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Infantry Drill Regulations
UNITED STATES ARMY
1911
CORRECTED TO APRIL 15, 1917
(Changes Nos. 1 to 19)
MILITARY PUBLISHING CO.
42 BROADWAY
NEW YORK
WAR DEPARTMENT
Document No. 394
OFFICE OF THE CHIEF OF STAFF
WAR DEPARTMENT,
OFFICE OF THE CHIEF OF STAFF,
_Washington, August 19, 1911._
The following System of Drill Regulations for Infantry, prepared by a
board of officers consisting of Lieut. Col. John F. Morrison,
Infantry; Capt. Merch B. Stewart, Eighth Infantry; and Capt. Alfred W.
Bjornstad, Twenty-eighth Infantry, is approved and is published for
the information and government of the Regular Army and the Organized
Militia of the United States. With a view to insure uniformity
throughout the Army, all infantry drill formations not embraced in
this system are prohibited, and those herein prescribed will be
strictly observed.
By order of the Secretary of War:
LEONARD WOOD,
_Major General, Chief of Staff._
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
PART I--_Drill._ Paragraph.
1. Introduction 1-30
2. Orders, commands and signals 31-47
3. School of the soldier 48-100
4. School of the squad 101-158
5. School of the company 159-257
(_a_) Close order 167-198
(_b_) Extended order 199-231
(_c_) Fire 232-257
6. The battalion 258-326
(_a_) Close order 263-289
(_b_) Combat principles 290-326
7. The regiment 327-346
(_a_) Close order 333-341
(_b_) Combat principles 342-346
8. The brigade 347-349
PART II--_Combat._
1. Introduction 350-357
2. Leadership 358-388
(_a_) General considerations 358-370
(_b_) Teamwork 371-377
(_c_) Orders 378-383
(_d_) Communication 384-388
3. Combat reconnaissance 389-399
4. Fire superiority 400-424
(_a_) Purpose and nature 400-401
(_b_) Fire direction and control 402-424
5. Deployment 425-441
6. Attack 442-488
(_a_) Deployment for attack 449-452
(_b_) Advancing the attack 453-457
(_c_) The fire attack 458-463
(_d_) The charge 464-475
(_e_) Pursuit 476-480
(_f_) Attack of fortifications 481-484
(_g_) Holding attack 485-488
7. Defense 489-519
(_a_) Positions and intrenchments 489-494
(_b_) Deployment for defense 495-510
(_c_) Counterattack 511-516
(_d_) Delaying action 517-519
8. Meeting engagements 520-530
9. Withdrawal from action 531-535
10. Miscellaneous 537-622
(_a_) Machine guns 537-546
(_b_) Ammunition supply 547-553
(_c_) Mounted scouts 554-557
(_d_) Night operations 558-568
(_e_) Infantry against Cavalry 569-574
(_f_) Infantry against Artillery 575-578
(_g_) Artillery supports 579-583
(_h_) Intrenchments 584-595
(_i_) Minor warfare 596-603
(_j_) Patrols 604-622
PART III--_Marches and camps._
1. Marches 623-660
(_a_) Training and discipline 623-635
(_b_) Protection of the march 636-660
2. Camps 661-707
(_a_) Sanitation 661-677
(_b_) Protection of camp or bivouac 678-707
PART IV--_Ceremonies and inspections._
1. Ceremonies 708-765
(_a_) Reviews 711-731
(_b_) Parades 732-735
(_c_) Escorts 736-744
2. Inspections 745-754
3. Muster 755-757
4. Honors and salutes 758-765
PART V.--_Manuals._
1. The color 766-778
2. The band 779-781
3. Manual of the saber 782-791
4. Manual of tent pitching 792-803
5. Manual of the bugle 804-807
(_a_) Bugle calls.
(_b_) Bugle signals.
INFANTRY DRILL REGULATIONS.
UNITED STATES ARMY, 1911.
DEFINITIONS.
_Alignment:_ A straight line upon which several elements are formed,
or are to be formed; or the dressing of several elements upon a
straight line.
_Base:_ The element on which a movement is regulated.
_Battle sight:_ The position of the rear sight when the leaf is laid
down.
_Center:_ The middle point or element of a command.
_Column:_ A formation in which the elements are placed one behind
another.
_Deploy:_ To extend the front. In general to change from column to
line, or from close order to extended order.
_Depth:_ The space from head to rear of any formation, including the
leading and rear elements. The depth of a man is assumed to be 12
inches.
_Distance:_ Space between elements in the direction of depth. Distance
is measured from the back of the man in front to the breast of the man
in rear. The distance between ranks is 40 inches in both line and
column.
_Element:_ A file, squad, platoon, company, or larger body, forming
part of a still larger body.
_File:_ Two men, the front-rank man and the corresponding man of the
rear rank. The front-rank man is the _file leader_. A file which has
no rear-rank man is a _blank file_. The term _file_ applies also to a
single man in a single-rank formation.
_File closers:_ Such officers and noncommissioned officers of a
company as are posted in rear of the line. For convenience, all men
posted in the line of file closers.
_Flank:_ The right or left of a command in line or in column; also the
element on the right or left of the line.
_Formation:_ Arrangement of the elements of a command. The placing of
all fractions in their order in line, in column, or for battle.
_Front:_ The space, in width, occupied by an element, either in line
or in column. The front of a man is assumed to be 22 inches. Front
also denotes the direction of the enemy.
_Guide:_ An officer, noncommissioned officer, or private upon whom the
command or elements thereof regulates its march.
_Head:_ The leading element of a column.
_Interval:_ Space between elements of the same line. The interval
between men in ranks is 4 inches and is measured from elbow to elbow.
Between companies, squads, etc., it is measured from the left elbow of
the left man or guide of the group on the right, to the right elbow of
the right man or guide of the group on the left.
_Left:_ The left extremity or element of a body of troops.
_Line:_ A formation in which the different elements are abreast of
each other.
_Order, close:_ The formation in which the units, in double rank, are
arranged in line or in column with normal intervals and distances.
_Order, extended:_ The formation in which the units are separated by
intervals greater than in close order.
_Pace:_ Thirty inches; the length of the full step in quick time.
_Point of rest:_ The point at which a formation begins. Specifically,
the point toward which units are aligned in successive movements.
_Rank:_ A line of men placed side by side.
_Right:_ The right extremity or element of a body of troops.
PART I.--DRILL.
INTRODUCTION.
1. Success in battle is the ultimate object of all military training;
success may be looked for only when the training is intelligent and
thorough.
2. Commanding officers are accountable for the proper training of
their respective organizations within the limits prescribed by
regulations and orders.
The excellence of an organization is judged by its field efficiency.
The field efficiency of an organization depends primarily upon its
effectiveness as a whole. Thoroughness and uniformity in the training
of the units of an organization are indispensable to the efficiency of
the whole; it is by such means alone that the requisite teamwork may
be developed.
3. Simple movements and elastic formations are essential to correct
training for battle.
4. The Drill Regulations are furnished as a guide. They provide the
principles for training and for increasing the probability of success
in battle.
In the interpretation of the regulations, the spirit must be sought.
Quibbling over the minutiæ of form is indicative of failure to grasp
the spirit.
5. The principles of combat are considered in Part II of these
regulations. They are treated in the various schools included in Part
I only to the extent necessary to indicate the functions of the
various commanders and the division of responsibility between them.
The amplification necessary to a proper understanding of their
application is to be sought in Part II.
6. The following important distinctions must be observed:
(_a_) Drills executed at _attention_ and the ceremonies are
_disciplinary exercises_ designed to teach precise and soldierly
movement, and to inculcate that prompt and subconscious obedience
which is essential to proper military control. To this end, smartness
and precision should be exacted in the execution of every detail. Such
drills should be frequent, but short.
(_b_) The purpose of _extended order drill_ is to teach the
_mechanism_ of deployment, of the firings, and, in general, of the
employment of troops in combat. Such drills are in the nature of
disciplinary exercises and should be frequent, thorough, and exact in
order to habituate men to the firm control of their leaders. Extended
order drill is executed _at ease_. The company is the largest unit
which executes extended order drill.
(_c_) _Field exercises_ are for instruction in the duties incident to
campaign. Assumed situations are employed. Each exercise should
conclude with a discussion, on the ground, of the exercise and
principles involved.
(_d_) The _combat exercise, a form of field exercise_ of the company,
battalion, and larger units, consists of the _application of tactical
principles_ to assumed situations, employing in the execution the
appropriate formations and movements of close and extended order.
Combat exercises must simulate, as far as possible, the battle
conditions assumed. In order to familiarize both officers and men with
such conditions, companies and battalions will frequently be
consolidated to provide war-strength organizations. Officers and
noncommissioned officers not required to complete the full quota of
the units participating are assigned as observers or umpires.
The firing line can rarely be controlled by the voice alone; thorough
training to insure the proper use of prescribed signals is necessary.
The exercise should be followed by a brief drill at attention in order
to restore smartness and control.
7. In field exercises the enemy is said to be _imaginary_ when his
position and force are merely assumed; _outlined_ when his position
and force are indicated by a few men; _represented_ when a body of
troop acts as such.
