_SECONDARY CAUSES OF NERVE-DETERIORATION._
Many minor causes of nervous exhaustion have been so often cited, and
such serious warnings have been uttered against them, that it is
scarcely worth while to draw attention to them here. It may suffice to
enumerate those which are more frequently ignored.
Of the infectiousness of nervous disease it seems almost useless at
present to speak, for few will listen. Probably the malady will, for
some time to come, continue to be spread abroad by those who suffer from
it, as certainly as leprosy is spread by the leper. The early symptoms
not being readily observed and recognised by the uninitiated, great
mischief can be wrought while all around remain unconscious of the
impending disaster. To young persons, and to those who inherit a
predisposition to nerve-weakness, the danger of infection is specially
great. Moreover, the predisposed often aid one another in the
development of the malady, a fact which is sufficiently proved by
observation of families exhibiting neurotic tendencies.
It has been fully recognised that imperfect recovery from some attack of
illness is a frequent cause of neurasthenia. It is not fully recognised
that the cause is usually a preventible one. A very common blunder is
generally at the root of the mischief. It is thought necessary to hurry
on the convalescent lest she should “drift into chronic invalidism,” as
the saying goes. The result is that the patient recovers to a certain
extent, only to fall a victim later to chronic nervous weakness.
Patients who are making a natural and healthy recovery are over-eager to
exert themselves, and require to be kept back. Should this eagerness not
be manifested, it is a mistake to say that the patient must be roused in
order to preserve her from neurasthenia. Neurasthenia is already there,
and unless the building up of the nervous system go hand in hand with
the patient’s exertions, those exertions will assuredly be productive of
harm. Unfortunately the patient is frequently removed from the watchful
care of the doctor and the nurse just as watchful care is most urgently
needed.
It does not occur to many of us, but it is nevertheless true, that
whenever we foster wrong theories of life, we render ourselves liable to
nerve-trouble. If we make mistakes in our drawing of the chart by the
guidance of which we mean to steer our bark,--if we omit to note down
the most dangerous rocks, and imagine obstacles in a course which we
might follow with safety,--small wonder that we suffer shipwreck. Mr.
Laurence Oliphant has pointed out how foolishly we encourage erroneous
notions in the children in our schools; how persistently we teach them
that the road to happiness is to be found in selfishness, and award
honour and approbation to those who have succeeded in getting the better
of their fellows. In the wider school of the world the same principle is
adhered to. The man who amasses a fortune, however selfishly, is the
man to whom the peerage is offered, and for whom we manifest admiration.
Nemesis follows. Those who are plunged into conditions for which they
have not been gradually fitted necessarily suffer in the change.
Unaccustomed luxury brings its own deterioration, while the excessively
unequal distribution of wealth thus encouraged brings inevitable misery
on the whole community. To the Shakespeare and the Newton no peerage is
offered and scant admiration is accorded, though by their individual
genius the whole race be raised. Consequently, the Shakespeare and the
Newton are rare birds; not because it matters to themselves whether they
are rewarded or no; not because the heaven-sent genius requires any
earthly inducement to do his heavenly work; but because we create, for
that which we admire and reward, an atmosphere in which it can arise and
flourish.
There is one very serious result of our refusal to honour those to whom
honour is due. The task of raising and training healthy and capable
people to the work of the world and the service of God, and--as the
orthodox believe--in the very likeness of God, is surely not the least
noble task to which human beings can devote themselves. And this, though
in a degree men’s work, is, in a greater degree and in a more special
manner, the work of women. What honour is awarded to women who guard
their health, develop their faculties and enlarge and enrich their
minds, that they may be fitted to perform the community’s highest work?
Absolutely none. True, it is not their only work; it does not fall to
the lot of all to perform it; but every good and well educated woman,
knowing herself to be a potential mother, tries conscientiously to fit
herself for the part she may be called upon to play, and in so doing
becomes aware of her own value. That so few women thus prove themselves
to be good and well educated is scarcely the fault of women in
particular. It is the fault of the whole community. Just as a
Shakespeare and a Newton may rise superior to inadequate appreciation,
so do some great women. But these women are, and must be, exceptions.
