Congress of Prehistoric Archæology, 276;
merits of Sjöborg, 276.
Danish isles, dolmens in, 301.
Danish settlers in Greenland, 18;
in Britain and Scotland before Roman invasion, 133-4;
commerce, &c., 133.
Daoulas, menhir and cross at, 59.
Darabgerd, circle near, 453.
Dariorigum, standing stones of, 20.
Dartmoor parallel stones at Merivale Bridge, 54;
circles and cromlechs, 55;
avenues at Cas Tor, 56;
circles compared with those at Rollright, 124.
Dasyus the despised, 493.
Date, priority of, in dolmens external or covered, 144.
Dates, found and corrected by architects, 113;
comparative antiquity of certain classes of monuments, 261;
rude-stone sometimes more modern, 407.
Dathi, monument of, 199.
Daviot circle, 263.
Dead, images of, 449.
Deane, Rev. Bathurst, adopts Stukeley's views, 6, 151;
visits Carnac, 351.
Decrees of Councils respecting veneration of stone monuments, 24, 25.
Dedalean buildings in Sardinia, why so called, 429.
Deer Park, Sligo, monument in, 234-5.
Defence, _see_ Mounds.
Deh Ayeh, circle at, 453.
Delhi, iron pillar near, 35;
mosque of Kutb u deem, 457.
Demi-dolmens, 345.
Demons, _see_ St. Patrick.
Denmark, megalithic remains in, 9;
museums, _ib._;
bronze and iron, date of their introduction into, _ib._;
tombs of kings described by Olaus Magnus, 15;
ignorance of Romans respecting, 38;
tumuli in, 39;
circles in, 47;
Bauta or battle-stones, 60.
Dennis' 'Etruria' cited, 391.
Derbyshire dolmens, date of, 36;
rude-stone monuments in, 138.
Derbyshire Rude-Stone Monuments, 138;
Arbor Low, 139;
description of, 139;
similarity to Arthur's Round Table, 139;
plan of, 140;
circle, 140;
dolmen, _ib._;
tumulus, _ib._;
excavations and find there, 140-1;
Gib Hill tumulus, 141;
excavation and find, 141-2;
Minning Low, 142;
plans of, 142-3;
find there, 143;
similarity to New Grange, _ib._;
and Kit's Cotty House, 144;
first Roman, _ib._;
Benty Grange barrow, _ib._;
find there, 144-5;
Kentlow barrow, 45-6;
Stanton Moor, 146;
monuments of earth and stone, _ib._;
Nine Ladies, _ib._;
King Stone, _ib._;
other groups near Arbor Low, _ib._;
cat stones, _ib._;
Derbyshire monuments not temples nor tombs of inhabitants, 147;
monuments of what race? _ib._;
similar in purpose and age to those in Cumberland, _ib._;
find in former, 148;
Stanton Drew, _ib._
Devil's Quoits, 64.
Devonshire, circles in, 161.
Diarmid and Graine, _see_ Beds.
Dinnsenchus, 233.
Diodorus, cited as to circular temple, 8;
text explained, _ib._;
as to barbarism of Irish, 235;
Phœnicians in Malta in his time, 425;
Dedalean buildings, 429.
Divitiacus, 323.
Djideli, tombs near, 404;
whose, _ib._;
find there, _ib._
Dodwell, tombs of Atridæ discovered by, 33;
that of Minyas explored, _ib._
Dolicocephalic race, 35.