_General Rules for Drills and Formations._
8. When the _preparatory_ command consists of more than one part, its
elements are arranged as follows:
(1) For movements to be executed successively by the subdivisions or
elements of an organization: (_a_) Description of the movement; (_b_)
how executed, or on what element executed.
(2) For movements to be executed simultaneously by the subdivisions of
an organization: (_a_) The designation of the subdivisions; (_b_) the
movement to be executed.
9. Movements that may be executed toward either flank are explained as
toward but one flank, it being necessary to substitute the word "left"
for "right," and the reverse, to have the explanation of the
corresponding movement toward the other flank. The commands are given
for the execution of the movements toward either flank. The substitute
word of the command is placed within parentheses.
10. Any movement may be executed either from the halt or when
marching, unless otherwise prescribed. If at a halt, the command for
movements involving marching need not be prefaced by _forward_, as 1.
_Column right (left)_, 2. _MARCH_.
11. Any movement not specially excepted may be executed in double
time.
If at a halt, or if marching in quick time, the command _double time_
precedes the command of execution.
12. In successive movements executed in double time the leading or
base unit marches in _quick time_ when not otherwise prescribed; the
other units march in _double time_ to their places in the formation
ordered and then conform to the gait of the leading or base unit. If
marching in double time, the command _double time_ is omitted. The
leading or base unit marches in _quick time_; the other units continue
at double time to their places in the formation ordered and then
conform to the gait of the leading or base unit.
13. To hasten the execution of a movement begun in quick time, the
command: 1. _Double time_, 2. _MARCH_, is given. The leading or base
unit continues to march in quick time, or remains at halt if already
halted; the other units complete the execution of the movement in
double time and then conform to the gait of the leading or base unit.
14. To stay the execution of a movement when marching, for the
correction of errors, the command: 1. _In place_, 2. _HALT_, is given.
All halt and stand fast, without changing the position of the pieces.
To resume the movement the command: 1. _Resume_, 2. _MARCH_, is given.
15. To revoke a preparatory command, or, being at a halt, to begin
anew a movement improperly begun, the command, _AS YOU WERE_, is
given, at which the movement ceases and the former position is
resumed.
16. Unless otherwise announced, the guide of a company or subdivision
of a company in line is _right_; of a battalion in line or line of
subdivisions or of a deployed line, _center_; of a rank in column of
squads, toward the side of the guide of the company.
To march with guide other than as prescribed above, or to change the
guide: _Guide (right, left_, or _center)_.
In successive formations into line, the guide is toward the point of
rest; in platoons or larger subdivisions it is so announced.
The announcement of the guide, when given in connection with a
movement, follows the command of execution for that movement.
Exception: 1. _As skirmishers, guide right (left_ or _center)_, 2.
_MARCH_. (_C.I.D.R., No. 2._)
17. _The turn on the fixed pivot_ by subdivisions is used in all
formations from line into column and the reverse.
_The turn on the moving pivot_ is used by subdivisions of a column in
executing changes of direction.
18. Partial changes of direction may be executed:
By interpolating in the preparatory command the word _half_, as
_Column half right (left)_, or _Right (left) half turn_. A change of
direction of 45° is executed.
By the command: _INCLINE TO THE RIGHT (LEFT)_. The guide, or guiding
element, moves in the indicated direction and the remainder of the
command conforms. This movement effects slight changes of direction.
19. The designations _line of platoons_, _line of companies_, _line of
battalions_, etc., refer to the formations in which the platoons,
companies, battalions, etc., each in column of squads, are in line.
20. Full distance in column of subdivisions is such that in forming
line to the right or left the subdivisions will have their proper
intervals.
In column of subdivisions the guide of the leading subdivision is
charged with the step and direction; the guides in rear preserve the
trace, step, and distance.
21. In close order, all details, detachments, and other bodies of
troops are habitually formed in double rank.
To insure uniformity of interval between files when falling in and in
alignments, each man places the palm of the left hand upon the hip,
fingers pointing downward. In the first case the hand is dropped by
the side when the next man on the left has his interval; in the second
case, at the command _front_.
22. The posts of officers, noncommissioned officers, special units
(such as band or machine-gun company), etc., in the various formations
of the company, battalion, or regiment, are shown in plates.
In all changes from one formation to another involving a change of
post on the part of any of these, posts are promptly taken by the most
convenient route as soon as practicable after the command of execution
for the movement; officers and noncommissioned officers who have
prescribed duties in connection with the movement ordered, take their
new posts when such duties are completed.
As instructors, officers and noncommissioned officers go wherever
their presence is necessary. As file closers it is their duty to
rectify mistakes and insure steadiness and promptness in the ranks.
23. Except at ceremonies, the special units have no fixed places. They
take places as directed; in the absence of directions, they conform as
nearly as practicable to the plates, and in subsequent movements
maintain their relative positions with respect to the flank or end of
the command on which they were originally posted.
24. General, field, and staff officers are habitually mounted. The
staff of an officer forms in single rank 3 paces in rear of him, the
right of the rank extending 1 pace to the right of a point directly in
rear of him. Members of the staff are arranged in order from right to
left as follows: General staff officers, adjutant, aids, other staff
officers, arranged in each classification in order of rank, the senior
on the right. The flag of the general officer and the orderlies are 3
paces in rear of the staff, the flag on the right. When necessary to
reduce the front of the staff and orderlies, each line executes _twos
right_ or _fours right_, as explained in the Cavalry Drill
Regulations, and follows the commander.
When not otherwise prescribed, staff officers draw and return saber
with their chief.
25. In making the about, an officer, mounted, habitually turns to the
left.
When the commander faces to give commands, the staff, flag, and
orderlies do not change position.
26. When making or receiving official reports, or on meeting out of
doors, all officers will salute.
Military courtesy requires the junior to salute first, but when the
salute is introductory to a report made at a military ceremony or
formation, to the representative of a common superior (as, for
example, to the adjutant, officer of the day, etc.), the officer
making the report, whatever his rank, will salute first; the officer
to whom the report is made will acknowledge by saluting that he has
received and understood the report.
(_C.I.D.R., Nos. 6 and 17._)
27. For ceremonies, all mounted enlisted men of a regiment or smaller
unit, except those belonging to the machine-gun organizations, are
consolidated into a detachment; the senior present commands if no
officer is in charge. The detachment is formed as a platoon or squad
of cavalry in line or column of fours; noncommissioned staff officers
are on the right or in the leading ranks.
28. For ceremonies, such of the noncommissioned staff officers as are
dismounted are formed 5 paces in rear of the color, in order of rank
from right to left. In column of squads they march as file closers.
29. Other than for ceremonies, noncommissioned staff officers and
orderlies accompany their immediate chiefs unless otherwise directed.
If mounted, the noncommissioned staff officers are ordinarily posted
on the right or at the head of the orderlies.
30. In all formations and movements a noncommissioned officer
commanding a platoon or company carries his piece as the men do, if he
is so armed, and takes the same post as an officer in like situation.
When the command is formed in line for ceremonies, a noncommissioned
officer commanding a company takes post on the right of the right
guide after the company has been aligned.
ORDERS, COMMANDS, AND SIGNALS.
31. _Commands_ only are employed in drill at attention. Otherwise
either a _command_, _signal_, or _order_ is employed, as best suits
the occasion, or one may be used in conjunction with another.
32. Signals should be freely used in instruction, in order that
officers and men may readily know them. In making arm signals the
saber, rifle, or headdress may be held in the hand.
33. Officers and men fix their attention at the first word of command,
the first note of the bugle or whistle, or the first motion of the
signal. A signal includes both the preparatory command and the command
of execution; the movement commences as soon as the signal is
understood, unless otherwise prescribed.
34. Except in movements executed at _attention_, commanders or leaders
of subdivisions repeat orders, commands, or signals whenever such
repetition is deemed necessary to insure prompt and correct execution.
Officers, battalion noncommissioned staff officers, platoon leaders,
guides, and musicians are equipped with whistles.
The major and his staff will use a whistle of distinctive tone; the
captain and company musicians a second and distinctive whistle; the
platoon leaders and guides a third distinctive whistle.
(_C.I.D.R., No. 15._)
35. Prescribed signals are limited to such as are essential as a
substitute for the voice under conditions which render the voice
inadequate.
Before or during an engagement special signals may be agreed upon to
facilitate the solution of such special difficulties as the particular
situation is likely to develop, but it must be remembered that
simplicity and certainty are indispensable qualities of a signal.
_Orders._
36. In these regulations an _order_ embraces instructions or
directions given orally or in writing in terms suited to the
particular occasion and not prescribed herein.
_Orders_ are employed only when the _commands_ prescribed herein do
not sufficiently indicate the will of the commander.
Orders are more fully described in paragraphs 378 to 383, inclusive.
_Commands._
37. In these regulations a _command_ is the will of the commander
expressed in the phraseology prescribed herein.
38. There are two kinds of commands:
The _preparatory_ command, such as _forward_, indicates the movement
that is to be executed.
The command of _execution_, such as _MARCH_, _HALT_, or _ARMS_, causes
the execution.
