les Ordres du General Francisco Vasquez de Coronado_, in _Voyage de
Cibola_, Append. vi. pp. 365, 366, 367.
[30] Castaneda, i. cap. ix. pp. 40, 41, ii. cap. iii. p. 162. The word
is composed of _chichiltic_, a red object, and _calli_, house. Molina,
ii. pp. 11, 19.
[31] General Simpson locates the "Casas Grandes" on the Gila, in lat.
33 deg. 4' 21" and lon. 111 deg. 45' Greenwich. _Coronado's March_, p. 326.
[32] _Relation_, etc., p. 365. "Nous souffrimes quelques fatigues,
jusqu'a ce que nous eussions atteint une chaine de montagnes dont
j'avais entendu parler a la Nouvelle-Espagne, a plus de trois-cents
lieues de la. Nous donnames a l'endroit ou nous passames le nom de
Chichiltic-Calli, parce que nous avions su par des Indiens que nous
laissions derriere nous, qu'ils l'appelaient ainsi," etc. Id. "On nous
dit qu'elle se nommait Chichiltic-Calli. Apres avoir franchi ces
montagnes." ...
[33] Jaramillo, _Relation_, etc., p. 367. Simpson, p. 325. For
descriptions of the "Casas Grandes," I refer to Castaneda, i. cap. ix.
pp. 40, 41, ii. cap. iii. pp. 161, 162, to be compared with Mateo Mange,
_Documentos para la Historia de Mexico_, serie 4, vol. i. cap. v. p.
282, describing Father Kino's visit there in 1697, cap. x. pp. 362, 363.
Cristobal Martin Bernal, Francisco de Acuna, Eusebio Francisco Kino,
etc., _Relacion_, in _Documentos_, 3 serie, vol. ii. p. 884; this bears
date, 4 Dec., 1697. Fray Tomas Ignacio Lizazoin, _Informe sobre las
Provincias de Sonora y Nueva-Vizcaya, Documentos_, 3 serie, ii. p. 698.
Segundo Media, _Rudo Ensayo Tentativo de una Prevencional Descripcion de
la Provincia de Sonora, sus Terminos y Confines_, written by a Jesuit
about 1761 or 1762, and published by Buckingham Smith at S. Augustine in
1863, cap. ii. sec. 3, p. 18. Padre Font, in _Relation de Cibola_,
Append, vii. pp. 383-386. Of more recent descriptions, I enumerate
Lieut. W. H. Emory, _Notes of a Military Reconnaissance, etc., Executive
Documents_, 41, pp. 80, 81; Capt. A. R. Johnston, _Journal_, etc., id.
pp. 582, 584, 596, 597; John R. Bartlett, _Personal Narrative of
Explorations and Incidents_, etc., vol. ii. cap. xxxii. pp. 265-280.
While we can easily identify the "Casas Grandes," seen in 1846-47 and
1852, with those described in 1697, 1761, and 1775, in regard to the
earliest description of "Chichilticalli," we are inclined to agree with
Mr. L. H. Morgan, _Seven Cities of Cibola_, that "there is no ruin on
the Gila at the present time that answers the above description."
[34] _Relation de Cibola_, part ii. cap. iii. p. 163, and especially
part iii. cap. ix. p. 243. "On fit d'abord cent dix lieues vers l'ouest,
en partant de Mexico; Ton se dirigea ensuite vers le nord-est pendant
cent lieues; puis pendant six cent cinquante vers le nord, et l'on
n'etait encore arrive qu'aux ravins des bisons. De sorte qu'apres avoir
fait plus de huit cent cinquante lieues, on n'etait pas en definitive a
plus de quatre cents de Mexico."
The "Casas Grandes" in Chihuahua are on the river of the same name,
north-west of the city of Chihuahua, and nearly south of Janos. I have
been unable as yet to ascertain when they first came to notice.