The majority of women, no less than men, depend in large measure on the
sympathy, approbation, and esteem of others.
Perhaps women need these incentives even more than men need them,
because for centuries their love of approbation has been developed
abnormally by their dependence on men, and by the need they have
experienced of securing their approval. Natural feelings, denied egress
by the front door, find their way out at the back door. By reprehensible
means, and greatly to the detriment of both sexes, women have
continually forced themselves into notice, while fulsome flattery and
exemption from work demanding the healthy employment of their faculties,
have taken the place of legitimate and inspiring honour.
A fresh result of the determined withholding from women of the
distinction and approbation which has been honestly earned, is
manifesting itself in a curious manner in these modern times. Women too
noble by nature to indulge in ignoble ways the faculties within them
that cried out for exercise, stung by taunts of inferiority, chafed by
the deprivation of means for obtaining the rational education and the
experience of the world which were to them as the very breath of life,
conscious of talents no whit inferior to those of the men about them,
have flung themselves into the whirl of public affairs, and, with truly
admirable perseverance and indomitable pluck, have won for themselves
the only honours open to them.
Some good has thereby been wrought. Employments suited to women, and
hitherto closed to them, have now been thrown open; book-learning--too
often a miserable system of cram, but perhaps better than nothing at
all--has been placed within their reach. Public attention has been
attracted to long-standing injustice; and considering the immense
importance to the whole race of the full development of all the
faculties of women, it was, and still is, to the interest of the public
to give the fullest attention to the subject which it can manage to
spare.
Unfortunately the affair has another aspect which here closely concerns
us. The over-eagerness with which some women have thrown themselves into
the struggle for existence has in some quarters earned for the sex as a
whole the reputation of possessing more self-feeling, less
disinterestedness, and more sordidness of aim than men. It has been
rashly assumed that because the pioneers of a movement have acted
foolishly, because they have been injured in fighting a battle harder
than any that will have to be fought by those for whom they prepare the
way, all women are necessarily unfit for active life in the world. Alarm
on the one side generates deleterious irritation on the other side.
Faculties which might be devoted to the creditable performance of
valuable work are dissipated in fighting for the privilege of doing the
work at all. It should be remembered that those who have been starved
always devour food with injurious avidity when it is at last brought
within their reach, unless they are mercifully restrained by wise
well-wishers.
It cannot be doubted, however, that women who conscientiously perform
their own special work in the world must have less strength at their
disposal for other work than the majority of men. So far from this
being to their discredit, the extreme importance of their own special
functions ought to be more generally recognised. At the present time,
the women who neglect their duties are apparently held in as much esteem
as the women who render the State the highest possible service.
Another point is worthy of careful consideration. Certain professions
were once held to be unlawful for women on the ground that their
intellectual faculties were of too inferior an order to enable them to
follow masculine callings successfully. Women thereupon attained
eminence in these very professions, thereby proving that their
intellects, at all events, were equal to the occasion. An intimate
acquaintance with some of the women who have thus proved their mental
capacity has convinced me that they are not, on that account, very
highly organised people. So far from having enlarged their whole circle,
they seem to have shot out a long angle on one side of their natures at
the expense of drawing to a corresponding extent on the other side. The
emotional part of them appears to be defective, and the defect
manifests itself chiefly in a lamentable want of sympathy, and in an
annoying, though often amusing, deficiency of humour. It may be that the
sieves of these professions are of a particularly distorting order, and
that the sensitive organisations of women are more easily injured by
them than are the tougher organisations of men. Distortion is apt to
produce nerve-deterioration in both sexes, but especially in the highly
strung nervous systems of women.
Unfortunately, the Modern Malady is at present so little understood,
that the very people who are betraying the most serious symptoms of
nervous weakness are often declared by those about them to be in
excellent health, a mistake which the sufferers themselves, eager to
avoid the imputation of nervousness, are careful to foster. On one
occasion I remarked to friends on the enfeebled state of nerve to which
a clever and energetic woman had been reduced, owing in part to her
labours in an arduous profession. Although the symptoms were
unmistakable, my words were received with derision.