Dolmens, 29;
free-standing, 29;
on outside of tumuli, 29;
progress of tomb-building, 40-43;
kistvaens, 43;
chambers, _ib._;
with gallery, _ib._;
dolmens covered, 44;
uncovered, _ib._;
opinion that all once covered with tumuli refuted, _ib._;
dolmen at Wellan, 45;
de Bousquet, 46;
excavation suggested of dolmen-crowned tumuli, _ib._;
at Kit's Cotty House, 116;
at Rollright, 124;
in Cumberland (_see_ Penrith);
at Arbor Low, 140;
France native country of, 161;
few in England, _ib._;
and most of English in Cornwall, 162;
in Wales more numerous, _ib._;
and Anglesea, _ib._;
and Isle of Man, _ib._;
by whom erected, _ib._;
where, 163;
all not originally buried, 163, 169;
some always intended to be covered, 164, 168;
dolmen in Park Cwn tumulus, 164;
find there, 165;
Uley, _ib._;
find there, _ib._;
judicious conclusions of Dr. Thurnam from, _ib._;
Plas Newydd, 166-9;
stone avenue leading to, 167;
holes in slab, 168;
Pentre Ifan, _ib._;
Arthur's Quoit, 170;
whether originally in tumulus, 171-2;
alleged avenue, 172;
group of cairns there, 171;
purpose, 172;
not a cemetery, _ib._;
but battle-field? _ib._;
Arthur's 8th battle there? 173;
the stone of "Cetti," _ib._;
Hob Hurst's House, 172-3;
dates of dolmens, 173;
at Moytura, 183;
in Ireland, how situated, 224;
not on battle-fields, _ib._;
perhaps most on east coast, _ib._;
beds of Diarmid, 225;
elopement of, with Graine, _ib._;
legend as to dolmens, _ib._;
legitimate inference from legend, _ib._;
Glen Columbkill and Glen Malin More, _ib._;
cairns there, 226;
age of, _ib._;
tradition as to St. Columba, 227;
of what race the group, 227-8;
Spaniards or Iberians in Ireland, 228;
giant's grave, 228;
circle there, 229;
object of, _ib._;
Town of the Stone of the Strangers, _ib._;
dolmen at Knockeen, _ib._;
Knockeen, plans of, 230;
Calliagh Vera or Birra, _ib._;
Greenmount tumulus, 231;
the "four Maols," Ballina, 232;
dolmens in Ireland do not mark battle-fields, 228;
dolmens in Scotland, 240;
many dolmens erected by kings, &c., as their burial-places, and
covered after their interment, 260 _et seq._;
comparative antiquity of Callernish and New Grange, 261;
dolmens in North Germany, 300;
silence of German archæology, _ib._;
no dolmens in Poland, 301;
Prussia, _ib._:
Silesia, _ib._;
Prussian Silesia, Pomerania, Rügen, _ib._;
Mecklenburg, Hanover, Oldenburg, _ib._;
Wildesheim and Engelmanns Becke, _ib._;
Helmstädt, _ib._;
Holland, _ib._;
Saxony, Grand Duchy of Luxemburg, _ib._;
Holstein Schleswig, Jutland, Danish isles, _ib._;
Sweden, _ib._;
none in Norway, 302;
Herrestrup, 303;
dolmen with representations of ships, and circles with crosses,
304;
analogous to dolmen at Aspatria, _ib._;
Halskov, 305;
Oroust, 306;
dolmens in the different countries have distinguishing features,
_ib._;
oblong enclosures, 307;
diagram from Sjöborg, _ib._;
Roeskilde and Birck dolmens with oblong enclosures, _ib._;
Lüneburg, 308;
Hanover, _ib._;
Valdbygaards, near Soröe, double dolmen, 308-9;
triple dolmens, Höbisch, 309;
sentinel stones, 310;
buried dolmens, _ib._;
Uby, 311;
Smidstrup, _ib._;
Axevalla, and find there, 312-3;
dolmens, elliptical and oblong, 313;
age of, _ib._;
find, 314;
inscription at Axevalla, _ib._;
head-stone with drawings on it, of Kivik Grave, _ib._;
its resemblance to one at Locmariaker, _ib._;
dolmen at Exlo, 320;
peculiarity of Drenthe dolmens, _ib._;
Ballo, 321;
distribution of dolmens map, 324;
pre-dolmen immigration of Belgæ into Britain, 323;
Luxemburg, _ib._;
Belgians and pure Celts not dolmen builders, 326;
sequences of dolmens, 335;
Sauclières, _ib._;
St. Germain-sur-Vienne or Confolens, 336;
date of, _ib._;
demi-dolmens, 345;
others in Ireland and Wales, _ib._;
Poitiers and Kerland, 346;
rocking stones, Pierre Martine, 347;
whether accidental, 347-9;
Pierre branlante de Huelgoat, 348;
double dolmen at Plouharnel, and find, 358;
dolmens, &c., if built with small stones, more modern, 359;
Mané Lud, dolmen with sculptured stones, similar to Irish, 360-3;
Dol ar Marchant, sculpture decorations, 361-2;
Bertrand's list of dolmens in France, 376;
termination of names in ac, _ib._;
dolmens in Spain, Portugal, 377 _et seq._;