According to Antonio de Oca Sarmiento, _Letter to the General Francisco
de Gorraez Beaumont_, dated 22 Sept., 1667, in _Mandamiento del Senor
Virey, Marques de Mancora, sobre las Doctrinas de Casas Grandes, que
estaban en las Yumas, Jurisdiccion de San Felipe del Parral_, in
_Documentos_, 4 serie, vol. iii. p. 231, etc., the Padre Pedro de
Aparicio died there, and the General Francisco de Gorraez Beaumont, 1
_Letter_, 25 Oct., 1667, p. 234, adds: "Que en este puesto de las Casas
Grandes era parimo de mineria y segun tradicion antigua y ruinas que se
veian que decian ser del tiempo de Moctezuma." A very good description
of the ruins has been given by Jose Agustin Escudero, _Noticias
Estadisticas del Estado de Chihuahua_, Mexico, 1834, cap. viii. pp. 234,
235, who visited them in 1819. Finally, Mr. J. R. Bartlett, _Personal
Narrative_, etc., vol. ii. cap. xxxv., has furnished excellent
descriptions and plates.
It is hardly possible to determine if these ruins would better
correspond to "Chichilticalli" than those on the Gila. The fact that the
former presented, in 1819, the appearance of one solitary building,
whereas the latter, in 1697, composed a group of _eleven_, is
noteworthy, but far from being a critical point.
[35] _Relation_, etc, ii. cap. iii. p. 165.
[36] _Relation_, etc., p. 370.
[37] Castaneda, i. cap. xi. pp. 58, 63, 64.
[38] _Relation_, i. cap. xii., pp. 69, 70; ii. cap. iii. p. 166.
[39] _Relation_, p. 370. Castaneda, i. cap. xiii. p. 76.
[40] _Relation_, p. 370.
[41] Jaramillo, pp. 370 and 371.
[42] Acoma is always described with particular care by the older Spanish
authors. Antonio de Espejo, Carta, 23 April, 1584, in _Documentos
Ineditos del Archivo de Indias_, vol. xv. p. 179: "Y hallamos un pueblo
que se llama, Acoma, donde nos parecio, habria mas de seis mil animas,
el cual esta asentado sobre una pena alta que tiene mas de cincuenta
estados en alto," etc. Juan de Onate, _Discurso de las Jornadas que hizo
el Campo de Su Magestad desde la Nueva-Espana a la Provincia de la
Nueva-Mexico, Documentos Ineditos_, vol. xvi. pp. 268, 270: "A quatro de
Diciembre [1598?], lo mataron en Acoma, los Indios de aquella fortaleza,
que es la mejor en sitio de toda la cristiandad ..." "dieron el primer
asalto al Penol de Acoma ..." _Obediencia y Vassalaje a Su Magestad por
los Indios del Pueblo de Acoma, Documentos Ineditos_, xvi. p. 127: "Al
pie de una pena muy grande sobre la qual en lo alto della esta fundado y
poblado el Pueblo que llaman de Acoma, ..." dated 27 October, 1598. Fray
Agustin de Vetancurt, _Cronica de la Provincia del Santo Evangelio de
Mexico_, trat. iii. cap. vi. p. 319. "Al Oriente del Pueblo de Zia esta
el Penol de Acoma, que tiene una legua en Circuito de treinta Estados de
alto." _Menologio Franciscano_, p. 247. Both references are taken from
the edition of 1871. Furthermore, in the anonymous _Relacion del Suceso
de la Jornada que Francisco Vazquez hizo en el Descubrimiento de
Cibola_, ano de 1531 (should be 1541), in vol. xiv. of the _Documentos
del Archivo de Indias_, we find Acuco (_east_ of Cibola), "el cual ellos
llaman en su lengua _Acuco_, y el padre Marcos le llamaba _Hacus_:" now
Hacus forcibly recalls the proper name of Acoma, which by the Qq'ueres
Indians, to whose stock its inhabitants belong, is called "Ago."
[43] _Carta_, 23 April, 1584, _Documentos Ineditos_, vol. xv. p. 182.
[44] _Discurso de las Jornadas, etc., Documentos Ineditos_, vol. xvi. p.
274. _Obediencia y Vassallaje a Su Magestad por los Indios del Pueblo de
San Joan Baptista_, id. vol. xv. p. 115. That the "Mohoces" were the
Moqui is evidenced by Padre Geronimo de Zarate Salmeron, _Relacion de
todas las Provincias que en el Nuevo-Mexico se han visto y sabido asi
por Mar como por Tierra, desde el Ano de 1538, hasta el Ano de 1626.
Documentos para la Historia de Mexico_, serie 3, vol. i. p. 30.
