THE ANCIENT BARDS.
While Rome and Milan were devoting themselves almost entirely to
ecclesiastical music, there had sprung up among the barbarian nations a
school of music more consonant to their habits, being warlike in its
style, and having for its object the celebration of the heroes of each
country, and the inciting of their descendants to similar deeds of
glory. From earliest days Wales has possessed a guild of such singers,
who were, in fact, the historians of the country, at a time when written
books would have been nearly useless. The songs of the Welsh bards have
been preserved traditionally by that people; while the songs of the
druids who preceded them have been allowed to pass into utter oblivion,
the latter having, evidently, not taken deep root in Welsh soil.
At the commencement of the sixth century, the bards of Wales exerted all
their energies of exhortation to animate their countrymen in the strife
with the Saxon invaders, and when Wales was conquered by Edward I.,
(1284) he dreaded their influence so much that he is said to have
persecuted them and put them to death. The bards in Wales had an
organization similar to that which we shall presently find among the
troubadours and minne-singers. They were divided into two
classes,—poets, and musicians. Each of these classes were subdivided
into three divisions. The first class of poet-bards was composed of
those who understood history, and dabbled somewhat in sorcery, thus
being held in awe as prophets and diviners. The second class consisted
of bards attached to private families, whose duties were to chant the
praises of the heroes of their particular house. The third class were
the heraldic bards, who wrote the national annals and prescribed the
laws of etiquette and precedence. These must have exerted a powerful
influence on a nation which clung so strictly to ceremony and the
privileges of lineage.
The musicians were also divided into three classes, of which the first
were harpers, and possessed the title of Doctors of Music; the second
class were the players upon the _crouth_ or _chrotta_, a smaller
stringed instrument; the third class consisted of the singers. Many laws
and regulations were made to define the privileges of each class, and
the classification of new bards took place at an assemblage called the
Eisteddfod, which met triennially, and conferred degrees. The highest
degree could only be obtained after nine years faithful study. From the
thirteenth century Wales also possessed a class of wandering musicians
entitled, “_Clery dom_.” The harps used were various, though the
three-stringed one was the national instrument. One variety was made of
leather, strung with wire, and is said to have been peculiarly harsh;
another called _isgywer_ was so small that it could be played on
horseback; another was strung with hair. The order of the bards was
hereditary to some extent. King Howel Dha issued edicts regarding them
(fixing their rank) about 940 A. D., and in 1078 the whole order was
reformed and full regulations made by Gryffith ap Conan. In spite of the
persecutions to which they were subjected, the order was sustained for
centuries, and _Eisteddfods_ were held under royal commission down to
the reign of Queen Elizabeth.
In Ireland minstrelsy has had a foothold in all times. There is a legend
that about the year 365 B. C., there occurred in Ireland the first
triumph of poetry and music. A young prince, driven from his throne by a
usurper, was so moved by a song which his betrothed wrote and caused
Craftine, a celebrated bard, to sing to him, that he resolved on
hazarding a supreme effort to regain his crown, and succeeded in driving
the usurper from his kingdom.
The Irish claim that they were the originators of the Welsh system of
bards, but this statement seems to be founded rather on national pride
than upon fact, for it is probable that the borrowing was upon the other
side. But it is certain that the Irish have ever possessed musical taste
and skill.
Gyraldus Cambriensis (who wrote in the twelfth century) says of them:
“The aptitude of this people for performing upon musical instruments is
worthy of attention.”
“They have in this respect, much more ability than any nation I have
ever seen. The modulations are not with them slow and sad, like those of
the instruments of Britain, to which we are accustomed, but the sounds,
though rapid and precipitate, are yet sweet and soothing.”[266] The harp
was, as in Wales, the national instrument. The bards were a hereditary
class, and their guild, as in Wales, had three divisions; the _Filedha_,
who sang both about religious and martial subjects, and were also
heralds to the nobility; _Braitheamhain_, who chanted the laws; and the
_Seanachaidehe_, who were the musical and poetical chroniclers and
historians. Their influence and privileges were fully as great as those
of their Welsh brethren, and they had many valuable possessions of land.
Their skill was universally acknowledged up to their conquest by Henry
II., but from that epoch the profession began to decline, although noble
families still made it a point of honor to keep private bards to sing to
them of the deeds of the ancestors of their house.
The influence which these songs exerted in fomenting rebellion was such,
that severe laws were promulgated against them in England, and under
Elizabeth all the Irish bards who were captured, were hanged.
The last Irish hard existed as late as the eighteenth century.
Turlogh O’Carolan was born 1670, and died 1737; worthily closing the
long reign of the fiery minstrel guild of Ireland.
Scotland’s bardism, was similar to that of Wales and Ireland, but the
ranks and privileges are less known. The bag-pipe was played as much as
the harp, and there was much analogy in the ancient music of Ireland and
Scotland. The scale on which the Scotch pieces were founded, bears much
resemblance to the Chinese, and to some of the Hindoo modes.
In England there were also bards, but there was not an order, as in the
preceding countries, and at a time when these heraldic singers were so
highly honored in Wales, the singers and musicians of England were held
in very slight social estimation. The irruptions of the Danes, and
Norsemen generally, upon England in the ninth, tenth and eleventh
centuries, brought a taste of the forcible Northern _sagas_ along with
them, and when King Canute held the throne, bards and “_gleemen_,” were
protected and favored, for King Canute was very fond of song. He,
himself, wrote a song which was for a long time the favorite ballad of
England.
The circumstances which prompted it were as follows:—
He was being rowed near the Monastery of Ely, in the evening, when the
sound of the monks singing their vesper chants, came across the water;
he was greatly moved by the beauty of the song, which, with the
accessories of the tranquil evening, the rippling water, and the
measured stroke of the oars, caused him to improvise upon the spot, a
song which soon spread among the peasantry as well as the higher
classes.
Only one stanza has been preserved of this interesting effusion,—
“Merie sungen the muneches binnen Ely,
Tha Cnute Ching, reu ther by
Rowe cnihtes, næw the land,
And here we thes muneches sæng,”
which may be rendered in English thus:—
“Sweetly sang the Monks of Ely,
As King Canute rowed there by,
Row men, nearer to the shore
And hear we these Monks’ song.”
The minstrels of England from the first, took a more peaceful and
religious turn than those of Wales and Ireland. The most of the really
authentic pieces of their era, take the shape of Christmas carols.