[1] Rousseau's account of this affair (_Confessions_, 2nd part, 8th
book) must be received with caution.
GRIMM, JACOB LUDWIG CARL (1785-1863), German philologist and
mythologist, was born on the 4th of January 1785 at Hanau, in
Hesse-Cassel. His father, who was a lawyer, died while he was a child,
and the mother was left with very small means; but her sister, who was
lady of the chamber to the landgravine of Hesse, helped to support and
educate her numerous family. Jacob, with his younger brother Wilhelm
(born on the 24th of February 1786), was sent in 1798 to the public
school at Cassel. In 1802 he proceeded to the university of Marburg,
where he studied law, a profession for which he had been destined by his
father. His brother joined him at Marburg a year later, having just
recovered from a long and severe illness, and likewise began the study
of law. Up to this time Jacob Grimm had been actuated only by a general
thirst for knowledge and his energies had not found any aim beyond the
practical one of making himself a position in life. The first definite
impulse came from the lectures of Savigny, the celebrated investigator
of Roman law, who, as Grimm himself says (in the preface to the
_Deutsche Grammatik_), first taught him to realize what it meant to
study any science. Savigny's lectures also awakened in him that love for
historical and antiquarian investigation which forms the basis of all
his work. Then followed personal acquaintance, and it was in Savigny's
well-provided library that Grimm first turned over the leaves of
Bodmer's edition of the Old German minnesingers and other early texts,
and felt an eager desire to penetrate further into the obscurities and
half-revealed mysteries of their language. In the beginning of 1805 he
received an invitation from Savigny, who had removed to Paris, to help
him in his literary work. Grimm passed a very happy time in Paris,
strengthening his taste for the literatures of the middle ages by his
studies in the Paris libraries. Towards the close of the year he
returned to Cassel, where his mother and Wilhelm had settled, the latter
having finished his studies. The next year he obtained a situation in
the war office with the very small salary of 100 thalers. One of his
grievances was that he had to exchange his stylish Paris suit for a
stiff uniform and pigtail. But he had full leisure for the prosecution
of his studies. In 1808, soon after the death of his mother, he was
appointed superintendent of the private library of Jerome Buonaparte,
king of Westphalia, into which Hesse-Cassel had been incorporated by
Napoleon. Jerome appointed him an auditor to the state council, while he
retained his other post. His salary was increased in a short interval
from 2000 to 4000 francs, and his official duties were hardly more than
nominal. After the expulsion of Jerome and the reinstalment of an
elector, Grimm was appointed in 1813 secretary of legation, to accompany
the Hessian minister to the headquarters of the allied army. In 1814 he
was sent to Paris to demand restitution of the books carried off by the
French, and in 1814-1815 he attended the congress of Vienna as secretary
of legation. On his return he was again sent to Paris on the same errand
as before. Meanwhile Wilhelm had received an appointment in the Cassel
library, and in 1816 Jacob was made second librarian under Volkel. On
the death of Volkel in 1828 the brothers expected to be advanced to the
first and second librarianships respectively, and were much dissatisfied
when the first place was given to Rommel, keeper of the archives. So
they removed next year to Gottingen, where Jacob received the
appointment of professor and librarian, Wilhelm that of under-librarian.
Jacob Grimm lectured on legal antiquities, historical grammar, literary
history, and diplomatics, explained Old German poems, and commented on
the _Germania_ of Tacitus. At this period he is described as small and
lively in figure, with a harsh voice, speaking a broad Hessian dialect.
His powerful memory enabled him to dispense with the manuscript which
most German professors rely on, and he spoke extempore, referring only
occasionally to a few names and dates written on a slip of paper. He
himself regretted that he had begun the work of teaching so late in
life; and as a lecturer he was not successful: he had no idea of
digesting his facts and suiting them to the comprehension of his
hearers; and even the brilliant, terse and eloquent passages which
abound in his writings lost much of their effect when jerked out in the
midst of a long array of dry facts. In 1837, being one of the seven
professors who signed a protest against the king of Hanover's abrogation
of the constitution established some years before, he was dismissed from
his professorship, and banished from the kingdom of Hanover. He returned
to Cassel together with his brother, who had also signed the protest,
and remained there till, in 1840, they accepted an invitation from the
king of Prussia to remove to Berlin, where they both received
professorships, and were elected members of the Academy of Sciences. Not
being under any obligation to lecture, Jacob seldom did so, but together
with his brother worked at the great dictionary. During their stay at
Cassel Jacob regularly attended the meetings of the academy, where he
read papers on the most varied subjects. The best known of these are
those on Lachmann, Schiller, and his brother Wilhelm (who died in 1859),
on old age, and on the origin of language. He also described his
impressions of Italian and Scandinavian travel, interspersing his more
general observations with linguistic details, as is the case in all his
works.
Grimm died in 1863, working up to the last. He was never ill, and worked
on all day, without haste and without pause. He was not at all impatient
of interruption, but seemed rather to be refreshed by it, returning to
his work without effort. He wrote for the press with great rapidity, and
hardly ever made corrections. He never revised what he had written,
remarking with a certain wonder of his brother, "Wilhelm reads his
manuscripts over again before sending them to press!" His temperament
was uniformly cheerful, and he was easily amused. Outside his own
special work he had a marked taste for botany. The spirit which animated
his work is best described by himself at the end of his autobiography.
"Nearly all my labours have been devoted, either directly or indirectly,
to the investigation of our earlier language, poetry and laws. These
studies may have appeared to many, and may still appear, useless; to me
they have always seemed a noble and earnest task, definitely and
inseparably connected with our common fatherland, and calculated to
foster the love of it. My principle has always been in these
investigations to under-value nothing, but to utilize the small for the
illustration of the great, the popular tradition for the elucidation of
the written monuments."
The purely scientific side of Grimm's character developed slowly. He
seems to have felt the want of definite principles of etymology without
being able to discover them, and indeed even in the first edition of his
grammar (1819) he seems to be often groping in the dark. As early as
1815 we find A. W. Schlegel reviewing the _Altdeutsche Walder_ (a
periodical published by the two brothers) very severely, condemning the
lawless etymological combinations it contained, and insisting on the
necessity of strict philological method and a fundamental investigation
of the laws of language, especially in the correspondence of sounds.
This criticism is said to have had a considerable influence on the
direction of Grimm's studies.
The first work he published, _Uber den altdeutschen Meistergesang_
(1811), was of a purely literary character. Yet even in this essay Grimm
showed that _Minnesang_ and _Meistersang_ were really one form of
poetry, of which they merely represented different stages of
development, and also announced his important discovery of the
invariable division of the _Lied_ into three strophic parts.
His text-editions were mostly prepared in common with his brother. In
1812 they published the two ancient fragments of the _Hildebrandslied_
and the _Weissenbrunner Gebet_, Jacob having discovered what till then
had never been suspected--the alliteration in these poems. However,
Jacob had little taste for text-editing, and, as he himself confessed,
the evolving of a critical text gave him little pleasure. He therefore
left this department to others, especially Lachmann, who soon turned his
brilliant critical genius, trained in the severe school of classical
philology, to Old and Middle High German poetry and metre. Both brothers
were attracted from the beginning by all national poetry, whether in the
form of epics, ballads or popular tales. They published in 1816-1818 an
analysis and critical sifting of the oldest epic traditions of the
Germanic races under the title of _Deutsche Sagen_. At the same time
they collected all the popular tales they could find, partly from the
mouths of the people, partly from manuscripts and books, and published
in 1812-1815 the first edition of those _Kinder- und Hausmarchen_ which
have carried the name of the brothers Grimm into every household of the
civilized world, and founded the science of folk-lore. The closely
allied subject of the satirical beast epic of the middle ages also had a
great charm for Jacob Grimm, and he published an edition of the
_Reinhart Fuchs_ in 1834. His first contribution to mythology was the
first volume of an edition of the Eddaic songs, undertaken conjointly
with his brother, published in 1815, which, however, was not followed by
any more. The first edition of his _Deutsche Mythologie_ appeared in
1835. This great work covers the whole range of the subject, tracing the
mythology and superstitions of the old Teutons back to the very dawn of
direct evidence, and following their decay and loss down to the popular
traditions, tales and expressions in which they still linger.