[45] Castaneda, i. cap. x. pp. 49, 50. Melchor Diaz reached the Rio del
Tizon, starting from Culhuacan and Sonora. This river emptied into the
Gulf of California, and he found there traces of Fernando de Alarcon.
The latter went up the Rio Colorado, and learned many details about
Cibola from Indians living along the river. _Relation de la Navigation
et de la Decouverte faite par le Capitaine Fernando Alarcon, Voyage de
Cibola_, Ternaux-Compans, Append, iv. cap. i. p. 302: "Nous y trouvames
un tres grand fleuve dont le courant etait si rapide, qu'a peine
pouvions nous nous y maintenir," cap. v. pp. 324-326; cap. vi. p. 331.
Herrera, dec. vi. lib. ix. cap. xi. p. 212. Fray Juan de Torquemada,
_Monarchia Indiana_, lib. v. cap. xi. p. 609, ed. of 1723. While Alarcon
was endeavoring to meet Coronado by sailing or boating up the Colorado
from its mouth, the latter sent Garci-Lopez de Cardenas to explore a
river which the Indians of "Tusayan" had mentioned to Pedro de Tobar;
and he reached this river after twenty days' march. It is described as
follows by Castaneda (i. cap. xi. p. 62): "After these twenty days'
marching, they indeed reached this river, whose shores are so high that
they thought themselves at least three or four leagues up in the air.
The country is covered with low and crippled pines; it is exposed to the
north, and the cold is so severe that, although it was summer, it could
hardly be supported. The Spaniards for three days marched along these
mountains, hoping to find a place where they could reach the river,
which, from above, appeared to be about one fathom in width, while the
Indians said it was wider than one-half league; but it was found to be
impossible," etc. This is a fair picture of the canons of the Colorado
River of the West, the only one emptying into the head of the Gulf of
California; and Castaneda adds (p. 65): "This river was the del Tizon."
[46] _Carta, Documentos Ineditos_, vol. xv. p. 180: "Una provincia, que
son seis pueblos, que la provincia llaman Zuni, y por otro nombre
Cibola. Richard Hackluyt, _The Third and last Volume of the Voyages,
Navigations, Traffiques, and Discoveries of the English Nation_." _El
Viaie que hizo Antonio de Espeio en el Ano de ochenta y tres_, pp.
457-464, has "dieron con una Provincia, que se nombra en lengua de los
naturales Zuny, y la llaman los Espanoles Cibola, ay en ella cantidad de
Indios ..."
[47] Castaneda, i. cap. xii. pp. 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73.
[48] Jaramillo, pp. 370, 371. Castaneda, p. 69.
[49] Castaneda, p. 71.
[50] _Coronado's March_, pp. 333-336.
[51] _The Spanish Conquest of New Mexico_, cap. xxiv. p. 185, note I;
cap. xxv. p. 198, note I; also p. 199. I attach particular importance to
the opinions of Mr. Davis. He visited New Mexico at a time when it was
still "undeveloped," and his writings on the country show thorough
knowledge, and much documentary information. It is to be regretted that
he fails absolutely to mention his sources in any satisfactory manner, a
defect which might deprive his valuable book of much of its
unquestionable reliability and importance. The attentive student,
however, finds, after going seriously through the mass of material still
on hand, that Mr. Davis has been so painstaking and honest, that he is
very much inclined to forgive the lack of citations.
[52] From Bernalillo or Sandia, the easiest way, and the one which
Alvarado, by Coronado's order, must certainly have taken, is south of
Galisteo. This would have led him to Pecos, either by the Canon de San
Cristobal or, as I presume, to the lower valley, and thence up the river
to the Pueblo. Castaneda (ii. cap. v. p. 176) speaks of abandoned
villages along the route. There is a ruin at the place called "Pueblo,"
one at San Jose, and another at Kingman; all along the line of the
"Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe Railroad." I presume, therefore, that he
took this route. At all events, he went _south_ of the Tanos, else he
would have struck the villages called later San Lazaro and San
Cristobal, both then occupied.
[53] The belief has been expressed to me at Santa Fe, by authority which
I have learned to respect, that on the site of the present city there
stood the old town of Tiguex. This belief has been strengthened by the
popular tale, that the old adobe house, of two low stories, adjoining
the ancient chapel of San Miguel, was an ancient Indian home. Personal
inspection has, however, satisfied me of the fact that this building,
while certainly very old, is certainly not one of an Indian "pueblo." It
forms a rectangle: _Met._ 20.71' from east to west, and 4.80' from north
to south. Its front has five doors, and the upper story as many windows.
