We have no sympathy with the usual references to military red-tape. If

the administration is competent, the military system is thoroughly sound

from the business point of view, and from the standpoint of record

difficult to improve on. It may be at times a little cumbersome, but it

is much easier to fall in with it than to attempt to effect alteration

during war. We never had any real difficulty with requisitions, although

supplies were sometimes withheld from us on grounds of policy not

disclosed at the moment.

There is no doubt that the erratic changes of staff were injurious. Some

medical officers preferred the front, others the base, and an attempt

was made to effect an orderly system of periodical exchange. Orders,

however, were continually arriving to send so many medical officers, so

many nurses, and so many orderlies, here and there, with the result that

at the end of ten months the original medical staff had disappeared,

many of the nurses were new, and so were most of the orderlies.

Whenever there was a shortage of staff near the front, the base

hospitals were depleted. These changes were inevitable in the

circumstances, but they emphasised the value of the advice given by

Colonel Manifold, that there cannot be too many unattached junior

medical officers in a campaign.

The following report from Major Brown, Officer Commanding Luna Park No.

1 Auxiliary Hospital, shows what he experienced owing to these

oscillations:

FIRST AUSTRALIAN GENERAL HOSPITAL, LUNA PARK

April 30 Opened with 296

patients

May 2 790 patients Staff: 4 sisters, 4 orderlies,

and myself. With

Captains Bentley, McDonald,

and White

from Light Horse

Regiments.

May 6 Sisters increased to 13.

May 14 1,171 patients 13 sisters, 4 medicos, and

40 orderlies (mostly

untrained).

May 18 1,244 patients

June 7 1,099 patients 41 sisters (new).

(also 65 Casino)

June 9 1,370 patients " " "

(also 65 Casino)

June 11 1,620 patients

(also 65 Casino) " " "

June 16 1,520 patients Still 4 medical officers,

Capt. Brown, Capt.

Single, Capt. Lovegrove,

and Capt. Craig.

June 17 Medical officers now increased;

sisters also

increased.

[Illustration: PALACE OF PRINCE IBRAHIM KHALIM (NURSES' HOME).

_To face page 198_]]

With reference to orderlies, the work from May 3 has been done with 10

A.M.C. men and 30 men drawn from the patients.

On June 17, 40 reinforcement A.M.C. men were detailed for duty. Up to

June 16 over 1,600 patients have been discharged. On May 23 the

Operating Theatre was opened.

For the 1,600 patients we had six cooks with six natives to assist.

T. F. BROWN, _Captain_,

_Officer in Charge, Luna Park_.

HELIOPOLIS,

_June 17, 1915_.

Of the 93 nurses belonging to the hospital, within a week of landing no

fewer than 47 were taken away and dispatched to various parts of Egypt,

viz.:

Port Said (Clearing Hospital) 21

Pont de Koubbeh (Egyptian Army H.) 9

The Citadel (British Hospital) 6

Alexandria 2

Transport duty 8

Returned to Australia (sick) 1

__

47

__

No. 1 Australian General Hospital was much inspected by keen and

curious, as well as sympathetic, eyes. His Highness the Sultan, Their

Excellencies Sir Henry and Lady MacMahon, the General Officer

Commanding-in-Chief, Egypt, the General Officer Commanding Australian

and New Zealand Army Corps, and many other distinguished people honoured

the hospital by an inspection.

The following letters were written by three distinguished visitors. Two

Corps Orders are also attached.

"SHEPHEARD'S HOTEL, CAIRO,

"_May 20, 1915_.

"DEAR COLONEL RAMSAY SMITH,

"Allow me to congratulate you upon the admirable medical arrangements at

Heliopolis, and upon the excellent hospital you have established there.

One is at first disposed to say, 'How well the building adapts itself to

a hospital!' until the true fact becomes revealed of the genius

displayed in converting a decidedly refractory building into a place for

the sick. You and your staff have done wonders and have once more shown

that in the land of Egypt 'it is possible to make bricks without straw.'

"Australia may well be proud of the part she has played in this war, and

I can pay no higher compliment than by saying that the medical

arrangements of the Australian Army are as splendid as are the fighting

qualities of its men.

"Above all I was impressed with the energy and enthusiasm with which the

work at Heliopolis is being carried on, with the ingenuity and resource

displayed at every turn, and with the thoroughness that was manifest in

every department of the vast hospital.

"The generosity with which Australia has provided motor ambulances for

the whole country and Red Cross stores for every one, British or French,

who has been in want of same is beyond all words.

"I only hope that the people of Australia will come to know of the

splendid manner in which their wounded have been cared for, and of the

noble and generous work which the great colony has done under the banner

of the Red Cross.

"Yours sincerely,

"(Signed) FREDERICK TREVES."

[Illustration: GORDON HOUSE, HELIOPOLIS (NURSES' HOME).

To _face page 200_]]

"TURF CLUB, CAIRO,

"_June 21, 1915_

"DEAR COLONEL RAMSAY SMITH,

"I am just off to the Dardanelles, and then back to Cairo, but I felt

that I must write and thank you for your kindness in sending me those

excellent and interesting photographs, which I shall treasure, and the

memory of the interesting day I spent with you at your wonderful

hospital. I also thank you for your report and for the copy of Sir F.

Treves's letter.

"You must feel proud of your work at Heliopolis, on which I heartily

congratulate you. It is a monument of skill in administration and the

surmounting of what would at first appear to be insurmountable

difficulties.

"Hoping soon to see you again,

"Yours very sincerely,

"(Signed) A. W. MAYO-ROBSON."

"ST. MARK'S BUILDINGS, ALEXANDRIA,

"_June 5, 1915_.

"DEAR MAJOR BARRETT,

"I have been away at the front or I should have written to you sooner to

thank you for the interesting visit which you enabled Sir Frederick

Treves and myself to pay to your hospital and stores. I enclose an

extract of a report which I made on May 25 to the Hon. Arthur Stanley,

Chairman of the British Red Cross Society and Order of St. John in

London.

"You may have noticed a minute published in the press with the approval

of the G.O.C., Sir John Maxwell, in which it was laid down that all Red

Cross work, except the Australian Red Cross work, should be under the

control of the British Red Cross and Order of St. John. I hope you will

not think that in drafting this minute in this way I wished to convey

that we were not working in perfect harmony with your Red Cross, but I

feel that we could hardly suggest to you that you should be in any way

under our control. At the same time, I hope that when you either come

here, or when I come back to Cairo, that we may have an opportunity of

conferring together so that we may so co-ordinate as far as possible our

mutual work.

"May I add that I went to the Dardanelles in a transport with over a

thousand of your brave soldiers, many of whom were returning to the

Peninsula after having already been wounded. It is impossible to speak

too highly of their gallantry, and of the splendid spirit they

displayed. I need not tell you that I heard of their fighting qualities

at the front, since their heroic deeds in this campaign have already

become a matter of history.

"Yours sincerely,

"(Signed) COURTAULD THOMSON,

"_Chief Commissioner for British Red

Cross and Order of St. John, Malta,

Egypt, and Near East Commission._"

[_Copy_]

EXTRACT FROM A REPORT FROM LIEUT.-COLONEL SIR COURTAULD THOMSON,

CHIEF COMMISSIONER OF THE BRITISH RED CROSS AND ORDER OF ST.

JOHN, TO THE HON. ARTHUR STANLEY, DATED MAY 25, 1915.

"A striking feature in Cairo is the remarkable work which is being done

by the Australian Red Cross. They have not only two exceptionally large

hospitals and the large convalescent home, but they supply the motor

transport for the wounded for the whole of Egypt. They have also very

large Red Cross stores which they have brought with them. With these

articles they have been more than generous, and I am informed that they

have given away to the hospitals for our own troops something like 75

per cent. of whatever they had."

EXTRACT FROM CORPS ORDERS, MARCH 28, 1915

"_Appreciation._--The D.M.S. Egypt, who visited the Hospital yesterday

afternoon, has requested the Officer Commanding to convey to the

officers, nurses, N.C.O.s, and men in the Hospital his appreciation of

the work done and the thorough character of the organisation."

EXTRACT FROM CORPS ORDERS, MAY 1, 1915

"_Appreciation._--The D.M.S. Egypt, Surgeon-General Ford, witnessed the

detraining of the invalids who arrived here Wednesday evening. He asked

Major Barrett to convey to the Officer Commanding his great appreciation

of the excellence of the arrangements and the efficient and quiet manner

in which the work was done.

"He congratulates officers and men on the splendid work they are doing

and requests that it shall be communicated to them in Corps Orders."

Looking back, does it not seem essential that these hospitals should

have been formed, at all events in outline, in time of peace? That their

commanding officers and essential staff should have been marked out

beforehand, so that on the declaration of war the gaps could have been

filled in from the reserve without difficulty? Satisfactory appointments

are much less likely to be made in the turmoil which follows the

declaration of war than in the atmosphere of deliberate calm which

prevails in time of peace. Had such an arrangement prevailed, the First

Australian General Hospital would certainly never have been recruited

from three States distant from one another hundreds of miles.

Finally, Australian hospitals in time of war should either be regarded

as responsible solely to the Australian military authorities and

Government, or handed over without reserve to the R.A.M.C., and placed

entirely under the control of the British authorities. Where two

different authorities exist, as in the case of the First General

Hospital, a large amount of trouble and delay is almost certain to

ensue. The adoption of the latter course is in our judgment absolutely

essential if efficiency is to be secured.

As is invariably the case, weaknesses in any system are only revealed by

costly experience. But while in the Australian Medical Service the

experience need not have been so costly, we can at least profit by what

has occurred, and frame a stronger and a better policy for the future.

[Illustration: AUSTRALIAN CONVALESCENT HOSPITAL, AL HAYAT, HELOUAN.

_To face page 204_]]

On the whole, the record of work done in most trying circumstances is,

we think, satisfactory. It is true that the universal democratic fault

was evidenced in the lack of preparation for conditions which were

fairly obvious. Nevertheless the adaptability and growth of the

hospitals in time of great emergency were achievements of the highest

order.

Yet it would be unwise to leave the subject with the usual Anglo-Saxon

expression of satisfaction that the crisis was passed. The history

reviewed has too deep a significance. It must be regarded not merely as

an individual incident, but as an indication of the inefficiency

evidenced by too many departments of the Empire.

The causes which found the medical services unprepared, which forced

them to expand to the breaking-point, and which led to the criticism of

the hospital authorities, are not departmental or sectional--they are

national. If attacks on individuals are permitted, initiative will be

stifled; if on the other hand we are content to follow the time-worn

policy of "muddling through," the virile people who skirt the border

lines of our Empire will sooner or later bid us make way for stronger

men.