dolmen race, migration of, 378-9;
Spain, Antequera, 383;
its stone town once wholly buried, circle, 384;
contrasted with Stonehenge, _ib._;
Tio Cogolleros, 385;
Sepultura Grande, 386;
compared to what, _ib._;
dolmen near Dilar, _ib._;
Eguilar, Cangas de Onis, 387;
dolmen of San Miguel, Arrichinaga, 388;
Portugal, Arroyolos, 389;
Cangas de Onis, Arrichinaga, 390;
why not so numerous in Italy, 392;
influence of conquest and withdrawal of Romans upon, 394;
distribution in Algeria, 396;
principal dolmen region, _ib._;
Tiaret, enormous dolmen there, 397;
Tripoli, _ib._;
Morocco, _ib._;
but not near populous centres, _ib._;
inference thence as to nomadic origin, 397;
dolmen on steps, 398;
on a circled tumulus, 400;
with two circles of stones, 401;
resemblance to Kit's Cotty House, _ib._;
dolmens on road from Bona to Constantine, 402;
no dolmens in Phœnicia nor in their colonies, 409;
Nurhags and giants' towers earlier than dolmens, 437;
in Palestine, 441;
in Gilead, whether of the giant tribe, 443;
long interval from the first Indian dolmen at Peshawur, _ib._;
query as to dolmens in Asia Minor, 445;
holed dolmen in Circassia, 447;
migration theory of dolmens, 448;
missionary theory, _ib._;
important bearing of searches in the Steppes upon theories, 448;
Tartar tumuli not models of Western dolmens, 452;
space unexplored for dolmens in East, 454;
Rajunkoloor, 468, 470;
dolmens with holes, find, 468;
double circles round dolmens at Yemmee Gooda, 470;
arrangement of dolmens at Rajunkoloor, 470;
Nilgiri hills: Courg double dolmens with circular openings, 473;
tomb, _ib._;
sepulchral circles at Amravati, 474;
rail there, 475;
geographical distribution, 475 _et seq._;
of what race, 476 _et seq._;
age of, 479 _et seq._;
finds in Indian dolmens, 480;
Nilgiri sculptured dolmen, 483;
singular position of one at Iwallee, 484;
stone monuments at Shahpoor, 485;
Katapur, 487;
find, _ib._;
dolmen with cross in Nirmul jungle, 489;
illustration of Romish policy, _ib._;
dolmen at Pullicondah compared with Cingalese Dagoba, 491;
Eastern and European dolmen compared, 494 _et seq._;
whether connexion between them to be inferred from similarity, 495;
or from literature, or from rock-engraved edict of Asoka, 496.
_See_ Glen Columbkille;
dolmen near Bona, Algeria, 532.
Dordogne, monuments in, insufficient knowledge of, 335.
Doric supersedes Pelasgic style, 393;
earliest Doric temple, interval between and last Pelasgic tomb, 393.
Dowe Lowe, "find" in, 13.
Down, English tumuli on, 48.
Dowth Hill, 192, 200;
the Dagdha's Rath at, 195;
his son born there, _ib._
Dracontia, 515. _See_ Serpent, Stukeley.
Dragon in Maes-Howe, 245.
Drenthe, dolmens in, 301, 320;
Hunebeds at, their extent, 319;
compared by Keysler to Stonehenge, 319;
described by Dr. Janssen, 319;
Hunebeds, grottes des fées, 341.
Dresden, dolmens destroyed near, 301.
Drew, Stanton, circles at, 7, 161.
Drosten, name inscribed on stone, 273.
Druids, human sacrifices by, at Stonehenge, no longer believed, 1;
Dr. Stukeley's fancy respecting their temples, 3;
Cæsar's account of them, 4, 5;
serpent worship supposed, 4;
by Stukeley and Sir R. C. Hoare, 5;
Druids in Mona met by Suetonius, _ib._;
none ever seen in regions of principal rude monuments, 6;
nor in Algeria nor India, _ib._;
in Wales, according to Welsh writers, before Christianity
introduced, _ib._;
controversy in France respecting so-called Druidical monuments,
_ib._;
difficulty of connecting them with Druids, _ib._;
Stukeley's idea adopted by Deane, _ib._;
Stonehenge pretended to be their observatory, 7;
remarks of author, 7, 20, 61;
gods worshipped by Druids, according to Cæsar, 66;
Druidical institutions in India, 465;
Druids and serpents, freedom of Sjöborg from errors as to, 274.
Dryden, Sir Henry, explores Carnac, 350;
near Emmen, 320;
and Caithness, 530;
letter from, to author, _ib._;
cited, 362;
his drawings of Gavr Innis, 365;
describes Gré de Cojou, 368.
Duald Mac Firbis, antiquary, 199.
Dubois, cited, 449.
Duglas or Dubglas River, Arthur's battle on, 136;
meaning of word, _ib._
Dunadeer Circle, 263.
Du Noyer, M., cited, 345;
drawings, 225.
Dutthagamini, _see_ Ellala.