It is entirely of adobe, and may indeed have been an Indian house, but
built after their old plan, when Santa Fe had already been founded.
There is no notice of any pueblo on this site. Besides, documentary
evidence regarding the establishment of Santa Fe absolutely ignores the
existence of any Indian settlement at that place in 1598. Juan de Onate,
_Discurso de las Jornadas que hizo el Capitan de Su Magestad desde la
Nueva-Espana a la Provincia de la Nuevo-Mexico_, in _Coleccion de
Documentos del Archivo de Indias_, vol. xvi. pp. 263-266. _Obediencia y
Vasallaje a Su Magestad por los Indios de San Joan Baptista._ Id., Sept
9, 1598, pp. 115, 116: "Al Padre Fray Cristobal de Salazar, la Provincia
de los Tepuas (_Tehuas_) con los pueblos de Triape, Triaque el de Sant
Yldefonso y Santa Clara, y este pueblo de Sant Joan Batista y el de Sant
Gabriele el de Troomaxiaquino, Xiomato, Axol, Comitria, Quiotraco, y
mas, la Cibdad de Sant Francisco de los Espanoles, que al presente se
Edifican."
[54] _Obediencia y Vasallaje a Su Magestad por los Indios de
Santo-Domingo._ Id., p. 102. July 7, 1598. _Obediencia, etc., de S. Joan
Baptista_, pp. 112, 115, "los Chiguas o Tiguas."
[55] _Apuntamientos que sobre el Terreno hizo el Padre Jose Amando Niel,
Documentos para la Historia de Mexico_, 3a serie, vol. i. pp. 98, 99:
"Estan pobladas junto a la sierra de Puruai que toma el nombre del
principal pueblo que se llama asi, y orilla del gran rio." There were
then three pueblos: San-Pedro, "rio abajo de Puruai;" Santiago, "rio
arriba." Puaray was destroyed and in ruins in 1711. It was here that
Father Augustin Ruiz was killed in 1581. Fray Geronimo de Zarate
Salmeron, _Relacion_, etc., p. 10. Fray Agustin de Vetancurt, _Menologio
Franciscano_, pp. 412, 413. Jean Blaeu, _Douzieme livre de la Geographie
Blaviane_, Amsterdam, 1667, p. 62, calls the Tiguas "Tebas," and says
they had "quinze bourgades." Vetancurt, _Menologio_, but principally
_Cronica de la provincia del Santo Evangelio de Mexico_, gives the
Tiguas, before 1680, the following stations and pueblos: Isleta,
Alameda, Puray, and Sandia, pp. 310-313.
[56] _Relacion_, etc., p. 10.
[57] A. S. Gatschet, _Zwoelf Sprachen aus dem Suedwesten Nord-Amerika's_,
Weimar, 1876, p. 41.
[58] Castaneda, i. cap. xix. p. 116.
[59] Simpson, _Coronado's March_, pp. 336.
[60] Castaneda, i. cap. xiii. p. 76.
[61] _Spanish Conquest_, cap. xxiii. p. 180, note 5, p. 181, note 6.
[62] Castaneda, p. 76.
[63] Isleta is probably a modern _pueblo_, that is one erected since
1598 and previous to 1680, and I shall treat it as such till I am better
informed. The description by Vetancurt ("_Cronica_," etc., trat. iii.
cap. v. pp. 310 and 311, as in the year 1680) is characteristic:
"Formase un rio de la nieve que se derrite, que con el rio Norte cercan
un campo de cinco leguas ... Es el paso para las provincias de Acoma,
Zunias, Moqui ..." In a straight line, the distance from Bernalillo is
about twenty-five miles.
[64] p. 76. "Le general remonta ensuite la riviere, et visita toute la
province jusqu'a ce qu'il fut arrive a Tiguex."
[65] p. 76. "Ils apprirent qu'en descendant la riviere ils trouveraient
encore d'autres villages."
[66] Castaneda, ii. cap. iv. p. 168.