Although by the introduction of the Code Napoleon into Westphalia
Grimm's legal studies were made practically barren, he never lost his
interest in the scientific study of law and national institutions, as
the truest exponents of the life and character of a people. By the
publication (in 1828) of his _Rechtsalterthumer_ he laid the foundations
of that historical study of the old Teutonic laws and constitutions
which was continued with brilliant success by Georg L. Maurer and
others. In this work Grimm showed the importance of a linguistic study
of the old laws, and the light that can be thrown on many a dark passage
in them by a comparison of the corresponding words and expressions in
the other old cognate dialects. He also knew how--and this is perhaps
the most original and valuable part of his work--to trace the spirit of
the laws in countless allusions and sayings which occur in the old poems
and sagas, or even survive in modern colloquialisms.
Of all his more general works the boldest and most far-reaching is his
_Geschichte der deutschen Sprache_, where at the same time the
linguistic element is most distinctly brought forward. The subject of
the work is, indeed, nothing less than the history which lies hidden in
the words of the German language--the oldest national history of the
Teutonic tribes determined by means of language. For this purpose he
laboriously collects the scattered words and allusions to be found in
classical writers, and endeavours to determine the relations in which
the German language stood to those of the Getae, Thracians, Scythians,
and many other nations whose languages are known only by doubtfully
identified, often extremely corrupted remains preserved by Greek and
Latin authors. Grimm's results have been greatly modified by the wider
range of comparison and improved methods of investigation which now
characterize linguistic science, and many of the questions raised by him
will probably for ever remain obscure; but his book will always be one
of the most fruitful and suggestive that have ever been written.
Grimm's famous _Deutsche Grammatik_ was the outcome of his purely
philological work. The labours of past generations--from the humanists
onwards--had collected an enormous mass of materials in the shape of
text-editions, dictionaries and grammars, although most of it was
uncritical and often untrustworthy. Something had even been done in the
way of comparison and the determination of general laws, and the
conception of a comparative Teutonic grammar had been clearly grasped by
the illustrious Englishman George Hickes, at the beginning of the 18th
century, and partly carried out by him in his _Thesaurus_. Ten Kate in
Holland had afterwards made valuable contributions to the history and
comparison of the Teutonic languages. Even Grimm himself did not at
first intend to include all the languages in his grammar; but he soon
found that Old High German postulated Gothic, that the later stages of
German could not be understood without the help of the Low German
dialects, including English, and that the rich literature of Scandinavia
could as little be ignored. The first edition of the first part of the
_Grammar_, which appeared in 1819, and is now extremely rare, treated of
the inflections of all these languages, together with a general
introduction, in which he vindicated the importance of an historical
study of the German language against the a priori, quasi-philosophical
methods then in vogue.
In 1822 this volume appeared in a second edition--really a new work,
for, as Grimm himself says in the preface, it cost him little reflection
to mow down the first crop to the ground. The wide distance between the
two stages of Grimm's development in these two editions is significantly
shown by the fact that while the first edition gives only the
inflections, in the second volume phonology takes up no fewer than 600
pages, more than half of the whole volume. Grimm had, at last, awakened
to the full conviction that all sound philology must be based on
rigorous adhesion to the laws of sound-change, and he never afterwards
swerved from this principle, which gave to all his investigations, even
in their boldest flights, that iron-bound consistency, and that force of
conviction which distinguish science from dilettanteism; up to Grimm's
time philology was nothing but a more or less laborious and
conscientious dilettanteism, with occasional flashes of scientific
inspiration; he made it into a science. His advance must be attributed
mainly to the influence of his contemporary R. Rask. Rask was born two
years later than Grimm, but his remarkable precocity gave him somewhat
the start. Even in Grimm's first editions his Icelandic paradigms are
based entirely on Rask's grammar, and in his second edition he relied
almost entirely on Rask for Old English. His debt to Rask can only be
estimated at its true value by comparing his treatment of Old English in
the two editions; the difference is very great. Thus in the first
edition he declines _daeg_, _daeges_, plural _daegas_, not having
observed the law of vowel-change pointed out by Rask. There can be
little doubt that the appearance of Rask's Old English grammar was a
main inducement for him to recast his work from the beginning. To Rask
also belongs the merit of having first distinctly formulated the laws of
sound-correspondence in the different languages, especially in the
vowels, those more fleeting elements of speech which had hitherto been
ignored by etymologists.
This leads to a question which has been the subject of much
controversy,--Who discovered what is known as _Grimm's law_? This law of
the correspondence of consonants in the older Indo-germanic, Low and
High German languages respectively was first fully stated by Grimm in
the second edition of the first part of his grammar. The correspondence
of single consonants had been more or less clearly recognized by several
of his predecessors; but the one who came nearest to the discovery of
the complete law was the Swede J. Ihre, who established a considerable
number of "literarum permutationes," such as _b_ for _f_, with the
examples _baera = ferre_, _befwer = fiber_. Rask, in his essay on the
origin of the Icelandic language, gives the same comparisons, with a few
additions and corrections, and even the very same examples in most
cases. As Grimm in the preface to his first edition expressly mentions
this essay of Rask, there is every probability that it gave the first
impulse to his own investigations. But there is a wide difference
between the isolated permutations of his predecessors and the
comprehensive generalizations under which he himself ranged them. The
extension of the law to High German is also entirely his own. The only
fact that can be adduced in support of the assertion that Grimm wished
to deprive Rask of his claims to priority is that he does not expressly
mention Rask's results in his second edition. But this is part of the
plan of his work, viz. to refrain from all controversy or reference to
the works of others. In his first edition he expressly calls attention
to Rask's essay, and praises it most ungrudgingly. Rask himself refers
as little to Ihre, merely alluding in a general way to Ihre's
permutations, although his own debt to Ihre is infinitely greater than
that of Grimm to Rask or any one else. It is true that a certain
bitterness of feeling afterwards sprang up between Grimm and Rask, but
this was the fault of the latter, who, impatient of contradiction and
irritable in controversy, refused to acknowledge the value of Grimm's
views when they involved modification of his own. The importance of
Grimm's generalization in the history of philology cannot be
overestimated, and even the mystic completeness and symmetry of its
formulation, although it has proved a hindrance to the correct
explanation of the causes of the changes, was well calculated to strike
the popular mind, and give it a vivid idea of the paramount importance
of law, and the necessity of disregarding mere superficial resemblance.
The most lawless etymologist bows down to the authority of Grimm's law,
even if he honours it almost as much in the breach as in the observance.
The grammar was continued in three volumes, treating principally of
derivation, composition and syntax, which last was left unfinished.
Grimm then began a third edition, of which only one part, comprising the
vowels, appeared in 1840, his time being afterwards taken up mainly by
the dictionary. The grammar stands alone in the annals of science for
comprehensiveness, method and fullness of detail. Every law, every
letter, every syllable of inflection in the different languages is
illustrated by an almost exhaustive mass of material. It has served as a
model for all succeeding investigators. Diez's grammar of the Romance
languages is founded entirely on its methods, which have also exerted a
profound influence on the wider study of the Indo-Germanic languages in
general.
In the great German dictionary Grimm undertook a task for which he was
hardly suited. His exclusively historical tendencies made it impossible
for him to do justice to the individuality of a living language; and the
disconnected statement of the facts of language in an ordinary
alphabetical dictionary fatally mars its scientific character. It was
also undertaken on so large a scale as to make it impossible for him and
his brother to complete it themselves. The dictionary, as far as it was
worked out by Grimm himself, may be described as a collection of
disconnected antiquarian essays of high value.