_Preparatory_ commands are distinguished by _italics_, those of
_execution_ by _CAPITALS_.
Where it is not mentioned in the text who gives the commands
prescribed, they are to be given by the commander of the unit
concerned.
The _preparatory_ command should be given at such an interval of time
before the command of _execution_ as to admit of being properly
understood: the command of _execution_ should be given at the instant
the movement is to commence.
The tone of command is animated, distinct, and of a loudness
proportioned to the number of men for whom it is intended.
Each _preparatory_ command is enunciated distinctly, with a rising
inflection at the end, and in such manner that the command of
_execution_ may be more energetic.
The command of _execution_ is firm in tone and brief.
39. Majors and commanders of units larger than a battalion repeat such
commands of their superiors as are to be executed by their units,
facing their units for that purpose. The battalion is the largest unit
that executes a movement at the command of execution of its commander.
40. When giving commands to troops it is usually best to face toward
them.
Indifference in giving commands must be avoided as it leads to laxity
in execution. Commands should be given with spirit at all times.
_Bugle Signals._
41. The authorized bugle signals are published in Part V of these
regulations.
The following bugle signals may be used off the battle field, when not
likely to convey information to the enemy:
_Attention:_ Troops are brought to attention.
_Attention to orders:_ Troops fix their attention.
_Forward, march:_ Used also to execute quick time from double time.
_Double time, march._
_To the rear, march:_ In close order, execute _squads right about_.
_Halt._
_Assemble, march._
The following bugle signals may be used on the battle field:
_Fix bayonets._
_Charge._
_Assemble, march._
These signals are used only when intended for the entire firing line;
hence they can be authorized only by the commander of a unit (for
example, a regiment or brigade) which occupies a distinct section of
the battle field. Exception: _Fix bayonet_. (See par. 318.)
The following bugle signals are used in exceptional cases on the
battle field. Their principal uses are in field exercises and practice
firing.
_Commence firing:_ Officers charged with fire direction and control
open fire as soon as practicable. When given to a firing line, the
signal is equivalent to _fire at will_.
_Cease firing:_ All parts of the line execute _cease firing_ at once.
These signals are not used by units smaller than a regiment, except
when such unit is independent or detached from its regiment.
_Whistle Signals._
42. _Attention to orders._ A _short blast_ of the whistle. This signal
is used on the march or in combat when necessary to fix the attention
of troops, or of their commanders or leaders, preparatory to giving
commands, orders, or signals.
When the firing line is firing, each squad leader suspends firing and
fixes his attention at a _short blast_ of his platoon leader's
whistle. The platoon leader's subsequent commands or signals are
repeated and enforced by the squad leader. If a squad leader's
attention is attracted by a whistle other than that of his platoon
leader, or if there are no orders or commands to convey to his squad
he resumes firing at once.
_Suspend firing._ A _long blast_ of the whistle.
All other whistle signals are prohibited.
(_C.I.D.R., No. 15._)
_Arm Signals._
43. The following arm signals are prescribed. In making signals either
arm may be used. Officers who receive signals on the firing line
"repeat back" at once to prevent misunderstanding.
_Forward, march._ Carry the hand to the shoulder; straighten and hold
the arm horizontally, thrusting it in direction of march.
This signal is also used to execute quick time from double time.
_Halt._ Carry the hand to the shoulder; thrust the hand upward and
hold the arm vertically.
_Double time, march._ Carry the hand to the shoulder; rapidly thrust
the hand upward the full extent of the arm several times.
_Squads right, march._ Raise the arm laterally until horizontal; carry
it to a vertical position above the head and swing it several times
between the vertical and horizontal positions.
_Squads left, march._ Raise the arm laterally until horizontal; carry
it downward to the side and swing it several times between the
downward and horizontal positions.
_Squads right about, march_ (if in close order) or, _To the rear,
march_ (if in skirmish line). Extend the arm vertically above the
head; carry it laterally downward to the side and swing it several
times between the vertical and downward positions.
_Change direction_ or _Column right (left), march._ The hand on the
side toward which the change of direction is to be made is carried
across the body to the opposite shoulder, forearm horizontal; then
swing in a horizontal plane, arm extended, pointing in the new
direction.
_As skirmishers, march._ Raise both arms laterally until horizontal.
_As skirmishers, guide center, march._ Raise both arms laterally until
horizontal; swing both simultaneously upward until vertical and return
to the horizontal; repeat several times.
_As skirmishers, guide right (left), march._ Raise both arms laterally
until horizontal; hold the arm on the side of the guide steadily in
the horizontal position; swing the other upward until vertical and
return it to the horizontal; repeat several times.
_Assemble, march._ Raise the arm vertically to its full extent and
describe horizontal circles.
_Range_, or _Change elevation._ To announce _range_, extend the arm
toward the leaders or men for whom the signal is intended, fist
closed; by keeping the fist closed battle sight is indicated; by
opening and closing the fist, expose thumb and fingers to a number
equal to the hundreds of yards; to add 50 yards describe a short
horizontal line with forefinger. _To change elevation_, indicate the
_amount of increase_ or _decrease_ by fingers as above; point upward
to indicate increase and downward to indicate decrease.
_What range are you using?_ or _What is the range?_ Extend the arms
toward the person addressed, one hand open, palm to the front, resting
on the other hand, fist closed.
_Are you ready?_ or _I am ready._ Raise the hand, fingers extended and
joined, palm toward the person addressed.
_Commence firing._ Move the arm extended in full length, hand palm
down, several times through a horizontal arc in front of the body.
_Fire faster._ Execute rapidly the signal "Commence firing."
_Fire slower._ Execute slowly the signal "Commence firing."
_To swing the cone of fire to the right, or left._ Extend the arm in
full length to the front, palm to the right (left); swing the arm to
right (left), and point in the direction of the new target.
_Fix bayonet._ Simulate the movement of the right hand in "Fix
bayonet" (par. 95).
_Suspend firing._ Raise and hold the forearm steadily in a horizontal
position in front of the forehead, palm of the hand to the front.
_Cease firing._ Raise the forearm as in _suspend firing_ and swing it
up and down several times in front of the face.
_Platoon._ Extend the arm horizontally toward the platoon leader;
describe small circles with the hand. (See par. 44.)
_Squad._ Extend the arm horizontally toward the platoon leader; swing
the hand up and down from the wrist. (See par. 44.)
_Rush._ Same as _double time_. (_C.I.D.R., Nos. 2 and 14._)
44. The signals _platoon_ and _squad_ are intended primarily for
communication between the captain and his platoon leaders. The signal
_platoon_ or _squad_ indicates that the platoon commander is to cause
the signal which follows to be executed by platoon or squad.
_Flag Signals._
45. The signal flags described below are carried by the company
musicians in the field.
In a regiment in which it is impracticable to make the permanent
battalion division alphabetically, the flags of a battalion are as
shown; flags are assigned to the companies alphabetically, within
their respective battalions, in the order given below.
First battalion:
Company A. Red field, white square.
Company B. Red field, blue square.
Company C. Red field, white diagonals.
Company D. Red field, blue diagonals.
Second battalion:
Company E. White field, red square.
Company F. White field, blue square.
Company G. White field, red diagonals.
Company H. White field, blue diagonals.
Third battalion:
Company I. Blue field, red square.
Company K. Blue field, white square.
Company L. Blue field, red diagonals.
Company M. Blue field, white diagonals.
46. In addition to their use in visual signaling, these flags serve to
mark the assembly point of the company when disorganized by combat,
and to mark the location of the company in bivouac and elsewhere, when
such use is desirable.
47. (1) For communication between the firing line and the reserve or
commander in the rear, the subjoined signals (Signal Corps codes) are
prescribed and should be memorized. In transmission, their concealment
from the enemy's view should be insured. In the absence of signal
flags, the headdress or other substitute may be used.
--------------+--------------------------------+---------------------------
Letter of |If signaled from the rear to |If signaled from the firing
alphabet. | the firing line. | line to the rear.
--------------+--------------------------------+---------------------------
AM |Ammunition going forward. |Ammunition required.
CCC |Charge (mandatory at all times).|Am about to charge if no
| | instructions to the
| | contrary.
CF |Cease firing. |Cease firing.
DT |Double time or "rush". |Double time or "rush".
F |Commence firing. |Commence firing.
FB |Fix bayonets. |Fix bayonets.
FL |Artillery fire is causing us |Artillery fire is causing
| losses. | us losses.
G |Move forward. |Preparing to move forward.
HHH |Halt. |Halt.
K |Negative. |Negative.
LT |Left. |Left.
O |What is the (R.N. etc.)? |What is the (R.N. etc.)?
(Ardois | Interrogatory. | Interrogatory.
and | |
semaphore | |
only.) | |
_ _ __ __ _ _ | |
|What is the (R.N. etc.)? |What is the (R.N. etc.)?
(All | Interrogatory. | Interrogatory.
methods | |
but ardois | |
and | |
semaphore.) | |
P |Affirmative. |Affirmative.
R |Acknowledgment. |Acknowledgment.
RN |Range. |Range.
RT |Right. |Right.
