decir por qué no lo hace.' These words would seem to imply
that there had been an understanding between the two, and
treachery was suspected.
[XXI-53] Menendez, calling himself a soldier of the union,
had urged all Central Americans to aid Barrios. Zaldívar on
March 15th promulgated an act of the Salv. congress declaring
Menendez a traitor to his country. This decree was in force
only a short time.
[XXI-54] Melchor Ordoñez, Spanish minister accredited to both
republics, had in a telegram assured him that Zaldívar was
his sincere friend, but was in a difficult position, having
to act in accord with public opinion. He should bear in mind
the Salvadorans had been led to believe that he, Barrios,
intended to deprive them of their nationality to gratify his
own ambition.
[XXI-55] 'Las medidas á que toda nacion prudente apela
durante el estado de guerra en que se colocan sus vecinos.'
[XXI-56] The govt issued a stirring manifesto to friendly
powers on the 17th of March, 1885, against Barrios' coup
d'etat, signed by J. M. Castro, sec. of foreign relations.
_Costa R._, _Informe Sec. Rel. Exter._, 1885, 27-9; _Id._,
_Manif. del Gob. Rep._, 1-6.
[XXI-57] The telegraphic despatches and diplomatic notes
which passed between the two governments appear in _Mex._,
_Diario Ofic._, March 12, Apr. 1, 29, May 5, 1885; _Id._,
_Siglo XIX._, March 13, 25, 30, 1885; _Costa R._, _Boletin
Ofic._, March 14, 1885.
[XXI-58] The treaty was signed in the city of Santa Ana,
Salv., by the plenipotentiaries José Duran for Costa R.,
Buenav. Selva for Nic., and Salv. Gallegos for Salv. It
was to be in force until Barrios should be overthrown, and
another govt established entirely disconnected with him and
offering guaranties of peace for Cent. Am., after which the
issue of Cent. Am. union might be considered by the parties
in a proper spirit, and at an opportune occasion. Costa R.
pledged herself to furnish 3,000 men at her own cost, but
if only 1,000 were called for, she would contribute also
$100,000, and 1,000 Remington rifles with 500 cartridges for
each. Nic. agreed to furnish 4,000 troops also at her own
cost. Salv. would contribute her whole available military
force. The command-in-chief was vested first in the president
of Salv., next in that of Nic., and third in that of Costa
R., or of such persons as one or the other might designate.
Costa R., however, supplied 2,000 men, and offered to loan
money to Salv. _Costa R._, _Informe Sec. Rel. Exter._, 1885,
31-3. Mex. placed a force near the Guat. frontier as soon as
hostilities began in Cent. Am.
[XXI-59] In an unsuccessful assault against the
fortifications of Chalchuapa. He was slain between 9 and
10 o'clock in the morning. One of his sons also perished
fighting at his side. _La Estrella de Pan._, May 9, 1885;
_Méx._, _La Prensa_, suppl. ap. 4, 1885; _S. F. Chronicle_,
Apr. 3, 5, 10, 1885; _S. F. Alta_, Apr. 23, 1885; _S. F.
Chronicle_, Apr. 23, 1885.
[XXI-60] Barrios' last will executed at Guatemala on the 23d
of March, 1885, which was filed Dec. 7th of said year in the
office of the surrogate in New York, declared his wife to be
the sole heir of all his property and interests. He had full
confidence that she would deal fairly by each of their seven
children. He desired her to pay $25,000 to his nephew Luciano
Barrios as a memento of his good services. She was also to
continue providing for Antonio Barrios, then in the U. S.
_Pan. Star and Herald_, Dec. 21, 1885.
[XXI-61] Sinibaldi, chosen by the assembly Apr. 30, 1884, 1st
designado, vice J. M. Orantes resigned, had been in charge
of the executive office since Barrios prepared to go to the
front.
[XXI-62] On the following grounds: 1st. The decree of
Feb. 28th having been revoked, and Barrios being dead,
the causes which placed Guat. at war with Salv., Nic., and
Costa R. had ceased to exist; 2d. It was a patriotic duty
to promote feelings of fraternity and concord; 3. That the
governments of the republics of Cent. Am. were prompted by
the same sentiments, and those of Salv., Nic., and Costa R.
had already made peace with Hond., which had seconded the
movement of the late president of Guat.; 4. That through the
friendly mediation of the foreign corps an understanding with
Salv. had been easily arrived at, and honorable terms agreed
upon for a firm and stable peace between the two republics
and Salvador's allies.
[XXI-63] Salv., Nic., and Costa R., also made similar
declarations in regard to Guat.
[XXI-64] The same decree included a national vote of thanks
to the diplomatic body accredited to the governments of Cent.
Am. for their friendly intervention to bring the war to an
end, and appointed Sunday the 19th to solemnize the peace
thus restored. Countersigned by the four ministers, to wit:
Ángel M. Arroyo, of foreign relations and pub. instruction;
Antonio Aguirre, of treasury and pub. credit; Manuel J.
Dardon, of governm. and justice; and E. Martinez Sobral, of
fomento. _Costa R._, _Informe Sec. Rel. Exter._, 1885, 35-8;
_La Estrella de Pan._, May 23, 1885; _Pan. Star and Herald_,
May 23, 1885.
[XXI-65] Pres. Diaz also in a telegram to Zaldívar manifested
a desire to see cordial relations restored between Salv. and
Guat. _Mex._, _Diario Ofic._, Apr. 11 1885; _La Nueva Era_
(Paso del Norte), Apr. 17, 1885.
[XXI-66] _Costa R._, _Informe Sec. Rel. Exter._, 1885, 55-7;
_La Estrella de Pan._, May 23, 1885.
[XXI-67] Decrees of June 23d and 27th. All subsidies were
suspended for one year. The purpose of calling a convention
was to effect some amendments to the constitution, and to
enact some needed laws.
[XXI-68] Notwithstanding the great necessity of allaying
the excitement still existing, there were riotous scenes on
several occasions in the chamber. _Pan. Star and Herald_,
Sept. 9-30, 1885, passim.
[XXI-69] The president's inauguration was on the 15th of
March, 1886.
[XXII-1] Feb. 9th. He was to draw from the pub. treasury as
pay $200 monthly when in actual service. _Nic._, _Gaceta_,
April 14, 1866. Later he was made a captain-general.
[XXII-2] The escutcheon was to be the same as formerly, with
the sole exception of exhibiting a rising sun in lieu of
the Phrygian cap. The flag was to be as follows: Two blue
stripes with a white one between them, all three running
horizontally, three to four varas in length, and nine inches
in width; with the national coat of arms in the centre of the
white stripe, and a group of five blue stars in a semicircle
under it. Merchant vessels were to use the same dimensions
and colors without the coat of arms.
[XXII-3] Under the constitution of 1865 the congress
consisted of a senate with seven members, and a legislative
assembly of eleven. The council of state was constituted with
the ministers and seven other members.
[XXII-4] For the bestowal of decorations of the order was
created a senate of six members to reside in the capital.
This body was also empowered to dismiss any member of the
order for good cause. The president was authorized to frame
the statutes and appoint the senators, conferring grades
of the order before its installation. The senate, once
installed, was to grant decorations. The same right was
reserved for congress, and the president of the republic, who
was made ex-officio president of the senate of the order. A
copy of the decree in Spanish is given in _Nic._, _Gaceta_,
May 23, 1868; _Laferrière_, _De Paris à Guatémala_, 427-8.
[XXII-5] In connection with the subject is mentioned the name
of Bustelli Foscolo, an agent of the Hond. govt, sentenced to
imprisonment in Paris for fraudulent transactions.
[XXII-6] This body was called by the regular congress at
the solicitation, as it was made to appear, of the several
municipalities, and was installed Aug. 8, 1869. On the 13th
it declared that in view of the popular actas in the several
towns proclaiming Medina president for the next term, he
was actually elected. The same day the 33d article of the
fundamental law was amended to read thus: 'The presidential
term shall be of four years, commencing on the 1st of Feb. in
the year of renewal.' On the 19th the convention adjourned
sine die; Medina having warmly thanked it for the trust
reposed in him, and accepted it, with the pledge of not
holding the office a day after the expiration of his term.
_Nic._, _Gaceta_, Sept. 11, 18, 1869; Feb. 5, 1870; _Pan.
Star and Herald_, Sept. 18, 1869.
[XXII-7] I will, however, repeat here in a few words the
causes alleged by Hond. Salvador had violated the treaty
of Santa Rosa of March 25, 1862, in refusing to surrender
the perpetrators of two atrocious murders. She had abetted
the refugees who, in the last six years, had been fanning
the flame of discord in Hond.; had refused to heed the
remonstrances of the latter; and on the contrary, had placed
a force on the frontier, and generally assumed a hostile
attitude.
[XXII-8] The guaranty was given as a consideration for
certain advantages, which could not accrue till after the
road was finished. The Am. gov. could not therefore be
required to repel an invasion of the route from abroad. The
correspondence between ministers Baxter and Torbert with the
govts of Hond. and Salv., and with their own, appears in _U.
S. Govt Doc._, H. Ex. Doc., Cong. 42, Sess. 2, i. no. 1, pt
1, 575-8, 685-93.
[XXII-9] _Hond._, _Clarin Ofic._, March 26, 1871; _Nic._,
_Gaceta_, Apr. 22, 29, May 13, 1871.
[XXII-10] Particulars in Salv. historical chapter.
[XXII-11] This course was doubtless adopted because of the
dissatisfaction appearing, and of a revolution which was
attempted during the last war. _El Porvenir de Nic._, Oct. 1,
1871.
[XXII-12] A full amnesty was granted to all the insurgents.
_U. S. Gov. Doc._, H. Ex. Doc., Cong. 42, Sess. 3, i. 300-2;
_Nic._, _Gaceta_, Sept. 2 to Nov. 4, 1871; Feb. 3, 1872; _El
Porvenir de Nic._, Oct. 1 to Nov. 12, 1871; Jan. 7, 1872.
[XXII-13] Convention signed at Leon Dec. 18, 1871, by Manuel
Colindres, on behalf of Medina, Ex-pres. Martinez of Nic.,
Miguel Velez, Nicasio del Castillo, Rosalío Cortés, R.
Alegría, Buenav. Selva, Seferino Gonzalez, and three others.
This doc. at first was considered apocryphal, but proved to
be genuine. _El Porvenir de Nic._, June 23, 1872.
[XXII-14] With the avowed object of bringing Hond. under
republican institutions. _El Porvenir de Nic._, Apr. 28 to
Aug. 14, 1872, passim; _Nic._, _El Semanal Nic._, May 30,
1872.
[XXII-15] After this victory the presidents of Guat. and
Salv. had an interview with Arias, and returned with their
troops to their respective countries, leaving 800 men to aid
Arias in reorganizing the country. The campaign had lasted 24
days from the date on which Langue on the Hond. side of the
frontier was occupied.
[XXII-16] _Id._, Aug. 1, 1872; _Guat._, _Recop. Ley._, _Gob.
Democ._, i. 116-17.
[XXII-17] Juan A. Medina, Gen. Miranda, and a few friends
succeeded in escaping. _Nic._, _El Semanal Nic._, Aug. 8, 29,
1872.
[XXII-18] Further details may be found in _Costa R._,
_Informe Sec. Rel._, 1873, 7-8; _El Porvenir de Nic._, May
26, June 2, 1872; _U. S. Gov. Doc._, H. Ex. Doc., Cong. 42,
Sess. 3, i. 303-6; _Nic._, _Gaceta_, June 15 to Nov. 30,
1872; _Id._, _Col. Dec. y Acuerdos_, 1872, 50-1; _Mex._,
_Diario Ofic._, Aug. 9, 1872. Circular of Nic. Min. of For.
Rel., Sept. 5, 1876, referring to his government's fruitless
efforts at mediation between the belligerents, adds that it
finally accepted accomplished facts, and opened relations
with Arias' govt. _Salv._, _Gaceta Ofic._, Oct. 26, 1876.
[XXII-19] Crescencio Gomez, Máx. Aranjo, Casto Alvarado,
Jesús Inestrosa, and a few others were also pardoned, but
required to stay away from Hond. until after the promulgation
of a new constitution. _Nic._, _Gaceta_, Nov. 30, 1872;
_Id._, _Semanal Nic._, Nov. 26, 1872.
[XXII-20] Life, liberty, equality, security, property,
inviolability of domicile, and correspondence, and writings,
freedom of transit, of peaceable assembling, and of the
press, rights of petition, and of preferring against public
officials.
[XXII-21] Juan N. Venero, of treas. and for. affairs; Miguel
del Cid, of justice, govt, and pub. worship; Andrés Van
Severen, of war.
[XXII-22] Any Honduran in full possession of his civil
rights, having besides property worth $1,000, or upwards,
or being a licentiate, could be chosen. The only exceptions
were the president of the repub., and the military in active
service.
[XXII-23] That expedition sailed from Colon, and was led
by Enrique Palacios, Casto Alvarado, Miranda Baraona, and
others. It landed at Utila, one of the Bay Islands, and
organized a govt for Hond., Colindres and Padilla, ministers
of Medina, assuming the executive under art. 30 of the
constitution of 1865, in view of the events of July 1872
at Omoa. From Utila the exped. proceeded to Trujillo, which
was surrendered June 9th. That part of the plan failed, and
the expedition then went to Puerto Cortés. The invaders had
an understanding with Betancourt, the officer in command at
Omoa, who toward the end of June rebelled with the garrison
of 150 men; but he was attacked and defeated by Streber, of
Arias' govt. It was during this trouble that Streber's troops
pillaged, in July, the mercantile houses of Omoa, foreign as
well as native, which culminated in the bombardment afterward
of the port by a British man-of-war, of which I gave the
details elsewhere. The house of the Am. consul having been
likewise invaded, the government had to give satisfaction,
saluting the U. S. flag March 22, 1874, in the plaza of
Comayagua, in the presence of their representative, troops,
the ministers of state, and others.
[XXII-24] _Nic._, _Semanal Nic._, June 28, July 17, 1872.
[XXII-25] The remnants of the insurgents fled by the
railroad. _Id._, Aug. 7, 21, 28, Sept. 18, 1873.
[XXII-26] The constituent congress, called by Arias,
assembled Dec. 14th, and refused to accept his resignation.
It also adopted other measures, which it is unnecessary to
recite here, as they never took effect.
[XXII-27] A circular of the Nic. minister of foreign
affairs of Sept. 5, 1876, alludes to these events. Further
particulars appear in _Arias_, _Mensaje_, Dec. 14, 1873;
_U. S. Govt Docs._, H. Ex. Doc., Cong. 43, Sess. 2, i. 141;
_Barrios_, _Mensaje_, Sept. 11, 1876; _Nic._, _Semanal Nic._,
Jan. 18, 24, Feb, 19, 1874; _Salv._, _Gaceta Ofic._, Oct. 26,
1876.
[XXII-28] Leiva seemed to be a non-partisan, a man of
intelligent and liberal views, and a popular favorite.
[XXII-29] Guat. objected to the treatment awarded Arias, and
sent Ramon Rosa as confidential agent to Leiva to represent
that Arias had been solemnly pledged security for his life
and liberty, and respect for his high character and personal
merits; against which pledge Arias had been kept in prison
and subjected to prosecution. The gov. of Guat. believed that
the men composing that assembly were not competent to try
Arias, for they were reactionists, and he one of the truest
liberals in Cent. Am. Leiva answered, July 8th, that he had
exerted himself in Arias' favor, and that the exile he was
sentenced to he would have undergone of his own accord; for
he could not live in the country for some time. It was for
his own benefit that the terms of the surrender had been
modified. _U. S. Gov. Docs._, H. Ex. Doc., For. Rel., Cong.
43, Sess. 2, Doc. 1, pt i. 179-80.
[XXII-30] _Salv._, _Diario Ofic._, Feb. 5, 12, March 3, 11,
Apr. 4, 1875; _Mex. Mem. Min. Rel._, 1875, annex 3, Doc. 7,
p. 36; _Nic._, _Mem. Sec. Rel. Est._, 1875, vi.-xi., app.
7-10.
[XXII-31] The grounds alleged for the revolt were: 1st,
that the liberties of Hond. were under thraldom to Salv.,
which had failed to carry out the objects of the revolution
of 1871; 2d, the deplorable state of the finances, because
Amapala had been made a free port; 3d, that the die of Hond.
had been given to Salvador. _Salv._, _Diario Ofic._, Jan. 4,
5, 21, 30, March 26, 1876; _La Regeneracion_, Oct. 9, 1876.