“Mrs. T---- nervous!” exclaimed my friends. “What an idea! As if such a
thing could be possible!”
The notion that nervous weakness was a species of illness to which any
one might fall a victim if placed in conditions calculated to produce
it, was entirely beyond the mental range of these good people. And
following the natural law, in proportion to their ignorance was their
conviction of profound wisdom. Mrs. T---- had more and more earned for
herself a wide reputation for “strong-mindedness.” She was popularly
supposed to be “hard,” and judging from my own experience of her
character, I should say that the popular judgment was in that instance
more correct than usual; though why so noble a quality as mental
strength should be associated with defectiveness, with the terrible
process of loss of feeling--a continual lopping of the sensitive
tendrils by means of which the human plant keeps itself in touch with
its environment and draws from it its mental nutriment--I am unable to
imagine. Now, my friends were convinced that the defect of emotional
nature commonly called hardness, and a condition in which emotional
symptoms are often manifested, were things incompatible. They therefore
bestowed ridicule upon me, and considered that they had “fixed that
matter up.” My belief is that the dear ladies would have “fixed up” with
equal alacrity any matter in the whole of this wide universe.
But Dame Nature, always stern in carrying out her threats, slowly but
surely brought Mrs. T----’s downward career to its logical conclusion.
She was compelled to give up work and seek seclusion for a season. Her
friends and acquaintance were surprised, but the tragedy was by no means
astonishing. Ambition, and consequent overwork, began the mischief; the
hardness which was supposed to be her safeguard completed it. Once out
of sympathy with her fellow-creatures, her sorrows were endless. Loving
herself more than them, she tried to act in her own interests in
opposition to theirs. Her fellow-creatures took their revenge. The
perception that is born of sympathy now being blunted, she estimated
their characters wrongly; she confided in the untrustworthy and was
suspicious of the trustworthy. Her blunders were productive of suffering
not only to herself but to others. Blame, friction, and harassing cares
followed, in the midst of which her brain gave way.
There are those who, cursed by the taint of insanity in their families,
pray daily to God to preserve them from this frightful evil, and who,
even while they are praying, turn their backs upon the road that leads
to sanity. That road is the enlarging of the sympathies.
It is sometimes urged that much sympathy is a bad thing, not only for
its possessor, but for those with whom he comes in contact. Persons who
give indiscriminately to beggars, who make a great show of superficial
pity and affection, or who shed tears on the smallest provocation--all,
in short, who, from nervous disorder or congenital weakness, are wanting
in judgment and self-control, are almost invariably classed with highly
developed people of large emotional natures.
As a matter of fact, the two classes have nothing in common. Any poor
lunatic, whose injured nerve-centres are incapable of disposing
healthily of the full amount of energy generated, can manifest an excess
of superficial emotion. It is noteworthy that the very people who save
themselves trouble by giving to beggars without careful inquiry into the
merits of the case will save themselves trouble in other respects at the
expense of their fellow-creatures, and that those who harrow others by a
needless and self-indulgent emotional display are precisely those who
will abundantly prove their selfishness and shallowness of feeling so
soon as any sacrifice is demanded of them.
On the other hand, we sometimes find that the most truly sympathetic
people earn for themselves a quite undeserved reputation for hardness,
for it is not always either wise or kind to show all the sympathy we
feel. Only the largest natures can rise superior to their innate love of
approbation; only those who are really actuated by a desire to benefit
humanity can resist the temptation to flatter weakness when there is
anything to be gained by so doing. The most successful in this respect
run the greatest risk of misconception. Self-control is regarded as want
of feeling; unselfishness may appear like indifference. In dealing with
the nervous, virtue must often be satisfied with its own reward. After
all, the reward is a large one. It is nothing less than the cure of our
patient.
Continued unselfish action is the only sufficient test of deep feeling.
The tree is known by its fruit. The world is full of mimetic people who
can speak so well and write so well as to deceive the very elect, should
these be so simple as to judge them by their professions. Unhappily the
elect too often forget the injunction to acquire the wisdom of the
serpent.