SSS |Support going forward. |Support needed.
SUF |Suspend firing. |Suspend firing.
T |Target. |Target.
--------------+--------------------------------+---------------------------
(2) THE TWO-ARM SEMAPHORE CODE.
(See illustrations on pages following.)
(_C.I.D.R., No. 13._)
TWO-ARM SEMAPHORE CODE.
[Illustration]
[Illustration]
SCHOOL OF THE SOLDIER.
48. The instructor explains briefly each movement, first executing it
himself if practicable. He requires the recruits to take the proper
positions unassisted and does not touch them for the purpose of
correcting them, except when they are unable to correct themselves. He
avoids keeping them too long at the same movement, although each
should be understood before passing to another. He exacts by degrees
the desired precision and uniformity.
49. In order that all may advance as rapidly as their abilities
permit, the recruits are grouped according to proficiency as
instruction progresses. Those who lack aptitude and quickness are
separated from the others and placed under experienced drill masters.
_INSTRUCTION WITHOUT ARMS._
50. For preliminary instruction a number of recruits, usually not
exceeding three or four, are formed as a squad in single rank.
_Position of the Soldier, or Attention._
51. Heels on the same line and as near each other as the conformation
of the man permits.
Feet turned out equally and forming an angle of about 45°.
Knees straight without stiffness.
Hips level and drawn back slightly; body erect and resting equally on
hips; chest lifted and arched; shoulders square and falling equally.
Arms and hands hanging naturally, thumb along the seam of the
trousers.
Head erect and squarely to the front, chin drawn in so that the axis
of the head and neck is vertical; eyes straight to the front.
Weight of the body resting equally upon the heels and balls of the
feet.
_The Rests._
52. Being at a halt, the commands are: _FALL OUT_; _REST_; _AT EASE_;
and 1. _Parade_, 2. _Rest_.
At the command _fall out_, the men may leave the ranks, but are
required to remain in the immediate vicinity. They resume their former
places, at attention, at the command _fall in_.
At the command _rest_ each man keeps one foot in place, but is not
required to preserve silence or immobility.
At the command _at ease_ each man keeps one foot in place and is
required to preserve silence but not immobility.
53. 1. _Parade_, 2. _REST_. Carry the right foot 6 inches straight to
the rear, left knee slightly bent; clasp the hands, without
constraint, in front of the center of the body, fingers joined, left
hand uppermost, left thumb clasped by the thumb and forefinger of the
right hand; preserve silence and steadiness of position.
54. To resume the attention: 1. _Squad_, 2. _ATTENTION_. The men take
the position of the soldier.
_Eyes Right or Left._
55. 1. _Eyes_, 2. _RIGHT (LEFT)_, 3. _FRONT_.
At the command _right_, turn the head to the right oblique, eyes fixed
on the line of eyes of the men in, or supposed to be in, the same
rank. At the command _front_, turn the head and eyes to the front.
_Facings._
56. To the flank: 1. _Right (left)_, 2. _FACE_.
Raise slightly the left heel and right toe; face to the right, turning
on the right heel, assisted by a slight pressure on the ball of the
left foot; place the left foot by the side of the right. Left face is
executed on the left heel in the corresponding manner.
_Right (left) half face_ is executed similarly, facing 45°.
"To face in marching" and advance, turn on the ball of either foot and
step off with the other foot in the new line of direction; to face in
marching without gaining ground in the new direction, turn on the ball
of either foot and mark time.
57. To the rear: 1. _About_, 2. _FACE_.
Carry the toe of the right foot about a half foot-length to the rear
and slightly to the left of the left heel without changing the
position of the left foot; face to the rear, turning to the right on
the left heel and right toe; place the right heel by the side of the
left.
_Salute with the Hand._
58. 1. _Hand_, 2. _SALUTE_.
Raise the right hand smartly till the tip of the forefinger touches
the lower part of the headdress or forehead above the right eye, thumb
and fingers extended and joined, palm to the left, forearm inclined at
about 45°, hand and wrist straight; at the same time look toward the
person saluted. (_TWO_) Drop the arm smartly by the side.
For rules governing salutes, see "Honors and Salutes," paragraphs
758-765.
(_C.I.D.R., Nos. 3, 6, and 18._)
_STEPS AND MARCHINGS._
59. All steps and marchings executed from a halt, except right step,
begin with the left foot.
60. The length of the full step in quick time is 30 inches, measured
from heel to heel, and the cadence is at the rate of 120 steps per
minute.
The length of the full step in double time is 36 inches; the cadence
is at the rate of 180 steps per minute.
The instructor, when necessary, indicates the cadence of the step by
calling _one, two, three, four_, or _left, right_, the instant the
left and right foot, respectively, should be planted.
61. All steps and marchings and movements involving march are executed
in _quick time_ unless the squad be marching in _double time_, or
_double time_ be added to the command; in the latter case _double
time_ is added to the preparatory command. Example: 1. _Squad right,
double time_, 2. _MARCH_ (School of the Squad).
_Quick Time._
62. Being at a halt, to march forward in quick time: 1. _Forward_, 2.
_MARCH_.
At the command _forward_, shift the weight of the body to the right
leg, left knee straight.
At the command _march_, move the left foot smartly straight forward 30
inches from the right, sole near the ground, and plant it without
shock; next, in like manner, advance the right foot and plant it as
above; continue the march. The arms swing naturally.
63. Being at a halt, or in march in quick time, to march in double
time: 1. _Double time_, 2. _MARCH_.
If at a halt, at the first command shift the weight of the body to the
right leg. At the command _march_, raise the forearms, fingers closed,
to a horizontal position along the waist line; take up an easy run
with the step and cadence of double time, allowing a natural swinging
motion to the arms.
If marching in quick time, at the command _march_, given as either
foot strikes the ground, take one step in quick time, and then step
off in double time.
64. To resume the quick time: 1. _Quick time_, 2. _MARCH_.
At the command _march_, given as either foot strikes the ground,
advance and plant the other foot in double time; resume the quick
time, dropping the hands by the sides.
_To Mark Time._
65. Being in march: 1. _Mark time_, 2. _MARCH_.
At the command _march_, given as either foot strikes the ground,
advance and plant the other foot; bring up the foot in rear and
continue the cadence by alternately raising each foot about 2 inches
and planting it on line with the other.
Being at a halt, at the command _march_, raise and plant the feet as
described above.
_The Half Step._
66. 1. _Half step_, 2. _MARCH_.
Take steps of 15 inches in quick time, 18 inches in double time.
67. _Forward_, _half step_, _halt_, and _mark time_ may be executed
one from the other in quick or double time.
To resume the full step from half step or mark time: 1. _Forward_, 2.
_MARCH_.
_Side Step._
68. Being at a halt or mark time: 1. _Right (left) step_, 2. _MARCH_.
Carry and plant the right foot 15 inches to the right; bring the left
foot beside it and continue the movement in the cadence of quick time.
The side step is used for short distances only and is not executed in
double time.
If at order arms, the side step is executed _at trail_ without
command.
_Back Step._
69. Being at a halt or mark time: 1. _Backward_, 2. _MARCH_.
Take steps of 15 inches straight to the rear.
The back step is used for short distances only and is not executed in
double time.
If at order arms, the back step is executed _at trail_ without
command.
_To Halt._
70. To arrest the march in quick or double time: 1. _Squad_, 2.
_HALT_.
At the command _halt_, given as either foot strikes the ground, plant
the other foot as in marching; raise and place the first foot by the
side of the other. If in double time, drop the hands by the sides.
_To March by the Flank._
71. Being in march: 1. _By the right (left) flank_, 2. _MARCH_.
At the command _march_, given as the right foot strikes the ground,
advance and plant the left foot, then face to the right in marching
and step off in the new direction with the right foot.
_To March to the Rear._
72. Being in march: 1. _To the rear_, 2. _MARCH_.
At the command _march_, given as the right foot strikes the ground,
advance and plant the left foot; turn to the right about on the balls
of both feet and immediately step off with the left foot.
If marching in double time, turn to the right about, taking four steps
in place, keeping the cadence, and then step off with the left foot.
_Change Step._
73. Being in march: 1. _Change step_, 2. _MARCH_.
At the command _march_, given as the right foot strikes the ground,
advance and plant the left foot; plant the toe of the right foot near
the heel of the left and step off with the left foot.
The change on the right foot is similarly executed, the command
_march_ being given as the left foot strikes the ground.
_MANUAL OF ARMS._
74. As soon as practicable the recruit is taught the use, nomenclature
(Pl. I), and care of his rifle; when fair progress has been made in
the instruction without arms, he is taught the manual of arms;
instruction without arms and that with arms alternate.
75. The following rules govern the carrying of the piece:
First. The piece is not carried with cartridges in either the chamber
or the magazine except when specifically ordered. When so loaded, or
supposed to be loaded, it is habitually carried locked; that is, with
the _safety lock_ turned to the "safe." At all other times it is
carried unlocked, with the trigger pulled.
Second. Whenever troops are formed under arms, pieces are immediately
inspected at the commands: 1. _Inspection_, 2. _ARMS_; 3. _Order
(Right shoulder, port)_, 4. _ARMS_.