[XXII-32] Further particulars in _Pan. Star and Herald_,
March 2 to June 1, 1876, passim; _Salv._, _Gaceta Ofic._,
June 8, Oct. 26, 1876.
[XXII-33] At this time war broke out between Guat. and
Salvador, and the former sent an army under Solares through
Honduras to operate against Salvador's eastern departments.
Details on these events are given in other chapters on
treating of the relations between the two belligerents. At
the conclusion of peace, Hond. joined them in a treaty of
alliance.
[XXII-34] He resigned his portfolio Feb. 26th, with the
understanding that he was to be president of Honduras.
[XXII-35] Negotiated by Cruz Lozano, on behalf of both
Salvador and Medina, and M. Vigil and Luis Bogran for Leiva,
both contestants giving up their claims, and agreeing to
recognize Marcelino Mejía as the provisional president, which
was done. _Id._, June 24, 1876.
[XXII-36] It was said that Soto had been proclaimed in
several places, and that he enjoyed the confidence of the
governments of Guat., Salv., and Costa R.
[XXII-37] Another version is that Roderico Toledo arrived at
Comayagua, as commissioner from Guat. and Salv., and demanded
of Gomez the surrender of the executive to Soto, which is
quite possible, Gomez affecting the surrender through his
former chief, Medina.
[XXII-38] The garrison had declared in his favor on the 21st,
the comandante Col Salvador Ferrandis losing his life.
[XXII-39] _El Porvenir de Nic._, March 18, 1876; _Pan. Star
and Herald_, Apr. 4, 1876; _U. S. Gov. Doc._, H. Ex. Doc.,
44th Cong., 2d Sess., i. 36-9; _Costa R._, _Informe Min.
Rel._, 1876, 11-14.
[XXII-40] _Soto_, _Mensaje_, May 27, 1877; _Salv._, _Gaceta
Ofic._, June 22, 1877.
[XXII-41] The order for their trial was issued by the
comandante general of the republic Dec. 12th, the executive
having first, on the 10th, asked the advice of the supreme
court of justice, which was given on the next day. The crimes
preferred against the prisoners were conspiracy, instigation
to rebellion, high treason, and concealment of government
arms. The officers forming the court-martial were Gen. Emilio
Delgado, president, generals Eusebio Toro and Luis Bogran,
colonels Inocente Solís, Belisario Villela, Manuel Bonilla,
Antonio Cerro; auditor de guerra, Justo Cáliz; prosecuting
officer, Gen. Agustin Aguilar. _Salv._, _Diario Ofic._,
suppl., Feb. 28, 1878; _Voz de Méx._, July 17, 1878.
[XXII-42] U. S. Minister Geo. Williamson, in reporting these
executions to his gov., Feb. 16, 1878, uses these words:
'Medina's lack of wisdom in yielding to the selection (as
president) of a man who from the dictates of a cowardly or
cruel policy thought it necessary to select so illustrious a
victim as himself, has led to this deplorable event.... It
is said neither the victims nor any one else believed the
sentence of the council of war would be either approved or
executed.' _U. S. Gov. Doc._, H. Ex. Doc., Cong. 45, Sess. 3,
i. 79-80. It has been said that the execution of Medina, now
aged and infirm, was in obedience to orders from Barrios. _Un
Guatemalteco_, _Cartas_, 25.
[XXII-43] Had generals Juan Lopez and J. A. Medina carried
out the order to the letter, every inhabitant of Olancho
would have been annihilated. As it was, 200 men were shot and
500 hanged, all without trial. _El Porvenir de Nic._, Nov.
26, 1871.
[XXII-44] _Diario Cent. Am._, Dec. 27, 1880.
[XXII-45] The exhibit of the state of affairs, both present
and prospective, was encouraging, and appeared to be well
founded. A synopsis of the address is given in _Pan. Daily
Canal_, March 20, 1883; _Pan. Star and Herald_, March 23,
1883.
[XXII-46] He was permitted to visit the U. S. and Europe,
where, as the majority of the committee to whom the subject
had been referred said, free from official cares he might
place himself under medical treatment, if necessary. Some
members of the committee favored the acceptance, claiming
it as a matter of justice, but the majority thought it
would cause inconveniences in the orderly march of affairs.
A journal, _La Paz_ of Tegucigalpa, remarked: 'Friends
and enemies of Dr Soto, men and parties the most opposite
in ideas, join in considering that the withdrawal of Dr
Soto would be the precursor of political misfortunes and
catastrophes.' _Id._, Apr. 18, 1883.
[XXII-47] To adjust Honduras' share of the old federal
debt, which was still unpaid; and to make some settlement
respecting the loans contracted in London and Paris for
constructing the interoceanic railway.
[XXII-48] A little later Barrios of Guat. claimed that it
was due to his own constant support rather than to Soto's
administration, which he declared to have been bad and
ruinous to Hond.
[XXII-49] In his journey he was accompanied by his kinsman
and former minister of relations, Ramon Rosa.
[XXII-50] 'Hasta el punto de valerse de mi, como del pretexto
mejor para justificar el paso de fuga y desercion que ha dado
y se propone consumar; no piense que ese plan tan ruin se
oculta á ninguno.' Both letters are given in full in _Pan._,
_El Cronista_, Aug. 25, 29, 1883; _La República_ (S. F.),
Sept. 1, 8, 1883.
[XXII-51] _Pan. Star and Herald_, Nov. 17, 1883; _La
República_ (S. F.), Sept. 15, 24, 1883; _Diaz_, _Miscel._,
no. 12, 3.
[XXII-52] Bogran was quite young, energetic, and frank in his
manners, open-hearted and unpretentious. His character was in
keeping with his appearance. He was master of the political
situation.
[XXII-53] Rafael Alvarado, of war, education, and justice;
Jerónimo Zelaya, of foreign affairs; Crescencio Gomez, of
govt; Abelardo Zelaya, of treasury and public credit; and
Francisco Planas, of public works. _Guat._, _Mem. Sec. Rel.
Ext._, 1884, 8; _Costa R._, _Mem. Min. Rel._, 1884, 3; _El
Guatemalteco_, Jan. 19, 1884; _Pan. Star and Herald_, Jan.
18, 1884.
[XXII-54] So said _La República_, of Tegucigalpa, official
organ. _Pan. Star and Herald_, Sept. 10, 1885.
[XXIII-1] All appropriations had been covered, and a portion
of the foreign debt paid. _Presid. Martinez' Mess._, in
_Nic._, _Gaceta_, Jan. 19, 1867.
[XXIII-2] 'Donde la libertad, la seguridad, y el órden no
sean una quimera.' _Nic._, _Manif._, 1867, 1-7.
[XXIII-3] _Nic._, _Decretos_, 1869-70, 3, 26. It will be
well to mention here that on the 4th of Jan. an attempt had
been made to poison the president with arsenic placed in
pine-apple preserve, of which he, together with his son and
two or three others, partook.
[XXIII-4] It was remarkable that Martinez, an old
conservative, should be acting in conjunction with and under
Jerez, the confirmed radical democrat.
[XXIII-5] The grounds alleged by the insurgents were:
1st. Violation by Guzman of the pledges given at his
inauguration. It was said that as he had detached himself
from the party which raised him to the presidential chair,
and on the other hand, had not shown any predilection for
the old conservatives, who had tried to surround him, the
true liberals had reposed faith in him, but he had not
realized their expectations. Jerez and his associates, on
their return from Costa Rica, had awaited an invitation to
effect a fusion of parties, in order that the people should
see the govt pursuing a liberal and generous policy. Jerez'
advances had been coldly, and even disdainfully, met. Hence
his letter to Guzman of June 26th, telling him that while he
had pretended sympathy for the liberal cause, its friends
had never seen any tangible proof of it. 'Muchas veces V.
ha manifestado simpatías por las causas liberales; pero no
las hemos visto eficaces.' Other charges were: usurpation of
powers, inefficiency, illegal expenditures of public moneys,
nepotism, encouragement to smugglers, etc. At a subsequent
date, after his arms had proved victorious, Guzman denied
that he had done any of the things imputed to him, proudly
asserting that no government had in these latter days
respected the rights of all citizens as his administration
had done, and he challenged one and all to bring forward
proofs that he had before the revolution broke out deprived
any citizen of his life, liberty, or property. Faults may
have been committed by the govt, but it was folly to deny
that republicanism had not become a reality under it. The
knowledge of this by the people confined the revolution
within narrow bounds, and gave victory to Guzman; and it was
by his generosity that the promoters of the rebellion escaped
the consequences of their ill-advised step.
[XXIII-6] 1. Special attention to primary instruction
supported by the gov.; 2. Freedom to teach; 3. Suppression
of monopolies, and establishment of a single tax; 4.
Protection to industry and trade; 5. Americanism, or unity
on the American continent, for the support and progress of
republican liberty; 6. Restoration of the Cent. Am. union, by
force of arms if necessary; 7. Encouragement of immigration
by liberal measures; 8. Liberal principles in religious
matters, as far as willingly accepted by the gen. convictions
of the people; 9. Abolition of the death penalty; 10. Trial
by jury; 11. Direct elections. This plan was signed by
M. Jerez, T. Martinez, Buenav. Selva, and Francisco Baca.
_Nic._, _Boletin Gob._ (Leon), July 1, 1869.
[XXIII-7] Holding it till Aug. 11th, when for ill health,
as was made to appear, he turned it over to Martinez. _Id._,
July 30, Aug. 4, 1869. The latter in joining the revolution
said that he had left his retirement 'para ponerme á cubierto
de las demasías y violencias de la administracion.' It
appears, however, that the govt of Guzman had tendered him
the position of minister plenipotentiary in London. _Nic._,
_Gaceta_, June 8, 1867.
[XXIII-8] Martial law established throughout the republic;
passports were required to leave the same, and to go from one
department to another; a forced loan of $100,000; and a board
created to procure resources for the army. _Nic._, _Gaceta_,
July 3, 1869. A number of citizens known or suspected to
favor the rebellion were arrested and their property seized.
Their friends accused the government of having confined
the prisoners 'en calabozos inmundos, oscuros, y malsanos,'
which is not unlikely. Others fled, among them being Gerónimo
Perez.
[XXIII-9] 'Proclamar con los revolucionarios la libertad de
cultos, la separacion de la Iglesia y el Estado, la enseñanza
libre.' _Nic._, _Inf. Min. Neg. Ecles._, 1870, 8.
[XXIII-10] Text of Min. Delgadillo's note in _Nic._,
_Gaceta_, Aug. 14, 1869.
[XXIII-11] At any rate, no step was taken to check them,
nor effort made on behalf of peace. When the govern. won a
signal victory, and was on the point of attacking Leon, the
bishop went off to Rome, leaving his flock in tribulation.
At the end of the war the vicar acknowledged the guilt of the
parish priests, and by his edict of Nov. 6th suspended them.
But after a while he allowed them one third of the parochial
fees, and the privilege of exercising priestly functions. The
consequence was that they kept up their disorderly behavior,
as well as their hostility to the govt.
[XXIII-12] Once because the terms proposed by the insurgents
were declared by the government inadmissible; again a
convention was signed Sept. 25th at Masaya, which had
no effect because the authorities at Leon insisted on
amendments. _Nic._, _Boletin Gob._ (Leon), Aug. 4, 19, 28,
Sept. 4, 1869; _Id._, _Informe Min. Gobern._, Doc. no. iv.
5-6; _Id._, _Doc. Mediacion_, 1-32; _Id._, _Gaceta_, Aug.
28-Oct. 23, passim; Nov. 6, 1869.
[XXIII-13] They claimed a signal victory, for which their
commander, Seferino Gonzalez, wounded in the fight, was
promoted to gen. of division. _Nic._, _Boletin Gob._ (Leon),
July 30, Aug. 4, 1869; _Id._, _Gaceta_, Aug. 28, 1869.
[XXIII-14] According to Gen. Jerez' report of Aug. 31st,
the fight lasted from 3 o'clock till dark; Medina's defeat
was complete, losing 360 rifles and 4 pieces of artillery.
The victors also had several prominent officers killed and
wounded. _Nic._, _Boletin Gob._ (Leon), Aug. 31, 1869.
[XXIII-15] Sept. 12th. The former gen.-in-chief, J. D.
Estrada, an officer who distinguished himself in the campaign
against Walker, had died Aug. 12th. _Nic._, _Gaceta_, Sept.
18, 1869.
[XXIII-16] _Nic._, _Informe Min. Gobern._, 1870, Doc. iv. 6,
14-15.
[XXIII-17] He also asked them to forsake the cause of those
men. The govt had on the 21st, decreed a full pardon to all
who should voluntarily surrender. _Nic._, _Gaceta_, Oct. 23,
1869.
[XXIII-18] Convention of Oct. 24th, between Guzman and
Riotte, associated with Francisco Zamora, the representative
of the insurgent chiefs. 1. Full amnesty. 2. Gen. Sebastian
Gutierrez, one of the two officers asked for by the
revolutionists, was to be made military governor of the dept
of Leon. 3. A constituent congress to be convoked within six
months, or earlier, if possible. 4. The constituent congress
to resolve upon the recognition and payment of the debt
contracted by the revolution, the govt being willing to place
it on the same footing with that incurred by it since June
25th. 5. The insurgents were to surrender all public arms and
war material of every kind to the person appointed by Guzman
to receive them. Riotte was authorized to do so. 6. Perfect
freedom in the elections about to be made. 7. The government
to place at the head of the departments only peaceably
disposed men, to promote and maintain conciliation between
political parties. 8. The convention to be definitive from
the moment of its being signed, Riotte promising that the
delivery of arms by the insurgents should begin on the 26th.
This convention was ratified at Managua Oct. 25th by Acting
Pres. Chamorro, countersigned by Antonio Falla, sec. of govt
and war. _Nic._, _Gaceta_, Jan. 8, March 19, 1870; _Nic._,
_Semanal Nic._, Jan. 2, 1873; _Nic._, _Informe Min. Gobern._,
1870, Doc. iv. In 1870 congress rejected the 3d clause and
approved the 4th. During these troubles the rights of foreign
residents were protected by Min. Riotte. _Id._, _Informe Min.
Rel._, 1870, 1-24. Credit is also due to the efforts of the
commissioners from the other Cent. Am. states to bring about
peace. The revolutionists began the surrender of arms on the
27th, placing at Riotte's command 20 pieces of artillery,
2,292 other fire-arms, etc.
[XXIII-19] _Nic._, _Gaceta_, Oct. 30, Nov. 20, Dec. 4, 1869.
[XXIII-20] 'Por el tino, firmeza, y energía que supo
desplegar en la emergencia por que acaba de pasar Nicaragua.'
_Id._, Jan. 29, 1870; _Nic._, _Decretos Legisl._, 1869-70,
94.
[XXIII-21] In his inaugural speech, he promised to follow in
the footsteps of his predecessor, whose policy he extolled,
expressing his acknowledgments. His words were: 'Dejando
en práctica principios políticos, y mejoras materiales,
que antes de él apénas se habian ensayado.' _Id._, March
4, 11, 1871; _Id._, _Manif. Disc. Inaug._, no. ix.; _Id._,
_Mensaje_, March 1, 1871, 1-10.
[XXIII-22] Message and reply in _Nic._, _Gaceta_, Apr. 8,
1871.
[XXIII-23] The gov. encountered much difficulty to effect a
loan, except on ruinous terms. Meantime, the utmost economy
was observed; nearly all public works were at a stand-still.
[XXIII-24] Their supporters believed that their example would
be beneficial to the morals of the native clergy, which made
a writer remark: 'Debe hacerle mucha cosquilla á nuestros
clérigos, que casi todos son doblemente padres.' _El Porvenir
de Nic._, Dec. 3, 1871.
[XXIII-25] Its opponents abused Quadra for doing what the
condition of the country required. Easing the treasury,
reforming the administrative system, and restoring public
credit. For this they called him a retrogressionist, a
despot, and a fool; for being a respecter of the laws they
claimed he should be censured.
[XXIII-26] It was insinuated that the Pan. R. R. Co. might
be underhandedly promoting discord, to throw obstacles in
the way of an interoceanic canal being made in Nic. The
company had been also suspected of doing so in the late war
between Salv. and Hond., to prevent, or at least retard, the
construction of an interoceanic railway in the latter state.
Such reports probably had no foundation in fact.