Amongst the most serious secondary causes of nerve-deterioration in
modern times we find one to which attention has recently been drawn by
many writers of distinction. It is not merely overwork, hurry, and
excitement that are injurious to our organisms, but a lack of the
solitude and calm in which impressions are combined and ideas created.
Many of us live in the midst of such a whirl of rapidly succeeding
sights, sounds, and sensations, that only a confused recollection of
them is left in our minds. It is as though we were to eat incessantly,
leaving no leisure for digestion; as though we were so eager to know,
that we should refuse to wait to learn. We forget that the sure test of
knowledge and progress is the power to reproduce the impressions we have
assimilated; not the very elementary capability of putting down on paper
the undiluted and undigested detail which has been stuffed into the
outer chamber of our minds for that purpose. We must create; we must
see, and show to others, “the light that never was on sea or land.”
How is this to be accomplished? In attempting to answer the question,
let us consider what we do when we wish to obtain the photograph of a
face that does not exist. We photograph a number of faces one over the
other on the same plate. Is that enough? Does it suffice us to obtain a
series of impressions on our plate? No; we now need the dark room, the
developing and fixing solutions, and the presiding genius of a higher
intelligence, before we can obtain the negative of a face that never yet
was seen.
And if in this age we expose ourselves to an abundance of impressions,
but ignore or underrate the solitude of the dark room, the imaginative
faculty which combines and develops, to say nothing of the presiding
genius of a higher intelligence, what is to become of our creative
power? What, indeed, is to become of our sanity? Moreover, we must
remember that there is one great difference between ourselves and the
photographic plate. The plate is sensitised once for all; it receives
its picture and its work is done. But we are, or may be, always
absorbing into ourselves that which sensitises us more and more highly,
and of receiving more and more perfect pictures. In addition to which
great privilege, we may not only communicate to others, but eventually
hand down to others, the faculty thus obtained.
How much reason is there in the creed that we should believe only in the
existence of that which is borne witness to by our five senses? In that
case we must consider ourselves as perfectly developed as it is
possible for creatures to be. All evolution has been a course of
rendering ourselves, and being rendered, more and more capable of
discerning that which is; and, considering how feeble an atom is man in
the midst of so mighty a universe, it is unlikely that the process can
yet be finished. Perhaps the deaf bee believes itself to be perfectly
constituted, yet a whole world of sound is cut off from it. Just because
it has so tremendous a defect, it is unable to comprehend its own loss.
From how much in the universe are we also cut off? How far do we injure
ourselves by ignoring the existence of that which it is important to us
to learn? It is argued, however, that reliable evidence should correct
the evidence of each man’s individual senses.[9] When we inquire more
closely what is meant by this, we find merely that the experience of the
majority of mankind in the past is the source of light which is to
illumine individual darkness. A strange source truly! Supposing that
the most highly developed of the bees--and the most highly developed are
necessarily a small minority--were to obtain some inkling of the nature
of sound, and were to attempt to impart it to their companions, would
they not be told that the universal experience of bee-kind was against
their theories? Would not the deaf creatures be angered by the
insinuation of their deafness and consequent inferiority?
And so we may in time discover that, though the honest agnostic may be,
and often is, far superior to the dogmatic religionist, it is only
persons of a certain degree of development (of all classes) who are
capable of belief in the unseen, and that this development has little to
do with the faculty of passing examinations. It is possible that the
higher faculties are not best developed as we imagine; that what we most
usually call brain-work is often rather a means of using up our store of
intellectual power than of developing it. The fact that our greatest men
of genius have come from the lower ranks of life rather than from the
higher should lead us to ask whether the nobler part of mind grows
better in the school of the pedagogue or in the school of Nature.[10]
There are cases on record of animals who have been taken by a circuitous
route to a distant land, which they had never before visited, and who,
on being released, have returned home as straight as the crow flies. In
like manner, people have been known to find their way direct to their
destination through portions of crowded cities to which they were
strangers. Others walk confidently in the dark without hurting
themselves. They _feel_ when they are near an obstacle or a precipice.