A similar inspection is made immediately before dismissal.
If cartridges are found in the chamber or magazine they are removed
and placed in the belt.
Third. The cut-off is kept turned "off" except when cartridges are
actually used.
Fourth. The bayonet is not fixed except in bayonet exercise, on guard,
or for combat.
Fifth. _Fall in_ is executed with the piece at the order arms. _Fall
out_, _rest_, and _at ease_ are executed as without arms. On resuming
_attention_ the position of order arms is taken.
Sixth. If at the order, unless otherwise prescribed, the piece is
brought to the right shoulder at the command _march_, the three
motions corresponding with the first three steps. Movements may be
executed at the trail by prefacing the preparatory command with the
words _at trail_; as, 1. _At trail, forward_, 2. _MARCH_; the trail is
taken at the command _march_.
When the facings, alignments, open and close ranks, taking interval or
distance, and assemblings are executed from the order, raise the piece
to the trail while in motion and resume the order on halting.
Seventh. The piece is brought to the order on halting. The execution
of the order begins when the halt is completed.
Eighth. A disengaged hand in double time is held as when without
arms.
[Illustration: Plate I. [Transcriber's Note: Plate number omitted in
original.]]
76. The following rules govern the execution of the manual of arms:
First. In all positions of the left hand at the balance (center of
gravity, bayonet unfixed) the thumb clasps the piece; the sling is
included in the grasp of the hand.
Second. In all positions of the piece "diagonally across the body" the
position of the piece, left arm and hand are the same as in port arms.
Third. In resuming the order from any position in the manual, the
motion next to the last concludes with the butt of the piece about 3
inches from the ground, barrel to the rear, the left hand above and
near the right, steadying the piece, fingers extended and joined,
forearm and wrist straight and inclining downward, all fingers of the
right hand grasping the piece. To complete the order, lower the piece
gently to the ground with the right hand, drop the left quickly by the
side, and take the position of order arms.
Allowing the piece to drop through the right hand to the ground, or
other similar abuse of the rifle to produce effect in executing the
manual, is prohibited.
Fourth. The cadence of the motions is that of quick time; the recruits
are first required to give their whole attention to the details of the
motions, the cadence being gradually acquired as they become
accustomed to handling their pieces. The instructor may require them
to count aloud in cadence with the motions.
Fifth. The manual is taught at a halt and the movements are, for the
purpose of instruction, divided into motions and executed in detail;
in this case the command of _execution_ determines the prompt
execution of the first motion, and the commands, _two_, _three_,
_four_, that of the other motions.
To execute the movements in detail, the instructor first cautions: _By
the numbers_; all movements divided into motions are then executed as
above explained until he cautions: _Without the numbers_; or commands
movements other than those in the manual of arms.
Sixth. Whenever circumstances require, the regular positions of the
manual of arms and the firings may be ordered without regard to the
previous position of the piece.
Under exceptional conditions of weather or fatigue the rifle may be
carried in any manner directed.
77. _Position of order arms standing:_ The butt rests evenly on the
ground, barrel to the rear, toe of the butt on a line with toe of, and
touching, the right shoe, arms and hands hanging naturally, right hand
holding the piece between the thumb and fingers.
78. Being at order arms: 1. _Present_, 2. _ARMS_.
With the right hand carry the piece in front of the center of the
body, barrel to the rear and vertical, grasp it with the left hand at
the balance, forearm horizontal and resting against the body. (_TWO_)
Grasp the small of the stock with the right hand.
79. Being at order arms: 1. _Port_, 2. _ARMS_.
With the right hand raise and throw the piece diagonally across the
body, grasp it smartly with both hands; the right, palm down, at the
small of the stock; the left, palm up, at the balance; barrel up,
sloping to the left and crossing opposite the junction of the neck
with the left shoulder; right forearm horizontal; left forearm resting
against the body; the piece in a vertical plane parallel to the front.
80. Being at present arms: 1. _Port_, 2. _ARMS_.
Carry the piece diagonally across the body and take the position of
port arms.
81. Being at port arms: 1. _Present_, 2. _ARMS_.
Carry the piece to a vertical position in front of the center of the
body and take the position of present arms.
82. Being at present or port arms: 1. _Order_, 2. _ARMS_.
Let go with the right hand; lower and carry the piece to the right
with the left hand; regrasp it with the right hand just above the
lower band; let go with the left hand, and take the next to the last
position in coming to the order. (_TWO_) Complete the order.
83. Being at order arms: 1. _Right shoulder_, 2. _ARMS_.
With the right hand raise and throw the piece diagonally across the
body; carry the right hand quickly to the butt, embracing it, the heel
between the first two fingers. (_TWO_) Without changing the grasp of
the right hand, place the piece on the right shoulder, barrel up and
inclined at an angle of about 45° from the horizontal, trigger guard
in the hollow of the shoulder, right elbow near the side, the piece in
a vertical plane perpendicular to the front; carry the left hand,
thumb and fingers extended and joined, to the small of the stock, tip
of the forefinger touching the cocking piece, wrist straight and elbow
down. (_THREE_) Drop the left hand by the side.
84. Being at right shoulder arms: 1. _Order_, 2. _ARMS_.
Press the butt down quickly and throw the piece diagonally across the
body, the right hand retaining the grasp of the butt. (_TWO_),
(_THREE_) Execute order arms as described from port arms.
85. Being at port arms: 1. _Right shoulder_, 2. _ARMS_.
Change the right hand to the butt. (_TWO_), (_THREE_) As in right
shoulder arms from order arms.
86. Being at right shoulder arms: 1. _Port_, 2. _ARMS_.
Press the butt down quickly and throw the piece diagonally across the
body, the right hand retaining its grasp of the butt. (_TWO_) Change
the right hand to the small of the stock.
87. Being at right shoulder arms: 1. _Present_, 2. _ARMS_.
Execute port arms. (_THREE_) Execute present arms.
88. Being at present arms: 1. _Right shoulder_, 2. _ARMS_.
Execute port arms. (_TWO_), (_THREE_), (_FOUR_) Execute right shoulder
arms as from port arms.
89. Being at port arms: 1. _Left shoulder_, 2. _ARMS_.
Carry the piece with the right hand and place it on the left shoulder,
barrel up, trigger guard in the hollow of the shoulder; at the same
time grasp the butt with the left hand, heel between first and second
fingers, thumb and fingers closed on the stock. (_TWO_) Drop the right
hand by the side.
Being at left shoulder arms: 1. _Port_, 2. _ARMS_.
Grasp the piece with the right hand at the small of the stock. (_TWO_)
Carry the piece to the right with the right hand, regrasp it with the
left, and take the position of port arms.
_Left shoulder arms_ may be ordered directly from the order, right
shoulder or present, or the reverse. At the command _arms_ execute
_port arms_ and continue in cadence to the position ordered.
90. Being at order arms: 1. _Parade_, 2. _REST_.
Carry the right foot 6 inches straight to the rear, left knee slightly
bent; carry the muzzle in front of the center of the body, barrel to
the left; grasp the piece with the left hand just below the stacking
swivel, and with the right hand below and against the left.
Being at parade rest: 1. _Squad_, 2. _ATTENTION_.
Resume the order, the left hand quitting the piece opposite the right
hip.
91. Being at order arms: 1. _Trail_, 2. _ARMS_.
Raise the piece, right arm slightly bent, and incline the muzzle
forward so that the barrel makes an angle of about 30° with the
vertical.
When it can be done without danger or inconvenience to others, the
piece may be grasped at the balance and the muzzle lowered until the
piece is horizontal; a similar position in the left hand may be used.
92. Being at trail arms: 1. _Order_, 2. _ARMS_.
Lower the piece with the right hand and resume the order.
_Rifle Salute._
93. Being at right shoulder arms: 1. _Rifle_, 2. _SALUTE_.
Carry the left hand smartly to the small of the stock, forearm
horizontal, palm of hand down, thumb and fingers extended and joined,
forefinger touching end of cocking piece; look toward the person
saluted. (_TWO_) Drop left hand by the side; turn head and eyes to the
front. (_C.I.D.R., No. 6._)
94. Being at order or trail arms: 1. _Rifle_, 2. _SALUTE_.
Carry the left hand smartly to the right side, palm of the hand down,
thumb and fingers extended and joined, forefinger against piece near
the muzzle; look toward the person saluted. (_TWO_) Drop the left hand
by the side; turn the head and eyes to the front.
For rules governing salutes, see "Honors and Salutes" (pars. 758-765).
_The Bayonet._
95. Being at order arms: 1. _Fix_, 2. _BAYONET_.
If the bayonet scabbard is carried on the belt: Execute parade rest;
grasp the bayonet with the right hand, back of hand toward the body;
draw the bayonet from the scabbard and fix it on the barrel, glancing
at the muzzle; resume the order.
If the bayonet is carried on the haversack: Draw the bayonet with the
left hand and fix it in the most convenient manner.