[XXIII-27] In Subtiava, dept of Leon, there was a sedition
of Indians, accompanied with murders, and finally the
authorities had to resort to force. _Salgado_, _Mem._, 1-18;
_Nic._, _Gaceta_, Oct. 12, 19, 1872. There were scandalous
proceedings in Rivas, Chinandega, Chichigalpa, island of
Ometepe, Matagalpa, and elsewhere. In some places the priests
headed the drunken rabble, armed with clubs and crying Viva
la religion! Mueran los herejes! To the native priests and
jesuits were imputed all the troubles. _El Porvenir de Nic._,
Oct. 20, 1872.
[XXIII-28] He spoke of certain exiles, 'individuos de órdenes
monásticas, cuyo establecimiento definitivo en el país no
permiten las leyes, pero que permanecen aún asilados.' _Id._,
Jan. 12, 1873; _Nic._, _Gaceta_, Jan. 11, 1873; _Id._,
_Semanal Nic._, Jan. 2, 1873.
[XXIII-29] Several members visited him to congratulate him
on the second anniversary of his accession to the executive
office. _Nic._, _Renuncia_, 1-3; _Id._, _Gaceta_, March 8,
1873.
[XXIII-30] By a vote of 10 against 5 in the chamber of
deputies. _El Porvenir de Nic._, Feb. 16, 1873; _Nic._,
_Gaceta_, Apr. 12, 1873.
[XXIII-31] Congress acknowledged that Nic. could not remain
a passive spectator of those events. _Nic._, _Mensaje_, 1-8;
_Nic._, _Semanal Nic._, Aug. 28, 1873; _El Porvenir de Nic._,
Sept. 7, 1873; _Nic._, _Gaceta_, Sept. 27, Oct. 4, 18, 1873.
[XXIII-32] The Costa Rican officer Ramon Tinoco was
implicated. The money—some $22,000—was brought by P.
Salamanca, apparently for the purchase of cattle, but really
for revolutionary purposes. Both Salamanca and Tinoco, when
their plan became known, escaped. _Nic._, _Semanal Nic._,
Aug. 28, 1873.
[XXIII-33] The memorandum of B. Carazo, minister of Guatemala
and Salvador, had for its main objects the overthrow of the
existing govt of Costa R., and the expulsion of the jesuits
from Nicaraguan territory. After a discussion on the latter
point, Carazo no longer insisted on that action. _Nic._,
_Informe Min. Rel._, in _Nic._, _Gaceta_, Oct. 18, 1873. In
the last preceding chapter this subject was also mentioned.
[XXIII-34] _Guat._, _Recop. Ley._, _Gob. Democ._, i. 198-200;
_U. S. Govt Doc._, H. Ex. Doc., Cong. 43, Sess. 2, 112, 117,
123.
[XXIII-35] Máximo Jerez, though a champion of unity, opposed
the treaty on the ground that it violated that of friendship
with Costa Rica, wherein it was stipulated that neither party
should wage war against the other, nor enter into offensive
alliances without first having asked for explanations; which
formality he claimed had not yet been complied with. _Nic._,
_Gaceta_, Oct. 18, Nov. 8, 1873. The treaty was approved
in the senate by nine votes against two, the two nays being
those of Jerez and Seferino Gonzalez. _Nic._, _Semanal Nic._,
Oct. 9, 1873; _El Porvenir de Nic._, Oct. 12, 1873.
[XXIII-36] The loyal people of Nic. at once manifested their
resolve to sustain the govt. _Nic._, _Semanal Nic._, Nov. 20,
29, Dec. 4, 6, 11, 20, 1873; Jan. 3, 10, 1874.
[XXIII-37] Dec. 6th, to Gen. F. Espinosa, the Salvadoran
commander. _Nic._, _Mem. Min. Gobern_, 1875, 3-5; _Id._,
_Semanal Nic._, Nov. 6-20, 1873; _Id._, _Gaceta_, Nov. 15,
Dec. 20, 1873; _Pan. Star and Herald_, Dec. 16, 1873.
[XXIII-38] The troops were congratulated on their good
fortune in not being used as 'instrumentos inocentes de
venganzas y pasiones ajenas,' as so many before them had
been. _Nic._, _Semanal Nic._, Jan. 31, 1874. The proprietor
and editor of this journal was A. H. Rivas, the min. of
foreign affairs.
[XXIII-39] There were a few local riots, and the government
was made the subject of violent abuse in flying sheets.
_Nic._, _Mem. Min. Gobern._, 1875, 7-12; _Id._, _Gaceta_,
Oct. 10, Nov. 21, 1874.
[XXIII-40] _Nic._, _Mensaje del Presid._, 1-11; _Id._,
_Contestacion_, 1-2; _Pan. Star and Herald_, Feb. 3, 1875.
[XXIII-41] No policy was laid down by him to be pursued
without deviation, except that in general terms he assured
congress and the people of his disposition to respect the
laws, maintain peace, and do his best for the happiness and
prosperity of his country. _Salv._, _Diario Ofic._, Apr. 10,
11, 1875.
[XXIII-42] She placed a large force in Guanacaste, and Nic.
had to station another on the frontier under Gen. Joaquin
Zavala. A plot was discovered in March 1876, and about 20
prominent persons concerned in it were expelled, some going
to Costa R., and others to Hond. _Salv._, _Diario Ofic._,
March 22, 26, 1876.
[XXIII-43] The govt had endeavored to maintain and
develop the harmony which Quadra had established with the
ecclesiastical authorities. The bishop and his clergy
efficaciously impressed on the masses respect for pub.
authority, love for their institutions, and a spirit of
independence. _Nic._, _Mensaje del Presid._, Jan. 24, 1877.
[XXIII-44] Nov. 15, 1876. Later on the govts of Guat. and
Salv. united their efforts to restore a friendly feeling
betw. Nic. and Costa R., and finally succeeded in their
purpose. _Salv._, _Gaceta Ofic._, June 7, 12, 1877. Relations
were reopened in June 1878.
[XXIII-45] A visitation of locusts did great havoc in the
corps; and a succession of gales from the 3d to the 5th of
October caused heavy damages in the city and department of
Managua, in Granada, Rivas, and other parts, including a
large portion of Mosquitia, ruining many valuable estates.
[XXIII-46] _Chamorro_, _Discurso en el acto de entrega_,
March 1, 1879.
[XXIII-47] He based his conclusion on this ground: 'La
trasmision legal y tranquila del Mando Supremo, que viene
repitiéndose desde tantos años en Nicaragua.' _Nic._,
_Discurso Inaug. del Presid. Zavala_, March 1, 1879; _Salv._,
_Diario Ofic._, Sept. 28, Nov. 12, Dec. 12, 22, 1878; Jan.
22, March 13, 1879; _Voz de Méj._, May 6, 1879.
[XXIII-48] The following measures were passed: law of
civil registration; penal code; mode of procedure in
criminal cases; creation of justices of the peace, and
military courts of first resort, to take the place of the
governors of departments, where for greater economy it has
been deemed expedient to suppress these officers, as well
as the respective military garrisons; restoration of the
universities; and the appropriations for the current fiscal
biennial term. It also sanctioned the treaty concluded with
Guat. and Salv. in 1877, and the treaties and conventions
lately entered into with Hond.; namely, amity, commerce,
extradition, exportation of cattle, postal, and telegraphic.
[XXIII-49] Those on the railway decreed by the assembly
of 1876, and begun by the former administration, were
progressing. Two important contracts were made, one for
navigation on the lake by fair-sized steam vessels, and
another for the construction of a railroad from Chinandega
to Moábita or Leon Viejo, and thence to Granada. The section
between Corinto and Chinandega went into operation Jan. 1st.
Telegraphic lines were in working order. A contract had also
been concluded to lay a submarine cable to connect with the
Mexican telegraphs.
[XXIII-50] Excise tax on real estates, export duties, and
certain monopolies were abolished.
[XXIII-51] _Pan. Star and Herald_, March 5, 1881.
[XXIII-52] Among them were one for amending the constitution,
and for abolishing judicial fees, in order to have gratuitous
administration of justice. An act to seize private lands,
by paying for it, for facilitating the construction of
railroads, was passed. _Id._, Apr. 1, 1881.
[XXIII-53] It was proved beyond a doubt. _El Porvenir de
Nic._, May 28, 1881.
[XXIII-54] In exhorting the young to avail themselves of
the advantages the institute would afford them, he said that
christianity was the true basis of education, and added that
liberty of conscience and of speech was necessary for the
perfect education of free men.
[XXIII-55] Several prominent citizens, among whom were
Ex-president Chamorro, and Ex-minister Rivas, urged the govt
to let the jesuits remain; but their arguments could not
stand against Zavala's determination to rid his country of a
dangerous religious and political body. _Nic._, _Mem. Min.
Gobern._, 1883, 5-6, annexes A and B; _Costa R._, June 9,
1885; _Pan. Star and Herald_, May 21, June 16-18, 1883; _S.
F. Bulletin_, July 6, 16, 1881.
[XXIII-56] He was a man about 55 years of age, of small
stature, gray-haired, and wearing spectacles. His sharp,
intelligent eyes showed the man of culture and shrewdness.
[XXIII-57] He organized his cabinet with the following
ministers: Teodoro Delgadillo, of justice and religion;
Francisco Castellon, of foreign affairs and pub. instruction;
Jose Chamorro, of pub. works; Joaquin Elizondo, of war and
marine. _Nic._, _Mem. Min. Rel._, 1884, 8; _Pan. Star and
Herald_, Oct. 20, Dec. 1, 1882; March 20, Apr. 17, 1883.
[XXIII-58] Vicente Navas, Enrique Guzman, Gilberto Larios,
and Ladislao Argüello were appointed to represent Nic. at the
conference of delegates of the five republics.
[XXIII-59] Small-pox and dysentery broke out in several
districts, destroying many lives. The town of San Cárlos
was burned down; and the eruption of Ometepe volcano drove
the inhabitants of that island from their homes. The govt
afforded relief to the sufferers. Other places have been
lately injured by earthquakes. _Nic._, _Mensaje Pres.
Cárdenas_, Jan. 15, 1885; _Costa R._, _Gaceta_, Feb. 3, 4,
1885.
[XXIII-60] On the 13th and 14th of March they issued
manifestos to Central Americans in general, as well as
to their own people, inviting them to resist Barrios,
who, as they said, claiming to seek the reconstruction
of the old union, really was bent on conquest for his own
aggrandizement. _Costa R._, _Boletin Ofic._, March 13, 23,
29, Apr. 2, 1885; _U. S. Gov. Doc._, Sen Jour., 1884-5,
568-71; _S. F. Call_, March 13, 1885; _S. F. Chronicle_,
March 13, 1885.
[XXIII-61] _Costa R._, _Gaceta_, June 2, 1885.
[XXIII-62] They fled in disorder on the approach of govt
troops. Costa R. and Hond. had placed forces on the frontiers
to secure their neutrality. _Id._, Nov. 4, 8, 10, Dec. 4,
1885; _Pan. Star and Herald_, Dec. 29, 1885.
[XXIV-1] Urbina was made a brigadier a few months after he
became governor, and died Feb. 22, 1805, on which day the
teniente rey Mata took the govt. _Pan. Star and Herald_, Oct.
3, 1868.
[XXIV-2] Each province was ruled by a governor and comandante
de armas, and the partidos by alcaldes mayores, all being,
however, under the governor at the capital, in whose hands
were the superior civil government, the real patronato,
and the superintendency of the treasury. _Pan. Docs._, in
_Pan._, _Col. Docs._, MS., no. 36, 6; _Arosemena_, _Apunt.
Hist._, 3-4; _Id._, in _Pan. Bol. Ofic._, Feb. 25, 1868;
_Arosemena, Mariano_, _Apuntamientos Históricos con relacion
al Istmo de Panamá_, Pan., 1868, 8vo, 48 pp. The author, one
of the prominent citizens who took an active part in the
affairs related by him, and was one of the signers of the
independence, kept a diary of events occurring on the Isthmus
during many years, and in 1868, as he tells us, purposed
the publication of his memoranda from 1801 to 1840. I have
succeeded in obtaining a portion of his writings, and find
them important for the period embraced. Mariano Arosemena
died at Panamá on the 31st of May, 1868. He had several sons
and daughters, one of the former being the distinguished
Colombian statesman, Justo Arosemena, who has held high
diplomatic positions in Europe, the United States, and
South American republics, besides some of the most important
offices in his own country.
[XXIV-3] _Arosemena_, _Apunt._, 5; _Bol. Of._ (1868), 32. For
the district of Panamá proper, there was, moreover, a high
justice, 'justicia mayor de cruces,' who on entering the city
had power to take cognizance of all affairs laid before the
alcaldes.
[XXIV-4] In addition to the regular troops of one company
of artillery and one battalion of infantry, distributed in
various places, there were militia forces comprising one
battalion of white and one of colored soldiers at Panamá, an
equal force at Natá, one battalion of whites in Veragua, and
seven companies infantry and artillery scattered in different
places. _Bol. Of._ (1868), 32.
[XXIV-5] Arosemena, _Apunt._, 10-11, gives several titles
of such books, of which as specimens may be mentioned _Las
Fábulas de Samaniego_, _El Año Cristiano_, _El Semanario
Santo_.
[XXIV-6] There was a college de propaganda fide of
Franciscans; convents of barefooted Augustinians, Dominicans,
and the order of Mercy; nunneries of la Concepcion and
San Juan de Dios; moreover a hospital, and a charitable
institution, dedicated to Santo Tomás de Villanueva, for poor
women. Hospitals belonging to the order of San Juan de Dios
existed likewise at Natá and Portobello. _Bol. Of._ (1868),
32.
[XXIV-7] The transportation into town was effected at night,
and generally in packages, similar in size and shape to those
used for carrying country products to market. _Arosemena_,
_Apunt._, 8.
[XXIV-8] Prompted by the Franciscans, public processions were
held, at which some persons wore crowns of thorns, others
carried heavy crosses on their shoulders, or ropes round
their necks, etc.
[XXIV-9] Full particulars on this point have been given in
connection with the histories of Mexico and Guatemala for
that period.
[XXIV-10] Distinctions of classes, resulting from differences
of color, were natural enough; but the rivalry was now
intense between natives of Spain, and Americans of pure
Spanish descent.
[XXIV-11] The permission was granted by the governor of
Panamá, and never revoked even though its political influence
became apparent, because of the increase of revenue resulting
from that trade. _Bol. Of._ (1868), 72.
[XXIV-12] A detailed account of the occurrences at Cartagena
is given in _Restrepo_, _Hist. Col._, ii. 165-8.
[XXIV-13] The governor of Panamá had hastened to send an
auxiliary force of several hundred men, but it arrived too
late. _Arosemena_, _Apunt._, 19.
[XXIV-14] 'Una expresion indiscreta que el español Don
José Llorente dijo á Don Francisco Morales ... por la que
despreciaba á los americanos.' _Restrepo_, _Hist. Col._, ii.
174.
[XXIV-15] In August the same junta obliged the viceroy to go
to Cartagena, and thence to Spain. _Id._, 191.
[XXIV-16] Indeed, the authority of the Spanish córtes was
formally recognized by the several provinces as late as
1811, and it was only afterward that thoughts of absolute
independence were expressed.
[XXIV-17] The Spanish party ridiculed the aspirations of the
patriots, because of certain dissensions already cropping out
among them. _Bol. Ofic._, 1868, 75.
[XXIV-18] 'Deben ser el primer objeto de la defensa y de la
tierna solicitud del congreso ... redimiendo las segundas de
las cadenas que hoy las oprimen.' _Arosemena_, _Apunt._, 22;
_Bol. Ofic._, 1868, 75.
[XXIV-19] He assumed the government at Portobello, Feb. 19th,
and somewhat later transferred himself to Panamá. _Restrepo_,
_Hist. Col._, viii. 28, followed by Perez, _Jeog._, 109.
[XXIV-20] A letter from the vice-president of the junta
gubernativa at Cartagena to Commandant Ríbon at Mompós let
out the object of the mission. _Arosemena_, _Apunt._, 24.
[XXIV-21] Gov. Mata had died in 1812, soon after his
promotion to mariscal de campo. He was succeeded by Brigadier
Victor Salcedo, who ruled only a few days.
[XXIV-22] The cause was dissatisfaction of the regency at
Cádiz because he had remained in Panamá instead of selecting
some other place from which he might have reached Bogotá.
[XXIV-23] 'Arrancó el ayuntamiento de Panamá con insidiosos
manejos del gobierno de Cádiz el decreto de que fuese el R.
Obispo removido de su silla.' _Torrente_, _Hist. Rev._, ii.