Our policy for the future must be one of scientific organisation and

calculated preparation in every department. We must not only appoint

capable administrators, but also trust them. We can again, if we like,

obtain that temporary mental tranquillity which comes to a

democracy--and to an ostrich--which does not or will not see the

calamity which threatens it, but temporary beatitude will be purchased

at the price of an Empire. Never was it more certainly true that the

price of liberty is eternal vigilance.

CHAPTER XI

POSTSCRIPT

CLOSURE OF AUSTRALIAN HOSPITALS--THE FLY CAMPAIGN--VENEREAL

DISEASES--Y.M.C.A. AND RED CROSS--MULTIPLICITY OF

FUNDS--PROPHYLAXIS--CONDITION OF RECRUITS ON ARRIVAL--HOSPITAL

ORGANISATION--THE HELP GIVEN BY ANGLO-EGYPTIANS.

One of us (J. W. B.) was invalided to England in the middle of November

1915, and returned to Egypt at the end of March 1916.

He resigned his commission in the Australian Army Medical Corps on

February 28, and was appointed temporary Lt.-Col. in the R.A.M.C. on

February 29. On his return to Egypt he was appointed Consulting Aurist

to the Forces in Egypt, and was a member of the Council of the British

Red Cross Society and of the Y.M.C.A. He consequently had an opportunity

of witnessing the termination of many of the arrangements for which he

had been in part originally responsible, and desires to make brief

reference to them.

No. 1 Australian General Hospital with its many off-shoots, including

the four auxiliary hospitals and the venereal disease hospital, was

located in Egypt for periods of twelve to eighteen months. No. 2

Australian General Hospital was in Egypt about fourteen months. Yet it

was stated that each and every one of these hospitals when established

were to be temporarily located in Egypt for a few weeks. Luna Park,

_i.e._ No. 1 Auxiliary Hospital, was in existence approximately sixteen

months. An enormous number of sick and wounded, said to be 18,000, was

passed through it with an infinitesimal death-rate, viz. four or five

persons. Since the end of 1915, the No. 3 Australian General Hospital

was moved from Mudros to the Barracks at Abbassia, Cairo. The

expenditure necessary to fit the barracks for the reception of No. 3

Australian General Hospital and the time taken are very interesting,

since they show how utterly impossible any such arrangement would have

been during the inrush of wounded in 1915. Stress is laid on the value

of auxiliary hospitals as the only practicable means of surmounting

difficulties at that time, in the report of the Committee of Inquiry

into the Administration of the Australian Branch British Red Cross in

Egypt.

Looking back at the practical conclusion of the work of the Australian

Army Medical Corps in Egypt, it is quite evident that the policy

originally adopted was the only one possible in the circumstances, and

the results have fully justified it.

THE FLY CAMPAIGN

Very active steps were taken during 1916 in the direction of a campaign

for the destruction of flies. The only addition that need be made to

previous remarks is reference to the ingenious fly traps which have been

devised. A large one was designed by Lt.-Col. Andrew Balfour, C.M.G.,

and is described in the journal of the Army Medical Corps of July 1916.

A modified form of this trap, furnished by the British Red Cross in

Egypt, costs about 16_s._, and was most effective. These traps have been

known to catch as many as 20,000 flies a day.

The smaller trap, which can be used indoors, and is made of zinc gauze,

was made in large quantities by the British Red Cross Society in

Alexandria, and distributed throughout Egypt.

Another kind of trap, a Japanese invention, with clockwork mechanism,

manufactured by Owari Tokei, Kabushiki, Kwaisha, Japan, has also been

very successful. As many as 3,000 flies have been captured in one

instance in an hour. It has a considerable advantage over the other

traps in that its mechanism interests everyone.

Like all fly traps, however, the utility of these devices depends upon

placing them in the hands of men whose business it is to see that they

are properly baited and cared for, and on some ingenuity with regard to

the baits. For the larger traps placed out-of-doors the best baits were

found to be fishes' heads or the entrails of fowls, whilst the best bait

for the smaller indoor trap was a mixture of beer or whisky and sugar.

It is, of course, quite evident that the destruction of flies by traps

is not logically sound, since the proper method of control of the fly

pest is by the destruction of all refuse; but as that is impracticable

in Egypt, the traps were of great assistance.

In 1916 the fly pest as usual became marked during two periods in the

year; viz. at the beginning and the end of summer. At the height of

summer the dryness and desiccation evidently prevent the breeding of

flies, a fact to be borne in mind in Australia.

The returns given in the House of Commons respecting the Gallipoli

Campaign place the casualties at 116,000, and the cases invalided at

96,000. As a very large number of the cases of the sick were due to

intestinal infections, some idea of the damage which may be caused by

flies can be imagined.

The discovery of bilharzia eggs and the organisms of dysentery and

diarrhoea in the fæces of flies made it clear that the fly plays an even

larger part in disseminating disease than has hitherto been understood.

It really would appear that if the flies were destroyed infective

diseases would fall to small proportions.

THE VENEREAL-DISEASE PROBLEM

The venereal-disease problem in the early part of 1916 gave very great

concern, and active measures were taken to deal with it. In spite of all

the ameliorating influences the problem reached its most serious phase

in March and April 1916, as questions put in the House of Commons show

(_vide_ _Lancet_, April 8, 1916). I think I express the conviction of

certainly 90 per cent. of medical men in stating that nothing but

education and educated prophylaxis will ever enable us to get rid of

this source of destruction.

Y.M.C.A. AND RED CROSS

The Soldiers' Club in the Ezbekieh Garden grew in favour and was

extended in area and staff. In the autumn of 1915 some ladies became

available, and did splendid service in the superintendence of the

catering for the men in the Club, and by their presence there did much

to help.

A more extended experience of the work of the Y.M.C.A. and of the Red

Cross has given much cause for thought. The Y.M.C.A. organisation

appears to me to be excellent, since it is the organisation which caters

for the social welfare of the soldier, wherever he may be, whether in

camp or at the base; and the work is conducted by men whose business it

is to understand him and see that all reasonable wants are gratified. In

Egypt as I write (July 1916) there are no fewer than forty-seven

Y.M.C.A. huts and centres, and Y.M.C.A. officers in the desert, in the

oases, and elsewhere, doing their very best to make the soldiers

comfortable. In other words, the business of the Y.M.C.A. is to provide

comfort by personal service over and above military necessaries for the

men who are well.

The Red Cross Society, on the other hand, attends to the wants of the

sick and wounded, and its functions have already been discussed. They

may, however, be supplemented by the following definition of the work of

the Red Cross which was furnished by the High Commissioner for Egypt,

Sir Henry MacMahon:

"Government supplies all the necessities for the care, treatment, and

transport of the sick and wounded, while the Red Cross supplements these

necessities by everything that can in any way go to the comfort and

well-being of the sick and wounded soldiers. The distinction between

necessities and comforts is sometimes so indefinite that the Red Cross,

wherever possible, endeavours to have both ready to hand for use when

needed."

And later:

"A word must be said here about the work of the Red Cross Stores. The

object of the Red Cross has never been to supply in any large quantities

the goods which the War Office sends to the wounded, but it does its

best to provide the troops with such things as the War Office does not

supply at all or cannot supply at a given time. A State Department,

bound as it rightly is by hard-and-fast rules, cannot work as quickly as

a private body with more elastic regulations; moreover, the supplies of

any department may change at times, hence it happens that the British

Red Cross occasionally supply certain things more than the War Office

can, or it may supplement the War Office supplies, and it does so until

the War Office steps in again. Further, the Red Cross supplies many

things or small luxuries which the authorities cannot possibly supply,

and these are just the things which are most appreciated by the sick and

wounded."

In other words, the function of the Red Cross is to assist over and

above necessity, and to be ready to act in event of emergency.

The following lists of the Australian Branch and Egyptian Branch of the

British Red Cross show that in both cases, but particularly in the case

of the Australian Branch, the Red Cross is supplying articles which

should clearly be supplied by Government. There is considerable danger

in allowing this system to become too largely developed. In the first

place in the case of the Red Cross there is no rigid system of

accountancy such as military regulation requires, and the natural

tendency for commanders will be to get goods in the easiest possible

manner; nevertheless, it may not be the best thing for the service.

The British Red Cross safeguards the practice more fully than the

younger branch, and its lead might well be followed. (See Lists on pp.

212-216.)

AUSTRALIAN BRANCH BRITISH RED CROSS SOCIETY

LIST OF ARTICLES IN RED CROSS STORES WHICH MUST BE REQUISITIONED

FOR BY COMMANDING OFFICERS OF UNITS FOR THE CARE OF THE SICK AND

WOUNDED AND WHERE THERE IS NO RED CROSS STORE.

1916

_To the Commissioners,

Australian Branch British Red Cross Society,

Shepheard's Hotel, Cairo._

Please send to ---------------- the following articles:

Quantity Description

_Clothing_

Balaclava Caps

Cardigans

Cholera Belts

*Cushions, Air

* " Ordinary

Dressing Gowns

Facewashers

Fly Veils

Gloves

*Handkerchiefs

Mittens

*Mosquito Nets

Mufflers

*Pillows

*Pillow Slips

Pneumonia Jackets

*Pyjamas, Cotton

* " Flannel

*Quilts

*Sheets

*Shirts, Cotton

* " Flannel

* " Hospital

*Shoes, Deck

*Slippers, Hospital

*Socks

* " Bed

*Surgeons' Aprons

* " Caps

* " Gowns

* " Swabs

*Towels

* " Glass

Underpants, Cotton

" Flannel

Undershirts, Cotton

" Flannel

_Foodstuffs_

Allenbury's Diet

" Food

Arrowroot

Beef Extract

Benger's Food

Biscuits

Bovril

Brandy

Ceregen

Chocolate

Cocoa

Cocoa-and-Milk

Coffee Essence

Coffee-and-Milk

Condensed Milk

Cornflour

Cornina

Fruits, Dried

" Tinned

Glaxo

Horlick's M. Milk

Jam

Jelly Crystals

Lactogen

Lime Juice

Linseed Meal

Malt Extract

Oatmeal

Pickles

Plum Puddings

Port Wine

Robinson's Barley

" Groats

Semolina

Soda Water

Sweets

Tapioca

Tinned Rabbits

" Tomatoes

" Tripe

" Vegetables

_General_

*Absorbent Wool

*Bandages

*Bed Cradles

* " Rests

* " Screens

Books

*Brushes, Hair

* " Nail

* " Tooth

*Camp Stools

Cigarettes

*Combs

*Crutches

*Deck Chairs

Eau-de-Cologne

Envelopes

Fly Veils

Fly Whisks

Gramophone Needles

*Hospital Basins

*Hot-water Bottles

Housewives

*Insectibane

Looking-glasses

Matches

*Medicine Glasses

Old Linen

*Oil Heaters

Pencils

Periodicals

Pipes

*Primus Stoves

*Razors

*Razor Strops

*Rubber Sheeting

*Safety Pins

*Smoked Glasses

*Soap, Monkey Brand

*Soap, Shaving

* " Toilet

*Splints

*Sponges

*Tables, Folding

*Thermometers

Tobacco

*Toilet Paper

Tooth Paste

*Vaseline

Writing Pads

_Note A._--As a general rule the Commissioners only supply goods that

cannot be obtained from either Ordnance Dept. Army Service Corps, or

Base Medical Depot Stores. Any O.C. requisitioning for goods of a kind

properly obtainable from those sources should state on the requisition

that the goods applied for cannot be obtained from the usual source.