Grimm's scientific character is notable for its combination of breadth
and unity. He was as far removed from the narrowness of the specialist
who has no ideas, no sympathies beyond some one author, period or corner
of science, as from the shallow dabbler who feverishly attempts to
master the details of half-a-dozen discordant pursuits. Even within his
own special studies there is the same wise concentration; no
Mezzofanti-like parrot display of useless polyglottism. The very
foundations of his nature were harmonious; his patriotism and love of
historical investigation received their fullest satisfaction in the
study of the language, traditions, mythology, laws and literature of his
own countrymen and their nearest kindred. But from this centre his
investigations were pursued in every direction as far as his unerring
instinct of healthy limitation would allow. He was equally fortunate in
the harmony that subsisted between his intellectual and moral nature. He
made cheerfully the heavy sacrifices that science demands from its
disciples, without feeling any of that envy and bitterness which often
torment weaker natures; and although he lived apart from his fellow men,
he was full of human sympathies, and no man has ever exercised a
profounder influence on the destinies of mankind. His was the very ideal
of the noblest type of German character.
The following is a complete list of his separately published works,
those which he published in common with his brother being marked with
a star. For a list of his essays in periodicals, &c., see vol. v. of
his _Kleinere Schriften_, from which the present list is taken. His
life is best studied in his own "Selbstbiographie," in vol. i. of the
_Kleinere Schriften_. There is also a brief memoir by K. Godeke in
_Gottinger Professoren_ (Gotha (Perthes), 1872): _Uber den
altdeutschen Meistergesang_ (Gottingen, 1811); *_Kinder- und
Hausmarchen_ (Berlin, 1812-1815) (many editions); *_Das Lied von
Hildebrand und das Weissenbrunner Gebet_ (Cassel, 1812); _Altdeutsche
Walder_ (Cassel, Frankfort, 1813-1816, 3 vols.); *_Der arme Heinrich
von Hartmann von der Aue_ (Berlin, 1815); *_Irmenstrasse und
Irmensaule_ (Vienna, 1815); *_Die Lieder der allen Edda_ (Berlin,
1815), _Silva de romances viejos_ (Vienna, 1815); *_Deutsche Sagen_
(Berlin, 1816-1818, 2nd ed., Berlin, 1865-1866); _Deutsche Grammatik_
(Gottingen, 1819, 2nd ed., Gottingen, 1822-1840) (reprinted 1870 by W.
Scherer, Berlin); _Wuk Stephanovitsch's kleine serbische Grammatik,
verdeutscht mit einer Vorrede_ (Leipzig and Berlin, 1824); _Zur
Recension der deutschen Grammatik_ (Cassel, 1826); *_Irische
Elfenmarchen, aus dem Englischen_ (Leipzig, 1826); _Deutsche
Rechtsaltertumer_ (Gottingen, 1828, 2nd ed., 1854); _Hymnorum veteris
ecclesiae XXVI. interpretatio theodisca_ (Gottingen, 1830); _Reinhart
Fuchs_ (Berlin, 1834); _Deutsche Mythologie_ (Gottingen, 1835, 3rd
ed., 1854, 2 vols.); _Taciti Germania edidit_ (Gottingen, 1835); _Uber
meine Entlassung_ (Basel, 1838); (together with Schmeller)
_Lateinische Gedichte des X. und XI. Jahrhunderts_ (Gottingen, 1838);
_Sendschreiben an Karl Lachmann uber Reinhart Fuchs_ (Berlin, 1840);
_Weistumer_, Th. i. (Gottingen, 1840) (continued, partly by others, in
5 parts, 1840-1869); _Andreas und Elene_ (Cassel, 1840); _Frau
Aventure_ (Berlin, 1842); _Geschichte der deutschen Sprache_ (Leipzig,
1848, 3rd ed., 1868, 2 vols.); _Das Wort des Besitzes_ (Berlin, 1850);
*_Deutsches Worterbuch_, Bd. i. (Leipzig, 1854); _Rede auf Wilhelm
Grimm und Rede uber das Alter_ (Berlin, 1868, 3rd ed., 1865);
_Kleinere Schriften_ (Berlin, 1864-1870, 5 vols.). (H. Sw.)
GRIMM, WILHELM CARL (1786-1859). For the chief events in the life of
Wilhelm Grimm see article on Jacob Grimm above. As Jacob himself said in
his celebrated address to the Berlin Academy on the death of his
brother, the whole of their lives were passed together. In their
schooldays they had one bed and one table in common, as students they
had two beds and two tables in the same room, and they always lived
under one roof, and had their books and property in common. Nor did
Wilhelm's marriage in any way disturb their harmony. As Cleasby said
("Life of Cleasby," prefixed to his _Icelandic Dictionary_, p. lxix.),
"they both live in the same house, and in such harmony and community
that one might almost imagine the children were common property."
Wilhelm's character was a complete contrast to that of his brother. As a
boy he was strong and healthy, but as he grew up he was attacked by a
long and severe illness, which left him weak all his life. His was a
less comprehensive and energetic mind than that of his brother, and he
had less of the spirit of investigation, preferring to confine himself
to some limited and definitely bounded field of work; he utilized
everything that bore directly on his own studies, and ignored the rest.
These studies were almost always of a literary nature. It is
characteristic of his more aesthetic nature that he took great delight
in music, for which his brother had but a moderate liking, and had a
remarkable gift of story-telling. Cleasby, in the account of his visit
to the brothers, quoted above, tells that "Wilhelm read a sort of farce
written in the Frankfort dialect, depicting the 'malheurs' of a rich
Frankfort tradesman on a holiday jaunt on Sunday. It was very droll, and
he read it admirably." Cleasby describes him as "an uncommonly animated,
jovial fellow." He was, accordingly, much sought in society, which he
frequented much more than his brother.
His first work was a spirited translation of the Danish _Kaempeviser,
Altdanische Heldenlieder_, published in 1811-1813, which made his name
at first more widely known than that of his brother. The most
important of his text editions are--_Ruolandslied_ (Gottingen, 1838);
_Konrad von Wurzburg's Goldene Schmiede_ (Berlin, 1840); _Grave
Ruodolf_ (Gottingen, 1844, 2nd ed.); _Athis und Prophilias_ (Berlin,
1846); _Altdeutsche Gesprache_ (Berlin, 1851); _Freidank_ (Gottingen,
1860, 2nd ed.). Of his other works the most important is _Deutsche
Heldensage_ (Berlin, 1868, 2nd ed.). His _Deutsche Runen_ (Gottingen,
1821) has now only an historical interest. (H. Sw.)
GRIMMA, a town in the kingdom of Saxony, on the left bank of the Mulde,
19 m. S.E. of Leipzig on the railway Dobeln-Dresden. Pop. (1905) 11,182.
It has a Roman Catholic and three Evangelical churches, and among other
principal buildings are the Schloss built in the 12th century, and long
a residence of the margraves of Meissen and the electors of Saxony; the
town-hall, dating from 1442, and the famous school Furstenschule
(_Illustre Moldanum_), erected by the elector Maurice on the site of the
former Augustinian monastery in 1550, having provision for 104 free
scholars and a library numbering 10,000 volumes. There are also a modern
school, a teachers' seminary, a commercial school and a school of
brewing. Among the industries of the town are ironfounding, machine
building and dyeworks, while paper and gloves are manufactured there.
Gardening and agriculture generally are also important branches of
industry. In the immediate neighbourhood are the ruins of the Cistercian
nunnery from which Catherine von Bora fled in 1523, and the village of
Doben, with an old castle. Grimma is of Sorbian origin, and is first
mentioned in 1203. It passed then into possession of Saxony and has
remained since part of that country.
See Lorenz, _Die Stadt Grimma, historisch beschrieben_ (Leipzig,
1871); Rossler, _Geschichte der koniglich sachsischen Fursten- und
Landesschule Grimma_ (Leipzig, 1891); L. Schmidt, _Urkundenbuch der
Stadt Grimma_ (Leipzig, 1895); and Fraustadt, _Grimmenser Stammbuch_
(Grimma, 1900).