69. The name of the bishop was Joaquin Gonzalez, who died
in July 1813. His successor was José Higinio Duran y Martel,
mentioned as bishop for the first time in 1814, who was one
of the signers of the independence—_Bol. Of._ (1868), 88—and
still in office in 1821. See also _Pan. Col. Doc._, no. 125,
MS.
[XXIV-24] Other distinctions, among which an addition to
the coat of arms, were also resolved in the same session.
_Córtes_, _Actas Ord._ (1814), ii. 206.
[XXIV-25] His decree of May 4, 1814, was carried out on the
Isthmus in August of the same year. _Pan._, _Doc. Hist._, in
_Pan._, _Col. Doc._, no. 36, MS., 8-19.
[XXIV-26] Bustamante, _Cuad. Hist._, iv. 161-3, gives the
number as 10,473, which agrees with the figures given by
Restrepo, _Hist. Col._, vi. 49; but this authority refers
only to the troops.
[XXIV-27] This was the principal object; 'asegurar este istmo
en sujecion perpetua á la España, fuera cual fuese el éxito
final de la guerra de la independencia de las colonias de S.
M. C. en el Nuevo Mundo;' which is confirmed by the words of
the royal order of May 9, 1815, speaking of the expedition as
made in view of 'la importancia de poner en el respetable pié
de defensa que conviene, al Istmo de Panamá, llave de ambas
Américas.' _Arosemena_, _Apunt._, 29-30.
[XXIV-28] The vessel carrying Hore and part of his force
was captured near Cartagena by two small ships belonging
to the revolutionists. _Restrepo_, _Hist. Col._, vi. 95-6;
_Torrente_, _Hist. Rev._, ii. 178-9.
[XXIV-29] It had been held ad interim by Juan Domingo
Iturralde, _Arosemena_, _Apunt._, 30-1, who was the governor
of Veragua and adjoining districts. _Pan._, _Doc. Hist._, in
_Pan._, _Col. Doc._, no. 36, MS., 8.
[XXIV-30] Arosemena, _Apunt._, 31, speaks of his 'detestacion
de los principios de gobierno representativo,' and says on
page 42 that he was the man employed by Fernando VII. to
dissolve in 1814 the Spanish córtes.
[XXIV-31] The king had decreed the reëstablishment of the
order in Spanish America, but it was not carried out on the
Isthmus, there being no members of the society here, nor any
one willing to join it. 'Andábamos ya algo despreocupados,'
says an authority. The society was already looked on as an
agent of despotism and perpetual state of vassalage. _Bol.
Ofic._, 1868, 112.
[XXIV-32] 'Prometiéndoles ganancias enormes, pero propias de
las circunstancias.' _Restrepo_, _Hist. Col._, vii. 168.
[XXIV-33] While the assailants had all their attention
centred on Portobello, a Spanish vessel, with $70,000 on
board, passed the port unperceived. _Weatherhead's Darien_,
29.
[XXIV-34] MacGregor had probably never read the adventures of
Vasco Nuñez de Balboa.
[XXIV-35] Weatherhead, _Darien_, 43, says that Spanish
officers in disguise fearlessly walked the streets, and
entered the fort to drink with the men. They had passports
issued by the former alcalde, who had returned after the
occupation of the city, and in whom MacGregor foolishly
placed confidence.
[XXIV-36] Such is Weatherhead's version. _Darien_, 57-62.
Hore denied having agreed to the capitulation, adding that
he regarded the men as bandits; and had demanded their
surrender at discretion. Restrepo, giving no credence to
Hore's assertion, declares his proceeding 'accion vil, digna
de los jefes españoles de América.' Arosemena says: 'Bajo
capitulacion, ó sin ella, pues esto no es del todo conocido,
se sindieron.' _Apunt._, 38-9. Santa Cruz, who was made
governor of Portobello, shortly after Hore went to Panamá
captured two vessels which had on board about 100 men brought
from England to reinforce MacGregor; but it is unknown what
became of the prisoners. _Restrepo_, _Hist. Col._, vii.
173-4, 176.
[XXIV-37] 'Terminó por la ineptitud del gefe esta espedicion
que hizo mucho ruido,' observes Restrepo, _Hist. Col._,
vii. 175. Weatherhead, _Darien_, 63-7, though admitting the
general's incompetency, tries to apologize for his behavior.
[XXIV-38] This was pursuant to general orders from the king.
The same treatment was to be awarded to persons captured
under similar circumstances, 'sin dar cuenta, ni consultar
á esta superioridad hasta despues de haberlo verificado.'
_Doc._, in _Restrepo_, _Hist. Col._, x. 190.
[XXIV-39] Weatherhead, _Darien_, 96, speaks of 14, while
Restrepo, _Hist. Col._, vii. 177-8, mentions only 10.
[XXIV-40] Restrepo says that only 40 had survived, while
Weatherhead gives the figures as in the text. I have in
most cases preferred to follow the latter authority in his
_An Account of the Late Expedition against the Isthmus of
Darien_, London, 1821, pp. 134, map, by W. D. Weatherhead,
as the work was written under the fresh impression of the
events described, and by one whose position and participation
in the expedition as a surgeon enabled him to obtain the
most reliable information. This is furnished, together with
such other historical data as the author, by means of slight
investigation, could procure in addition to the narrative of
the expedition and descriptions of different places on the
Isthmus. Appended is professional information on diseases,
climates, and state of medical science in the province of
Tierra Firme.
[XXIV-41] The constitution of the Spanish monarchy was
published on the Isthmus about May 1821. Its publication in
Alange took place in that month. _Pan._, _Doc. Hist._, in
_Pan._, _Col. Doc._, MS., no. 36, fol. 26.
[XXIV-42] Alcaldes—Luis Laso de la Vega, and Mariano
Arosemena. Regidores—Manuel de Arce Delgado, Juan Manuel
Berguido, Pedro Jimenez, Cárlos Icaza, Juan José Calvo,
Remigio Laso, José Pablo Jimenez, and Tadeo Perez.
Secretary—Manuel Maria Ayala. _Arosemena_, _Apunt._, 41-2.
[XXIV-43] He died July 8, 1820. Arosemena, _Apunt._, 42,
places the death in Aug. Another trouble was his inability to
pay the soldiers, who clamored for their dues. _Weatherhead's
Darien_, 116-17.
[XXIV-44] The application of municipal revenue to local
purposes; and that the police be composed of citizens under
the control of the cabildo; the military patrols should be
discontinued.
[XXIV-45] Many families abandoned the city to escape his
persecutions.
[XXIV-46] His influence was to be seen, nevertheless, in the
low tone of the press, and in the discontinuance of political
meetings.
[XXIV-47] Their names are given in _Bol. Of._ (1869), 31.
[XXIV-48] _Restrepo_, _Hist. Col._, viii. 28; _Arosemena_,
_Apunt._, 47.
[XXIV-49] Perez, _Jeog._, 110, calls him Murjea.
[XXIV-50] His arrival at Chagres is set down by Arosemena,
_Apunt._, 47-8, on the 2d of Aug., 1821; others place him
in Panamá on the 17th. _Restrepo_, _Hist. Col._, viii. 29;
_Perez_, _Jeog._, 110.
[XXIV-51] Porras had been transferred to Yucatan, and his
successor, Brigadier Tomás Cires, had been detained at Puerto
Cabello. _Arosemena_, _Apunt._, 48. Fábrega was the governor
of Veragua and adjoining districts. _Pan._, _Doc. Hist._, in
_Pan._, _Col. Doc._, MS., no. 36, 25.
[XXIV-52] The church lent him some money, and he obtained
$20,000 more from the sale of armament to Peru. _Bol. Ofic._,
1869, 31.
[XXIV-53] Mourgeon had the idea of taking with him some
persons whom he suspected of disloyalty, but desisted.
_Arosemena_, _Apunt._, 48.
[XXIV-54] 'No declararon el gobierno que se daban, ni cosa
alguna sobre los negocios de la transformacion política:
novicios, se contentaron con llamarse independientes.' _Bol._
_Ofic._, 1869, 31.
[XXIV-55] The commissioners were José María Chiari and Juan
de la Cruz Perez.
[XXIV-56] Mollien, _Colombie_, ii. 140-1, asserts that the
officers were induced to desert, partly by threats, and
partly by paying them two months' arrears due them by the
government.
[XXIV-57] Blas, Mariano, and Gaspar Arosemena, and José María
Barrientos.
[XXIV-58] The deserters became so many recruits for an
independent army.
[XXIV-59] 'Panamá, espontáneamente, y conforme al voto
general de los pueblos de su comprension, se declara libre
é independiente del Gobierno español.' Bol. _Ofic._, 1869,
32. The anniversary of the independence has been ever since
celebrated with due honors on the 28th of November.
[XXIV-60] Some had favored absolute independence, and others
union with Peru.
[XXIV-61] The military were left free to stay or leave the
Isthmus. In the latter event they would be furnished means to
go to Cuba, provided they pledged themselves not to use arms
against the independent states of America. Similar provisions
were made for soldiers and officers detained by sickness.
Another document speaks only of defraying the expenses to
Chagres or Portobello, the transfer to be made as soon as the
forts there surrendered. _Pan. Doc._
[XXIV-62] In the _Bol. Of._ (1869), 32, the names of 25
are given, whereas a printed copy of the act in _Pan. Doc._
gives four more. Other copies of the text will be found in
the _Gac._, _Imp. Mex._ (1821), ii. 110-12; _Gac._, _Guad._
(1822), 315-16; _Am. St. Pap._, iv. 832-5; _Pan. Star and
Herald_, Nov. 28, 1883.
[XXIV-63] Niles, _S. Am. and Mex._, ii. 118, gives the day
as Dec. 15th, a date also vaguely indicated by Scheffer in
_Revue Amér._, i. 183.
[XXIV-64] The motion had been made by the inhabitants of
Natá, and was adopted by the citizens assembled at Santiago
under the presidency of Casimiro del Bal, the political
chief ad interim. The oath of independence included also
the condition to uphold the Roman catholic religion, and to
defend the purity of the virgin Mary. The full text is given
in _Veraguas_, _Acta de Independencia_, in _Pan. Col. Doc._,
no. 54, a certified manuscript copy of the original record in
the archives of Santiago.
[XXIV-65] 'Otros pensaron que viniera otra espedicion
española sin que tuviéramos previo conocimiento de ella.'
_Bol. Ofic._, 1869, 32.
[XXIV-66] 'Con esta clase de pasaporte zarparon del puerto,
diciendo, sin embargo, que no podian llevar á efecto el
convenio.... Pero mas tarde se entregaron, al fin, al
Gobierno republicano del Perú.' _Bol. Ofic._, 1869, 32.
From that time, it is believed no Spanish war vessel visited
the Isthmus till August 1863, when, though Spain had not as
yet recognized Colombia's independence, a squadron of that
nation entered Panamá Bay. The visit was altogether friendly.
_Bidwell's Isth. Pan._, 71.
[XXIV-67] Copies of the various constitutions framed from
1811 to 1821 will be found in _Restrepo_, _Hist. Col._, i.
135-42; viii. 5-19, 221-44; ix. 5-31; x. 37-54. A French
translation of the last of Aug. 30, 1821, appears in
_Colombia Const._, in _Ancillon_, _Mélanges Pol._, 9-120, and
commented on in _Revue Amér._, i. 186-215.
[XXIV-68] _Veraguas_, _Decretos del Libertador Bolívar,
Presidente de Colombia_, 1827-8, in _Pan. Col. Docs._, MS.,
no. 64.
[XXIV-69] _Pan. Comand. gen. del istmo_, in _Pan. Col. Doc._,
MS., no. 30, p. 3-8, 11. The Spanish córtes, not knowing
what had occurred on the Isthmus, authorized the government,
Apr. 30, 1822, to create an intendencia in Panamá. _Córtes_,
_Diario, _, 1822, v. Apr. 30, 2.
[XXIV-70] _Alaman_, _Hist. Méj._, v. 581-2; _Méx._, _Col.
Órd. y Dec._, ii. 38-9.
[XXIV-71] _Seemann's Voy._, i. 301. In Veragua orders were
issued, July 23, 1822, to register in future as free all
colored children born of slave mothers. In 1847 there were
only about 380 slaves in the province of Panamá. The national
government in April of that year prohibited the importation
and exportation of slaves. In the latter part of 1849 there
were left in the province of Chiriquí only 32 slaves, and
measures were proposed for their manumission. _Gov. Herrera's
mess._, Sept. 15, 1847, in _Bogotá_, _Gaceta Ofic._, Feb. 6,
1848; _Pan. Col. Doc._, MS., nos. 81, 82; _Chiriquí_, _Mem.
de su prim. gobr_, in _Id._, no. 85, p. 10-11.
[XXIV-72] Soon after there were no slaves in the country.
_Bidwell's Isth. Pan._, 32-3; _Pan._, _Crón. Ofic._, Jan.
22, March 29, Aug. 29, 1852; _S. F. Daily Herald_, Feb.
9, 1852. It was currently reported, and indeed with good
foundation, that a plot was carried out by certain parties
from Cartagena, in or about 1862, who ran off a number of
colored men and women of Panamá to Cuba, where they were sold
into slavery. _Pan._, _Boletin Ofic._, Nov. 27, 1862.
[XXV-1] It was supposed that France, now under an absolute
king, by the prompting of the alliance, had conceived a vast
plan for the conquest of the Spanish American countries,
which till within a few years had been under the catholic
king's domination. Many eminent men in Europe and the U. S.
approved the idea of the American congress, and bestowed
high encomiums on its author. Abbé de Pradt championed it
in his work, _Congrés de Panamá_, saying: 'The congress of
Panamá will be one of the greatest events of our times, and
its effects will be felt to the remotest posterity.' _Pradt_,
_Cong. de Pan._ (Sp. Transl.), 171.
[XXV-2] The plenipotentiaries of the U. S. were R. G.
Anderson, then minister to Bogotá, and J. Sergeant. Anderson
died at Cartagena while on his journey to the Isthmus.
Sergeant arrived too late, but afterward proceeded to Mexico
for the purpose of carrying out his instructions. Full
particulars on the course of the U. S. government will be
found in _Niles' Reg._, xxviii. 131-2; xxix. index 'Panamá'
and 'Congress,' subhead 'Pan.;' xxx. index, p. iv., p. vii.,
54-172, passim, 248; xxxi. index 'Pan.,' 263, 318, 400, 16,
38, 44-7, 65, 129, 312-16; xxxii. 214, 282, 308; xxxvi. index
'Pan.', p. iii., 23-80, passim; _Benton's Thirty Years_, i.
65-9; _Am. St. Pap._, For. Rel., v. 834-40, 899-905, 916-20;
vi. (new set) 356-65, 383-4, 555; _U. S. Cong. Debates_,
1825-6, i. index, p. ii. iii. viii. x.; ii., app. p. 43-105;
_Id._, 1828-9, Index, p. i.; _U. S. Gov. Doc._, Cong. 19,
Sess. 1, H. Doc., 740; _Id._, H. Ex. Doc. 144, viii.; _Id._,
Cong. 19, Sess. 2, H. Ex. Doc. 23, ii. St. Pap.; _Id._,
Cong. 19, Sess. 2, Sen. Doc., i. p. 9, vol. i.; _Id._, Cong.
19, Sess. 1, Sen. Jour., 411-70; _Id._, Cong. 19, Sess. 1,
Rept Commit., ii. Doc. 137, app. nos. 36-41; _Pan. Miss.
Speeches_; _Johnson's Speech on Pan. Miss._; _Hayne's Speech
on Pan. Miss._, _Mayer's Mex. as it was, etc._, 368; _Rev.
Amér._, 111-25, 542-8; _Dem. Rev._, i. 489; _Young's Am.
Statesman_, 352-61; _Lafond_, _Voy._, i. bk. i. 289-90; _N.
Am. Rev._, xxi. 162-76; _Am. Annual Reg._, 1825-6, 79-126;
_Pub. Doc._ 49, 103.
[XXV-3] Dawkins, the British commissioner, according to
Restrepo, _Hist. Revol. Colombia_, acted with commendable
frankness. He limited himself to imparting good advice,
assuring the Sp. Am. plenipotentiaries that his government
would assuredly mediate with Spain; meantime they should
avoid all cause of offence to European powers. Col Van Veer,
the gentleman from Holland, held no public capacity; his
mission was a private one, confined to the expression of his
sovereign's warm wishes for the happiness of the American
republics. _Bidwell's Isth. Pan._, 186-90.
[XXV-4] Their representatives were: for Colombia, Pedro
Gual and Pedro Briceño Mendez; for Central America, Pedro
Molina and Antonio Larrazábal; for Peru, Manuel de Vidaurre
and Manuel Perez de Tudela; and for Mexico, José Mariano
Michelena and José Dominguez. _Santangelo_, _Cong. Pan._,
1-166.