Others approach the most savage beasts and receive no hurt.
If these instances are rejected as fables, we must in consistency reject
many supposed scientific facts which we have accepted on no better
evidence. Yet what sense or faculty possessed by the majority can
account for them?
The man whose measure of the universe is largest, whose development is
the widest and most symmetrical, is the man who, having once reached
maturity, is the least liable to fall a victim to neurasthenia; not only
because his knowledge of quicksands is greatest, but because he has
proved his adaptability. The success or failure of the large nature to
reach maturity depends quite as much upon circumstance as upon the rate
and method of his development. One great poet may survive detraction,
but a Chatterton destroys himself. If the detraction be equal in both
cases, other circumstances are very different. Coleridge survived a
mistaken and injurious mode of education, but he survived it--an
opium-eater.
Observation and experience teach us that human beings may be divided
into two classes. (1.) Those who act; (2.) Those who are acted upon.[11]
The first class, whether so regarded by the world or not, are
essentially sane. The second, whether so regarded by the world or not,
are essentially insane. The first have a will; the second have none--to
speak of. The first are responsible; the second are irresponsible. The
first, through self-sacrifice, develop and progress; the second, through
self-seeking, fail and deteriorate. Accidental illness may cause members
of the first to drop to the second; helpful influence may enable members
of the second to climb to the first.
The second class may be subdivided into those who drift helplessly
before circumstance, and those who break themselves in pieces before the
circumstances that are too strong for them. These latter cannot be
persuaded to leave off trying to accommodate the whole universe in their
own little measure. Strange to say, they are often credited with
possessing strength of will, whereas they merely possess its hostile
counterfeit, self-will.
Conquest where conquest is possible, and submission without exhausting
struggle where conquest is impossible, are doubtless true wisdom. But
wisdom implies knowledge; and knowledge, right education; and
education, the divinely imparted faculty for receiving instruction.
To gain the victory over self on the one hand, and to yield submission
to God’s eternal laws on the other hand, this is liberty--the glorious
liberty of the children of God.
It is surely our capacity for development, our power to rise, even at
the cost of much suffering, to a knowledge of God, to the likeness of
God, that constitutes the great hope of the universe. The idea is
admirably expressed in an exquisite chant, entitled “Song of the
Universal,” by the well-known American poet-philosopher, Walt Whitman:--
“Over the mountain-growths, disease and sorrow,
An uncaught bird is ever hovering, hovering,
High in the purer, happier air.
“From imperfection’s murkiest cloud
Darts always forth one ray of perfect light,
One flash of heaven’s glory.
* * * * *
“All, all for immortality,
Love like the light silently wrapping all,
Nature’s amelioration blessing all,
The blossoms, fruits of ages, orchards divine and certain,
Forms, objects, growths, humanities, to spiritual images ripening.
“Give me, O God, to sing that thought,
Give me, give him or her I love, this quenchless faith,
* * * * *
Belief in plan of Thee enclosed in time and space,
Health, peace, salvation universal.
“Is it a dream?
Nay, but the lack of it the dream,
And failing it life’s lore and wealth a dream,
And all the world a dream.”
THE END.
PRINTED BY BALLANTYNE, HANSON AND CO.
EDINBURGH AND LONDON
* * * * *
THE MASSAGE CASE.
_BY THE SAME AUTHOR._
(2 VOLS. T. FISHER UNWIN.)
THE HOSPITAL.
“The author of this decidedly clever novel seems to have written ‘The
Massage Case’ as a reminiscence of a very unpleasant personal
experience.... From this point of view it is noteworthy for its studious
moderation of tone. Not only have we the contrast between the two
doctors and nurses, the good and the bad, but the good qualities of Dr.