GRIMMELSHAUSEN, HANS JAKOB CHRISTOFFEL VON (c. 1625-1676), German
author, was born at Gelnhausen in or about 1625. At the age of ten he
was kidnapped by Hessian soldiery, and in their midst tasted the
adventures of military life in the Thirty Years' War. At its close,
Grimmelshausen entered the service of Franz Egon von Furstenberg, bishop
of Strassburg and in 1665 was made _Schultheiss_ (magistrate) at Renchen
in Baden. On obtaining this appointment, he devoted himself to literary
pursuits, and in 1669 published _Der abenteuerliche Simplicissimus,
Teutsch, d.h. die Beschreibung des Lebens eines seltsamen Vaganten,
genannt Melchior Sternfels von Fuchsheim_, the greatest German novel of
the 17th century. For this work he took as his model the picaresque
romances of Spain, already to some extent known in Germany.
_Simplicissimus_ is in great measure its author's autobiography; he
begins with the childhood of his hero, and describes the latter's
adventures amid the stirring scenes of the Thirty Years' War. The
realistic detail with which these pictures are presented makes the book
one of the most valuable documents of its time. In the later parts
Grimmelshausen, however, over-indulges in allegory, and finally loses
himself in a Robinson Crusoe story. Among his other works the most
important are the so-called _Simplicianische Schriften: Die
Erzbetrugerin und Landstortzerin Courasche_ (c. 1669); _Der seltsame
Springinsfeld_ (1670) and _Das wunderbarliche Vogelnest_ (1672). His
satires, such as _Der teutsche Michel_ (1670), and "gallant" novels,
like _Dietwald und Amelinde_ (1670) are of inferior interest. He died at
Renchen on the 17th of August 1676, where a monument was erected to him
in 1879.
Editions of _Simplicissimus_ and the _Simplicianische Schriften_ have
been published by A. von Keller (1854), H. Kurz (1863-1864), J.
Tittmann (1877) and F. Bobertag (1882). A reprint of the first edition
of the novel was edited by R. Kogel for the series of _Neudrucke des
16. und 17. Jahrhunderts_ (1880). See the introductions to these
editions; also F. Antoine, _Etude sur le Simplicissimus de
Grimmelshausen_ (1882) and E. Schmidt in his _Charakteristiken_, vol.
i. (1886).
GRIMOARD, PHILIPPE HENRI, COMTE DE (1753-1815), French soldier and
military writer, entered the royal army at the age of sixteen, and in
1775 published his _Essai theorique et practique sur les batailles_.
Shortly afterwards Louis XVI. placed him in his own military cabinet and
employed him especially in connexion with schemes of army reform. By the
year of the Revolution he had become one of Louis's most valued
counsellors, in political as well as military matters, and was marked
out, though only a colonel, as the next Minister of War. In 1791
Grimoard was entrusted with the preparation of the scheme of defence for
France, which proved two years later of great assistance to the
Committee of Public Safety. The events of 1792 put an end to his
military career, and the remainder of his life was spent in writing
military books.
The following works by him, besides his first essay, have retained
some importance: _Histoire des dernieres campagnes de Turenne_ (Paris,
1780), _Lettres et memoires de Turenne_ (Paris, 1780), _Troupes
legeres et leur emploi_ (Paris, 1782), _Conquetes de Gustave-Adolphe_
(Stockholm and Neufchatel, 1782-1791); _Memoires de Gustave Adolphe_
(Paris, 1790), Correspondence of Marshal Richelieu (Paris, 1789), St
Germain (1789), and Bernis (1790), _Vie et regne de Frederic le Grand_
(London, 1788), _Lettres et memoires du marechal de Saxe_ (Paris,
1794), _L'Expedition de Minorque en 1756_ (Paris, 1798), _Recherches
sur la force de l'armee francaise depuis Henri IV jusqu'en 1805_
(Paris, 1806), _Memoires du marechal de Tesse_ (Paris, 1806), _Lettres
de Bolingbroke_ (Paris, 1808), _Traite, sur le service d'etat-major_
(Paris, 1809), and (with Servan) _Tableau historique de la guerre de
la Revolution 1792-1794_ (Paris, 1808).
GRIMSBY, or GREAT GRIMSBY, a municipal, county and parliamentary borough
of Lincolnshire, England; an important seaport near the mouth of the
Humber on the south shore. Pop. (1901) 63,138. It is 155 m. N. by E.
from London by the Great Northern railway, and is also served by the
Great Central railway. The church of St James, situated in the older
part of the town, is a cruciform Early English building, retaining, in
spite of injudicious restoration, many beautiful details. The chief
buildings are that containing the town hall and the grammar school (a
foundation of 1547), the exchange, a theatre, and the customs house and
dock offices. A sailors' and fishermen's Harbour of Refuge, free
library, constitutional club and technical school are maintained. The
duke of York public gardens were opened in 1894. Adjacent to Grimsby on
the east is the coastal watering-place of Cleethorpes.
The dock railway station lies a mile from the town station. In 1849 the
Great Central (then the Manchester, Sheffield and Lincolnshire) railway
initiated a scheme of reclamation and dock-construction. This was
completed in 1854, and subsequent extensions were made. There are two
large fish-docks, and, for general traffic, the Royal dock,
communicating with the Humber through a tidal basin, the small Union
dock, and the extensive Alexandra dock, together with graving docks,
timber yards, a patent slip, &c. These docks have an area of about 104
acres, but were found insufficient for the growing traffic of the port,
and in 1906 the construction of a large new dock, of about 40 acres'
area and 30 to 35 ft. depth, was undertaken by the Great Central Company
at Immingham, 5 m. above Grimsby on the Humber. The principal imports
are butter, woollens, timber, cereals, eggs, glass, cottons, preserved
meat, wool, sugar and bacon. The exports consist chiefly of woollen
yarn, woollens, cotton goods, cotton yarn, machinery, &c. and coal. It
is as a fishing port, however, that Grimsby is chiefly famous. Two of
the docks are for the accommodation of the fishing fleet, which,
consisting principally of steam trawlers, numbers upwards of 500
vessels. Regular passenger steamers run from Grimsby to Dutch and south
Swedish ports, and to Esbjerg (Denmark), chiefly those of the Wilson
line and the Great Central railway. The chief industries of Grimsby are
shipbuilding, brewing, tanning, manufactures of ship tackle, ropes, ice
for preserving fish, turnery, flour, linseed cake, artificial manure;
and there are saw mills, bone and corn mills, and creosote works. The
municipal borough is under a mayor, 12 aldermen and 36 councillors.
Area, 2852 acres.
Grimsby (_Grimesbi_) is supposed to have been the landing-place of the
Danes on their first invasion of Britain towards the close of the 8th
century. It was a borough by prescription as early as 1201, in which
year King John granted the burgesses a charter of liberties according to
the custom of the burgesses of Northampton. Henry III. in 1227 granted
to "the mayor and good men" of Grimsby, that they should hold the town
for a yearly rent of L111, and confirmed the same in 1271. These
charters were confirmed by later sovereigns. A governing charter, under
the title of mayor and burgesses, was given by James II. in 1688, and
under this the appointment of officers and other of the corporation,
arrangements are to a great extent regulated. In 1201 King John granted
the burgesses an annual fair for fifteen days, beginning on the 25th of
May. Two annual fairs are now held, namely on the first Monday in April
and the second Monday in October. No early grant of a market can be
found, but in 1792 the market-day was Wednesday. In 1888 it had ceased
to exist. Grimsby returned two members to the parliament of 1298, but in
1833 the number was reduced to one.
In the time of Edward III. Grimsby was an important seaport, but the
haven became obstructed by sand and mud deposited by the Humber, and so
the access of large vessels was prevented. At the beginning of the 19th
century a subscription was raised by the proprietors of land in the
neighbourhood for improving the harbour, and an act was obtained by
which they were incorporated under the title "The Grimsby Haven Co." The
fishing trade had become so important by 1800 that it was necessary to
construct a new dock.