[XXV-5] In proof of the assertion, Colombia was to furnish
15,250 men of the three arms, one line-of-battle ship of 70
to 80 guns, one frigate of 64, and two of 44. These vessels
would cost her nearly two and a quarter million dollars,
besides the expense to maintain them armed, manned, and
otherwise thoroughly equipped. Where was Colombia, already
burdened with a considerable annual deficit, to get the means
for supporting such an army and navy?
[XXV-6] On the 8th of Aug., 1826, he wrote to Gen. Paez from
Lima: 'The congress of Panamá, an admirable institution were
it more efficacious, resembles the Greek lunatic that wanted
to direct from a rock the sailing of ships. Its power will
be but a shadow, and its decrees mere counsels.' _Caicedo_,
_Union Lat. Am._, 33-10, 97-110.
[XXV-7] There were doubtless other reasons, such as the
agitations menacing Colombia, fear of an invasion by France
in the name of the holy alliance; or the bad climate and lack
of facilities in Panamá. _Méx._, _El Sol_, no. 1203; _Guat._,
_Redaitor Gen._, suppl. to no. 27; _Marure_, _Bosq. Hist.
Cent. Am._, i. 138-9.
[XXV-8] The enemies of Bolívar accused him of aiming, through
an American league, at the control of all Spanish America
to make himself its ruler. The following authorities have
also treated more or less fully of the Panamá congress:
_Mora_, _Revol. Mej._, i. 354-8; _La Palanca_, Sept. 14,
Oct. 26, 1826; _Zavala_, _Revol. Mex._, i. 389-90; _Cuevas_,
_Porvenir_, 387-497; _Mex._, _Mem. Rel._, 1827, Doc. 2,
11-13; _Bustamante_, _Voz de la Patria_, ii. no. 15, 2-3;
_Amigo del Pueblo_, ii. no. 5, 132-3; iii. 395-419; iv.
223-4; _Cor. Fed. Mex._, Nov. 28, 1826; _Rivera_, _Hist.
Jalapa_, ii. 395-6; _Tornel_, _Breve Reseña_, 48-50; _Gaz.
Mex. Extraord._, 1826, i. no. 5; _Mex._, _Gac. de Gob._, July
4-Sept. 21, 1826, passim; _Tucker's Monroe Doctrine_, 23-36.
[XXV-9] The capital of Spanish Guiana, near the Orinoco and
Old Guiana.
[XXV-10] Among the governors of Veragua were, in Jan. 1823,
José M. Chiari; in June 1823, Miguel A. Figueredo; in 1824-5,
Pedro Guillen; and in 1828, F. Fábrega. Gov. of Panamá,
1826, J. J. Argote. Intendente and comandante general of
the departm. of the Isthmus in 1827, Col Man. Muñoz; in June
1828, J. Sardá. _Veraguas_, _Gob._, in _Pinart_, _Pan. Col.
Doc._, MS., no. 29, 34; _Pinart_, _Pan. Col. Doc._, MS., no.
2, 80, et seq.
[XXV-11] José Vallarino of Panamá was one of its members,
and soon after was made vice-president, and a little later
councillor of state. A popular man in his section, he was
at one time thought of for a senatorship, and at another for
the presidency of the republic. In 1816 he had been the royal
treasurer, an office conferred on him as a reward of his own
past services, as well as of those of his father, Bernardo,
and his uncle, Bruno, who had been a member of the council
of the Indies. At the separation from the mother country he
joined the independent movement, afterward holding several
honorable positions. His descendants live on the Isthmus.
_Id._, no. 1, 1-8.
[XXV-12] Since 1829 Nueva Granada had been divided into
departments with a prefect at the head of each. The prefect
of Panamá was J. Sardá. His rule was despotic, involving the
abuse of prominent citizens, and levying a forced loan for
pretended defence of the Isthmus. _Sardá, J._, _Decreto_, May
25, 1829. He was executed at Bogotá in 1833 under sentence of
the law for a plot to murder the president. _Necrología_, in
_El Constitucional del Istmo_.
[XXV-13] Their functions were those of the former prefect.
_Pinart_, _Pan. Coll. Doc._, MS., no. 62.
[XXV-14] The constitution of 1830, of the old republic,
had been in force till now. _Obando, J. M._, _Decreto_,
in _Pinart_, _Pan. Coll. Miscell. Pap._, no. 14; _El
Constitutional del Istmo_, Jan. 14, 28; Apr. 21, May 7, 14,
28, 1832; _Veraguas_, _Recop. Ordenanzas_, 20.
[XXV-15] The following authorities appear in official
documents: Province of Panamá, 1832-3, Gov. Juan José Argote;
in 1834, acting gov., M. A. Hurtado; in 1836-8, Gov. Pedro
Obarrio. Prov. of Veragua, in 1874, Gov. M. J. Guisado;
in 1835-7, Gov. Manuel de Ayala. In 1836 Veragua had a
provincial legislature. _Pinart_, _Pan. Col. Doc._, MS., no.
25, no. 31, p. 4, 12, 18, 38, 40, 75, 91; nos. 59, 65, 78,
104; _El Constitutional del Istmo_, May 7, 14, 1832; Oct.
30, 1824; Aug. 30, 1836; _Registro Ofic._, _N. Gran._, 8;
_Veraguas_, _Esposic._, in _Pinart_, _Pan. Col. Doc._, MS.,
no. 76.
[XXV-16] For which he was awarded thanks. _El Constitutional
del Istmo_, Dec. 28, 1831.
[XXV-17] Dec. 3, 1831. _Id._, Dec. 21, 1831.
[XXV-18] Lieut Melchor Duran, and Brevet Sub-lieutenant F.
Casana of the battalion No. 9. _Id._, March 14, 1832.
[XXV-19] During the past nine years the Isthmus seems to
have enjoyed comparative quiet. In Sept. 1833, the provincial
legislature chose Agustin Tallaferro deputy to the national
congress, and Juan de la Cruz Perez his suplente. _Id._,
Sept. 15, 1833.
[XXV-20] He accompanied resolutions of the officials, heads
of families, and other citizens of Santiago to remain under
the national authority, and lend no aid to any attempt to
sever the connection or promote public disturbance. _El
Constitucional de Cundinamarca_, March 27, 1842.
[XXV-21] He said: 'Marcharé hasta donde sea necesario para
arreglanos con Veraguas definitivamente.' Though hoping that
for the common interest, the voice of peace will be heeded,
'la fuerza alcanzará lo que se le ha negado á la fraternidad
y á los principios.' _Gaceta del Istmo_, Sept. 15, 1840, in
_Pinart_, _Pan. Coll. Doc._, no. 3; _Herrera_, _Decreto_, in
_Pinart_, _Miscell. Pap._, no. 13.
[XXV-22] Costa Rica recognized the independence of the
Isthmus, and entered with Obarrio into a convention of amity
and trade. The boundary question was left open for future
settlement. _Gaceta del Istmo_, Oct. 20, 1841; _Costa R._,
_Col. Ley._, vii. 234-6.
[XXV-23] This was acknowledged on the 16th of October,
1841, by F. W. Byrne, acting Brit. consul, in a note to Sec.
Arosemena.
[XXV-24] Meantime José Agustin Arango, sec. of war, had been
engaged in regulating the national guard. _Id._, Sept. 20,
1841.
[XXV-25] It is understood that the commissioners were not
even clothed with sufficient powers; but the chief men
surrendered the Isthmus to them. The men of the revolution,
José Obaldía, Pedro de Obarrio, Mariano Arosemena, Cárlos de
Icaza, José Agustin Arango, and others, now left Herrera to
the consequences.
[XXV-26] Gen. Herrera fell in battle, not in the state of
Panamá, on the 4th of Dec., 1854, in defence of liberal
institutions. The legislature of Pan., Sept. 22, 1855,
decreed that several of his portraits should be placed in
official halls. In Oct. 1857 it appropriated $3,000 to bring
his remains to Panamá; in May 1868 a monument was decreed.
A statue of the general was placed in the cathedral plaza
of the city of Panamá. _Pan._, _Gaceta del Est._, Sept. 29,
1855; _Id._, Oct. 15, 1857; _Pan._, _Boletin Ofic._, Jan. 8,
May 12, 1868.
[XXV-27] Gen. Tomás C. Mosquera, commander-in-chief of the
forces on the coast, Aug. 1, 1842, at Panamá, granted in
the name of his government an amnesty to the revolutionists.
Again, March 15, 1845, congress passed a general amnesty law,
including all persons who participated in the rebellion from
1839 to 1842. _Pinart_, _Pan. Col. Doc._, MS., no. 31, 183-5;
_N. Gran._, _Ley. y Dec._, 1-2; _Seemann's Hist. Isth. Pan._,
in _Pan. Star and Herald_, May 14, 1868. The rulers of the
provinces of Panamá and Veragua in the following years are
given in continuation: Gov. of Panamá in 1843, Miguel Chiari;
in 1844-5, Col Anselmo Pineda; in 1845, Joaquin M. Barriga,
with José Agustin Arango as government secretary. Intendente
gen. de hacienda in 1848, Mariano Arosemena. Gov. of Veragua
in 1840-2, Cárlos Fábrega; acting-gov. in 1843, José Fábrega
Barrera; in 1843-5, Antonio del Rio; in 1845-9, Escolástico
Romero; in June 1849, Diego García; in Aug. 1849, Ricardo de
la Parra; in 1850-2, J. Fábrega Barrera; in 1852, Francisco
de Fábrega; in Oct. 1853, Eustasio Fábrega; in 1855, Agustin
Lopez; May 15, 1855, Francisco Fábrega. Appointed gov. Aug.
1855, Agustin Lopez. _Pinart_, _Pan. Col. Docs._, MS., nos.
17, 21, 31, 53, 57-8, 68-75, 79, 105; _El Movimiento_, Dec.
29, 1844; _Veraguas_, _Recop. Ordenanzas_, 2-66; _Pan._,
_Gaceta del Est._, Aug. 28, 1855; _N. Gran._, _Ley. y Dec._,
1-3.
[XXV-28] Aug. 1, 1849, the electoral junta chose one
proprietary senator, Antonio Villeros, and his suplente,
Nicolás Lopez; one deputy, Domingo Arosemena, and his
substitute, Gabriel Diez, to the national congress; seven
deputies and an equal number of suplentes, to constitute the
provincial legislature. The first local legislature met Sept.
15th, and closed the session on the 24th of Oct. From this
time the new province had the following governors, namely:
July 24 to Dec. 20, 1849, Pablo Arosemena; Dec. 20, 1849,
acting gov. Juan Man. Gallegos; June 1850, P. Arosemena
again in office till Aug. 1851, when Rafael Nuñez succeeded
ad int.; Sept. 1851 to 1852, Francisco Esquivel; Sept.
1852, Escolástico Romero; 1854, Santiago Agnew; Aug. 1855,
Domingo Obaldía, against whom complaints were made of abuses
of power. _Pinart_, _Pan. Coll. Doc._, MS., 2-11, 31, 46-8,
83-93; _U. S. Govt Doc._, Cong. 36, Sess. 2, House Ex. Doc.,
vi. 41, p. 59; _Pan._, _Gaceta del Est._, Dec. 1, 1855.
[XXV-29] The first official doc. I have found with the
name of Fábrega in a decree of the gov. of July 25, 1850.
_Pinart_, _Pan. Coll. Doc._, MS., no. 89, p. 59-60.
[XXV-30] Chiriquí's capital, David; Veragua's, Santiago;
Azuero's, Villa de los Santos. The first gov. of Azuero,
receiving like the rest his appointment from the gen.
government, was Juan Arosemena, in 1851. Antonio Baraya
became gov. in April 1852. _Gobn. Prov. Azuero_, in _Pinart_,
_Pan. Coll. Doc._, MS., no. 43.
[XXV-31] Annexed to Veragua. _Sac. Daily Union_, May 18,
1855; _Veraguas_, _Ord. y Resol._, in _Pinart_, _Pan. Coll.
Doc._, no. 6; _Pan._, _Gaceta del Est._, Sept. 15, 1855.
[XXV-32] Dated June 22, 1850. _Chiriquí_, _Ofic. de la
Gobn._, in _Pinart_, _Pan. Coll. Doc._, MS., no. 84;
_Chiriquí_, _Decretos_, in _Id._, MS., no. 89; _Chiriquí_,
_Inf. Gen. del Canton_, in _Id._, MS., no. 41.
[XXV-33] The local authorities were paid out of the national
treasury. Chiriquí could not tax the inhabitants.
[XXV-34] The vice-consul's release; restoration with all
respect and publicity to the consulate of its archives and
other effects, together with satisfaction to the British
government, and a compensation of £1,000 to Russell. _Peña y
Peña_, _Práctica Forense_, iii. 375-94; _Scarlett's S. Am._,
ii. 257-9; _Mensaje_, _Presid. N. Gran._, 1837.
[XXV-35] British war vessels made a demonstration at Panamá
the following year. _S. F. Alta Cal._, Dec. 1, 1856; _S. F.
Even. Bulletin_, Jan. 2, May 16, 1857.
[XXV-36] They said it was notorious that no passenger arrived
at either end of the route without being abused, robbed,
or otherwise maltreated; many had been wounded, and not a
few murdered; hardly a party passed without their baggage
being plundered; women were insulted, and even outraged. No
effort had been made by the authorities to ferret out the
perpetrators of such crimes. _Pan._, _La Crónica Ofic._,
March 1, 1854.
[XXV-37] The governor did not fail to mention that in several
instances his troops had done valuable service in protecting
treasure and recovering stolen property, without claiming or
receiving pay.
[XXV-38] Runnels acted with characteristic energy. Without
scandal or noise, he captured one by one the banditti that
infested the roads, and out of sight and without witnesses,
other than his own men, had the criminals hanged and buried.
Those of this class that did not fall into the hands of
the Isthmus guard made haste to leave the country, which
soon was cleared of foreign evil-doers. This object being
accomplished, the guard was dissolved, its valuable services
being fully appreciated. The governor had no authority for
his action, but no fault was found with him. The measure had
been one of absolute necessity; 'fué redentora.' _Maldonado_,
_Asuntos Polít. Pan._, 9. Runnels in after years lived in
Nicaragua, and died of consumption in Rivas, July 7, 1882,
aged 52. _Pan. Star and Herald_, July 22, 1882.
[XXV-39] Jefe Superior Justo Arosemena wrote Consul Ward a
courteous letter of explanation on the 29th of Sept. _Pan._,
_Gaceta del Est._, Oct. 3, 1855.
[XXV-40] Ships and passengers had been paying a moderate
sum, and when the official's greed was aroused to levy a
burdensome tax, formal objection to it was made.
[XXV-41] It added that the policy of demanding such a tax
would be detrimental to the interests of the Isthmus. The
whole correspondence appears in _Pan. Crón. Ofic._, March 10,
Apr. 10, May 23, 1854; _Pan._, _Gaceta del Est._, Nov. 3, 10,
18, 1855; _Id._, Dec. 11, 1856; _S. F. Alta_, Sept. 20, 1856;
_Sac. Union._, Sept. 22, 1856; _S. F. Bulletin_, Sept. 30,
1856; Minister Herran to Sec. Marcy, Dec. 8, 1856, in _Pan._,
_Gaceta del Est._, March 28, 1857.
[XXV-42] It must be confessed that the impression caused
by the influx of foreigners, parading the streets, many of
them armed with bowie-knives and revolvers, often incited by
intoxication and gambling to acts of lawlessness, was not a
favorable one. They often appeared to the natives as lawless
invaders. The laws were not framed for the emergency, and the
authorities were powerless to stop the scandals occurring
every day in the streets. Robberies and other crimes among
the foreigners themselves were common. Gambling-houses, in
violation of law, were publicly kept, exhibiting strange
signs, such as Card Room, Owls' Club, etc. Once a crowd of
Americans fell upon the small guard of the jail, disarmed it,
and set free some of their countrymen. _Maldonado_, _Asuntos
Polít. Pan._, MS., 2, 5-6. A writer relates that he saw
ruffians in 1850 throw filth on religious processions. Once
an American rode a mule into the cathedral, and tried to make
it drink from the baptismal font. Fortunately Theller, an
American resident, interfered. 'Often the dirty red-shirted
fellows would stride into the chapels and light their cigars
at the altar.' _Cal. Chronicle_, May 20, 1856.