Broadley and the woman employed by him are honestly stated. There is no
attempt to depict either as an impostor, and the doctor’s energy and
force of character are spoken of with frank admiration, although these
are the main instruments in bringing the patient to the verge of
madness.... Such a character is perfectly real, perfectly possible; and
while the mischief that results from his somewhat pachydermatous honesty
and lack of fine perception is plainly stated--while we are shown that
the very force and strength of character which had won him his place in
the front of the profession tend to overawe his patient, and make her
submit in silence to wrong judgment of her symptoms--there is no attempt
to vilify Dr. Broadley himself, nor the profession to which he
belongs.... If this book, which, under the guise of a story, points out
clearly, but with a not unfriendly hand, the errors into which both
branches of the medical profession are apt to fall, and makes doctors
and nurses more careful and kind, we, at least, will bid it welcome.”
* * * * *
_REVIEWS OF “THE MASSAGE CASE.”_
BY CYRIL BENNETT.
THE BOSTON MEDICAL AND SURGICAL JOURNAL.
“This is the first novel that has come to our notice in which massage
takes a prominent part. It is a very good story, told with the
simplicity and earnestness of truth, and probably part, if not all of
it, is founded on fact.... We need not go from home to find nursing
homes and private hospitals of this kind. There are some keen
delineations of character in the book. The eminently successful
practitioner, who overwhelms people with his powerful individuality, and
compels them into saying and doing what he means them to say and do, is
well described. So also is the highly appreciated old-fashioned nurse,
who has become a little too knowing.... But what became of the patient?
That is just how our readers can while away a few hours very pleasantly
in finding out for themselves.”
THE SPECTATOR.
“The best part of the story is the description of the nursing home. Here
we are sometimes reminded of Charles Reade.”
THE ZOOPHILIST.
“This is a pleasantly readable novel of a very praiseworthy type,
chiefly remarkable, from our point of view, for the pen and ink
portraits of two very dissimilar medical men, and an exposure of the
evils which may ensue to a nervous patient from falling into
unsympathetic hands.... We presume the moral is that massage, like
certain doctors, does not suit everybody.”
THE GUARDIAN.
“The author apparently desires to show that an eminent physician ... may
easily become the tool of a determined woman who has made up her mind
that the course of true love shall not run, smoothly or otherwise, to a
conclusion that she deems undesirable; that ‘nursing homes’ may be so
manipulated as to serve temporarily as places of confinement for persons
whose relations find it inconvenient that they should be at liberty; and
that the ‘Weir Mitchell System,’ whatever excellences it may possess, is
not a panacea for every disorder to which humanity is subject.”
THE STANDARD.
“These volumes are apparently written to warn the public that nefarious
persons find very easily, in massage ‘homes,’ all the conveniences for
getting their uncongenial relations put out of the way and tortured,
which used to be the speciality of private lunatic asylums. If so, we
hope that Cyril Bennett may be the Charles Reade to rouse the world to
open the doors of these new and hitherto unsuspected Bastilles.”
ILLUSTRATED LONDON NEWS.
“Picturesque and animated scenes of Eastern life.”
WHITEHALL REVIEW.
“His two volumes are amusing and interesting, and written in a style
which promises much in the future.... There are truth, life, and colour
throughout the book.”
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FOOTNOTES:
[1] See Hinton’s “Life in Nature.”
[2] The form of neurasthenia which most frequently receives this label
is cerebrasthenia with emotional symptoms. It often exists without
myelasthenia or any kind of bodily exhaustion.
[3] I have known the term “hysteria” applied to cases of well-marked
brain disease, to cases of brain exhaustion from internal disease or
disorder, to states of bodily weakness without disorder of the brain, to
mere habitual eccentricity,--in fact, to anything and everything.
[4] See Tyrrell’s “Tonic Treatment of Epilepsy.”
[5] Motley’s “Rise of the Dutch Republic.”
[6] The more highly developed the organism, the greater its
sensitiveness.
[7] By this I do not mean that higher perception of the similarity
underlying all differences, which comes much later in life, when
differences have been fully appreciated.
[8] Not merely tendencies to actual suicide, but an inability to
recognise true advantage.
[9] We reason only from sensation. Knowledge is but “registered
feeling.”
[10] Professor Weismann draws attention to the fact, that the
development of a faculty by the parent, on the most generally approved
method, by no means ensures its transmission to the offspring.
[11] See Dr. Maudsley’s “Essay on Hamlet.”