_Note B._--Regimental Medical Officers can obtain their requirements

from the O.C. of the nearest Field Ambulance, who will forward

requisitions to Red Cross.

----------------

Officer in charge of Hospital.

[All the articles marked * were permanent Government issues, and any of

the foodstuffs would have been supplied by Government if necessary.

There was no practical difficulty in obtaining any articles from

Government on proper application being made.]

BRITISH RED CROSS AND ORDER OF ST. JOHN

_No. of Patients_ -------- _For the Use of Patients_

LIST OF ARTICLES IN RED CROSS STORES WHICH MAY BE

REQUISITIONED FOR.

---------------- 191

_To the Commissioner_,

_British Red Cross and Order of St. John_

_Gresham Buildings, Cairo._

Please send to ----------------

the following articles:

Quantity Description

B.D.M.S. Air Beds (Rubber)

Air Rings (Rubber)

B.D.M.S. Air Cushions (Rubber)

Ash Trays

Balaclava Helmets

B.D.M.S. Bandages

Bandage Winders

B.D.M.S. Bellows (for Air Beds)

O.D. Bed Pans

O.D. Bed Rests

O.D. Bed Trays

Bed Jackets

Bed Pockets

O.D. Blankets

Blacking

B.D.M.S. Boric Lint

Books and Magazines

Boot Brushes

A.S.C. Bovril

Biscuits

Brandy

O.D. Camp Stools

O.D. Caps

O.D. Cardigans

Carrying Chairs

Cholera Belts

Chocolate

A.S.C. Cigarettes

Cloths (Pantry and Kitchen)

O.D. Combs

B.D.M.S. Cotton Wool

B.D.M.S. Crutches

Dressing Gowns

Dressings

Deck Chairs

Eau-de-Cologne

Face Flannels

Face Nets

Fans

O.D. Fly Whisks

Fly Veils

Food Slicers

O.D. Feeding Cups

Games

B.D.M.S. Gauze Tissue

Goulas

Gramophones

Hair Brushes

O.D. Handkerchiefs

Head Shields

O.D. Hot-water Bottles and covers

B.D.M.S. Ice Bags

Jug Covers

Kit Bags

B.D.M.S. Linen (Old for Bandages)

A.S.C. Matches

Mirrors

O.D. Mosquito Netting

O.D. Mugs, Enamelled

O.D. Mufflers

Mittens

Nail Brushes

Nightingales

Officers' Outfits

Operation Stockings

O.D. Overalls

O.D. Pants

Pencils

Pipes

O.D. Pillows

O.D. Pillow Cases

Playing Cards

Pneumonia Jackets

Post Cards

O.D. Pyjamas

O.D. Razors

Razor Blades

Reading Matter

Rum

B.D.M.S. Rubber Gloves

O.D. Shaving Brushes

Soap (Toilet)

Spirits

Stationery

Sweets

Sun Hats

O.D. Shirts (Flannel)

" (Cotton)

" Helpless Case

" Helpless Case (Night)

O.D. Screens

O.D. Sheets

O.D. Socks

Sponges

O.D. Slippers

B.D.M.S. Swabs

Testaments

O.D. Tooth Brushes

Tooth Powder

A.S.C. Tobacco

O.D. Towels

O.D. Urinals

Vests

Walking Sticks

Whisky

Wool, Absorbent

B.D.M.S. Water Beds

B.D.M.S. Waterproof Sheeting (Pluviusin)

_Extras_

_Items marked_--

_A.S.C._ (_Army Service Corps_),

_O.D._ (_Ordnance Dept._),

_B.D.M.S._ (_Base Depot Medical Stores_),

will only be provided by the British Red Cross on the understanding

that the Military Departments have been applied to and cannot supply, or

that it is a case of grave or unexpected emergency. Such a demand to be

supported by signature of O.C. Hospital, which implies he has indented

on the department concerned and failed to obtain.

_N.B._--_All indents to be countersigned by the O.C. Hospital._

The British Red Cross has definitely been placed under military control,

and the Chief Commissioner has been attached to the staff of the

Commander-in-Chief. The work goes on just as usual, but if necessity

arose the Commander-in-Chief could exercise his authority.

I understand that in France the Australian Branch British Red Cross has

now been placed under military control; the Director of Medical

Services, Australian Expeditionary Force, being Chief Commissioner and

the other commissioners and officers being graded with various ranks. To

me this arrangement is definitely a step in the right direction, though

I still think the British system in Egypt is better. The officers of the

Red Cross in Egypt have no rank, but are under military direction, and

the Chief Civil Commissioner is attached to the staff of the

Commander-in-Chief; he has had the rank of Hon. Colonel since the war

began. It is interesting, however, to note that the Australian Branch

British Red Cross has passed through four phases, so far as the work in

the field is concerned:

(1) It was a purely military organisation.

(2) When the High Commissioner in Egypt was requested to form a

committee it became a combined civil and military organisation.

(3) When the Australian commissioners were appointed it became a purely

civil administration.

(4) It has finally become a combined civil and military organisation, in

which the military element holds control.

This step further indicates the logical development, in my judgment, of

both the Y.M.C.A. and the Red Cross. They should both be regarded as

definite branches of the service. They should both be organised in time

of peace largely as independent organisations, and as part of the

Reserve, and, on declaration of war, they should be incorporated in the

service and placed under military control. The function of the one would

be to attend to the social wants of the men who are well, the other to

attend to the wants of the men who are sick and wounded.

I do not think that any other funds or societies should be permitted to

interfere with military arrangements; all those who desire to help with

money, with goods, or with personal assistance could do so through the

one channel or the other.

As a corollary to the foregoing it is evident that there should be only

one voluntary war fund, which should be placed under the control of a

committee representing the Y.M.C.A., the Red Cross, and nominees of the

Government and public, who could allocate the money subscribed to the

Y.M.C.A. or Red Cross as necessity arose. The following list shows the

unnecessary multiplicity of organisations and funds in the State of

Victoria alone, viz. at least seventeen societies in a community of

about one million and a half people. Even in Egypt enthusiastic people

started an "Australian Comforts Fund," a "Soldiers' Outings

Association," "Camp Welfare Association," and so forth, and these bodies

simply did for varying periods the work of the Y.M.C.A. or the Red

Cross as the case may be, in a more or less patchy way.

MULTIPLICITY OF FUNDS

(_From "The Argus," Melbourne, 1916_)

"WAR RELIEF FUNDS

"OBJECTS OUTLINED: A GUIDE TO GIVING

"It is only when one sees the complete list of war relief funds compiled

by the State War Council, in connection with its announcement regarding

the supervision to be exercised over future collections, that the full

extent of the relief organisations and the wide scope covered by the

Victorian public's generous giving are appreciated. There are in

existence here a score of war funds of one kind or another, and by the

devoted efforts of their organisers and the warm-hearted support of the

public the lot of our soldiers has been brightened, the burden of pain

and suffering borne by the sick and wounded has been eased, a helping

hand has been extended to the homeless, broken sufferers of Belgium,

Poland, and Serbia, and a gleam of happiness brought to many a home in

France whose erstwhile bread-winner is on active service.

"All the Victorian organisations have clearly defined objects, and are

working along sound lines. The list of funds is to be increased shortly

by the creation of a Repatriation Fund the details of which are now

being worked out. The money raised will be devoted to the settling in

suitable employment of soldiers who have fulfilled their service. A

similar object is aimed at in the repatriation scheme which has been

launched with such marked success by Mr. Rodgers, M.H.R. The objects of

the other funds, which have been and are doing so much, are thus

summarised for the information of the public by officials of the

organisations:

"_British Red Cross Society_

"(Australian Branch)

"Objects officially stated as--'Red Cross work, to assist all hospitals

in time of war.'

"_Victorian Red Cross Fund_

"For Australian sick and wounded soldiers (Lady Stanley Appeal). The

proceeds are being and will be remitted to the Australian Red Cross

Society, to be used by it for the benefit of Australian sick and wounded

soldiers and institutions in which they may be treated.

"_Red Cross Society_

"(Victorian Division)

"Objects officially stated to be 'those of the Geneva Convention.'

"_French Red Cross Society_

"The raising of funds for the work of the French Red Cross Society.

"_Australian Patriotic Fund_

"For the benefit of Victorian soldiers and their dependents, soldiers

from any part of Australia and their dependents, other deserving objects

consequent on service at the war, and the augmenting of pensions granted

by the Commonwealth.

"_State War Council's Fund_

"For discharged soldiers. Its object is to assist in re-establishing

discharged soldiers in employment.

"_Commonwealth Button Fund_

"A collecting body, which has used its organisation for collecting for

various funds. It has collected for the Belgian Fund, Red Cross Society,

Lady Stanley's Appeal, French Red Cross, Serbian Fund, Italian Fund,

Russian Polish Fund, and for institutions at the front and in camps

belonging to the different churches and the Y.M.C.A.

"_Lady Mayoress's Patriotic League_

"To assist in providing comforts, extra clothing, and foods for the

fighting men in the navy and army.

"_Belgian Relief Fund_

"To assist in relieving distress in Belgium.

"_Serbian Relief Fund_

"To assist in relieving distress amongst the Serbians.

"_Polish Relief Fund_

"To assist in relieving distress amongst the Russian Poles.

"_French Société Maternelle Fund_

"To collect funds for the Société d'Assistance Maternelle et Infantile.

The fund is administered in France, money and goods being collected here

and sent forward.

"_Y.M.C.A. National Appeal_

"For the benefit of soldiers in camps, on troopships, and abroad, by

providing recreation, games, stationery, literature, and comforts, and

ministering generally to the moral and spiritual welfare of the

Australian troops.

"_Commonwealth Service Patriotic Fund_

"Objects determined, as necessity arises, by a committee consisting of

heads of departments and branches. Allocations to different funds.

"_State Service Patriotic Fund_

"Relief of distress resulting from the war.