[XXV-43] The trouble originated in the act of a drunken man
named Jack Oliver, who seized a slice of watermelon from a
fruit stall, and refused to pay for it. Simultaneously and
without preconcertion, fights occurred between parties of
passengers and the colored population in various parts of
the town. The city was soon in commotion. Residents retired
to their homes and barred themselves in. The fights lasted
about three hours, when the foreigners were driven into
the depot. The negroes, who had formerly been humble and
submissive to the whites, remembered on that day the abusive
treatment often received by them at the hands of transient
foreigners; but did not confine their expressions of
hatred to foreigners only, for they transversed the streets
crying, Mueran los blancos! They were now ungovernable. They
rushed to the Panamá depot—at a moment when from 250 to 300
passengers of both sexes and all ages, landed at Colon from
the steamship _Illinois_, were procuring their tickets for
San Francisco—and began firing at the building, hitting one
man. The doors were then closed, and some of the passengers
armed themselves. It has been stated by eye-witnesses that
some of the armed passengers went out and discharged their
arms at the black mob before any shot had been fired at
the building; but the weight of testimony is against this
assertion. U. S. Consul Ward came on horseback, saying that
the government at his request would soon send a force to
quell the disturbance. The force did come, but instead of
affording protection to the passengers huddled in the depot,
fired a volley of musketry in their midst, and followed it
by others, besides stray shots. The only reasons assigned
for this conduct of the force were that it sympathized with
the mob, or was awed by it. The latter was the real cause.
The active firing from the outside continued about one and
a half hours even after it had ceased from the inside. The
mob for a time did not succeed in entering the building, but
finally broke into the baggage-room, killing and wounding
several persons. Fortunately, the rabble was bent more on
plunder than slaughter. It is said that even the wounded had
their boots pulled from their feet and carried away. Many
robberies had also been committed by the negroes in the city,
principally in shops and barrooms. _S. F. Bulletin_, May 1-3,
17, Aug. 30, Oct. 14, Dec. 17, 1856; _Cal. Chronicle_, May
20, 1856; _Sac. Union_, May 5, 13, 1856; _S. F. Alta_, May 2,
3, 18, 1856.
[XXV-44] Totten, chief engineer of the railroad, and Ward,
in their protests held Fábrega's government responsible,
and claimed damages. They also demanded protection for the
passengers and treasure then expected from California on
the _Golden Gate_. Fábrega, upon the latter point, gave
the required assurances, recommending that the railroad
officials should also adopt precautionary measures. In his
report to the supreme government on the 22d of April, 1856,
he denied the charges preferred against him by Totten and
Ward, declaring that the whole affair had been sudden and
unpremeditated; and he, as well as the gens d'armes had the
best intentions to protect the passengers, and the firing
upon them had been unauthorized, though resulting from the
fact that the passengers had continued shooting. He kept to
himself, however, that fear for the lives of himself and the
few other white people of the city, which were in great peril
from the infuriated blacks, had deterred him from attacking
the mob. The latter was calmed and dispersed only through the
good offices, called for by Fábrega, of the influential men
among the negro population. _Pan._, _Gaceta del Est._, Apr.
26, May 3, 10, 27, 1856.
[XXV-45] On their landing at Colon, the other steamship was
ready at Panamá to receive them and put off as soon as they
were on board. They traversed the Isthmus without scarcely
setting foot on the soil. _Maldonado_, _Asuntos Polít. Pan._,
MS., 11-12.
[XXV-46] _Corwine's Rep. and Coll. of Evidence_, 1-69; _U.
S. Govt Doc._, Cong. 34, Sess. 1, vol. xi., H. Ex. Doc., no.
103, 154-76.
[XXV-47] It stipulated a board of arbitration composed
of commissioners of both governments to award upon claims
presented prior to Sept. 1, 1859. The total amount of awards
N. Granada would pay in equal semiannual instalments, the
first, six months after the termination of the commission;
and the whole payment to be completed within eight years;
each of the sums bearing interest at 6 per cent per annum.
To secure said payments, N. G. govt appropriated one half
of the compensation accruing to her from the Panamá railroad
company; if such fund should prove insufficient, it was then
to provide for the deficit from its other sources of revenue.
_U. S. Govt Doc._, Cong. 36, Sess. 2, Sen. Miscell., no. 13,
1-7. After the riot the federal government endeavored to have
a force on the Isthmus to protect foreign interests, which it
should have done before. _Maldonado_, _Asuntos Polít. Pan._,
MS., 10-11.
[XXV-48] _U. S. Govt Doc._, Cong. 35, Sess. 2, H. Ex. Dec.,
no. 2, 21, 22, vol. ii. pt i.; _Id._, Id., Sen. Doc., no. 33,
x. 1-3.
[XXV-49] Thomas Savage, U. S. acting consul-general at
Habana, had sent timely notice of their plans. They were
taken with arms, munitions of war, and written proof of their
intent.
[XXV-50] Calancha, president of Panamá, pleaded that he had
no authority to allow it; the national constitution reserving
to the general government of Colombia the control of the
foreign relations. _Bidwell's Pan. Isth._, 207-11.
[XXV-51] They were sentenced by court-martial, their chief
to death, and the others to imprisonment at hard labor; the
sentence of the first was commuted, and all were released
at or before the termination of the war. _Hogg et al._ v.
_U. S._, 1-22; _S. F. Call_, Nov. 26, 1864; May 25-31, June
6-8, July 6, 16, 1865; _S. F. Bulletin_, Nov. 28, 29, Dec. 7,
1864; May 22, 1865.
[XXV-52] This affair took place about one month prior to that
of the prisoners arrested on the _Salvador_. _Bidwell's Pan.
Isth._, 206.
[XXV-53] Questions of neutrality with Spain during the Cuban
revolution in 1871-2; and in 1880, at the time of the war of
Chile against Peru and Bolivia, on the subject of contraband
of war passing through for the uses of either belligerent.
_Gaceta de Pan._, Sept. 21, 1871; Apr. 12, 1872; July 4, 15,
Sept. 2, 16, Nov. 7, 1880.
[XXV-54] _Pan. Star_, March 29, 1850; _Polynesian_, vii. 42,
50; _Holinski_, _La Californie_, 83; _S. F. Alta_, Mar. 22,
Apr. 3, 1851; _S. F. News_, Apr. 3, 1851. The most serious
one was on the 22d and 23d of Oct., 1851, at Chagres, among
boatmen and passengers, in which several lives were lost,
and the town was much damaged. _Pan. Star_, Oct. 28, 1851;
_S. F. Alta_, Nov. 18, 20, 1851; _S. F. Daily Herald_,
Nov. 18, 1851. The official report of the jefe político
on the 3d of Nov. said there were two or three killed and
a number wounded. _Bogotá_, _Gaceta Ofic._, Dec. 3, 1851.
The vigilants of the Isthmus had a thief well flogged at
Chagres in 1851. _S. F. Courier_, Jan. 21, 1851. Another
case of lynch law occurred on the island of Tabogá in 1855.
The carpenter of the American steamship company was one
morning dragged out of bed and murdered. As there was no
police on the island, the employés of the company captured
the murderers, one of whom made full confession, and their
captors without more ado hanged them. The state authorities
took no notice of the matter, other than issuing, some time
after, a full pardon to the executioners. _Bidwell's Isth. of
Pan._, 216; _Pan._, _Gaceta del Est._, Sept. 29, 1855.
[XXV-55] This occurred on the Cruces route. The escort
was fired upon, two arrieros were mortally wounded. The
banditti endeavored to run off one of the laden mules, but
were prevented by the escort and passengers. _Holinski_, _La
Californie_, 83-4; _S. F. Alta_, Oct. 18, 1851; _S. F. Daily
Herald_, Oct. 18, 1851.
[XXV-56] A mere alcalde met with no difficulty whatever to
have his orders carried out.
[XXV-57] Judges and alcaldes were not only civil officials,
but also agents of the ecclesiastical authorities. Their
double rôle insured them great influence with a people
'barbarizado por la ignorancia y el fanatismo.' _Maldonado_,
_Asuntos Polít. Pan._, MS., 3.
[XXV-58] Public documents speak in general terms of outrages
committed by the revolutionists. They marched from Veragua
against Los Santos in Azuero, and were defeated. _Pan.
Gobern._, in _Pinart_, _Pan. Coll. Doc._, MS., no. 43, 5-9.
An amnesty was decreed in favor of the revolutionists Sept.
29, 1856, excepting a few leaders, who were finally pardoned
in a later one of Sept. 12, 1857. _Pan._, _Gaceta del Est._,
Sept. 16, 23, 1857. The following authorities appear in pub.
docs. July 23, 1852, Gen. Manuel M. Franco, appointed from
Bogotá, comandante general, in place of Gen. Antonio Morales,
deceased. Aug. 6, 1852, Gov. Manuel M. Diaz summoned the
provincial legislature to hold its yearly session. Sept. 1,
1853, Bernardo Arce Mata took possession of the office of
gov. Jan. 1, 1854, José María Urrutia Añino, who had been
chosen gov. of the prov., assumed his duties. _Pan._, _Crón.
Ofic._, Aug. 22, 29, 1852; Sept. 4, 1853; Jan. 4, 1854;
_Pan._ _Gobern._, in _Pinart_, _Coll. Doc._, MS., no. 43,
11. This governor seems to have been elected wholly by votes
of the interior departments, which greatly displeased the
citizens of the capital, who had hitherto controlled affairs.
Añino was an honorable and just man, and fairly intelligent;
but was made the object of ungenerous hostility and ridicule,
and on one occasion, at least, his life was in danger. In
1855, under the pretext of an official visit in the interior,
he went to his home and never returned. _Maldonado_, _Asuntos
Polít. Pan._, MS., 10. The vice-gov., Manuel M. Diaz, took
the executive chair on the 19th of May, and occupied it till
the 18th of July. _Pan._, _Gaceta del Est._, July 28, 1855.
[XXV-59] This arrangement seems to have been against the
wishes of the three last named. The national congress having
asked the provinces for their opinion, the legislature of
Chiriquí, on the 19th of Oct., 1852, approved a report
of Nicolás Lopez to the effect that Veragua, Chiriquí,
and Azuero should not be harnessed to the car of Panamá.
_Chiriquí_, _Ordenanzas_, in _Pinart_, _Pan. Coll. Doc._,
MS., no. 96, p. 64.
[XXV-60] The gen. govt ceded to Panamá the buildings that
had been used as custom-houses till 1849 in Portobello and
Panamá; also two others in the plazuela de armas and calle
de Jirardot in Pan.; and likewise the fortresses of Panamá,
Chagres, and Portobello, excepting the esplanades and
artillery. _Pan._, _Gaceta del Est._, July 20, 1855.
[XXV-61] The governor's salary was fixed at $400 per month.
The new order of things was formally communicated to the
foreign consuls, all of whom offered their congratulations,
etc. Id., July 28, Aug. 4, 1855; _Veraguas_, _Ordenanzas y
Resol._, in _Pinart_, _Pan. Coll. Docs._, MS., no. 68, p.
68; _Correoso, B._, _Statemt_, MS., 3; _Heraldo de Lima_,
Oct. 10, 1855. A decree of the assembly of Sept. 12, 1855,
divided the state into seven departments: Colon, Panamá,
Coclé, Herrera, Los Santos, Fábrega, and Chiriquí. Their
respective chief towns were to be Colon, Panamá, Natá, Pesé,
Los Santos, Santiago, and David. Governors were appointed by
the executive, to enter upon their duties on the 1st of Aug.
_Pan._, _Gaceta del Est._, Sept. 15, 1855.
[XXV-62] This assembly was the most able and responsible body
of men that ever came together in Panamá, excepting only that
which proclaimed the independence from Spain. _Maldonado_,
_Asuntos Polít. Pan._, MS., 12-13. The officers on the
day the constitution was signed were: Mariano Arosemena,
president; Dionisio Facio, vice-president; Santiago de
la Guardia, designado; Manuel Morro, deputy for Panamá,
secretary. Among the other signers were Bernardo Arce Mata,
José Arosemena, Bartolomé Calvo, Jil Colunje, Fermin Jované,
José de Obaldía, Ramon Vallarino, four Fábregas, nearly
all of whom have since held high office in the republic and
the state. A general amnesty was also decreed on the 6th of
Oct., for all political offences to Sept. 30th, whether the
persons were sentenced or not. This included some who had in
July last disturbed the peace in Azuero. _Pan._, _Gaceta del
Estado_, Sept. 20, Oct. 13, 1855.
[XXV-63] It is understood that Fábrega accepted the jefatura
superior only on condition that Bartolomé Calvo should assume
the government secretaryship, which had been thrown up by
Icaza Arosemena. Calvo became the secretary. _Id._, Oct. 3,
10, 27, 1855; _Correoso_, _Statemt_, MS., 3.
[XXV-64] Previous to it the executive had to go with troops
to quell a disobedience to the authorities in Los Santos.
No opposition being encountered, some prisoners were made,
who afterward received a pardon on the 6th of March. _Pan._,
_Gaceta del Est._, Feb. 2, 25, March 24, 1856.
[XXV-65] Some deputies of the opposition were arrested in the
legislative chamber, and despotically exiled.
[XXV-66] This vessel hauled into shore and landed her marines
to protect the whites. _S. F. Alta_, Oct. 2, 14, 1856.
[XXV-67] _Pan. Star_, Sept. 16, Oct. 1, 1856; _Pan._, _Gaceta
del Est._, Nov. 20, 1856; _Correoso_, _Statemt_, MS., 3-4.
[XXV-68] 'Dejó el puesto sin haber merecido imputacion de
que hubiese tomado del tesoro público otra cosa mas que sus
sueldos.' _Maldonado_, _Asuntos Polít. Pan._, MS., 14.
[XXV-69] He had been meantime elected attorney-general of
the republic, and his residence had to be in Bogotá. _Pan._,
_Gaceta del Est._, May 20, 1858.
[XXV-70] He showed weakness during his short occupancy of
the presidential seat at Bogotá, and afterward as governor of
Panamá. He was also lazy and negligent.
[XXV-71] Capt Navarro and one soldier were killed, and two
others wounded. The governor himself was struck on the head
with a stone. An Am. force of marines landed from their ship,
but had no occasion to use their arms. No damage was done to
property. _Id._, Apr. 24, 1859; _S. F. Alta_, May 8, 1859.
[XXV-72] On the 29th it being feared that there would be
another disturbance, the more timid of the citizens sought
refuge in the foreign consulates. The intendente general, J.
M. Hurtado, then asked the commanders of the _Clio_, and U.
S. sloop of war _St Louis_, to land 100 men. It was done, and
the trouble was warded off for the time. _S. F. Bulletin_,
Oct. 29, Nov. 14, 1860; _U. S. Govt Doc._, Cong. 36, Sess. 2,
Sen. Doc., 1, p. 15, vol. iii., pt. 1; _Pan Scraps_, 31.
[XXV-73] Member of a respectable family in the interior; he
was an honorable man, and much respected by the whites. He
was conservative, and became the victim of politics when
exerting himself to develop every branch of his country's
resources. _Bidwell's Isth. of Pan._, 200-2; _Maldonado_,
_Asuntos Polít. Pan._, MS., 15-16.
[XXV-74] The gov. was authorized by the legislature on the
15th of Oct., 1861, to join the state to the new confederacy.
The state was therefore thus annexed, and the foreign
consuls were formally apprised of it. Justo Arosemena was
appointed on the 8th of Jan., 1862, its plenipotentiary to
the convention. _Pan._, _Gaceta del Est._, Sept. 27, 1861;
Feb. 26, March 8, 1862.
[XXV-75] The Am. government, though willing to interpose
its aid for the benefit of all nations in the execution of
the neutrality treaty of 1846, feared to become involved in
the revolutionary strife going on in Nueva Granada, besides
incurring danger of misrepresentation by other powers if
it should act without consulting them. The 35th art. of
the treaty of December 12, 1846, says: 'And in order to
secure to themselves the tranquil and constant enjoyment of
these advantages, and as an especial compensation for said
advantages, and for the favors they have acquired by the
4th, 5th, and 6th art. of this treaty, the U. S. guarantee
positively and efficaciously to N. Granada, by the present
stipulation, the perfect neutrality of the before-mentioned
Isthmus, with the view that the free transit from the one to
the other sea may not be interrupted or embarrassed in any
future time while this treaty exists; and in consequence,
the U. S. also guarantee in the same manner the rights of
sovereignty and property which N. Granada has and possesses
over the said territory.' Sec. Seward laid the request of
Gen. Herran before the British and French governments to
ascertain their views. Earl Russell thought there was no
occasion as yet for armed intervention. Should it occur, his
government would coöperate with the U. S. Thouvenel, French
minister of foreign affairs, said if the railway should be in
danger of interruption, he would not deem it improper for the
U. S. to interfere. _U. S. Govt Doc._, Foreign Affairs, 1862,
pp. 132, 164, 380-1.