GRIMSTON, SIR HARBOTTLE (1603-1685), English politician, second son of
Sir Harbottle Grimston, Bart. (d. 1648), was born at Bradfield Hall,
near Manningtree, on the 27th of January 1603. Educated at Emmanuel
College, Cambridge, he became a barrister of Lincoln's Inn, then
recorder of Harwich and recorder of Colchester. As member for
Colchester, Grimston sat in the Short Parliament of 1640, and he
represented the same borough during the Long Parliament, speedily
becoming a leading member of the popular party. He attacked Archbishop
Laud with great vigour; was a member of the important committees of the
parliament, including the one appointed in consequence of the attempted
seizure of the five members; and became deputy-lieutenant of Essex after
the passing of the militia ordinance in January 1642. He disliked taking
up arms against the king, but remained nominally an adherent of the
parliamentary party during the Civil War. In the words of Clarendon, he
"continued rather than concurred with them." Grimston does not appear to
have taken the Solemn League and Covenant, but after the conclusion of
the first period of the war he again became more active. He was
president of the committee which investigated the escape of the king
from Hampton Court in 1647, and was one of those who negotiated with
Charles at Newport in 1648, when, according to Burnet, he fell upon his
knees and urged the king to come to terms. From this time Grimston's
sympathies appear to have been with the Royalists. Turned out of the
House of Commons when the assembly was "purged" by colonel Pride, he was
imprisoned; but was released after promising to do nothing detrimental
to the parliament or the army, and spent the next few years in
retirement. Before this time, his elder brother having already died, he
had succeeded his father as 2nd baronet. In 1656 Sir Harbottle was
returned to Cromwell's second parliament as member for Essex; but he was
not allowed to take his seat; and with 97 others who were similarly
treated he issued a remonstrance to the public. He was among the
secluded members who re-entered the Long Parliament in February 1660,
was then a member of the council of state, and was chosen Speaker of the
House of Commons in the Convention Parliament of 1660. As Speaker he
visited Charles II. at Breda, and addressed him in very flattering terms
on his return to London; but he refused to accede to the king's demand
that he should dismiss Burnet from his position as chaplain to the
Master of the Rolls, and in parliament he strongly denounced any
relaxation of the laws against papists. Grimston did not retain the
office of Speaker after the dissolution of the Convention Parliament,
but he was a member of the commission which tried the regicides, and in
November 1660 he was appointed Master of the Rolls. Report says he paid
Clarendon L8000 for the office, while Burnet declares he obtained it
"without any application of his own." He died on the 2nd of January
1685. His friend and chaplain, Burnet, speaks very highly of his piety
and impartiality, while not omitting the undoubted fact that he was
"much sharpened against popery." He translated the law reports of his
father-in-law, the judge, Sir George Croke (1560-1642), which were
written in Norman-French, and five editions of this work have appeared.
Seven of his parliamentary speeches were published, and he also wrote
_Strena Christiana_ (London, 1644, and other editions). Grimston's first
wife, Croke's daughter Mary, bore him six sons and two daughters; and by
his second wife, Anne, daughter and heiress of Sir Nathaniel Bacon,
K.B., a grandson of Sir Nicholas Bacon, he had one daughter.
Of his sons one only, Samuel (1643-1700), survived his father, and when
he died in October 1700 the baronetcy became extinct. Sir Harbottle's
eldest daughter, Mary, married Sir Capel Luckyn, Bart., and their
grandson, William Luckyn, succeeded to the estates of his great-uncle,
Sir Samuel Grimston, and took the name of Grimston in 1700. This William
Luckyn Grimston (1683-1756) was created Baron Dunboyne and Viscount
Grimston in the peerage of Ireland in 1719. He was succeeded as 2nd
viscount by his son James (1711-1773), whose son James Bucknall
(1747-1808) was made an English peer as baron Verulam of Gorhambury in
1790. Then in 1815 his son James Walter (1775-1845), 2nd baron Verulam,
was created earl of Verulam, and the present peer is his direct
descendant. Sir Harbottle Grimston bought Sir Nicholas Bacon's estate
at Gorhambury, which is still the residence of his descendants.
See G. Burnet, _History of My Own Time_, edited by O. Airy (Oxford,
1900).
GRIMTHORPE, EDMUND BECKETT, 1ST BARON (1816-1905), son of Sir Edmund
Beckett Denison, was born on the 12th of May 1816. He was educated at
Doncaster and Eton, whence he proceeded to Trinity College, Cambridge,
and graduated thirtieth wrangler in 1838. He was called to the bar at
Lincoln's Inn in 1841. Upon succeeding to the baronetcy in 1874 he
dropped the name of Denison, which his father had assumed in 1816. From
1877 to 1900 he was chancellor and vicar-general of York, and he was
raised to the peerage in 1886. He was made a Q.C. in 1854, and was for
many years a leader of the Parliamentary Bar. He devoted himself to the
study of astronomy, horology and architecture, more especially Gothic
ecclesiastical architecture. As early as 1850 he had become a recognized
authority on clocks, watches and bells, and in particular on the
construction of turret clocks, for he had designed Dent's Great
Exhibition clock, and his _Rudimentary Treatise_ had gone through many
editions. In 1851 he was called upon, in conjunction with the astronomer
royal (Mr, afterwards Sir, G. B. Airy) and Mr Dent, to design a suitable
clock for the new Houses of Parliament. The present tower clock,
popularly known as "Big Ben," was constructed after Lord Grimthorpe's
designs. In a number of burning questions during his time Lord
Grimthorpe took a prominent part. It is, however, in connexion with the
restoration of St Albans Abbey that he is most widely known. The St
Albans Abbey Reparation Committee, which had been in existence since
1871, and for which Sir Gilbert Scott had carried out some admirable
repairs, obtained a faculty from the Diocesan Court in 1877 to repair
and restore the church and fit it for cathedral and parochial services.
Very soon, however, the committee found itself unable to raise the
necessary funds, and it was at this juncture that a new faculty was
granted to Lord Grimthorpe (then Sir Edmund Beckett) to "restore, repair
and refit" the abbey at his own expense. Lord Grimthorpe made it an
express stipulation that the work should be done according to his own
designs and under his own supervision. His public spirit in undertaking
the task was undeniable, but his treatment of the roof, the new west
front, and the windows inserted in the terminations of the transepts,
excited a storm of adverse criticism, and was the subject of vigorous
protests from the professional world of architecture. He died on the
29th of April 1905, being succeeded as 2nd baron by his nephew, E. W.
Beckett (b. 1856), who had sat in parliament as conservative member for
the Whitby division of Yorkshire from 1885.
GRINDAL, EDMUND (c. 1519-1583), successively bishop of London,
archbishop of York and archbishop of Canterbury, born about 1519, was
son of William Grindal, a farmer of Hensingham, in the parish of St
Bees, Cumberland. He was educated at Magdalene and Christ's Colleges and
then at Pembroke Hall, Cambridge, where he graduated B.A. and was
elected fellow in 1538. He proceeded M.A. in 1541, was ordained deacon
in 1544 and was proctor and Lady Margaret preacher in 1548-1549.
Probably through the influence of Ridley, who had been master of
Pembroke Hall, Grindal was selected as one of the Protestant disputants
during the visitation of 1549. He had a considerable talent for this
work and was often employed on similar occasions. When Ridley became
bishop of London, he made Grindal one of his chaplains and gave him the
precentorship of St Paul's. He was soon promoted to be one of Edward
VI.'s chaplains and prebendary of Westminster, and in October 1552 was
one of the six divines to whom the Forty-two articles were submitted for
examination before being sanctioned by the Privy Council. According to
Knox, Grindal distinguished himself from most of the court preachers in
1553 by denouncing the worldliness of the courtiers and foretelling the
evils to follow on the king's death.