"_Education Department Patriotic Fund_

"Relief of distress caused by the war, and for providing clothing and

comforts for our troops.

"_Railways Department Patriotic Fund_

"Relief of distress in Belgium, relief of distress due to unemployment

in Victoria, and Red Cross purposes in the proportion as nearly as

practicable of one-third to each."

An additional advantage of the arrangements proposed would be that all

those who assist would be under a measure of discipline. Neither men nor

women helpers should be permitted to enter the war zone unless they

visit it with a serious purpose and an earnest desire to help. If they

enter in this frame of mind they will have no objection to submitting to

discipline. If they object it is far better for them to stay at home.

It is furthermore apparent that Red Cross workers should be limited to

elderly men of experience or younger men who are physically defective.

In the case of the Y.M.C.A. young and healthy men are required, since

their work is very arduous, the living at times rough to a degree, and

there is not inconsiderable personal risk undertaken by those who are

placed in advanced positions. In national wars every healthy adult is

of great value as a soldier, and it is necessary to see that as few of

such men as possible are utilised in these auxiliary services.

If the arrangements here indicated had been carried into effect, the

work in Egypt would have been much better done and the activities of the

Y.M.C.A. would have prevented a vast amount of trouble and disease. As

it was, the value of the Y.M.C.A. was not apparent to the public at

first, since its activities are not so dramatic as those of the Red

Cross Society, and funds have never been provided for it on anything

like the same scale.

In conclusion, with regard to the Australian Branch British Red Cross,

there is something more to be said. As its name implies, the Australian

Red Cross is a branch of the British Red Cross Society, and yet we have

experienced in Egypt the spectacle of the Egyptian Branch and the

Australian Branch of the same society doing the same work for different

sections of troops engaged in a common cause. There were two Red Cross

stores in Cairo, Australian and British, two stores in Alexandria, and

two in Mudros. Would it not have been much better to amalgamate the two

branches and administer the Red Cross in Egypt as a whole? The

separation served no good material purpose, and whilst by the exercise

of good sense some of the difficulties arising from the dual arrangement

were obviated, yet this evidence of particularism was not advantageous.

Vast quantities of goods were donated to the Australian Troops by the

Comforts Fund, and vast quantities of goods were given to soldiers in

hospitals and convalescent homes by the Australian Branch British Red

Cross. As evidence of soundness of heart on the part of the Australian

public this action was beyond praise, but it is doubtful whether the

methods were the best which might be devised. The generosity of the

public lent itself to some abuse, and soldiers are known to have sold

these goods to Arabs, and employed the cash as they pleased. It is

difficult to draw a healthy mean between strict administration with

proper restriction and lavish administration and abuse. It is doubtful

to me whether it would not better conserve the self-respect of the

soldier and be more dignified if these donations were to cease. In their

place proper facilities might well be substituted for the purchase of

such articles as the soldier required at very low prices. This is the

plan followed by the Y.M.C.A., who never divorce personal service from

any distribution of goods. If the pay of the Australian soldier--which

by the way is the highest in the world--is thought insufficient, it

could be increased by voluntary help conveyed through the proper

official channels. If this system were adopted it would necessitate the

appointment of a Y.M.C.A. and of a Red Cross officer to certain defined

military units, and a well-organised method would at once make its

appearance; in other words, we should substitute sympathetic order and

justice for amateurish enthusiasm.

Does not the necessity for the foregoing criticism indicate our utter

unpreparedness? For if we had possessed a national organisation for

Peace and War, each and all of these problems would have been solved

long ago, and we should have been spared the spectacle of willing

helpers wasting their energy for lack of direction.

PREVENTION OF DISEASE

Surveying the whole campaign, the fundamental fault of the Australian

Army Medical Service was the insufficient attention given to, and stress

laid on, the prevention of disease. Is it not obvious that there should

be a staff of medical officers and orderlies, detached altogether from

any association with the treatment of disease, who should devote

themselves entirely to the problem of prevention? This staff should be

presided over by a Surgeon-General who should be second only in rank to

the Director of Medical Services in the field, and who with his staff

should be armed with authority so far as the taking of steps for the

prevention of disease is concerned. At present the medical officers in

the Australian Medical Service are entrusted with dual functions, the

prevention and the treatment of disease.

So far there has been no Military School for medical officers in

Australia, and until they are properly trained the prevention of disease

will not be as effective as it might be.

In the Royal Army Medical Corps there is a Sanitary Staff, but it does

not seem to me that even this highly trained body occupies the high

position or enjoys the distinction that the value of its services really

demand, and I cannot but think that it would be far better to abolish

the term "sanitary" and to apply to it the term "Prophylactic Staff."

The cure of disease in civil life always attracts the public; it is

dramatic and strikes the attention. The efforts of the men who obviate

the necessity for anything of the kind never receive the same

recognition, because the evil never becomes obvious.

CONDITIONS OF RECRUITS ON ARRIVAL

Captain Lovegrove, A.A.M.C., was appointed Australian Embarkation

Officer at Suez whilst I was in charge. He has contributed the following

article to _The Australian Medical Journal_ relative to the work he did

during his ten months' stay.

"MEDICAL NOTES ON TROOPS FROM AUSTRALIA LANDING AT SUEZ

"BY FREDERICK LOVEGROVE, M.B., Ch.B.(_Melb._), _Captain

A.A.M.C., Australia_

"During ten months' tenure of the unique appointment of Australian

Embarkation Medical Officer, I have had peculiar opportunities of

observing the condition of our soldiers arriving in Egypt.

"The physique of our men has always excited the admiration of the

British and Indian officers who have watched them disembark, and if an

excess of high spirits in the troops has occasionally given an

opportunity for military criticism, from a medical point of view this

sign of robust health is altogether satisfactory.

"The time of the voyage to Egypt from Melbourne averages thirty days;

but, owing to delays at ports of call, many of the troops spend five

weeks or more on board ship. The fact that the death-rate is so low and

the condition of the men so good on arrival speaks highly for the

arrangements on the ships and the watchful care of the medical officers

on transport duty. A few accidents and an occasional case of

appendicitis form the bulk of the cases removed to general wards of Suez

Hospital.

"Infectious disease, however, has occurred on a large number of vessels,

and it has been possible to form some opinion of the epidemics present

in the various camps in Australia, by noting the prevalent type of

infectious disease on ships from different States.

"(1) Influenza has been far and away the most common complaint. Though

some of the patients are still febrile on arrival, and are sent to

hospital here, the epidemic is usually spent before Egypt is reached.

"(2) Pneumonia is occasionally severe, and is usually associated with an

epidemic of influenza. Twelve months ago a certain percentage of cases

developed empyema; for many months now there have been no cases of this

kind.

"(3) Measles has been chiefly found among Victorian troops, and has been

represented every month. South Australia has sent its quota during April

and May. In some cases the epidemic has been wide-spread at first, and

has worked itself out before arrival. In other cases a few men have been

picked out early and isolated, and no epidemic has occurred.

Occasionally a ship has arrived with a large number of cases, evidently

originating after embarkation from some unrecognised case on board.

"(4) Mumps has been represented largely every month. This disease is

practically a perquisite of New South Wales and Queensland troops. The

long incubation period and impossibility of recognising the disease in

an early stage makes a general ship infection the rule, and the

epidemic is usually at its height when the troops arrive here.

"(5) Cerebro-spinal meningitis has not occurred as an epidemic, but has

appeared on the returns every month, with one or two cases. Victoria has

contributed the largest number of cases, except in November and January,

when New South Wales supplied the largest number. Victoria has had a

monopoly for the past four months.

"(6) Enteric fever has been remarkable by its rarity. Ten cases only

have been noted; of which New South Wales contributed six, five from one

ship; Victoria one in each of the months of September, November, and

December; and South Australia one in December. No cases have occurred

this year.

"Chicken-pox, scarlet fever, and roetheln have occasioned no trouble

here. Small-pox, plague, or cholera have not occurred among troops on

Australian transports.

"(7) Venereal disease. While the percentage of troops arriving in Egypt

with venereal disease is not high--the actual figure is 0·75 per

cent.--the total number of effectives withdrawn from combatant duty

owing to this cause is sufficiently large to make the subject one of

importance. In ten months 530 men with gonorrhoea and 90 men with

syphilis have had to go to hospital immediately on arrival. Soft sores

have almost always been cured on the voyage, so that practically all

chancres seen here are syphilitic. By far the greatest number of

syphilitic cases hail from Queensland and New South Wales, and while

gonorrhoea is the main feature of Victorian venereal cases, the two

previously mentioned States take the precedence here also. A rise in

the numbers from Western Australia has lately been noticed. This may

possibly be due to the fact that men from other States found to be

suffering from venereal diseases while crossing the Bight are landed in

Western Australia. There is a general rise in the proportion of syphilis

to gonorrhoea, and this is particularly noticeable among Queensland

troops, where the general ratio of one syphilis to six gonorrhoea is now

more like one to one, and occasionally the cases of gonorrhoea are

outnumbered by syphilis."

HOSPITAL ORGANISATION

With extended experience the views of the writer on the subject of the

organisation of military hospitals have crystallised. There is no doubt

that the commander of a hospital must be a medical practitioner, and

there is no doubt that in all matters relating to his hospital his

authority must be final. In the last resort he must decide whether a

patient is to leave the hospital or to stay; who should be admitted, and

what the treatment should be. In a good organisation he will probably be

very rarely required to express an opinion respecting these matters, but

in the event of a conflict of opinion between say the consulting surgeon

or physician and himself, there can be but one final arbitrament. The

position is defined in the King's Regulations and is endorsed by common

sense. So far as the Registrar is concerned I think that he should be a

medical practitioner, but that in every instance there should be an

assistant registrar with the rank of lieutenant, who should do the whole

of the detailed work connected with the records, and who need not

necessarily be a medical officer. In like manner, the Transport Officer

and the Orderly Officer or Adjutant should be of the same character and

rank. Difficulty, however, arises respecting the personnel of these

non-medical offices. It is clear that, for purposes of discipline, they

should belong to the Army Medical Corps and be under the control of the

officer commanding. In time of war there is no doubt that invalided

combatant officers would do very well, but no combatant officer would

want such a position in time of peace, because there would be no

subsequent career available. To effect a satisfactory solution of the

problem it would be necessary to add to the establishment of a base

hospital three non-medical commissioned officers of the same rank as the

Quartermaster, preferably former Sergt.-Majors who have obtained

commissions and who consequently know the details of hospital

administration thoroughly. There would then be in each base hospital

four non-medical commissioned officers, viz. the Quartermaster, the

Asst. Registrar, the Orderly Officer, and the Transport Officer, and all

would belong to the A.M.C. A hospital suitably staffed on this plan

would run very smoothly.