[XXV-76] This occurred on the 25th of July, 1862. _Pan._,
_Boletin Ofic._, July 27, 1862; _La Voz de Méj._, Aug. 26,
1862.
[XXV-77] At Paso de las capellanías del Rio Chico, or
Matapalo. Towns were shamefully sacked by the victorious
liberals, and several families, especially those of Guardia
and Fábrega, were ruined. _Maldonado_, _Asuntos Polít. Pan._,
MS., 16; _Gaceta de Pan._, Aug. 11, 1870. Santiago de Veragua
was plundered Aug. 22. _Pan._, _Boletin Ofic._, Sept. 6,
1862. The constituent assembly of the state, sitting Aug. 9,
1865, passed an act recognizing that Guardia had lost his
life in defence of right, and honoring his memory. _Id._,
Sept. 11, 1865. Correoso, who served among his opponents,
speaks of Guardia in the highest terms of commendation, and
bewails the loss Panamá suffered with his death. _Sucesos de
Pan._, 3.
[XXV-78] A decree was issued in Sept. for election of
deputies; another calling to arms, for the defence of the
state, all citizens between the ages of 18 and 60. Panamá was
on the 2d of that month declared the provisional capital of
the state. On the 20th of Oct. was convoked a constitutional
assembly which met on the 28th of Nov., on which date the
governor, in a message, made a statement of events. On Oct.
28th was issued an amnesty excepting only such persons as
still refused to recognize the provisional government. _Id._,
Sept. 6, 19, Oct. 1, 22, Nov. 3, 10, Dec. 11, 1862; _S. F.
Bulletin_, Sept. 17, Nov. 26, 1862.
[XXV-79] May 8, 1863. Ratified the same day, by the
representatives of Panamá, who were Justo Arosemena,
Guillermo Figueroa, G. Neira, J. E. Brandao, Guillermo Lynch,
and Buenaventura Correoso. _Colombia_, _Const. Polít._, 1-42;
_Correoso's Statemt_, MS., 2-3; _Pan._, _Boletin Ofic._, June
25, 1863.
[XXVI-1] Its officers were: Pablo E. Icaza, president; Juan
Mendoza, vice-president; J. J. Maitin, designado; Quintin
Miranda, sec. by appoint. _Id._, May 11, 1863.
[XXVI-2] Dated July 4, 1863, and published the 6th of the
same month. It contained 21 titles covering 112 articles,
and was a most liberal fundamental law, intending to give,
if honestly administered, every possible guaranty of life,
liberty, property, and political rights. The death penalty,
torture, and other cruel punishments were done away with.
Corporal punishment in no case was to exceed ten years.
Nearly all the public functionaries, representative,
executive, and judicial, were made elective by popular vote.
_Id._, July 11, 1863; _Bidwell's Isth. Pan._, 364-88.
[XXVI-3] Goitia took the presidency on the 5th of July, and
soon after received the congratulations of several foreign
consuls. _Pan._, _Boletin Ofic._, July 17, 1863.
[XXVI-4] Correspond. with foreign consuls and others. _Id._,
Aug. 30, 1863.
[XXVI-5] _Correoso's Statemt_, MS., 4.
[XXVI-6] By the battalion Tiradores, of national troops.
Calancha had no popularity in the country. He has been
accused of scandalous corruption and connivance at robbery.
However, he seems to have confined his peculation to the
public revenue, a practice which was not new since Guardia's
fall. Some time after, Calancha together with Gabriel Neira
invaded the state with a force from Cauca; but while crossing
the river Santa María in the hacienda Las Cruces, they were
met by the government troops under Col Vicente Olarte, and
routed with the loss of many killed, wounded, and prisoners,
Neira being one of the latter. Calancha was again defeated
at San Francisco near Natá, and delivered by his men to the
victors. His brother Francisco was also taken. It is recorded
that Mrs Jane White Ball, an American, together with other
women, provided a hospital and nursed the wounded of both
bands. _Pan._, _Boletin Ofic._, Apr. 22, June 7, Sept. 18,
Oct. 10, 1865; _Correoso's Statem._, MS., 4; _Bidwell's Isth.
Pan._, 211.
[XXVI-7] A colored man of good political ability, as he
proved in the high official positions filled under the
national government. He has been accused, however, of immoral
practices. His administration was peaceable, but left evils
that were never eradicated. He inaugurated the corrupt
system of extorting contributions from political opponents,
whereby, as the latter averred, he materially improved his
own financial condition, though he had decreed himself only
the modest salary of $200 per month. _Pan._, _Boletin Ofic._,
Apr. 1, 1865. Every citizen who had a competency was made
to contribute. One day he had all the respectable citizens
arrested to extort money, for which he never accounted. The
majority of the public employés had to sell their salary
warrants for one half or one fourth of their value. The
country derived no other fruit from his administration than
poverty.
[XXVI-8] The assembly met, and its first act was to confirm
all that Colunje had done. A pardon was decreed to political
offenders on the 28th of Nov. _Pan._, _Boletin Ofic._, Apr.
20, 22, July 20, 25, Dec. 6, 1865; _Pan._, _Informe Sec.
Est._, 1866, 1-4.
[XXVI-9] An attempted outbreak in March at Panamá, and one
in August at David, were quelled. _Pan._, _Mensaje Presid.
Est._, 1866, 1-3; _Gaceta Nic._, Apr. 7, 1866; _Pim and
Seemann's Dottings_, 1-11.
[XXVI-10] He belonged to the liberal party; a well-disposed
man, and a friend of peace, which he endeavored to foster,
by trying to heal dissensions. He made himself popular among
the better class of the community by his just proceedings,
and efforts to better the condition of the country, though
not a native of the Isthmus. _Maldonado_, _Asuntos Polít.
Pan._, MS., 20. It has been, however, said of him that he
appropriated considerable amounts from the public treasury,
and placed them in London through the agency of a Jamaican
who lived in Colon.
[XXVI-11] 'Ante la imponente autoridad de su sable á la
cabeza del batallon Tiradores.' _Id._
[XXVI-12] They plotted an assault on the battalion in its
barracks, but were detected by Olarte. The assault was made
at midnight, and a fight ensued, in which the negroes lost
heavily, including almost all their leaders, and among them
Gregorio Sigurvia. _Id._, 20-1.
[XXVI-13] It must be borne in mind that whatever the words
liberal and conservador may mean in other Spanish American
countries, in Panamá the former has been appropriated by the
colored portion of the inhabitants, who have been joined by
a few whites for their own political and pecuniary aims.
The conservador party was made up mostly of white men and
property holders, and they have often been victimized by the
gamonales, or leaders of the other party, whenever the latter
has been in power.
[XXVI-14] The circumstances connected with the sickness and
death of Gen. Olarte and Manuel M. Morro afford presumptive
evidence of foul play. After a banquet in San Miguel, on
the last day Olarte was to be there, wine prepared with fish
poison was served him and his secretary, José M. Bermudez.
The latter, by accident, escaped the fate prepared for him,
and Morro, being invited by Olarte to join him, partook of
the wine. Olarte, having his stomach full of food and wine,
immediately threw up all. Morro, on feeling the effects,
took two doses of ipecacuanha, and succeeded in vomiting.
But neither victim saved himself. Both were taken to Panamá,
where Olarte died in five days, and Morro in about eleven.
The facts have been strenuously denied. Correoso, _Statem._,
MS., 5, asserts that Olarte contracted a fever in his visit
to Darien. The first diagnosis of the physicians, it is
understood, was that the patients were suffering from yellow
fever, or some other malignant disease. Morro was a talented
young man belonging to one of the prominent families of the
city, and much liked by all.
[XXVI-15] Details on his funeral in _Pan._, _Mercantile
Chronicle_, March 4, 1868; _Pan. Star and Herald_, March 5,
7, 12, 1868; _Pan._, _Boletin Ofic._, March 7, 1868.
[XXVI-16] Amador finally declined the office. _Id._, March 7,
1868.
[XXVI-17] He was afterward exiled, and went to California.
_S. F. Times_, Aug. 3, 1868; _S. F. Bulletin_, Aug. 1, 1868.
The negroes declared Diaz a traitor, but the public never saw
any evidence of it. _Maldonado_, _Asuntos Polít. Pan._, MS.,
23.
[XXVI-18] The acta appears in full in _Boletin Ofic._, July
8, 1868; _Nic._, _Gaceta_, July 25, 1868; _S. F. Times_,
July 25, 28, 31, 1868; _S. F. Call_, July 25, 1868; _S. F.
Bulletin_, July 25, 27, 1868.
[XXVI-19] Ponce's first act was to declare martial law
by a decree of July 6th, countersigned by Dídimo Parra,
as secretary of state. The superior court, in view of
the situation, on the same date adjourned, to escape
participation in the infringement of the constitution, which
had been just perpetrated.
[XXVI-20] Even Chiriquí, which had held back, finally
recognized the new government. _Pan._, _Boletin Ofic._, July
30, 1868; _Nic._, _Gaceta_, Aug. 22, 1868.
[XXVI-21] The Panamá assailed the barracks of the other
troops, and captured it, Captain U. Meza being killed, and
Alejandro Arce and Rafael Aizpuru slightly wounded. Ponce was
seized and carried to the barracks, where much enthusiasm for
him, it is said, was manifested; but he was not satisfied
with the condition of affairs, resigned, and left the
state. _Pan._, _Boletin Ofic._, Sept. 5, 1868; _Correoso's
Statement_, MS., 5; _Nic._, _Gaceta_, Sept. 19, 1868; _Pan.
Star and Herald_, Sept. 1, 10, 1868; _Maldonado_, _Asuntos
Polít. Pan._, MS., 24.
[XXVI-22] His public life began when he was 18 years old, and
he has, in the civil service of the state, held every office
from alderman to president or governor, both inclusive. In
the judiciary, he has served as district judge and member
of the superior court. In the military service he began as
a lieut in 1854, and rose to be gen. of division. He was
a deputy of the state legislature, and a senator in the
national congress, and also for a while vice-president of the
republic, besides being a member of several conventions. He
represented his country as minister plenipotentiary near the
five republics of Central America, and always belonged to the
liberal party, and fought for it. _Correoso's Statem._, MS.,
1-2.
[XXVI-23] In assuming the executive office, Correoso
found no money in the treasury. He at once resorted to the
device employed by his predecessor Colunje of arresting
the prominent citizens of the capital, whom he kept in
confinement till they paid the amounts severally demanded.
The same outrage was afterward practised in the interior. The
result was an increase of poverty from day to day.
[XXVI-24] The government was left for the transaction of
local affairs in charge of Juan Mendoza, governor of the
capital. _Pan._, _Boletin Ofic._, Oct. 9, 1868. During this
revolution, the U. S. consul was directed by his government
to warn Am. citizens from taking part in the broils of the
country. He was also to see that unoffending Americans were
not compelled to do military service, or to contribute in
the form of forced loans or otherwise. _S. F. Call_, Dec.
4, 1868; _S. F. Times_, Dec. 4, 1868. Nevertheless, the
government doubled the commercial tax against the solemn
protests of foreign consuls, and much foreign property
was seized. _Pan. Star and Herald_, Oct. 24, 1868; _Pan._,
_Boletin Ofic._, Nov. 14, 1868.
[XXVI-25] The fighting took place between 9 and 12 o'clock of
the 12th of Nov. Both sides behaved well, but Correoso's men,
having better arms, were victorious. According to Correoso's
account there were in all about 200 killed and wounded, Gen.
P. Goitia being among the latter. _Correoso's Statemt_, MS.,
6. The negroes with relentless ferocity gave no quarters to
the greater part of the prisoners, who were shot. They also
plundered to their heart's content. _Maldonado_, _Asuntos
Polít. Pan._, MS., 25. Arístides Obaldía was slain and his
untimely end was much regretted. He was severely wounded
early in the action, and his friends took him out of harm's
way; but during the route some of Correoso's men discovered
and put him to death. His remains were interred with military
honors by Correoso's orders. _Pan. Star and Herald_, Nov. 19,
1868; _Pan._, _Mercantile Chronicle_, Nov. 17, 1868; _S. F.
Times_, Dec. 4, 11, 1868; _Nic._, _Gaceta_, Nov. 28, 1868.
[XXVI-26] Cervera appointed J. M. Lleras his secretary of
state, and on the same day called several officers of the
militia to active service, the chief, Col. Rafael Aizpuru,
being made comandante gen. of the forces of the state.
_Gaceta de Pan._, Apr. 19, 1873.
[XXVI-27] The farce was performed to have Neira chosen
president, and Correoso 1st designado; and then it was
expected that the former would after a while resign, and
enable the latter to again assume the presidency without
violating the constitution. The elections took place as
desired. _Pan. Star and Herald_, Apr. 8, 1873.
[XXVI-28] One hundred men occupied the railway station, and
100 were stationed in the town hall. Capt. Kennedy, of the
Brit. war ship _Reindeer_, offered his coöperation if needed.
[XXVI-29] This arrangement was arrived at through
commissioners; namely, Gregorio Miró and Francisco Ardila
for the Pichincha no. 8; José Agustin Arango and Florentino
Dutari, for Cervera. _Pan. Star and Herald_, May 10, 13,
1873. Correoso claims that upon hearing in Costa Rica,
where he was then accredited as Colombian minister, of the
revolution against Neira, he returned in haste to Panamá, and
by his influence induced the revolutionists to replace Neira.
_Statement_, MS., 6; _S. F. Bulletin_, May 19, 26, June 6,
1873; _S. F. Alta_, May 20, 1873; _S. F. Chronicle_, May 20,
26, June 7, 18, 1873.
[XXVI-30] The latter resigned the command June 23d, _Gaceta
de Pan._, June 7, July 5, 1873. Aizpuru, who had been kept a
prisoner was afterward released.
[XXVI-31] Senators: Pablo Arosemena, B. Correoso, and
Agustin Arias. Representatives: Fernando Casanova, Man. de
J. Bermudez, Juan C. Carranza, Marcelino Villalaz, and José
de la Rosa Jurado. A corresponding number of suplentes or
substitutes was also chosen. _Gaceta de Pan._, July 19, 1873.
[XXVI-32] During its occupation over 500 women and children
sought its protection. The whole force retired about the 7th
or 8th of October. _Pan. Star and Herald_, Sept. 25-30, 1873.
[XXVI-33] The minister reminded the executive of Colombia
that though the American government guaranteed by the
treaty of 1846 the neutrality of the Isthmus, it did not
imply protection to the road against such factions. _Pan._,
_Informe Sec. Est._, 1874, 9-10, annex A.
[XXVI-34] 1st, Gregorio Miró; 2d, J. M. Bermudez; 3d, Mateo
Iturralde; 4th, Tomás Herrera; 5th, Joaquin Arosemena. All
Neira's acts were approved; and thanks were voted to both
the national and state troops for their services. _Gaceta de
Pan._, Oct. 2, 1873.
[XXVI-35] The assembly granted the president additional
powers to restore peace, among which was that of obtaining
$60,000 by means of voluntary or forced loans. Those powers
were rescinded on the 14th of Nov. _Id._, Oct. 11, 18, Nov.
1, Dec. 5, 1873; _U. S. Gov. Doc._, H. Ex. Doc., Cong. 43,
Sess. 1, 351.
[XXVI-36] Under this constitution the legislative assembly
appoints the five substitutes of the president of the state,
and also the three justices of the superior court. A council
of state is created, to be composed of the president of the
state, the last president of the legislative assembly, the
president of the superior court, and the attorney-general
of the state. For all important affairs, the executive is to
consult the council. _Id._, Nov. 15, 1873.
[XXVI-37] He made the pledge required by law before the
assembly, the foreign consuls, public functionaries residing
in the city, and a large number of citizens. _Id._, Dec. 5,
1873; Jan. 17, 1874; _Mex._, _Mem. Min. Rel._, 1875, 10.
[XXVI-38] _Id._, Aug. 7, 15, 1874; _Pan._, _Informe Sec.
Est._, 1874, 30.
[XXVI-39] The persons appointed to fill them were José
M. Bermudez, who had been acting as secretary-general for
sec. of state, and Dionisio Facio for sec. of the treasury.
_Gaceta de Pan._, Apr. 17, 1875.