That event frustrated Grindal's proposed elevation to the episcopal
bench and he did not consider himself bound to await the evils which he
had foretold. He abandoned his preferments on Mary's accession and made
his way to Strassburg. Thence, like so many of the Marian exiles, he
proceeded to Frankfurt, where he endeavoured to compose the disputes
between the "Coxians" (see COX, RICHARD), who regarded the 1552 Prayer
Book as the perfection of reform, and the Knoxians, who wanted further
simplification. He returned to England in January 1559, was appointed
one of the committee to revise the liturgy, and one of the Protestant
representatives at the Westminster conference. In July he was also
elected Master of Pembroke Hall in succession to the recusant Dr Thomas
Young (1514-1580) and Bishop of London in succession to Bonner.
Grindal himself was, however, inclined to be recalcitrant from different
motives. He had qualms about vestments and other traces of "popery" as
well as about the Erastianism of Elizabeth's ecclesiastical government.
His Protestantism was robust enough; he did not mind recommending that a
priest "might be put to some torment" (_Hatfield MSS._ i. 269); and in
October 1562 he wrote to Cecil begging to know "if that second Julian,
the king of Navarre, is killed; as he intended to preach at St Paul's
Cross, and might take occasion to mention God's judgements on him"
(_Domestic Cal._, 1547-1580, p. 209). But he was loth to execute
judgments upon English Puritans, and modern high churchmen complain of
his infirmity of purpose, his opportunism and his failure to give Parker
adequate assistance in rebuilding the shattered fabric of the English
Church. Grindal lacked that firm faith in the supreme importance of
uniformity and autocracy which enabled Whitgift to persecute with a
clear conscience nonconformists whose theology was indistinguishable
from his own. Perhaps he was as wise as his critics; at any rate the
rigour which he repudiated hardly brought peace or strength to the
Church when practised by his successors, and London, which was always a
difficult see, involved Bishop Sandys in similar troubles when Grindal
had gone to York. As it was, although Parker said that Grindal "was not
resolute and severe enough for the government of London," his attempts
to enforce the use of the surplice evoked angry protests, especially in
1565, when considerable numbers of the nonconformists were suspended;
and Grindal of his own motion denounced Cartwright to the Council in
1570. Other anxieties were brought upon him by the burning of his
cathedral in 1561, for although Grindal himself is said to have
contributed L1200 towards its rebuilding, the laity of his diocese were
niggardly with their subscriptions and even his clergy were not liberal.
In 1570 Grindal was translated to the archbishopric of York, where
Puritans were few and coercion would be required mainly for Roman
Catholics. His first letter from Cawood to Cecil told that he had not
been well received, that the gentry were not "well-affected to godly
religion and among the common people many superstitious practices
remained." It is admitted by his Anglican critics that he did the work
of enforcing uniformity against the Roman Catholics with good-will and
considerable tact. He must have given general satisfaction, for even
before Parker's death two persons so different as Burghley and Dean
Nowell independently recommended Grindal's appointment as his successor,
and Spenser speaks warmly of him in the _Shepherd's Calendar_ as the
"gentle shepherd Algrind." Burghley wished to conciliate the moderate
Puritans and advised Grindal to mitigate the severity which had
characterized Parker's treatment of the nonconformists. Grindal indeed
attempted a reform of the ecclesiastical courts, but his metropolitical
activity was cut short by a conflict with the arbitrary temper of the
queen. Elizabeth required Grindal to suppress the "prophesyings" or
meetings for discussion which had come into vogue among the Puritan
clergy, and she even wanted him to discourage preaching; she would have
no doctrine that was not inspired by her authority. Grindal
remonstrated, claiming some voice for the Church, and in June 1577 was
suspended from his jurisdictional, though not his spiritual, functions
for disobedience. He stood firm, and in January 1578 Secretary Wilson
informed Burghley that the queen wished to have the archbishop deprived.
She was dissuaded from this extreme course, but Grindal's sequestration
was continued in spite of a petition from Convocation in 1581 for his
reinstatement. Elizabeth then suggested that he should resign; this he
declined to do, and after making an apology to the queen he was
reinstated towards the end of 1582. But his infirmities were increasing,
and while making preparations for his resignation, he died on the 6th of
July 1583 and was buried in Croydon parish church. He left considerable
benefactions to Pembroke Hall, Cambridge, Queen's College, Oxford, and
Christ's College, Cambridge; he also endowed a free school at St Bees,
and left money for the poor of St Bees, Canterbury, Lambeth and Croydon.
Strype's _Life of Grindal_ is the principal authority; see also _Dict.
Nat. Biogr._ and, besides the authorities there cited, Gough's General
Index to Parker Soc. Publ.; Acts of the Privy Council; Cal. of
Hatfield MSS.; Dixon's _Hist. of the Church of England_; Frere's
volume in Stephens' and Hunt's series; _Cambridge Mod. Hist._ vol.
iii.; Gee's _Elizabethan Clergy_; Birt's _Elizabethan Religious
Settlement_; and Pierce's _Introduction to the Marprelate Tracts_
(1909). (A. F. P.)
GRINDELWALD, a valley in the Bernese Oberland, and one of the chief
resorts of tourists in Switzerland. It is shut in on the south by the
precipices of the Wetterhorn, Mettenberg and Eiger, between which two
famous glaciers flow down. On the north it is sheltered by the Faulhorn
range, while on the east the Great Scheidegg Pass leads over to
Meiringen; and on the south-west the Little Scheidegg or Wengern Alp
(railway 11-1/2 m. across) divides it from Lauterbrunnen. The main
village is connected with Interlaken by a rack railway (13 m.). The
valley is very green, and possesses excellent pastures, as well as fruit
trees, though little corn is grown. It is watered by the Black
Lutschine, a tributary of the Aar. The height of the parish church above
the sea-level is 3468 ft. The population in 1900 was 3346, practically
all Protestant and German-speaking, and living in 558 houses. The
glacier guides are among the best in the Alps. The valley was originally
inhabited by the serfs of various great lords in summer for the sake of
pasturage. A chapel in a cave was superseded about 1146 by a wooden
church, replaced about 1180 by a stone church, which was pulled down in
1793 to erect the present building. Gradually the Austin canons of
Interlaken bought out all the other owners in the valley, but when that
house was suppressed in 1528 by the town of Bern the inhabitants gained
their freedom. The houses near the hotel Adler bear the name of
Gydisdorf, but there is no village of Grindelwald properly speaking,
though that name is usually given to the assemblage of hotels and shops
between Gydisdorf and the railway station. Grindelwald is now very much
frequented by visitors in winter.
See W. A. B. Coolidge, _Walks and Excursions in the Valley of
Grindelwald_ (also in French and German) (Grindelwald, 1900); Emmanuel
Friedli, _Barndutsch als Spiegel bernischen Volkstums_, vol. ii.
(Grindelwald, Bern, 1908); E. F. von Mulinen, _Beitrage zur
Heimatkunde des Kantons Bern, deutschen Teils_, vol. i. (Bern, 1879),
pp. 24-26; G. Strasser, _Der Gletschermann_ (Grindelwald, 1888-1890).
Scattered notices may be found in the edition (London, 1899) of the
"General Introduction" (entitled "Hints and Notes for Travellers in
the Alps") to John Ball's _Alpine Guide_. (W. A. B. C.)
GRINGOIRE (or GRINGORE), PIERRE (c. 1480-1539), French poet and
dramatist, was born about the year 1480, probably at Caen. In his first
work, _Le Chasteau de labour_ (1499), a didactic poem in praise of
diligence, he narrates the troubles following on marriage. A young
couple are visited by Care, Need, Discomfort, &c.; and other personages
common to medieval allegories take part in the action. In November 1501
Gringoire was in Paris directing the production of a mystery play in
honour of the archduke Philip of Austria, and in subsequent years he
received many similar commissions. The fraternity of the _Enfans sans
Souci_ advanced him to the dignity of _Mere Sotte_ and afterwards to the
highest honour of the gild, that of _Prince des Sots_. For twenty years
Gringoire seems to have been at the head of this illustrious confrerie.