ASSISTANCE OF ANGLO-EGYPTIANS

Surveying the work of the Australian Army Medical Corps in Egypt, it

does seem to me that sufficient acknowledgment has not been made of the

services rendered and the help given to the Australian sick and wounded

by the British residents in Egypt, who, from their Excellencies Sir

Henry and Lady MacMahon downwards, spared no effort to help wherever

assistance was possible. Very many of the officials employed in the

Egyptian Government service came to the hospitals when the day's work

was over and worked till late in the night, rendering services which

freed the orderlies for other special duty. It was impossible to get

reinforcements with any rapidity, the pressure was enormous, and the

least that can be said is that these ladies and gentlemen are entitled

to respectful and grateful acknowledgment from the people of Australia.

Special acknowledgment also should be made of the sympathetic help given

by the courteous and able officers of the Egyptian State Railways.

I do not think it will be right to close the work without personal

acknowledgment of the exceedingly valuable help given in a time of

crisis by the ladies and gentlemen whose names are attached, and who, at

great inconvenience, came forward at the time when other help was

unobtainable.

No. 1 AUSTRALIAN GENERAL HOSPITAL--HELIOPOLIS PALACE

From its establishment until the opening of No. 2 General Hospital

_Principal Red Cross Visitor_

Mrs. Elgood

_Ward Visitors (daily or several times a week)_

Lady Oakes

Mrs. Abramson

Mrs. Blakeney

Mrs. Frank Watson

Mrs. Boys

Mrs. Madden

Lady Brunyate

Mrs. Perels

Mrs. Dale

Mrs. Mackworth

The Hon. Mrs. Home

Lady Cheetham

Mrs. Everett

Miss Devonshire

Mrs. Teal

Lady Douglas

Mrs. Paxton

Mrs. Fletcher

Mrs. Dunhill

Most valuable assistance was also rendered by Mrs. Travers

Symons and Mrs. W. Jessop.

_Flower Ladies (visiting three times a week)_

Mrs. Hodgson

Mrs. Spong

Miss Marshall

Mrs. Crawley

Mrs. Garrett

Mrs. Spencer Smith

Mrs. Lumley Smith

HELIOPOLIS

From the opening of the No. 2 General Hospital, till end of July

1915

_Principal Visitor_

Mrs. Elgood

_Ward Visitors (daily or several times a week)_

Lady Oakes

Mrs. Waller

Mrs. Sender

Mrs. Fox

Mrs. Summons

Mrs. Maxwell

Miss Mavris

Mr. Dulle

Mr. Schreiber

Major Blakeney

Mrs. Blakeney

Mrs. MacDonald

Mrs. Everett

Mrs. H. Chisholme

The Hon. Mrs. Home

Mrs. Perels

Mrs. Dale

Mrs. Fletcher

Mrs. Spencer Smith

Mrs. Dawnay

Mrs. and Miss Knox

Mrs. and the Misses Spens

Three Ladies from C.M.S.

Mme. and Mlle. de Lancker

Mme. de Rey

Mrs. Dunbar Brunton

Miss Hanauer

Mrs. Watson

Mr. St. Clair

Dr. Grace Russell

Mrs. Adie

Mrs. Wisdom

Mrs. Makeham

Mrs. Bruce

_Organiser of Concerts_

The Countess de Lavison

NO. 1 AUSTRALIAN GENERAL HOSPITAL

_Gentlemen who did Telephone Duty at Heliopolis Palace_

Mr. H. O. Bennett, Kubba Gardens

Mr. G. Brackenbury, late of Palais de Kubba

Mr. L. Billson, Zeitoun

Mr. N. L. Ablett, Helmieh

Mr. A. Abramson, late of Heliopolis

Mr. T. H. Clarke, Zeitoun

Mr. G. R. Tadman, late of Heliopolis

Mr. H. B. May, late of Zeitoun

Mr. A. R. B. Milton, Heliopolis

Mr. S. Fraser, Heliopolis

Mr. R. Lawson, Heliopolis

Mr. M. R. Pattison, Zeitoun

Mr. G. Muller, Kafr el Gamous

Mr. H. E. Gardiner, Kafr el Gamous

Mr. E. Griffith Jones, Mataria

Mr. J. C. Mansfield, Kubba les Bains

Mr. J. K. Parkes, late of Heliopolis

Mr. Hanauer (Senr.), late of Heliopolis

LUNA PARK--SKATING RINK

From opening till middle of July 1915

_Principal Visitor_

Lady Oakes

_Ward Visitors (daily or several times a week)_

Mrs. Spencer Smith

Mrs. Elgood

Mrs. H. Chisholme

Miss Griffiths

Mrs. Wellburn

Mrs. Barry Davies

The Misses Crewe (2)

Mrs. Woodifield

Mrs. Clogstoun

Mrs. Mackworth

Major Blakeney

Mrs. Teasdale Smith

Mrs. Rebett

Miss Christian

Mrs. Knox

Mrs. Parlato

Mme. Yenidimia

Mrs. Bailey

Mrs. Everett

Mrs. Williams

Mr. Blythe

Mrs. Makeham

Mrs. Bruce

Mr. Naggiar

Mr. Airlet

Mrs. Fenwick

_Daily Ward Workers_

Miss Villedieu

Mrs. Addison

Miss Ratzkowski

Mrs. Le Fleming

Mrs. Murray

The Hon. Mrs. Morrison Bell

Mrs. Hibbert

Mrs. and Miss Leathes

Mrs. Sender

Mrs. Walker

Mrs. Fox

Miss Morrison

Miss Pound

Mrs. Wilson

Mlle. Picciotti

Mrs. Fanous

LUNA PARK PAVILION

_Principal Visitor_

Mr. Blythe

_Helpers_

Mr. and Mrs. May, late of Zeitoun

Mr. and Mrs. Bennett, Kubba Gardens

Mr. and Mrs. Micklam, Palais Kubba

Mr. and Mrs. Stopford, Zeitoun

Mr. and Mrs. Ablett, Helmieh

Mr. and Mrs. Levy, Heliopolis

Mr. and Mrs. Hood, late of Kubba Gardens

Mr. and Mrs. Clarke, now at Kubba les Bains

Mrs. T. and Miss Williams, Zeitoun

Mrs. Watkins, late of Zeitoun

Mrs. Hogan, late of Zeitoun

Mrs. Fenwick, Helmieh

Mrs. Tite, Zeitoun

Mr. Goadby, late of Zeitoun

Mr. Brackenbury, late of Palais Kubba

Mr. Poths, now at Kubba les Bains

ATELIER

_Principal Visitor_

Mr. Goadby

_Daily Workers_

Mrs. Goadby

Mrs. and the Misses Spens

Mrs. Dawnay (_Librarian_)

Mrs. Morris

SPORTING CLUB

_Principal Visitor_

Mr. Herbert

_Daily Worker_

Mrs. Eddy (after Nov. 1916)

[The first Inquiry Bureau in Egypt for service in connection

with the Wounded and Missing was established by Mrs. Jessop, of

the Y.M.C.A.]

APPENDIXES

APPENDIX I: TRANSLATION OF GENEVA CONVENTION OF JULY 6, 1906

APPENDIX II: CONVENTION FOR THE ADAPTATION OF THE PRINCIPLES OF

THE GENEVA CONVENTION TO MARITIME WAR

APPENDIX I

CHAPTER I

THE WOUNDED AND SICK

_Article 1_

Officers and soldiers, and other persons officially attached to armies,

shall be respected and taken care of when wounded or sick by the

belligerent in whose power they may be, without distinction of

nationality.

Nevertheless, a belligerent who is compelled to abandon sick or wounded

to the enemy shall, as far as military exigencies permit, leave with

them a portion of his medical _personnel_ and material to contribute to

the care of them.

_Article 2_

Except as regards the treatment to be provided for them in virtue of the

preceding article, the wounded and sick of an army who fall into the

hands of an enemy are prisoners of war, and the general provisions of

international law concerning prisoners are applicable to them.

Belligerents are, however, free to arrange with one another such

exceptions and mitigations with reference to sick and wounded prisoners

as they may judge expedient; in particular, they will be at liberty to

agree--

To restore to one another the wounded left on the field after a battle;

To repatriate any wounded and sick whom they do not wish to retain as

prisoners, after rendering them fit for removal or after recovery;

To hand over to a neutral State, with the latter's consent, the enemy's

wounded and sick to be interned by the neutral State until the end of

hostilities.

_Article 3_

After each engagement the Commander in possession of the field shall

take measures to search for the wounded, and to ensure protection

against pillage and maltreatment both for the wounded and for the dead.

He shall arrange that a careful examination of the bodies is made before

the dead are buried or cremated.

_Article 4_

As early as possible each belligerent shall send to the authorities of

the country or army to which they belong the military identification

marks or tokens found on the dead, and a nominal roll of the wounded or

sick who have been collected by him.

The belligerents shall keep each other mutually informed of any

internments and changes, as well as of admissions into hospital and

deaths among the wounded and sick in their hands. They shall collect all

the articles of personal use, valuables, letters, etc., which are found

on the field of battle or left by the wounded or sick who have died in

the medical establishments or units, in order that such objects may be

transmitted to the persons interested by the authorities of their own

country.

_Article 5_

The competent military authority may appeal to the charitable zeal of

the inhabitants to collect and take care of, under his direction, the

wounded or sick of armies, granting to those who respond to the appeal

special protection and certain immunities.

CHAPTER II

Medical Units and Establishments

_Article 6_

Mobile medical units (that is to say, those which are intended to

accompany armies into the field) and the fixed establishments of the

medical service shall be respected and protected by the belligerents.

_Article 7_

The protection to which medical units and establishments are entitled

ceases if they are made use of to commit acts harmful to the enemy.

_Article 8_

The following facts are not considered to be of a nature to deprive a

medical unit or establishment of the protection guaranteed by Article

6:--

1. That the _personnel_ of the unit or of the establishment is armed,

and that it uses its arms for its own defence or for that of the sick

and wounded under its charge.

2. That in default of armed orderlies the unit or establishment is

guarded by a picquet or by sentinels furnished with an authority in due

form.

3. That weapons and cartridges taken from the wounded and not yet handed

over to the proper department are found in the unit or establishment.

CHAPTER III

PERSONNEL

_Article 9_

The _personnel_ engaged exclusively in the collection, transport, and

treatment of the wounded and the sick, as well as in the administration

of medical units and establishments, and the Chaplains attached to

armies, shall be respected and protected under all circumstances. If

they fall into the hands of the enemy they shall not be treated as

prisoners of war.

These provisions apply to the guard of medical units and establishments

under the circumstances indicated in Article 8 (2).