[67] Cap. vi. p. 182, part ii. In looking at the map, it will be seen
that Bernalillo is, indeed, a central point. Along the Rio Grande it is
almost at equal distances from Taos at the north, and Socorro at the
south, whereas it is little further (in an east-westerly line) from
Bernalillo to Zuni, than from Bernalillo to the plains. The accuracy of
Castaneda becomes more and more wonderful, the closer his narrative is
studied and compared with the country itself. His distance exceeds the
bee-line regularly almost by one-third; a very natural fact, since he
computes the lengths from the routes taken.
[68] These facts are taken from the following passages of Castaneda: i.
cap. xviii., ii. cap. vi., Queres; i. cap. xxii, ii. cap. vi., Hemes and
Aguas Calientes; ii. cap. iv., Acha; i. cap. xxii., ii. cap. vi., Braba;
i. cap. xviii., Cia; ii. cap. v., Ximera; and i. cap. xxii., ii. cap.
vi., Yuque-Yunque, perhaps Cuyamunque.
[69] Santo Domingo, Cochiti, San Felipe, Santa-Ana, and Cia are the
Queres pueblos near the Rio Grande still remaining. They all then
existed in 1598. _Obediencia, etc., a S. Joan Baptista_, p. 113.
[70] The Jemez or Emmes, in 1598, contained nine "pueblos," or rather
places of habitation. _Obediencia, etc., de Santo Domingo_, p. 102.
Niel, p. 99, mentions five.
[71] Castaneda, i. cap. xxii. It is unmistakable. Compare Simpson,
_Coronado's March_, p. 339. Vetancurt, _Cronica_, etc., p. 319. "Este es
el ultimo pueblo hacia el norte." Jean Blaeu, _Geographie_, etc., p. 62.
[72] This is equally definite. Castaneda, ii. cap. v. p. 177. "Between
Cicuye and the province of Quirix, there exists a small very well
fortified village which the Spaniards have named Ximera, and another one
which appears to have been very large." This shows that the Spaniards
went from Pecos by the San Cristobal canon.
[73] To-day Tezuque, Nambe, Santa Clara, San Juan, San Ildefonso,
Pojuaque, and, besides, Cuyamunque in ruins.
[74] The Piros were totally dispersed during the intertribal wars of
1680-89. Niel, p. 104. Senecu, near Mesilla, is a Piros pueblo, founded
by Fray Antonio de Arteaga in 1630. Fray Balthasar de Medina, _Chronica
de la Provincia de S. Diego de Mexico de Religiosos Descalzos de N. S.
P. S. Francisco de la Nueva-Espana_, Mexico, 1682, lib. iv. cap. vii.
fol. 168. Vetancurt, _Cronica_, p. 309. It is therefore a Spanish
"colony," and not an original pueblo.
[75] Castaneda, i. cap. ix., ii. cap. iii. iv. p. 183, vii. p. 188. Fray
Marcos de Niza, pp. 274-276, Jaramillo, pp. 368, 369.
[76] Antonio Espejo, _Viaje_, etc. Vetancurt, _Cronica_, etc., pp. 302,
303.
[77] Vetancurt, _Cronica_, etc., trat. iii. cap. iv. pp. 302, 303-305,
cap. vi. pp. 324, 325.
[78] Espejo, _Viaje_, etc.
[79] _Coronado's March_, pp. 336-339. Don Jose Cortes, _Memorias sobre
las Provincias del Norte de Nueva-Espana_, 1799. MSS. of the library of
Congress, fol. 87.
[80] Coronado, Letter of Oct. 20, 1541, p. 354. Castaneda, ii. cap.
viii. p. 194, Jaramillo, pp. 376, 377.
[81] He went from Santa Fe N.E. and E.N.E., and struck the
"Escansaques:" might they have been the "Kansas?" Geronimo de Zarate
Salmeron, _Relacion_, etc., pp. 26, 27.
[82] Zarate Salmeron, p. 29.
[83] I append a valuable description of these ruins from the
Surveyor-General's office at Santa Fe, communicated to me by Mr. D. J.
Miller. (See p. 30.)
[84] This is made probable through the statement of Father Jose Amando
Niel (p. 108), to the effect that the Yutas warred against the Pananas
and the Jumanas. The latter were about Socorro, therefore the Yutas must
have descended east to below Pecos. Their arrival east of the Sierra
Madre is placed, through the reports of the Pecos, about 1530.