As _Prince des Sots_ he exercised an extraordinary influence. At no time
was the stage, rude and coarse as it was, more popular as a true
exponent of the popular mind. Gringoire's success lay in the fact that
he followed, but did not attempt to lead; on his stage the people saw
exhibited their passions, their judgments of the moment, their
jealousies, their hatreds and their ambitions. Brotherhoods of the kind
existed all over France. In Paris there were the _Enfans sans Souci_,
the _Basochiens_, the _Confrerie de la Passion_ and the _Souverain
Empire de Galilee_; at Dijon there were the _Mere Folle_ and her family;
in Flanders the _Societe des Arbaletriers_ played comedies; at Rouen the
_Cornards_ or _Conards_ yielded to none in vigour and fearlessness of
satire. On Shrove Tuesday 1512 Gringoire, who was the accredited
defender of the policy of Louis XII., and had already written many
political poems, represented the _Jeu du Prince des Sots et Mere Sotte_.
It was at the moment when the French dispute with Julius II. was at its
height. _Mere Sotte_ was disguised as the Church, and disputed the
question of the temporal power with the prince. The political meaning
was even more thinly veiled in the second part of the entertainment, a
morality named _L'Homme obstine_, the principal personage representing
the pope. The performance concluded with a farce. Gringoire adopted for
his device on the frontispiece of this trilogy, _Tout par Raison_,
_Raison par Tout_, _Par tout Raison_. He has been called the
_Aristophane des Halles_. In one respect at least he resembles
Aristophanes. He is serious in his merriment; there is purpose behind
his extravagances. The Church was further attacked in a poem printed
about 1510, _La Chasse du cerf des cerfs_ (_serf des serfs_, i.e.
_servus servorum_), under which title that of the pope is thinly veiled.
About 1514 he wrote his mystery of the _Vie de Monseigneur Saint-Louis
par personnages_ in nine books for the _confrerie_ of the masons and
carpenters. He became in 1518 herald at the court of Lorraine, with the
title of Vaudemont, and married Catherine Roger, a lady of gentle birth.
During the last twenty years of a long life he became orthodox, and
dedicated a _Blason des heretiques_ to the duke of Lorraine. There is no
record of the payment of his salary as a herald after Christmas 1538, so
that he died probably in 1539.
His works were edited by C. d'Hericault and A. de Montaiglon for the
_Bibliotheque elzevirienne_ in 1858. This edition was incomplete, and
was supplemented by a second volume in 1877 by Montaiglon and M. James
de Rothschild. These volumes include the works already mentioned,
except _Le Chasteau de labour_, and in addition, _Les Folles
Entreprises_ (1505), a collection of didactic and satirical poems,
chiefly ballades and rondeaux, one section of which is devoted to the
exposition of the tyranny of the nobles, and another to the vices of
the clergy; _L'Entreprise de Venise_ (c. 1509), a poem in seven-lined
stanzas, giving a list of the Venetian fortresses which belonged,
according to Gringoire, to other powers; _L'Espoir de paix_ (1st ed.
not dated; another, 1510), a verse treatise on the deeds of "certain
popes of Rome," dedicated to Louis XII.; and _La Coqueluche_ (1510), a
verse description of an epidemic, apparently influenza. For details of
his other satires, _Les Abus du monde_ (1509), _Complainte de trop
tard marie, Les Fantasies du monde qui regne_; of his religious verse,
_Chants royaux_ (on the Passion, 1527), _Heures de Notre Dame_ (1525);
and a collection of tales in prose and verse, taken from the _Gesta
Romanorum_, entitled _Les Fantasies de Mere Sotte_ (1516), see G.
Brunet, _Manuel du libraire_ (_s.v._ Gringore). Most of Gringoire's
works conclude with an acrostic giving the name of the author. The
_Chasteau de labour_ was translated into English by Alexander Barclay
and printed by Wynkyn de Worde in 1506. Barclay's translation was
edited (1905) with his original for the Roxburghe Club by Mr A. W.
Pollard, who provided an account of Gringoire, and a bibliography of
the book. See also, for the _Jeu du Prince des Sots_, Petit de
Julleville, _La Comedie et les moeurs en France au moyen age_, pp.
151-168 (Paris, 1886); for _Saint Louis_, the same author's _Les
Mysteres_, i. 331 et seq., ii. 583-597 (1880), with further
bibliographical references; and E. Picot, _Gringore et les comediens
italiens_ (1877). The real Gringoire cannot be said to have many
points of resemblance with the poet described in Victor Hugo's
_Notre-Dame de Paris_, nor is there more foundation in fact for the
one-act prose comedy of Theodore de Banville.
GRINNELL, a city in Poweshiek county, Iowa, U.S.A., 55 m. E. by N. of
Des Moines. Pop. (1900) 3860, of whom 274 were foreign-born; (1905)
4634; (1910) 5036. Grinnell is served by the Chicago, Rock Island &
Pacific, and the Iowa Central railways. It is the seat of Iowa College
(co-educational), founded in 1847 by the Iowa Band (Congregationalists
and graduates of New England colleges and Andover Theological Seminary,
who had devoted themselves to home missionary educational work in Iowa,
and who came to Iowa in 1843), and by a few earlier pioneers from New
England. The college opened in 1848 at Davenport, and in 1859 removed to
Grinnell, where there was a school called Grinnell University, which it
absorbed. Closely affiliated with the college are the Grinnell Academy
and the Grinnell School of Music. In 1907-1908 the College had 463
students, the Academy had 129 students, and the School of Music had 141
students. Among the manufactures are carriages and gloves. The city was
named in honour of one of its founders, Josiah Bushnell Grinnell
(1821-1891), a Congregational clergyman, friend of and sympathizer with
John Brown, and from 1863 to 1867 a member of the National House of
Representatives. Grinnell was settled in 1854, was incorporated as a
town in 1865, and in 1882 was chartered as a city of the second class.
In 1882 it suffered severely from a cyclone.
GRIQUALAND EAST and GRIQUALAND WEST, territorial divisions of the Cape
Province of the Union of South Africa. Griqualand East, which lies south
of Basutoland and west of Natal, is so named from the settlement there
in 1862 of Griquas under Adam Kok. It forms part of the Transkeian
Territories of the Cape, and is described under KAFFRARIA. Griqualand
West, formerly Griqualand simply, also named after its Griqua
inhabitants, is part of the great tableland of South Africa. It is
bounded S. by the Orange river, W. and N. by Bechuanaland, E. by the
Transvaal and Orange Free State Province, and has an area of 15,197 sq.
m. It has a general elevation of 3000 to 4000 ft. above the sea, low
ranges of rocky hills, the Kaap, Asbestos, Vansittart and Langeberg
mountains, traversing its western portion in a general N.E.-S.W.
direction. The only perennial rivers are in the eastern district,
through which the Vaal flows from a point a little above Fourteen
Streams to its junction with the Orange (160 m.). In this part of its
course the Vaal receives the Harts river from the north and the Riet
from the east. The Riet, 4 m. within the Griqualand frontier, is joined
by the Modder. The banks of the rivers are shaded by willows; elsewhere
the only tree is the mimosa. The greater part of the country is barren,
merging N.W. into absolute desert. The soil is, however, wherever
irrigated, extremely fertile. The day climate is hot and dry, but the
nights are frequently cold. Rain rarely falls, though thunderstorms of
great severity occasionally sweep over the land, and sandstorms are
prevalent in the summer. A portion of the country is adapted for
sheep-farming and the growing of crops, horse-breeding is carried on at
Kimberley, and asbestos is worked in the south-western districts, but
the wealth of Griqualand West lies in its diamonds, which are found
along the banks of the Vaal and in the district between that river and
the Riet. From the first discovery of diamonds in 1867 up to the end of
1905 the total yield of diamonds was estimated at 13-1/2 tons, worth
L95,000,000.