_Article 10_

The _personnel_ of Voluntary Aid Societies, duly recognised and

authorised by their Government, who may be employed in the medical units

and establishments of armies, is placed on the same footing as the

_personnel_ referred to in the preceding article, provided always that

the first-mentioned _personnel_ shall be subject to military law and

regulations.

Each State shall notify to the other, either in time of peace or at the

commencement of or during the course of hostilities, but in every case

before actually employing them, the names of the societies which it has

authorised, under its responsibility, to render assistance to the

regular medical service of its armies.

_Article 11_

A recognised society of a neutral country can only afford the assistance

of its medical _personnel_ and units to a belligerent with the previous

consent of its own Government and the authorisation of the belligerent

concerned.

A belligerent who accepts such assistance is bound to notify the fact to

his adversary before making any use of it.

_Article 12_

The persons designated in Articles 9, 10, and 11, after they have fallen

into the hands of the enemy, shall continue to carry on their duties

under his direction.

When their assistance is no longer indispensable, they shall be sent

back to their army or to their country at such time and by such route as

may be compatible with military exigencies.

They shall then take with them such effects, instruments, arms, and

horses as are their private property.

_Article 13_

The enemy shall secure to the persons mentioned in Article 9, while in

his hands, the same allowances and the same pay as are granted to the

persons holding the same rank in his own army.

CHAPTER IV

MATERIAL

_Article 14_

If mobile medical units fall into the hands of the enemy they shall

retain their material, including their teams, irrespectively of the

means of transport and the drivers employed.

Nevertheless, the competent military authority shall be free to use the

material for the treatment of the wounded and sick. It shall be restored

under the conditions laid down for the medical _personnel_, and so far

as possible at the same time.

_Article 15_

The buildings and material of fixed establishments remain subject to the

laws of war, but may not be diverted from their purpose so long as they

are necessary for the wounded and the sick.

Nevertheless, the Commanders of troops in the field may dispose of them,

in case of urgent military necessity, provided they make previous

arrangements for the welfare of the wounded and sick who are found

there.

_Article 16_

The material of Voluntary Aid Societies which are admitted to the

privileges of the Convention under the conditions laid down therein is

considered private property, and as such to be respected under all

circumstances, saving only the right of requisition recognised for

belligerents in accordance with the laws and customs of war.

CHAPTER V

CONVOYS OF EVACUATION

_Article 17_

Convoys of evacuation shall be treated like mobile medical units subject

to the following special provisions:--

1. A belligerent intercepting a convoy may break it up if military

exigencies demand, provided he takes charge of the sick and wounded who

are in it.

2. In this case, the obligation to send back the medical _personnel_,

provided for in Article 12, shall be extended to the whole of the

military _personnel_ detailed for the transport or the protection of the

convoy, and furnished with an authority in due form to that effect.

The obligation to restore the medical material, provided for in Article

14, shall apply to railway trains, and boats used in internal

navigation, which are specially arranged for evacuations, as well as to

the material belonging to the medical service for fitting up ordinary

vehicles, trains, and boats.

Military vehicles other than those of the medical service may be

captured with their teams.

The civilian _personnel_ and the various means of transport obtained by

requisition, including railway material and boats used for convoys,

shall be subject to the general rules of international law.

CHAPTER VI

THE DISTINCTIVE EMBLEM

_Article 18_

As a compliment to Switzerland, the heraldic emblem of the red cross on

a white ground, formed by reversing the Federal colours, is retained as

the emblem and distinctive sign of the medical service of armies.

_Article 19_

With the permission of the competent military authority, this emblem

shall be shown on the flags and armlets (_brassards_), as well as on all

the material belonging to the Medical Service.

_Article 20_

The _personnel_ protected in pursuance of Articles 9 (paragraph 1), 10,

and 11 shall wear, fixed to the left arm, an armlet (_brassard_), with a

red cross on a white ground, delivered and stamped by the competent

military authority, and accompanied by a certificate of identity in the

case of persons who are attached to the medical service of armies, but

who have not a military uniform.

_Article 21_

The distinctive flag of the Convention shall only be hoisted over those

medical units and establishments which are entitled to be respected

under the Convention, and with the consent of the military authorities.

It must be accompanied by the national flag of the belligerent to whom

the unit or establishment belongs.

Nevertheless, medical units which have fallen into the hands of the

enemy, so long as they are in that situation, shall not fly any other

flag than that of the Red Cross.

_Article 22_

The medical units belonging to neutral countries which may be authorised

to afford their services under the conditions laid down in Article 11

shall fly, along with the flag of the Convention, the national flag of

the belligerent to whose army they are attached.

The provisions of the second paragraph of the preceding article are

applicable to them.

_Article 23_

The emblem of the red cross on a white ground and the words "Red Cross"

or "Geneva Cross" shall not be used either in time of peace or in time

of war, except to protect or to indicate the medical units and

establishments and the _personnel_ and material protected by the

Convention.

CHAPTER VII

APPLICATION AND CARRYING OUT OF THE CONVENTION

_Article 24_

The provisions of the present Convention are only binding upon the

Contracting Powers in the case of war between two or more of them. These

provisions shall cease to be binding from the moment when one of the

belligerent Powers is not a party to the Convention.

_Article 25_

The Commanders-in-chief of belligerent armies shall arrange the details

for carrying out the preceding articles, as well as for cases not

provided for, in accordance with the instructions of their respective

Governments, and in conformity with the general principles of the

present Convention.

_Article 26_

The Signatory Governments will take the necessary measures to instruct

their troops, especially the _personnel_ protected, in the provisions of

the present Convention, and to bring them to the notice of the civil

population.

CHAPTER VIII

PREVENTION OF ABUSES AND INFRACTIONS

_Article 27_

The Signatory Governments, in countries the legislation of which is not

at present adequate for the purpose, undertake to adopt or to propose to

their legislative bodies such measures as may be necessary to prevent at

all times the employment of the emblem or the name of Red Cross or

Geneva Cross by private individuals or by societies other than those

which are entitled to do so under the present Convention, and in

particular for commercial purposes as a trade-mark or trading mark.

The prohibition of the employment of the emblem or the names in question

shall come into operation from the date fixed by each legislature, and

at the latest five years after the present Convention comes into force.

From that date it shall no longer be lawful to adopt a trade-mark or

trading mark contrary to this prohibition.

_Article 28_

The Signatory Governments also undertake to adopt, or to propose to

their legislative bodies, should their military law be insufficient for

the purpose, the measures necessary for the repression in time of war of

individual acts of pillage and maltreatment of the wounded and sick of

armies, as well as for the punishment, as an unlawful employment of

military insignia, of the improper use of the Red Cross flag and armlet

(_brassard_) by officers and soldiers or private individuals not

protected by the present Convention.

They shall communicate to one another, through the Swiss Federal

Council, the provisions relative to these measures of repression at the

latest within five years from the ratification of the present

Convention.

GENERAL PROVISIONS

_Article 29_

The present Convention shall be ratified as soon as possible. The

ratifications shall be deposited at Berne.

When each ratification is deposited a _procès verbal_ shall be drawn up,

and a copy thereof certified as correct shall be forwarded through the

diplomatic channel to all the Contracting Powers.

_Article 30_

The present Convention shall come into force for each Power six months

after the date of the deposit of its ratification.

_Article 31_

The present Convention, duly ratified, shall replace the Convention of

August 22nd, 1864, in relations between the Contracting States. The

Convention of 1864 remains in force between such of the parties who

signed it who may not likewise ratify the present Convention.

_Article 32_

The present Convention may be signed until December 31st next by the

Powers represented at the Conference, which was opened at Geneva on June

11, 1906, as also by the Powers, not represented at that Conference,

which signed the Convention of 1864.

Such of the aforesaid Powers as shall have not signed the present

Convention by December 31st, 1906, shall remain free to accede to it

subsequently. They shall notify their accession by means of a written

communication addressed to the Swiss Federal Council, and communicated

by the latter to all the Contracting Powers.

Other Powers may apply to accede in the same manner, but their request

shall only take effect if within a period of one year from the

notification of it to the Federal Council no objection to it reaches the

Council from any of the Contracting Powers.

_Article 33_

Each of the Contracting Powers shall be at liberty to denounce the

present Convention. The denunciation shall not take effect until one

year after the written notification of it has reached the Swiss Federal

Council. The Council shall immediately communicate the notification to

all the other Contracting Parties.

The denunciation shall only affect the Power which has notified it.

APPENDIX II

His Majesty the German Emperor, King of Prussia; the President of the

United States of America; the President of the Argentine Republic; His

Majesty the Emperor of Austria, King of Bohemia, etc., and Apostolic

King of Hungary; His Majesty the King of the Belgians; the President of

the Republic of Bolivia; the President of the Republic of the United

States of Brazil; His Royal Highness the Prince of Bulgaria; the

President of the Republic of Chile; His Majesty the Emperor of China;

the President of the Republic of Colombia; the Provisional Governor of

the Republic of Cuba; His Majesty the King of Denmark; the President of

the Dominican Republic; the President of the Republic of Ecuador; His

Majesty the King of Spain; the President of the French Republic; His

Majesty the King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and

of the British Dominions beyond the Seas, Emperor of India; His Majesty

the King of the Hellenes; the President of the Republic of Guatemala;

the President of the Republic of Haiti; His Majesty the King of Italy;

His Majesty the Emperor of Japan; His Royal Highness the Grand Duke of

Luxemburg, Duke of Nassau; the President of the United States of Mexico;

His Royal Highness the Prince of Montenegro; the President of the

Republic of Nicaragua; His Majesty the King of Norway; the President of

the Republic of Panama; the President of the Republic of Paraguay; Her

Majesty the Queen of the Netherlands; the President of the Republic of

Peru; His Imperial Majesty the Shah of Persia; His Majesty the King of

Portugal and of the Algarves, etc.; His Majesty the King of Roumania;

His Majesty the Emperor of All the Russias; the President of the

Republic of Salvador; His Majesty the King of Serbia; His Majesty the

King of Siam; His Majesty the King of Sweden; the Swiss Federal Council;

His Majesty the Emperor of the Ottomans; the President of the Oriental

Republic of Uruguay; the President of the United States of Venezuela:

Animated alike by the desire to diminish, as far as depends on them, the

inevitable evils of war; and

Wishing with this object to adapt to maritime war the principles of the

Geneva Convention of July 6, 1906:

Have resolved to conclude a Convention for the purpose of revising the

Convention of July 29, 1899, relative to this question, and have

appointed as their Plenipotentiaries, that is to say:

[Names of Plenipotentiaries.]