96. Being at order arms: 1. _Unfix_, 2. _BAYONET_.
If the bayonet scabbard is carried on the belt: Execute parade rest;
grasp the handle of the bayonet firmly with the right hand, pressing
the spring with the forefinger of the right hand; raise the bayonet
until the handle is about 12 inches above the muzzle of the piece;
drop the point to the left, back of the hand toward the body, and,
glancing at the scabbard, return the bayonet, the blade passing
between the left arm and the body; regrasp the piece with the right
hand and resume the order.
If the bayonet scabbard is carried on the haversack: Take the bayonet
from the rifle with the left hand and return it to the scabbard in the
most convenient manner.
If marching or lying down, the bayonet is fixed and unfixed in the
most expeditious and convenient manner and the piece returned to the
original position.
Fix and unfix bayonet are executed with promptness and regularity but
not in cadence.
97. _CHARGE BAYONET._ Whether executed at halt or in motion, the
bayonet is held toward the opponent as in the position of _guard_ in
the Manual for Bayonet Exercise.
Exercises for instruction in bayonet combat are prescribed in the
Manual for Bayonet Exercise.
_The Inspection._
98. Being at order arms: 1. _Inspection_, 2. _ARMS_.
At the second command take the position of port arms. (_TWO_) Seize
the bolt handle with the thumb and forefinger of the right hand, turn
the handle up, draw the bolt back, and glance at the chamber. Having
found the chamber empty, or having emptied it, raise the head and eyes
to the front.
99. Being at inspection arms: 1. _Order (Right shoulder, port)_, 2.
_ARMS_.
At the preparatory command push the bolt forward, turn the handle
down, pull the trigger, and resume port arms. At the command arms,
complete the movement ordered.
_To Dismiss the Squad._
100. Being at halt: 1. _Inspection_, 2. _ARMS_, 3. _Port_, 4. _ARMS_,
5. _DISMISSED_.
SCHOOL OF THE SQUAD.
101. Soldiers are grouped into squads for purposes of instruction,
discipline, control, and order.
102. The squad proper consists of a corporal and seven privates.
The movements in the School of the Squad are designed to make the
squad a fixed unit and to facilitate the control and movement of the
company. If the number of men grouped is more than 3 and less than 12,
they are formed as a squad of 4 files, the excess above 8 being posted
as file closers. If the number grouped is greater than 11, 2 or more
squads are formed and the group is termed a platoon.
For the instruction of recruits, these rules may be modified.
103. The corporal is the squad leader, and when absent is replaced by
a designated private. If no private is designated, the senior in
length of service acts as leader.
The corporal, when in ranks, is posted as the left man in the front
rank of the squad.
When the corporal leaves the ranks to lead his squad, his rear rank
man steps into the front rank, and the file remains blank until the
corporal returns to his place in ranks, when his rear rank man steps
back into the rear rank.
104. In battle officers and sergeants endeavor to preserve the
integrity of squads; they designate new leaders to replace those
disabled, organize new squads when necessary, and see that every man
is placed in a squad.
Men are taught the necessity of remaining with the squad to which they
belong and, in case it be broken up or they become separated
therefrom, to attach themselves to the nearest squad and platoon
leaders, whether these be of their own or of another organization.
105. The squad executes the _halt_, _rests_, _facings_, _steps_ and
_marchings_, and the _manual of arms_ as explained in the School of
the Soldier.
_To Form the Squad._
106. To form the squad the instructor places himself 3 paces in front
of where the center is to be and commands: _FALL IN_.
The men assemble at attention, pieces at the order, and are arranged
by the corporal in double rank, as nearly as practicable in order of
height from right to left, each man dropping his left hand as soon as
the man on his left has his interval. The rear rank forms with
distance of 40 inches.
The instructor then commands: _COUNT OFF_.
At this command all except the right file execute _eyes right_, and
beginning on the right, the men in each rank count _one_, _two_,
_three_, _four_; each man turns his head and eyes to the front as he
counts.
Pieces are then inspected.
_Alignments._
107. To align the squad, the base file or files having been
established: 1. _Right (Left)_, 2. _DRESS_, 3. _FRONT_.
At the command _dress_ all men place the left hand upon the hip
(whether dressing to the right or left); each man, except the base
file, when on or near the new line executes _eyes right_, and, taking
steps of 2 or 3 inches, places himself so that his right arm rests
lightly against the arm of the man on his right, and so that his eyes
and shoulders are in line with those of the men on his right; the rear
rank men cover in file.
The instructor verifies the alignment of both ranks from the right
flank and orders up or back such men as may be in rear, or in advance,
of the line; only the men designated move.
At the command _front_, given when the ranks are aligned, each man
turns his head and eyes to the front and drops his left hand by his
side.
In the first drills the basis of the alignment is established on, or
parallel to, the front of the squad; afterwards, in oblique
directions.
Whenever the position of the base file or files necessitates a
considerable movement by the squad, such movement will be executed by
marching to the front or oblique, to the flank or backward, as the
case may be, without other command, and at the trail.
108. To preserve the alignment when marching: _GUIDE RIGHT (LEFT)_.
The men preserve their intervals from the side of the guide, yielding
to pressure from that side and resisting pressure from the opposite
direction; they recover intervals, if lost, by gradually opening out
or closing in; they recover alignment by slightly lengthening or
shortening the step; the rear rank men cover their file leaders at 40
inches.
In double rank, the front-rank man on the right, or designated flank,
conducts the march; when marching faced to the flank, the leading man
of the front rank is the guide.
_To Take Intervals and Distances._
109. Being in line at a halt: 1. _Take interval_, 2. _To the right
(left)_, 3. _MARCH_, 4. _Squad_, 5. _HALT_.
At the second command the rear-rank men march backward 4 steps and
halt; at the command _march_ all face to the right and the leading man
of each rank steps off; the other men step off in succession, each
following the preceding man at 4 paces, rear-rank men marching abreast
of their file leaders.
At the command _halt_, given when all have their intervals, all halt
and face to the front.
110. Being at intervals, to assemble the squad: 1. _Assemble, to the
right (left)_, 2. _MARCH_.
The front-rank man on the right stands fast, the rear-rank man on the
right closes to 40 inches. The other men face to the right, close by
the shortest line, and face to the front.
111. Being in line at a halt and having counted off: 1. _Take
distance_, 2. _MARCH_, 3. _Squad_, 4. _HALT_.
At the command _march_ No. 1 of the front rank moves straight to the
front; Nos. 2, 3, and 4 of the front rank and Nos. 1, 2, 3, and 4 of
the rear rank, in the order named, move straight to the front, each
stepping off so as to follow the preceding man at 4 paces. The command
_halt_ is given when all have their distances.
In case more than one squad is in line, each squad executes the
movement as above. The guide of each rank of numbers is right.
112. Being at distances, to assemble the squad: 1. _Assemble_, 2.
_MARCH_.
No. 1 of the front rank stands fast; the other numbers move forward to
their proper places in line.
_To Stack and Take Arms._
113. Being in line at a halt: _STACK ARMS_.
Each even number of the front rank grasps his piece with the left hand
at the upper band and rests the butt between his feet, barrel to the
front, muzzle inclined slightly to the front and opposite the center
of the interval on his right, the thumb and forefinger raising the
stacking swivel; each even number of the rear rank then passes his
piece, barrel to the rear, to his file leader, who grasps it between
the bands with his right hand and throws the butt about 2 feet in
advance of that of his own piece and opposite the right of the
interval, the right hand slipping to the upper band, the thumb and
forefinger raising the stacking swivel, which he engages with that of
his own piece; each odd number of the front rank raises his piece with
the right hand, carries it well forward, barrel to the front; the left
hand, guiding the stacking swivel, engages the lower hook of the
swivel of his own piece with the free hook of that of the even number
of the rear rank; he then turns the barrel outward into the angle
formed by the other two pieces and lowers the butt to the ground, to
the right of and against the toe of his right shoe.
The stacks made, the loose pieces are laid on them by the even numbers
of the front rank.
When each man has finished handling pieces, he takes the position of
the soldier.
114. Being in line behind the stacks: _TAKE ARMS_.
The loose pieces are returned by the even numbers of the front rank;
each even number of the front rank grasps his own piece with the left
hand, the piece of his rear-rank man with his right hand, grasping
both between the hands; each odd number of the front rank grasps his
piece in the same way with the right hand, disengages it by raising
the butt from the ground and then, turning the piece to the right,
detaches it from the stack; each even number of the front rank
disengages and detaches his piece by turning it to the left, and then
passes the piece of his rear-rank man to him, and all resume the
order.
115. Should any squad have Nos. 2 and 3 blank files, No. 1 rear rank
takes the place of No. 2 rear rank in making and breaking the stack;
the stacks made or broken, he resumes his post.
Pieces not used in making the stack are termed _loose pieces_.
Pieces are never stacked with the bayonet fixed.
_The Oblique March._
116. For the instruction of recruits, the squad being in column or
correctly aligned, the instructor causes the squad to face half right
or half left, points out to the men their relative positions, and
explains that these are to be maintained in the oblique march.
117. 1. _Right (Left) oblique_, 2. _MARCH_.