The chief town is Kimberley (q.v.), the centre of the diamond mining
industry. It is situated on the railway from Cape Town to the Zambezi,
which crosses the country near its eastern border. Three miles south of
Kimberley is Beaconsfield (q.v.). On the banks of the Vaal are Barkly
West (q.v.), Windsorton (pop. 800) and Warrenton (pop. 1500); at all
these places are river diggings, diamonds being found along the river
from Fourteen Streams to the Harts confluence. Warrenton is 44 m. N. by
rail from Kimberley. Douglas (pop. 300), on the south bank of the Vaal,
12 m. above its confluence with the Orange, is the centre of an
agricultural district, a canal 9-1/2 m. long serving to irrigate a
considerable area. Thirty-five miles N.W. of Douglas is Griquatown (pop.
401), the headquarters of the first Griqua settlers. Campbell (pop. 250)
is 30 m. E. of Griquatown, and Postmasburg 42 m. N. by W. A census taken
in 1877 showed the population of Griqualand West to be 45,277, of whom
12,347 were whites. At the census of 1891 the population was 83,215, of
whom 29,602 were whites, and in 1904 the population was 108,498, of whom
32,570 were whites.
_History._--Before the settlement in it of Griqua clans the district was
thinly inhabited by Bushmen and Hottentots. At the end of the 18th
century a horde known as Bastaards, descendants of Dutch farmers and
Hottentot women, led a nomadic life on the plains south of the Orange
river. In 1803 a missionary named Anderson induced a number of the
Bastaards with their chief Barend Barends to settle north of the river,
and a mission station was formed at a place where there was a strong
flowing fountain, which has now disappeared, which gave the name of
Klaarwater to what is now known as Griquatown or Griquastad. Klaarwater
became a retreat for other Bastaards, Hottentot refugees, Kaffirs and
Bechuanas. From Little Namaqualand came a few half-breeds and others
under the leadership of Adam Kok, son of Cornelius Kok and grandson of
Adam Kok (c. 1710-1795), a man of mixed white and Hottentot blood who is
regarded as the founder of the modern Griquas. The settlement prospered,
and in 1813, at the instance of the Rev. John Campbell, who had been
sent by the London Missionary Society to inspect the country, the
tribesmen abandoned the name of Bastaards in favour of that of
Griquas,[1] some of them professing descent from a Hottentot tribe,
originally settled near Saldanha Bay, called by the early Dutch settlers
at the Cape Chariguriqua or Grigriqua. Under the guidance of
missionaries the Griquas made some progress in civilization, and many
professed Christianity. Adam Kok and Barends having moved eastward in
1820, those who remained behind elected as their head man a teacher in
the mission school named Andries Waterboer, who successfully
administered the settlement, and by defeating the Makololo raiders
greatly increased the prestige of the tribe. Meanwhile Adam Kok and his
companions had occupied part of the country between the Modder and
Orange rivers. In 1825 Kok settled at the mission station of Philippolis
(founded two years previously), and in a short time had exterminated the
Bushmen inhabiting that region. He died about 1835, and after a period
of civil strife was succeeded by his younger son, Adam Kok III. This
chief in November 1843 signed a treaty placing himself under British
protection. Many Dutch farmers were settled on the land he claimed. In
1845 he received British military aid in a contest with the white
settlers, and in 1848 helped the British under Sir Harry Smith against
the Boers (see ORANGE FREE STATE: _History_). Eventually finding himself
straitened by the Boers of the newly established Orange Free State, he
removed in 1861-1863 with his people, some 3000 in number, to the region
(then depopulated by Kaffir wars) now known as Griqualand East. His
sovereign rights to all territory north of the Orange he sold to the
Free State for L4000. He founded Kokstad (q.v.) and died in 1876.
Waterboer, the principal Griqua chief, had entered into treaty relations
with the British government as early as 1834, and he received a subsidy
of L150 a year. He proved a stanch ally of the British, and kept the
peace on the Cape frontier to the day of his death in 1852. He was
succeeded by his son Nicholas Waterboer, under whom the condition of the
Griquas declined--a decline induced by the indolence of the people and
intensified by the drying up of the water supplies, cattle plague and
brandy drinking. During this period white settlers acquired farms in the
country, and the loss of their independence by the Griquas became
inevitable. The discovery of diamonds along the banks of the Vaal in
1867 entirely altered the fortunes of the country, and by the end of
1869 the rush to the alluvial diggings had begun. At the diggers' camps
the Griquas exercised no authority, but over part of the district the
South African Republic and the Orange Free State claimed sovereignty. At
Klip Drift (now Barkly West) the diggers formed a regular government and
elected Theodore Parker as their president. Most of the diggers being
British subjects, the high commissioner of South Africa interfered, and
a Cape official was appointed magistrate at Klip Drift, President Parker
resigning office in February 1871. At this time the "dry diggings," of
which Kimberley is the centre, had been discovered,[2] and over the
miners there the Orange Free State asserted jurisdiction. The land was,
however, claimed by Nicholas Waterboer, who, on the advice of his agent,
David Arnot, petitioned the British to take over his country. This Great
Britain consented to do, and on the 27th of October 1871 proclamations
were issued by the high commissioner receiving Waterboer and his
Griquas as British subjects and defining the limits of his territory. In
addition to the Kimberley district this territory included that part of
the diamondiferous area which had been claimed by the Transvaal, but
which had been declared, as the result of the arbitration of R. W.
Keate, lieutenant-governor of Natal, part of Waterboer's land. On the
4th of November a small party of Cape Mounted Police took possession of
the dry diggings and hoisted the British flag. Shortly afterwards the
representative of the Orange Free State withdrew. The Free State was
greatly incensed by the action of the British government, but the
dispute as to the sovereignty was settled in 1876 by the payment of
L90,000 by the British to the Free State as compensation for any injury
inflicted on the state.
The diggers, who under the nominal rule of the Transvaal and Free State
had enjoyed practical independence, found the new government did little
for their benefit, and a period of disorder ensued, which was not put an
end to by the appointment in January 1873 of Mr (afterwards Sir) Richard
Southey[3] as sole administrator, in place of the three commissioners
who had previously exercised authority. In the July following the
territory was made a crown colony and Southey's title changed to that of
lieutenant-governor. The government remained unpopular, the diggers
complaining of its unrepresentative character, the heavy taxation
exacted, and the inadequate protection of property. They formed a
society for mutual protection, and the discontent was so great that an
armed force was sent (early in 1875) from the Cape to overawe the
agitators. At the same time measures were taken to render the government
more popular. The settlement of the dispute with the Free State paved
the way for the annexation of Griqualand to the Cape Colony on the 15th
of October 1880.
See KIMBERLEY, CAPE COLONY, TRANSVAAL and ORANGE FREE STATE. For the
early history of the country and an account of life at the diggings,
1871-1875, consult G. M'Call Theal's _Compendium of the History and
Geography of South Africa_ (London, 1878), chapters xl. and xli.;
Gardner F. Williams, _The Diamond Mines of South Africa_ (New York and
London, 1902); and the works bearing on the subject quoted in that
book. See also Theal's _History of South Africa ... 1834-1854_
(London, 1893); J. Campbell, _Travels in South Africa_ (London, 1815),
_Travels ... A Second journey ..._ (2 vols., London, 1822); the Blue
Books C. 459 of 1871 and C. 508 of 1872 (the last-named containing the
Keate award, &c.); the Griqualand West report in _Papers relating to
Her Majesty's Colonial Possessions_, part ii. (1875), and the Life of
_Sir Richard Southey, K.C.M.G._, by A. Wilmot (London, 1904). For the
Griqua people consult G. W. Stow, _The Native Races of South Africa_,
chapters xvii.-xx. (London, 1905).