Who, after having deposited their full powers, found to be in good and

due form, have agreed upon the following provisions:--

_Article 1_

Military hospital-ships, that is to say, ships constructed or adapted by

States for the particular and sole purpose of aiding the sick, wounded,

and shipwrecked, the names of which have been communicated to the

belligerent Powers at the commencement or during the course of

hostilities, and in any case before they are employed, shall be

respected, and may not be captured while hostilities last.

Such ships, moreover, are not on the same footing as war-ships as

regards their stay in a neutral port.

_Article 2_

Hospital-ships, equipped wholly or in part at the expense of private

individuals or officially recognised relief societies, shall likewise be

respected and exempt from capture, if the belligerent Power to which

they belong has given them an official commission and has notified their

names to the hostile Power at the commencement of or during hostilities,

and in any case before they are employed.

Such ships shall be provided with a certificate from the proper

authorities declaring that the vessels have been under their control

while fitting out and on final departure.

_Article 3_

Hospital-ships, equipped wholly or in part at the expense of private

individuals or officially recognised societies of neutral countries,

shall be respected and exempt from capture, on condition that they are

placed under the orders of one of the belligerents, with the previous

consent of their own Government and with the authorisation of the

belligerent himself, and on condition also that the latter has notified

their name to his adversary at the commencement of or during

hostilities, and in any case before they are employed.

_Article 4_

The ships mentioned in Articles 1, 2, and 3 shall afford relief and

assistance to the wounded, sick, and shipwrecked of the belligerents

without distinction of nationality.

The Governments undertake not to use these ships for any military

purpose.

Such vessels must in no wise hamper the movements of the combatants.

During and after an engagement they will act at their own risk and

peril.

The belligerents shall have the right to control and search them; they

may refuse to help them, order them off, make them take a certain

course, and put a Commissioner on board; they may even detain them, if

the situation is such as to require it.

The belligerents shall, as far as possible, enter in the log of the

hospital-ships the orders which they give them.

_Article 5_

Military hospital-ships shall be distinguished by being painted white

outside with a horizontal band of green about a metre and a half in

breadth.

The ships mentioned in Articles 2 and 3 shall be distinguished by being

painted white outside with a horizontal band of red about a metre and a

half in breadth.

The boats of the said ships, as also small craft which may be used for

hospital work, shall be distinguished by similar painting.

All hospital-ships shall make themselves known by hoisting, with their

national flag, the white flag with a red cross provided by the Geneva

Convention, and further, if they belong to a neutral State, by flying

at the mainmast the national flag of the belligerent under whose orders

they are placed.

Hospital-ships which are detained under Article 4 by the enemy must haul

down the national flag of the belligerent to whom they belong.

The ships and boats above mentioned which wish to ensure by night the

freedom from interference to which they are entitled, must, subject to

the assent of the belligerent they are accompanying, take the necessary

measures to render their special painting sufficiently plain.

_Article 6_

The distinguishing signs referred to in Article 5 shall only be used,

whether in peace or war, for protecting or indicating the ships therein

mentioned.

_Article 7_

In the case of a fight on board a war-ship, the sick-bays shall be

respected and spared as far as possible.

The said sick-bays and the _matériel_ belonging to them remain subject

to the laws of war; they cannot, however, be used for any purpose other

than that for which they were originally intended, so long as they are

required for the sick and wounded.

The commander into whose power they have fallen may, however, if the

military situation requires it, apply them to other purposes, after

seeing that the sick and wounded on board are properly provided for.

_Article 8_

Hospital-ships and sick-bays of vessels are no longer entitled to

protection if they are employed for the purpose of injuring the enemy.

The fact of the staff of the said ships and sick-bays being armed for

maintaining order and for defending the sick and wounded, and the

presence of wireless telegraphy apparatus on board, are not sufficient

reasons for withdrawing protection.

_Article 9_

Belligerents may appeal to the charity of the commanders of neutral

merchant-ships, yachts, or boats to take the sick and wounded on board

and tend them.

Vessels responding to this appeal, and also vessels which may have of

their own accord rescued sick, wounded, or shipwrecked men, shall enjoy

special protection and certain immunities. In no case may they be

captured for the sole reason of having such persons on board; but,

subject to any undertaking that may have been given to them, they remain

liable to capture for any violations of neutrality they may have

committed.

_Article 10_

The religious, medical, and hospital staff of any captured ship is

inviolable, and its members may not be made prisoners of war. On leaving

the ship they are entitled to remove their own private belongings and

surgical instruments.

They shall continue to discharge their duties so far as necessary, and

can afterwards leave, when the Commander-in-Chief considers it

permissible.

Belligerents must guarantee to the said staff, while in their hands, the

same allowances and pay as are given to the staff of corresponding rank

in their own navy.

_Article 11_

Sick or wounded sailors, soldiers on board, or other persons officially

attached to fleets or armies, whatever their nationality, shall be

respected and tended by the captors.

_Article 12_

Any war-ship belonging to a belligerent may demand the surrender of

sick, wounded, or shipwrecked men on board military hospital-ships,

hospital-ships belonging to relief societies or to private individuals,

merchant-ships, yachts, or boats, whatever the nationality of such

vessels.

_Article 13_

If sick, wounded, or shipwrecked persons are taken on board a neutral

war-ship, precaution must be taken, so far as possible, that they do not

again take part in the operations of the war.

_Article 14_

The sick, wounded, or shipwrecked of one of the belligerents who fall

into the power of the other belligerent are prisoners of war. The captor

must decide, according to circumstances, whether to keep them, send them

to a port of his own country, to a neutral port, or even to an enemy

port. In this last case, prisoners thus repatriated may not serve again

while the war lasts.

_Article 15_

The sick, wounded, or shipwrecked, who are landed at a neutral port with

the consent of the local authorities, must, in default of arrangement to

the contrary between the neutral State and the belligerent States, be

guarded by the neutral States so as to prevent them from again taking

part in the operations of the war.

The expenses of tending them in hospital and interning them shall be

borne by the State to which the shipwrecked, sick, or wounded persons

belong.

_Article 16_

After every engagement, the two belligerents shall, so far as military

interests permit, take steps to look for the sick, wounded, and

shipwrecked, and to protect them, as well as the dead, against pillage

and improper treatment.

They shall see that the burial, whether by land or sea, or cremation of

the dead shall be preceded by a careful examination of the corpse.

_Article 17_

Each belligerent shall send, as early as possible, the military marks or

documents of identity found on the dead and a list of the names of the

sick and wounded picked up by him to the authorities of their country,

navy, or army.

The belligerents shall keep each other informed as to internments and

transfers as well as to the admissions into hospital and deaths which

have occurred among the sick and wounded in their hands. They shall

collect all the objects of personal use, valuables, letters, etc., which

may be found in the captured ships, or which may have been left by the

sick or wounded who died in hospital, in order to have them forwarded to

the persons concerned by the authorities of their own country.

_Article 18_

The provisions of the present Convention do not apply except between

Contracting Powers, and then only if all the belligerents are parties to

the Convention.

_Article 19_

The Commander-in-Chief of the belligerent fleets shall give detailed

directions for carrying out the preceding Articles and for meeting cases

not therein provided for, in accordance with the instructions of their

respective Governments and in conformity with the general principles of

the present Convention.

_Article 20_

The Signatory Powers shall take the necessary steps in order to bring

the provisions of the present Convention to the knowledge of their naval

forces, and especially of the members entitled thereunder to immunity,

and to make them known to the public.

_Article 21_

The Signatory Powers likewise undertake to enact or to propose to their

Legislatures, if their criminal laws are inadequate, the measures

necessary for checking in time of war individual acts of pillage and

ill-treatment in respect to the sick and wounded in the fleet, as well

as for punishing as an unjustifiable adoption of naval or military

marks, the unauthorised use of the distinctive marks mentioned in

Article 5, by vessels not protected by the present Convention.

They shall communicate to each other, through the Netherland Government,

the enactments for preventing such acts at the latest within five years

of the ratification of the present Convention.

_Article 22_

In the case of operations of war between the land and sea forces of

belligerents, the provisions of the present Convention are only

applicable to the forces on board ship.

_Article 23_

The present Convention shall be ratified as soon as possible.

The ratifications shall be deposited at The Hague.

The first deposit of ratifications shall be recorded in a Protocol

signed by the Representatives of the Powers which take part therein and

by the Netherland Minister for Foreign Affairs.

The subsequent deposits of ratifications shall be made by means of a

written notification, addressed to the Netherland Government and

accompanied by the instrument of ratification.

A duly certified copy of the Protocol relating to the first deposit of

ratifications, of the notifications mentioned in the preceding

paragraph, and of the instruments of ratification, shall be immediately

sent by the Netherland Government through the diplomatic channel to the

Powers invited to the Second Peace Conference, as well as to the other

Powers which have acceded to the Convention. The said Government shall,

in the cases contemplated in the preceding paragraph, inform them at the

same time of the date on which it received the notification.

_Article 24_

Non-Signatory Powers which have accepted the Geneva Convention of July

6, 1906, may accede to the present Convention.

A Power which desires to accede notifies its intention in writing to the

Netherland Government, forwarding to it the act of accession, which

shall be deposited in the archives of the said Government.

The said Government shall immediately forward to all the other Powers a

duly certified copy of the notification, as well as of the act of

accession, mentioning the date on which it received the notification.

_Article 25_

The present Convention, duly ratified, shall replace, as between

Contracting Powers, the Convention of July 29, 1899, for the adaptation

to naval warfare of the principles of the Geneva Convention.

The Convention of 1899 remains in force as between the Powers which

signed it but which do not also ratify the present Convention.

_Article 26_

The present Convention shall take effect, in the case of the Powers

which were parties to the first deposit of ratifications, sixty days

after the date of the Protocol recording such deposit, and, in the case

of the Powers which shall ratify subsequently or which shall accede,

sixty days after the notification of their ratification or of their

accession has been received by the Netherland Government.

_Article 27_

In the event of one of the Contracting Powers wishing to denounce the

present Convention, the denunciation shall be notified in writing to the

Netherland Government, which shall immediately communicate a duly

certified copy of the notification to all the other Powers, informing

them of the date on which it was received.

The denunciation shall only operate in respect of the denouncing Power,

and only on the expiry of one year after the notification has reached

the Netherland Government.

_Article 28_

A register kept by the Netherland Ministry for Foreign Affairs shall

record the date of the deposit of ratifications effected in virtue of

Article 23, paragraphs 3 and 4, as well as the date on which the

notifications of accession (Article 24, paragraph 2) or of denunciation

(Article 27, paragraph 1) have been received.

Each Contracting Power is entitled to have access to this register and

to be supplied with duly certified extracts from it.

In faith whereof the Plenipotentiaries have appended their signatures to

the present Convention.