Each man steps off in a direction 45° to the right of his original
front. He preserves his relative position, keeping his shoulders
parallel to those of the guide (the man on the right front of the line
or column), and so regulates his steps that the ranks remain parallel
to their original front.
At the command _halt_ the men halt faced to the front.
To resume the original direction: 1. _Forward_, 2. _MARCH_.
The men half face to the left in marching and then move straight to
the front.
If at _half step_ or _mark time_ while obliquing, the oblique march is
resumed by the commands: 1. _Oblique_, 2. _MARCH_.
_To Turn on Moving Pivot._
118. Being in line: 1. _Right (Left) turn_, 2. _MARCH_.
The movement is executed by each rank successively and on the same
ground. At the second command, the pivot man of the front rank faces
to the right in marching and takes the half step; the other men of the
rank oblique to the right until opposite their places in line, then
execute a second right oblique and take the half step on arriving
abreast of the pivot man. All glance toward the marching flank while
at half step and take the full step without command as the last man
arrives on the line.
_Right (Left) half turn_ is executed in a similar manner. The pivot
man makes a half change of direction to the right and the other men
make quarter changes in obliquing. (_C.I.D.R., No. 2._)
_To Turn on Fixed Pivot._
119. Being in line, to turn and march: 1. _Squad right (left)_, 2.
_MARCH_.
At the second command, the right flank man in the front rank faces to
the right in marching and marks time; the other front rank men oblique
to the right, place themselves abreast of the pivot, and mark time.
In the rear rank the third man from the right, followed in column by
the second and first, moves straight to the front until in rear of his
front-rank man, when all face to the right in marching and mark time;
the other number of the rear rank moves straight to the front four
paces and places himself abreast of the man on his right. Men on the
new line glance toward the marching flank while marking time and, as
the last man arrives on the line, both ranks execute _forward, march_,
without command.
120. Being in line, to turn and halt: 1. _Squad right (left)_, 2.
_MARCH_, 3. _Squad_, 4. _HALT_.
The third command is given immediately after the second. The turn is
executed as prescribed in the preceding paragraph except that all men,
on arriving on the new line, mark time until the fourth command is
given, when all halt. The fourth command should be given as the last
man arrives on the line.
121. Being in line, to turn about and march: 1. _Squad right (left)
about_, 2. _MARCH_.
At the second command, the front rank twice executes _squad right_,
initiating the second _squad right_ when the man on the marching flank
has arrived abreast of the rank. In the rear rank the third man from
the right, followed by the second and first in column, moves straight
to the front until on the prolongation of the line to be occupied by
the rear rank; changes direction to the right; moves in the new
direction until in rear of his front-rank man, when all face to the
right in marching, mark time, and glance toward the marching flank.
The fourth man marches on the left of the third to his new position;
as he arrives on the line, both ranks execute _forward, march_,
without command.
122. Being in line, to turn about and halt: 1. _Squad right (left)
about_, 2. _MARCH_, 3. _Squad_, 4. _HALT_.
The third command is given immediately after the second. The turn is
executed as prescribed in the preceding paragraph except that all men,
on arriving on the new line, mark time until the fourth command is
given, when all halt. The fourth command should be given as the last
man arrives on the line.
_To Follow the Corporal._
123. Being assembled or deployed, to march the squad without
unnecessary commands, the corporal places himself in front of it and
commands: _FOLLOW ME_.
If in line or skirmish line, No. 2 of the front rank follows in the
trace of the corporal at about 3 paces; the other men conform to the
movements of No. 2, guiding on him and maintaining their relative
positions.
If in column; the head of the column follows the corporal.
_To Deploy as Skirmishers._
124. Being in any formation, assembled: 1. _As skirmishers_, 2.
_MARCH_.
The corporal places himself in front of the squad, if not already
there. Moving at a run, the men place themselves abreast of the
corporal at half-pace intervals, Nos. 1 and 2 on his right, Nos. 3 and
4 on his left, rear-rank men on the right of their file leaders, extra
men on the left of No. 4; all then conform to the corporal's gait.
When the squad is acting alone, skirmish line is similarly formed on
No. 2 of the front rank, who stands fast or continues the march, as
the case may be; the corporal places himself in front of the squad
when advancing and in rear when halted.
When deployed as skirmishers, the men march at ease, pieces at the
trail unless otherwise ordered.
The corporal is the guide when in the line; otherwise No. 2 front rank
is the guide.
125. The normal interval between skirmishers is one-half pace,
resulting practically in one man per yard of front. The front of a
squad thus deployed as skirmishers is about 10 paces.
_To Increase or Diminish Intervals._
126. If assembled, and it is desired to deploy at greater than the
normal interval; or if deployed, and it is desired to increase or
decrease the interval: 1. _As skirmishers, (so many) paces_, 2.
_MARCH_.
Intervals are taken at the indicated number of paces. If already
deployed, the men move by the flank toward or away from the guide.
_The Assembly._
127. Being deployed: 1. _Assemble_, 2. _MARCH_.
The men move toward the corporal and form in their proper places.
If the corporal continues to advance, the men move in double time,
form, and follow him.
The assembly while marching to the rear is not executed.
_Kneeling and Lying Down._
128. If standing: _KNEEL_.
Half face to the right; carry the right toe about 1 foot to the left
rear of the left heel; kneel on right knee, sitting as nearly as
possible on the right heel; left forearm across left thigh; piece
remains in position of order arms, right hand grasping it above the
lower band.
129. If standing or kneeling: _LIE DOWN_.
Kneel, but with right knee against left heel; carry back the left foot
and lie flat on the belly, inclining body about 35° to the right;
piece horizontal, barrel up, muzzle off the ground and pointed to the
front; elbows on the ground; left hand at the balance, right hand
grasping the small of the stock opposite the neck. This is the
position of order arms, lying down.
130. If kneeling or lying down: _RISE_.
If kneeling, stand up, faced to the front, on the ground marked by the
left heel.
If lying down, raise body on both knees; stand up, faced to the front,
on the ground marked by the knees.
131. If lying down: _KNEEL_. Raise the body on both knees; take the
position of kneel.
132. In double rank, the positions of kneeling and lying down are
ordinarily used only for the better utilization of cover.
When deployed as skirmishers, a sitting position may be taken in lieu
of the position kneeling.
_LOADINGS AND FIRINGS._
133. The commands for loading and firing are the same whether
standing, kneeling, or lying down. The firings are always executed at
a halt.
When kneeling or lying down in double rank, the rear rank does not
load, aim, or fire.
The instruction in firing will be preceded by a command for loading.
Loadings are executed in line and skirmish line only.
134. Pieces having been ordered loaded are kept loaded without command
until the command _unload_, or _inspection arms_, fresh clips being
inserted when the magazine is exhausted.
135. The aiming point or target is carefully pointed out. This may be
done before or after announcing the sight setting. Both are indicated
before giving the command for firing, but may be omitted when the
target appears suddenly and is unmistakable; in such case battle sight
is used if no sight setting is announced.
136. The target or aiming point having been designated and the sight
setting announced, such designation or announcement need not be
repeated until a change of either or both is necessary.
Troops are trained to continue their fire upon the aiming point or
target designated, and at the sight setting announced, until a change
is ordered.
137. If the men are not already in the position of load, that position
is taken at the announcement of the sight setting; if the announcement
is omitted, the position is taken at the first command for firing.
138. When deployed, the use of the sling as an aid to accurate firing
is discretionary with each man.
_To Load._
139. Being in line or skirmish line at halt: 1. _With dummy (blank or
ball) cartridges_, 2. _LOAD_.
At the command _load_ each front-rank man or skirmisher faces half
right and carries the right foot to the right, about 1 foot, to such
position as will insure the greatest firmness and steadiness of the
body; raises, or lowers, the piece and drops it into the left hand at
the balance, left thumb extended along the stock, muzzle at the height
of the breast, and turns the cut-off up. With the right hand he turns
and draws the bolt back, takes a loaded clip and inserts the end in
the clip slots, places the thumb on the powder space of the top
cartridge, the fingers extending around the piece and tips resting on
the magazine floor plate; forces the cartridges into the magazine by
pressing down with the thumb; without removing the clip, thrusts the
bolt home, turning down the handle; turns the safety lock to the
"safe" and carries the hand to the small of the stock. Each rear rank
man moves to the right front, takes a similar position opposite the
interval to the right of his front rank man, muzzle of the piece
extending beyond the front rank, and loads.
A skirmish line may load while moving, the pieces being held as nearly
as practicable in the position of load.
If kneeling or sitting, the position of the piece is similar; if
kneeling, the left forearm rests on the left thigh; if sitting the
elbows are supported by the knees. If lying down, the left hand
steadies and supports the piece at the balance, the toe of the butt
resting on the ground, the muzzle off the ground.
For reference, these positions (standing, kneeling, and lying down)
are designated as that of _load_.
140. For instruction in loading: 1. _Simulate_, 2. _LOAD_.
Executed as above described except that the cut-off remains "off" and
the handling of cartridges is simulated.
The recruits are first taught to _simulate_ loading and firing; after
a few lessons dummy cartridges may be used. Later, blank cartridges
may be used.