Castaneda, ii. cap. v., p. 178.
[85] _Obediencia, etc., de S. Joan Baptista_, p. 113, "todos los Apaches
desde la Sierra Nevada hacia la parte del Norte y Poniento," p. 114;
speaking of the Jemez, "y mas, todos los Apaches y cocoyes de sus
sierras y comarcas."
[86] In a subsequent paper, I hope to continue this "Historical
Introduction," in the shape of a discussion of the various expeditions
into New Mexico, and from it to other points north-west and north-east,
up to the year 1605.
II.
A VISIT TO THE ABORIGINAL RUINS IN THE VALLEY OF THE RIO PECOS.
About thirty miles to the south-east of the city of Santa Fe, and in the
western sections of the district of San Miguel (New Mexico), the upper
course of the Rio Pecos traverses a broad valley, extending in width
from east to west about six or eight miles, and in length from
north-west to south-east from twenty to twenty-five. Its boundaries
are,--on the north and north-east, the Sierra de Santa Fe, and the
Sierra de Santa Barbara, or rather their southern spurs; on the west a
high _mesa_ or table land, extending nearly parallel to the river until
opposite or south of the peak of Bernal; on the east, the Sierra de
Tecolote. The altitude of this valley is on an average not less than six
thousand three hundred feet,[87] while the _mesa_ on the right bank of
the river rises abruptly to nearly two thousand feet higher; the
Tecolote chain is certainly not much lower, if any; and the summits of
the high Sierras in the north rise to over ten thousand feet at
least.[88]
The Rio Pecos (which empties into the Rio Grande fully five degrees
more to the south, in the State of Texas) hugs, in the upper part of the
valley, closely to the mountains of Tecolote, and thence runs almost
directly north and south. The high _mesa_ opposite, known as the Mesa de
Pecos, sweeps around in huge semicircles, but in a general direction
from north-west to south-east. The upper part of the valley, therefore,
forms a triangle, whose apex, at the south, would be near San Jose:
whereas its base-line at the north might be indicated as from the Plaza
de Pecos to Baughl's Sidings; or rather from the Rio Pecos, east of the
town, to the foot of the _mesa_ on the west, a length of over six miles.
Nearly in the centre of this triangle, two miles west of the river, and
one and a half miles from Baughl's, there rises a narrow, semicircular
cliff or _mesilla_, over the bed of a stream known as the Arroyo de
Pecos.[89] The southern end of this tabular cliff (its highest point as
well as its most sunny slope) is covered with very extensive ruins,
representing, as I shall hereafter explain, _three distinct kinds of
occupation of the place by man_. These ruins are known under the name of
the Old Pueblo of Pecos.
The tourist who, in order to reach Santa Fe from the north, takes the
Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railroad at La Junta, Colorado,--fascinated
as he becomes by the beauty as well as by the novelty of the landscape,
while running parallel with the great Sierra Madre, after he has
traversed the Ratonis at daybreak,--enters a still more weird country in
the afternoon. The Rio Pecos is crossed just beyond Bernal, and thence
on he speeds towards the west and north: to the left, the towering Mesa
de Pecos, dark pines clambering up its steep sides; to the right, the
broad valley, scooped out, so to say, between the _mesa_ and the
Tecolote ridge. It is dotted with green patches and black clusters of
cedar and pine shooting out of the red and rocky soil. Scarcely a house
is visible, for the _casitas_ of adobe and wood nestle mostly in
sheltered nooks. Beyond Baughl's, the ruins first strike his view; the
red walls of the church stand boldly out on the barren _mesilla_; and to
the north of it there are two low brown ridges, the remnants of the
Indian houses. The bleak summits of the high northern chain seem to rise
in height as he advances; even the distant Trout mountains (Sierra de la
Trucha) loom up solemnly towards the head-waters of the Pecos. About
Glorieta the vale disappears, and through the shaggy crests of the Canon
del Apache, which overlooks the track in awful proximity, he sallies out
upon the central plain of northern New Mexico, six thousand eight
hundred feet above the sea-level. To the south-west the picturesque
Sandia mountains;[90] to the west, far off, the Heights of Jemez and the
Sierra del Valle, bound the level and apparently barren table-land. An
hour more of fearfully rapid transit with astonishing curves, and, at
sunset, he lands at La Villa Real de Santa-Fe.