Done at The Hague, October 18, 1907, in a single original, which shall

remain deposited in the archives of the Netherland Government, and of

which duly certified copies shall be sent, through the diplomatic

channel, to the Powers invited to the Second Peace Conference.

INDEX

Aboukir Bay, 40

Administration, Army Medical, 61

Alderson, Mr., 40

Ambulance trains, 47-48

Antityphoid inoculation, 18

Arab servants, 41

Arbitration Commission, 39

Area medical officers, 3

Arrival of wounded in crisis, 43

Atelier, the (_see also_ Hospitals, Auxiliary), 36-51

Aural diseases, 92-99

Australia, a clean, 118

Australia, a white, 118

Australian Army Medical Reserve, 4

Australian Government, the, 29, 30, 40, 52, 91

Australian Intermediate Base, 29

Baird, Sir Alexander, 39, 142

Barrett, Lt.-Col. J. W., 23, 29, 39, 73, 92-98, 120, 138 _et seq._

Base hospitals, 1, 2

Base medical store, 79

Beds, palm wood, 29, 30

Bilharzia, 99

Birdwood, General Sir William, 89, 115-121, 154, 199

Boards, Medical, on invalids, 70

Bridges, the late General Sir Walter, 6, 89, 115

Bronchitis, 6, 86

Brookes, Mr. Norman, 144

Brown, Major, 52

Buildings, acquisition, 26

Burials of Australians in Cairo, 103

Camp, Convalescent, Zeitoun, 57

Casino, the, Heliopolis (_see_ Hospitals, Auxiliary), 28

Casualties, table showing, 90

Casualty Clearing Station, 8

Cecil, Lord Edward, 142

Chaplains, value of, 194

Cholera, 38, 106-109

Climate, the Egyptian, 58, 59, 104, 105

The Khamsin, 26, 58, 59, 104

Wet Bulb records, 58-59

Clubs, Soldiers' (_see_ Soldiers' Clubs and Red Cross), 125, 133

Commander-in-Chief (G.O.C.-in-C.) (_see also_ General

Sir John Maxwell), 39, 106, 196

Commissioners, Australian Red Cross, 144

Compulsory military training, 3, 4

Consultants, 192

Cook, Mr. Joseph, 5

Crisis, the, 35, 60

Cuscaden, Colonel, 6

Dardanelles, 27

Deaths,

No. 1 Australian General Hospital, 110

No. 2 Australian General Hospital, 111

Dentists, 192, 193

D.G.M.S. Australia, 6

Discipline, 61-65

Diseases, Infectious, 109

Report on extent of, 87-90

Disinfection, recruits' clothing, 98

D.M.S. Egypt (_see also_ Surgeon-General Ford), 23, 25, 26, 27, 30,

42, 50, 87, 88, 125, 141, 167, 205

Dunn, Captain, 149

Dysentery, 99, 109

Elgood, Mrs., work of, 155, 180

Enlistment of the unfit, 90, 91

Fergusson, Her Excellency Lady Helen Munro, 137, 138

Fetherston, Colonel, 6

Fisher, Mr. Andrew, 5

Flies, cause of disease, 209

Fly campaign (1916), 207

The house, 99-103

Traps, 208

Ford, Surgeon-General (_see also_ D.M.S. Egypt), 21, 28, 73, 101

Funds, Multiplicity of, 219-224

Garages, 42

Geneva Convention, 13, 14, 18, and Appendix I

Gordon House, 39

"Grouser," the, 196

Hospital organisation, 229-230

Hospitals:

Auxiliary Australian, closure, 206

Base, 8

No. 1 Stationary, 8, 27

No. 2 Stationary, 8, 27

No. 1 Australian General:

Causes of death in, 110

Chronology of, 40-41

Closure of, 206

Description of building, 21-23

Difficulties in recruiting, 8, 9

Expansion, 25, 35

Finance arrangements between Governments, 60, 61

Growth of, 53

Ice chests, 105

Lack of reinforcements, 38

Number of cases admitted, 53-54

Policy of expansion, 41

Result of expansion, 38

Staff available, 44, 45-46, 47

No. 2 Australian General, 35, 111

Closure of, 206

No. 3 Australian, closure, 207

Venereal Diseases, Abbassia, 27, 28

Convalescent, 35, 59

Al Hayat, Helouan, 35, 57, 59, 204

Catering at, 51

Grand Hotel, Helouan, 37

Montazah (_see also_ Red Cross), 37, 59

Ras el Tin, 36, 59

Zeitoun Camp, 59

Auxiliary, 36, 41, 49-52;

made independent, 53

Infectious Diseases, Abbassia, 37-52

Infectious Diseases, Choubra, 37

Military, proposed reforms, 189 _et seq._

Australian, evils of dual control, 204

Infectious Diseases Camp, 25, 26

Invalids, transport of, 69-76

Jackson, Stonewall, 64-65

Japan, Emperor of, 121

Jessop, Mr., work of (_see_ Y.M.C.A. and Red Cross), 133

Kendrew, Colonel, work of, 194

Kitchener, Lord, 116, 118

Knox, Mr. Adrian, 144

_Kyarra_, voyage of, 13-18

As hospital carrier, 78

Decomposing food, 16

Explanation of defects, 18

Overcrowding of, 15

Ptomaine poisoning, 15

Sanitation of, 15

Wet decks, 16

Lemnos, 105

Lessons, Russo-Japanese War, 7

Lines of Communication Medical Units, 6

Local purchase orders, 97

Luna Park (_see also_ Hospitals, Auxiliary), 27, 28, 49-51, 54

Pavilion, 30

Rink, 38

Success of hospital, 207

Maadi, 21, 22

Mackenzie, Captain, 22, 111

MacMahon, His Excellency Sir Henry, 126, 142, 143, 144, 167, 199

Her Excellency Lady, 40, 168, 169

Malingerers, 97

Manifold, Colonel, 76, 106

Martin, Lt.-Col., 14, 143

Masseurs, need of, 194

Maxwell, General Sir John, 116, 123, 125, 167

Measles, 6, 97-99

Medical organisation in Egypt, 106

Reserve, a Junior, 54

Students, enlistment of, 10

Mena House and Hospital, 6, 21, 24, 35, 43

Methods of organising hospitals, 39

Morality in Cairo, 123, 124

Mortality low in Cairo, 103, 104

Mortality in transit, 6

In camp in Australia, 7

Motor Ambulances, 41-43

Transport of sick, 60

"Muddling through," 205

Mudros, 27

New Zealand sick and wounded,

British Military Hospital, Citadel, Cairo, 22

Egyptian Army Hospital, Abbassia, 22

Nurses' Rest Homes, 40

Oculists, 24

Ophthalmic work, 92-97

Palace of Prince Ibrahim Khalim, 39

Pneumonia, 6, 86

Port Said, 21

Prevention of disease:

Prophylactic staff, 225

Lack of Australian Military School, 225

Prophylactic officer, 193

Prophylaxis, 83

Ptomaine poisoning, 6, 15, 103

Recruits' condition on arrival, 226

Red Cross, 37, 39, 42, 48, 50-53, 59, 77, 79, 125, 133

Brown's Census (Major), 172-174

Bureau of Inquiry, 155

Chapter on, 137 et seq.

Colonel Onslow's letter, 149-150

Creation of Australian Branch, 137

Difficulties at Mudros, 154

Distribution of goods, 152-153, 159-168

Elgood's (Mrs.) help, 155

Goods for 1st A.G.H., 10

Injudicious help, 181

Japanese methods, 180

Jessop (Mr.), help of, 169

Money distribution, 147-148

Montazah, 156, 157

Motor transport, 157, 158

Nurses' Rest Homes, 169

Policy, 169, 170

Purchase of goods, 156

Ras el Tin, 35

Soldiers' Clubs, 166-167

Store, 148

Trains for invalids, 166

Verses (Malines), 174-176

Wanted, a policy, 177-182

Red Cross Society:

Articles supplied by, 212-216

Functions of (Sir H. MacMahon), 210-212

Lists of articles, 212-216

Many changes in organisation, 217

Reformed methods requisite, 218

Red-Tape, 197

Request by Imperial Government for medical units, 8

Robson, Mayo-, Colonel, 201

Ryan, Colonel Charles, 4, 6, 51

Savoy Hotel, 41

Sellheim, Brigadier-General, 29, 30, 31, 116, 142, 196

Services of Anglo-Egyptians, 230-34

Shepheard's Hotel, 41

Ships, Hospital, 78, 79

Smith, Ramsay, Lt.-Col., Introduction, 23, 29, 141

Soldier's Clubs (_see also_ Clubs and Red Cross), 35, 51, 65, 125, 133

Conduct of, 115-118

Warning to, 119

Specialists, lack of, 192

Oculist and aurist, 10

Radiographer, 10

Spectacle maker requisite, 97

Spens, General, 120

Sporting Club Hospital, 36, 51

Springthorpe, Lt.-Col., 143

Staff, erratic changes of, 197-199

Stomach ache, Egyptian, 105

Suez Waiting Camp, 77

Sultan, H.H. the, 199

Table showing number invalided to Australia, 80

Throat diseases, 92-97

Thomson, Sir Courtauld, 143, 201, 205

Train to Heliopolis, 30

Transport to Australia, 77-79

Wounded to Suez, 79-81

Wounded by sea, 77

Treves, Sir Frederick, 200, 201

Venereal diseases:

Camp, 25-26

Conference on, 129 _et seq._

Essence of problem, 127

Length of stay of cases, 90

Policy, 128, 129

Prevalence of in 1916, 209

Prevalence of in arrivals, 228

Prophylaxis, 124, 125

Removal from Egypt, 121, 122

Wassermann tests, 128

Watson, Captain, 128

Watson, Major, 111

Williams, Surgeon-General, 3, 4, 6, 25, 29, 30, 31, 41, 42, 77,

86, 90, 101, 129, 139 _et seq._

Women, employment of, in hospitals, 191

Y.M.C.A., 37, 50, 65, 125, 133

Y.M.C.A. organisation and work, 209-210, 218-224

Yuille, Captain Max, 141, 149

Postscript, 206

Appendix I., 237

" II., 246

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Transcriber's Notes

Obvious punctuation errors repaired.

Some numbers in the tables are mistaken but have not been changed.

P. 35: "late" changed to "date" (at a later date became capable).

P. 44: "elequent" changed to "eloquent" (bore eloquent testimony).

P. 182: "P. S. DEANE" changed to "P. E. DEANE".

P. 258: Index entry for "Hospitals: Convalescent, Al Hayat, Helouan"

changed from "304" to "204".

P. 259: Index entry for "Transport to Australia, Wounded to Suez"

changed from "79-61" to "79-81".