141. The rifle may be used as a single loader by turning the magazine
"off." The magazine may be filled in whole or in part while "off" or
"on" by pressing cartridges singly down and back until they are in the
proper place. The use of the rifle as a single loader is, however, to
be regarded as exceptional.
_To Unload._
142. _UNLOAD._
Take the position of load, turn the safety lock up and move bolt
alternately back and forward until all the cartridges are ejected.
After the last cartridge is ejected the chamber is closed by first
thrusting the bolt slightly forward to free it from the stud holding
it in place when the chamber is open, pressing the follower down and
back to engage it under the bolt and then thrusting the bolt home; the
trigger is pulled. The cartridges are then picked up, cleaned, and
returned to the belt and the piece is brought to the order.
_To Set the Sight._
143. _RANGE, ELEVEN HUNDRED (EIGHT-FIFTY, etc.)_, or _BATTLE SIGHT_.
The sight is set at the elevation indicated. The instructor explains
and verifies sight settings.
_To Fire by Volley._
144. 1. _READY_, 2. _AIM_, 3. _Squad_, 4. _FIRE_.
At the command _ready_ turn the safety lock to the "ready;" at the
command _aim_ raise the piece with both hands and support the butt
firmly against the hollow of the right shoulder, right thumb clasping
the stock, barrel horizontal, left elbow well under the piece, right
elbow as high as the shoulder; incline the head slightly forward and a
little to the right, cheek against the stock, left eye closed, right
eye looking through the notch of the rear sight so as to perceive the
object aimed at, second joint of forefinger resting lightly against
the front of the trigger and taking up the slack; top of front sight
is carefully raised into, and held in, the line of sight.
Each rear-rank man aims through the interval to the right of his file
leader and leans slightly forward to advance the muzzle of his piece
beyond the front rank.
In aiming kneeling, the left elbow rests on the left knee, point of
elbow in front of kneecap. In aiming sitting, the elbows are supported
by the knees.
In aiming lying down, raise the piece with both hands; rest on both
elbows and press the butt firmly against the right shoulder.
At the command _fire_ press the finger against the trigger; fire
without deranging the aim and without lowering or turning the piece;
lower the piece in the position of _Load_ and load. (_C.I.D.R., No.
2._)
145. To continue the firing: 1. _AIM_, 2. _Squad_, 3. _FIRE_.
Each command is executed as previously explained. _Load_ (from
magazine) is executed by drawing back and thrusting home the bolt with
the right hand, leaving the safety lock at the "ready."
_To Fire at Will._
146. _FIRE AT WILL._
Each man, independently of the others, comes to the _ready_, aims
carefully and deliberately at the aiming point or target, _fires_,
_loads_, and continues the firing until ordered to _suspend_ or _cease
firing_.
147. To increase (decrease) the rate of fire in progress the
instructor shouts: _FASTER (SLOWER)_.
Men are trained to fire at the rate of about three shots per minute at
effective ranges and five or six at close ranges, devoting the minimum
of time to loading and the maximum to deliberate aiming. To illustrate
the necessity for deliberation, and to habituate men to combat
conditions, small and comparatively indistinct targets are
designated.
_To Fire by Clip._
148. _CLIP FIRE._
Executed in the same manner as _fire at will_, except that each man,
after having exhausted the cartridges then in the piece, _suspends
firing_.
_To Suspend Firing._
149. The instructor blows a _long blast_ of the whistle and repeats
same, if necessary, or commands: _SUSPEND FIRING_.
Firing stops; pieces are held loaded and locked, in a position of
readiness for instant resumption of firing, rear sights unchanged. The
men continue to observe the target or aiming point, or the place at
which the target disappeared, or at which it is expected to reappear.
This whistle signal may be used as a preliminary to _cease firing_.
_To Cease Firing._
150. _CEASE FIRING._
Firing stops; pieces not already there are brought to the position of
load, the cut-off turned down if firing from magazine, the cartridge
is drawn or the empty shell is ejected, the trigger is pulled, sights
are laid down, and the piece is brought to the order.
_Cease firing_ is used for long pauses to prepare for changes of
position or to steady the men.
(_C.I.D.R., No. 7._)
151. Commands for suspending or ceasing fire may be given at any time
after the preparatory command for firing whether the firing has
actually commenced or not.
_THE USE OF COVER._
152. The recruit should be given careful instruction in the individual
use of cover.
It should be impressed upon him that, in taking advantage of natural
cover, he must be able to tire easily and effectively upon the enemy;
if advancing on an enemy, he must do so steadily and as rapidly as
possible; he must conceal himself as much as possible while firing and
while advancing. While setting his sight he should be under cover or
lying prone.
153. To teach him to fire easily and effectively, at the same time
concealing himself from the view of the enemy, he is practiced in
simulated firing in the prone, sitting, kneeling, and crouching
positions, from behind hillocks, trees, heaps of earth or rocks, from
depressions, gullies, ditches, doorways, or windows. He is taught to
fire around the right side of his concealment whenever possible, or,
when this is not possible, to rise enough to fire over the top of his
concealment.
When these details are understood, he is required to select cover with
reference to an assumed enemy and to place himself behind it in proper
position for firing.
154. The evil of remaining too long in one place, however good the
concealment, should be explained. He should be taught to advance from
cover to cover, selecting cover in advance before leaving his
concealment.
It should be impressed upon him that a man running rapidly toward an
enemy furnishes a poor target. He should be trained in springing from
a prone position behind concealment, running at top speed to cover and
throwing himself behind it. He should also be practiced in advancing
from cover to cover by crawling, or by lying on the left side, rifle
grasped in the right hand, and pushing himself forward with the right
leg.
155. He should be taught that, when fired on while acting
independently, he should drop to the ground, seek cover, and then
endeavor to locate his enemy.
156. The instruction of the recruit in the use of cover is continued
in the combat exercises of the company, but he must then be taught
that the proper advance of the platoon or company and the
effectiveness of its fire is of greater importance than the question
of cover for individuals. He should also be taught that he may not
move about or shift his position in the firing line except the better
to see the target.
_OBSERVATION._
157. The ability to use his eyes accurately is of great importance to
the soldier. The recruit should be trained in observing his
surrounding from positions and when on the march.
He should be practiced in pointing out and naming military features of
the ground; in distinguishing between living beings; in counting
distant groups of objects or beings; in recognizing colors and forms.
158. In the training of men in the mechanism of the firing line, they
should be practiced in repeating to one another target and aiming
point designations and in quickly locating and pointing out a
designated target. They should be taught to distinguish, from a prone
position, distant objects, particularly troops, both with the naked
eye and with field glasses. Similarly, they should be trained in
estimating distances.
SCHOOL OF THE COMPANY.
159. The captain is responsible for the theoretical and practical
instruction of his officers and noncommissioned officers, not only in
the duties of their respective grades, but in those of the next higher
grades.
160. The company in line is formed in double rank with the men
arranged, as far as practicable, according to height from right to
left, the tallest on the right.
The original division into squads is effected by the command: _COUNT
OFF_. The squads, successively from the right, count off as in the
School of the Squad, corporals placing themselves as Nos. 4 of the
front rank. If the left squad contains less than six men, it is either
increased to that number by transfers from other squads or is broken
up and its members assigned to other squads and posted in the line of
file closers. These squad organizations are maintained, by transfers
if necessary, until the company becomes so reduced in numbers as to
necessitate a new division into squads. No squad will contain less
than six men.
161. The company is further divided into two, three, or four platoons,
each consisting of not less than two nor more than four squads. In
garrison or ceremonies the strength of platoons may exceed four
squads.
162. At the formation of the company the platoons or squads are
numbered consecutively from right to left and these designations do
not change.
For convenience in giving commands and for reference, the
designations, _right_, _center_, _left_, when in line, and _leading_,
_center_, _rear_, when in column, are applied to platoons or squads.
These designations apply to the actual right, left, center, head, or
rear, in whatever direction the company may be facing. The _center
squad_ is the middle or right middle squad of the company.
The designation "So-and-so's" squad or platoon may also be used.
163. Platoons are assigned to the lieutenants and noncommissioned
officers, in order of rank, as follows: 1, right; 2, left; 3, center
(right center); 4, left center.
[Illustration: Plate II. THE COMPANY.]
The noncommissioned officers next in rank are assigned as guides, one
to each platoon. If sergeants still remain, they are assigned to
platoons as additional guides. When the platoon is deployed, its
guide, or guides, accompany the platoon leader.
During battle, these assignments are not changed: vacancies are filled
by noncommissioned officers of the platoon, or by the nearest
available officers or noncommissioned officers arriving with
reenforcing troops.
164. The first sergeant is never assigned as a guide. When not
commanding a platoon, he is posted as a file closer opposite the third
file from the outer flank of the first platoon; and when the company
is deployed he accompanies the captain.
The quartermaster sergeant, when present, is assigned according to his
rank as a sergeant.
Enlisted men below the grade of sergeant, armed with the rifle, are in
ranks unless serving as guides; when not so armed, they are posted in
the line of file closers.
Musicians, when required to play, are at the head of the column. When
the company is deployed, they accompany the captain.