[XXVI-40] The president on the 25th of Aug., 1875, delegated
his powers to J. M. Bermudez to preserve order in the
interior or restore it as the case might be. _Id._, Sept. 4,
1875; _Pan. Star and Herald_, Aug. 24, 1875.
[XXVI-41] He had been on the 2d of July declared elected
president of the state. At the same time the following
persons were declared to have been chosen to represent Panamá
in the national congress: Senators, Justo Arosemena, José
M. Bermudez, and Marcelino Villalaz; representatives, Juan
J. Diaz, Juan J. Miró, Joaquin Arosemena, B. Asprilla, and
M. R. de la Torre. These were subsequently annulled by the
constituent assembly, Dec. 11th. _Gaceta de Pan._, July 24,
Dec. 16, 1875.
[XXVI-42] Particulars of the insurrection and arrest of
Arosemena appear in Camargos' despatch, in _Colombia_,
_Diario Ofic._, Nov. 13, 15, 1875; _Gaceta de Pan._, Oct. 5,
7, 16, 23, Nov. 13, 17, 23, 1875; _S. F. Call_, Nov. 5, 1875;
_Correoso's Statem._, MS., 7.
[XXVI-43] Oct. 18th, he empowered B. Correoso, comandante
gen., to use his best endeavors to restore order in the
departments of Coclé, Los Santos, Veragua, and Chiriquí. His
government was recognized at once by the foreign consuls.
_Gaceta de Pan._, Oct. 16, 23, 1875.
[XXVI-44] The executive is vested in a president, to be
elected by popular vote for two years. The legislative
assembly elects the justices of the superior court and
their suplentes, the five substitutes of the president,
the attorney-general, and his suplente; also the
administrator-gen. of the treasury, and the contador by
absolute majority. No change was made in the council of
state. _Gaceta de Pan._, Jan. 1, 1876; _Pan._, _Constit.
Polít. del Est. Sobo._, 1-20.
[XXVI-45] His government was soon after recognized by
the national executive. On the 13th of Dec., 1876, the
legislative assembly chose Dámaso Cervera, Francisco Ardila,
José R. Casorla, Quintin Miranda, and M. Losada Plisé,
designados for the presidency, in the order named. _Gaceta de
Pan._, Jan. 8, Feb. 20, Dec. 17, 1876.
[XXVI-46] _Pan. Leyes_, 1876-7, 11.
[XXVI-47] _Pan._, _Mem. Sec. Est._, 1876, 1-6. On Sept. 25,
1876, the president assumed personal command of the state
troops. _Gaceta de Pan._, Oct. 15, 1876.
[XXVI-48] The president attempted both recourses; till on the
10th of March the citizens tendered a loan of $30,000. _Id._,
March 1, 8, 22, 1877; _Salv._, _Gaceta Ofic._, Feb. 18, 1877.
[XXVI-49] Dec. 30, 1878. _Correoso's Statem._, MS., 9;
_Pan._, _Mem. Sec. Hacienda_, 1878, i.-xl.; _Gaceta de Pan._,
March 10, May 30, July 21, 28, Sept. 26, Oct. 13, Nov. 17,
Dec. 8, 19, 1878; _Pinart_, _Pan. Col. Docs._, MS., no. 101;
_Colombia, Diario Ofic._, Jan. 31, 1879; _Pan._, _Mem. Sec.
Gob._, 1878.
[XXVI-50] The object was to upset the state government; but
it was defeated by the state troops, after a fight that
lasted till the 18th, and caused great havoc. Among the
killed were the commander of the battalion, Col Carvajal,
and his son, Lieut Carvajal, who were trying to check the
infuriated soldiery. _Pan._, _Mem. Sec. Gob._, 1879, 5-6.
[XXVI-51] The government sent troops against the
revolutionists, and some fighting ensued without decisive
results. At last the contending parties came to an
arrangement by which Aizpuru agreed to surrender the
person of Casorla, and to recognize the 2d designado as the
provisional president. He also agreed to lay down his arms.
The government consented to pay Aizpuru's war expenses, and
to issue a general amnesty. _Pan._, _Mem. Sec. Gob._, 1879,
7-12; _S. F. Chronicle_, June 19, 25, 1879.
[XXVI-52] Mateo Iturralde was made secretary of government,
and Juan José Miró of the treasury. Several changes
took place afterward, and the final secretaries were: of
government, Benjamin Ruiz, and of the treasury, Juan B.
Amador. José Vives Leon was government secretary in Sept.
1881.
[XXVI-53] The assembly to be formed of one deputy for every
6,000 inhabitants, and every fraction of 3,500 and upwards.
_Gaceta de Pan._, June 17, 1881.
[XXVI-54] His candidature had been opposed by Correoso, Icaza
Arosemena, Ardila, Ortega, and others, for the sake of union
in the liberal party. _Pan. Canal_, June 25, 1881.
[XXVI-55] His election as first designado by the legislature
was on the 28th of June, 1881. The other substitutes chosen
were the following, in the order named: Miguel Borbúa,
Benjamin Ruiz, José M. Vives Leon, and Antonio Casanova.
_Pan._, _Mem. Sec. Fomento_, 1882, 1; _Correoso_, _Sucesos de
Pan._, 5, 6.
[XXVI-56] _Pan. Canal_, Nov. 20, Dec. 6, 1882; _Pan. Star and
Herald_, Nov. 20, 1882; Jan. 29, 1883.
[XXVI-57] _Pan. Cronista_, Jan. 3, 1883. Dec. 3, 1882, a
deputation composed of Correoso, Iturralde, and Diaz had
waited on him to request that he should resign his position
of 1st designado and acting president, which he declined.
_Pan. Canal_, Dec. 5, 1882.
[XXVI-58] Nuñez had been chosen for a term ending Oct. 31,
1884. On the other hand, the constitution said that the
president elect should assume office on the 1st day of Nov.
following his election. _Pan. Star and Herald_, Jan. 29,
1883.
[XXVI-59] His sec.-gen., Victor Dubarry, countersigned the
decree. This measure was intended to rid the government of
an incubus, and to effect a yearly saving of about $16,000.
_Pan. Canal_, March 19, 1883.
[XXVI-60] At Popayan, Aug. 27, 1883. Joaquin M. Perez was
Panamá's commissioner. The convention was ratified Sept.
10th, by Cervera, countersigned by J. M. Casís, sec.-gen.
_Pan._, _El País_, Sept. 21, 1883.
[XXVI-61] He adopted for all his confidence precautionary
measures to preserve public order. _Pan. Cronista_, Oct. 24,
1883.
[XXVI-62] In the first part of 1884 there were about 14,000
men on the canal-works. Still another source of danger was
the mongrel population of Santa Ana and Calidonia districts,
in the city of Panamá, ever disposed to seize opportunities
for plunder, as was made evident in the last fire. J. M.
Rodriguez, of Panamá, moved in the national senate that the
federal force should be increased to 800 or 1,000 men. _Cent.
Am. Miscel._, no. 1.
[XXVI-63] The representatives were, S. Jurado, J. del C.
Pino, Leonidas Flores, Waldino Izasa, and Cárlos Otálora.
_Pan. Cronista_, Oct. 20, 1883.
[XXVI-64] By Juan P. Jaen, president of the superior court.
_Id._ Jan. 2, 1884.
[XXVI-65] Cervera had likewise claimed immunity from
prosecution, as a senator elect.
[XXVI-66] Correoso stated in the _Pan. Star and Herald_
of July 12th that Ruiz' government had been upset 'á
punta de sable' by Porto, whose authority sprang from
the condescension of Ibañez in recognizing as authentic
a telegram received that morning by Porto. He repeats
the charge in his _Sucesos de Pan._, 7. The fact was that
Ibañez' brigade was by the telegram incorporated with the 3d
division, and thus came to be under the control of Porto, who
was chief of staff of that division. _Pan._, _Cronista_, July
9 to Aug. 2, Aug. 13, 1884.
[XXVI-67] In Coclé, Chiriquí, and Panamá. _Gaceta de Pan._,
Oct. 15, 1884; _Cent. Am. Miscel._, no. 2.
[XXVI-68] The _Morro_ was a British boat, which the rebels
seized in the night from the 14th to the 15th, and then
went on her alongside the _Alajuela_, which was a Costa Rica
vessel, seized her, and proceeded to sea, leaving the _Morro_
behind. _S. F. Cronista_, Oct. 18, 1884; _La Estrella de
Pan._, Oct. 23, 1884; _Pan. Star and Herald_, Oct. 17, 23,
Nov. 26, Dec. 30, 1884; _Cent. Am. Miscel._, nos. 3, 9, 10.
[XXVI-69] A Colombian armed steamer was ordered to Panamá;
and Gen. Santodomingo Vita was despatched to coöperate with
the commander of the federal forces. The decree was issued
Oct. 22, 1884. Gen. Benjamin Ruiz was on the 28th dismissed
from the Colombian army. _Bogotá_, _Diario Ofic._, Oct. 30,
1884.
[XXVI-70] The assembly, being notified that the legally
constituted authorities were now recognized, passed a vote of
thanks to Cervera, his secretaries, Victor Dubarry and J. F.
Ucrós, and Gen. C. A. Gónima, for their successful efforts
for peace. _La Estrella de Pan._, Nov. 6, 13, 1884; _Pan.
Star and Herald_, Nov. 6, 1884; _Pan. Cronista_, Nov. 8,
1884.
[XXVI-71] 27,505 votes against 1,550 for Justo Arosemena, and
95 in Colon for B. Ruiz. An attempt had been made by what was
called the Alianza Liberal to have Justo Arosemena as its
candidate, but he virtually declined it, and his name was
retired from the field early in July. _Id._, July 30, Oct.
18, 1884; _La Estrella de Pan._, Sept. 4, 1884.
[XXVI-72] Gónima telegraphed Nuñez at Bogotá, on the 30th of
Sept., the day before the assembly met, that it would call a
convention, and adds that, thanks to the patriotic efforts
of Cervera, 'Lambert no será presidente. Sus indicaciones
oidas.' _Bogotá_, _Diario Ofic._, Oct. 8, 1884; _Bogotá_,
_La Luz_, Oct. 8, 1884. Lambert, on the 12th of November,
in an address to the Colombian people, protested against
the unjustifiable interference of the federal govt in the
internal affairs of Panamá, by which he had been prevented
from assuming the chief magistracy he had been chosen to
by the suffrages of his fellow-citizens. At the same time
he made known his intention to cause no disturbance, but to
remain peaceably in private life. _La Estrella de Pan._, Oct.
30, Nov. 20, 1884.
[XXVI-73] Details may be found in _Pan. Star and Herald_,
Oct. 23, 1884; _Pan. Cronista_, Oct. 22, 1884.
[XXVI-74] The assembly adjourned sine die on the 13th of Nov.
[XXVI-75] The convocation was not made according to the
requirements of the constitution; and moreover, martial law
existing in many parts of the state, no free elections could
be effected in such localities.
[XXVI-76] Gen. Lorenzo Segundo was made comandante gen., and
Col F. Figueroa his second in command. _La Estrella de Pan._,
Jan. 8, 1885.
[XXVI-77] _Pan. Cronista_, Nov. 29, 1884; _La Estrella de
Pan._, Dec. 4, 1884.
[XXVI-78] He took possession the next day. _Pan. Cronista_,
Jan, 7, 10, 1885; _Gaceta de Pan._, Jan. 9, 1885; _Pan._,
_Actualidad_, Jan. 8, 1885; _La Estrella de Pan._, Jan. 15,
1885; _Cent. Am. Miscel._, no. 20; _Correoso_, _Sucesos de
Pan._, 7-8.
[XXVI-79] _Pan. Cronista_, Jan. 7, 1885.
[XXVI-80] Isidoro Burges, sec. of gov.; L. C. Herrera, of
treasury; José M. Aleman, of fomento. _Gaceta de Pan._, Jan.
9, 1855; _Cent. Am. Miscel._, no. 22.
[XXVI-81] The government had now only a small force in Colon
or Panamá, having on the 9th sent away the federal troops to
uphold the general government at Barranquilla, against rebels
in arms. _Pan. Cronista_, Jan. 21, 24, 1885.
[XXVI-82] It seems that some of its members were implicated
in this plot, and orders for their arrest were issued.
That body alleged that legislation had been hampered by the
government. _Pan. Star and Herald_, Feb. 11, 1885; _Pan._,
_El Cronista_, Feb. 14, 1885; _Correoso_, _Sucesos de Pan._,
11.
[XXVI-83] _Id._, Feb. 18, 1885; _Cent. Am. Miscel._, no. 28;
_Gaceta de Pan._, Feb. 18, 1885.
[XXVI-84] During that morning the revolutionists compelled
merchants having arms in their warehouses to deliver them.
They thus provided themselves with upwards of 600 rifles.
[XXVI-85] There had been many killed and wounded on both
sides. An outsider, a French citizen, who imprudently put
out his head, also lost his life. Much property was stolen,
destroyed, or injured. At midday on the 16th the prisoners
in the jail effected their escape, and made themselves
conspicuous with their cries of Viva la libertad! The
government force made several prisoners, and seized a number
of arms in the arrabal. A number of young Panameños formed
themselves into a guard to protect the city during the night
of the 17th. _Pan. Cronista_, March 18, 21, 25, 1885.
[XXVI-86] A mulatto from Cartagena. In 1881, when a member
of the legislative assembly from Colon, he was concerned in
a personal rencontre with and killed M. Céspedes, and an
Englishman. He was tried and acquitted, and his immediate
release from prison was demanded by the assembly. _Pan.
Canal_, June 7, 1881.
[XXVI-87] Correoso blames Gónima for leaving Colon utterly
defenceless. _Sucesos de Pan._, 12.
[XXVI-88] Those who refused to furnish the supplies were
imprisoned, and their goods confiscated. _La Estrella de
Pan._, March 19, 1885; _El Universal de Pan._, March 20,
1885; _Pan. Star and Herald_, March 31, 1885.
[XXVI-89] The object of the notifications was to allow
time for non-combatants to get out of harm's way. Families
accordingly abandoned the city, and business houses were
closed. About 8 o'clock Gen. Ibañez visited Aizpuru's camp,
and brought back assurance that no assault would be made that
night.
[XXVI-90] Gónima despatched Correoso and Jerardo Ortega as
commissioners, the former to Aizpuru, and the latter to
Prestan. Both missions resulted in nothing satisfactory.
Aizpuru proposed the following terms: 1st. Recognition of
Gónima as civil chief of the state; 2d. Aizpuru to have the
command of the troops, which were to be increased to 1,000
men. Prestan to be the prefect at Colon. After reflecting
a moment, Gónima, rejected the proposals. Correoso then
resigned the office of secretary-general. _Pan. Star and
Herald_, Apr. 9, 1885; _La Estrella de Pan._, March 28, Apr.
4, 1885; _Pan. Cronista_, March 28, 1885; _S. F. Cronista_,
Apr. 4, 1885; _Correoso_, _Sucesos de Pan._, 13-16.
[XXVI-91] Prestan demanded the arms on the _Colon_, and being
refused, first arrested Connor, then after grossly insulting
Mr Burt, the superintendent of the Panamá R. R. Co., took
possession of the wharf, placed a guard on the _Colon_, and
made a search for the arms, but could not get at them. _Pan.
Star and Herald_, March 31, 1885; _La Estrella de Pan._, Apr.
4, 1885; _Pan. Cronista_, Apr. 4, 1885.
[XXVI-92] They had been taken to Monkey Hill at 3 A. M. on
the 31st, and placed in a dangerous position under guard, but
in the mêlée that followed they escaped.
[XXVI-93] At 1:30 A. M. of the 30th 160 men, under cols Ulloa
and Brun, were despatched from Panamá to attack Prestan at
Colon.
[XXVI-94] Prestan succeeded in joining the rebels against
the national government, who were beleaguering Cartagena,
and was received into their service, even though their
chiefs had been made aware of his conduct at Colon. He was
afterward captured, brought to Colon, tried by court-martial,
and hanged on the 18th of August. Two of his principal
men, captured by the _Galena's_ force, had been also tried
by a Colombian court-martial, convicted of incendiarism,
and publicly hanged on the 6th of May. They were named
Geo. Davis, a West Indian negro, and Antoine Portuzelle or
Pautrizelle, a native of Hayti, who left a letter charging
Prestan with the infamous act of destroying Colon. Three
other accomplices, Grant and Guerrero, and a Cuban named F.
G. de Peralta, were subsequently sentenced to imprisonment
for a number of years. _La Estrella de Pan._, May 9, 16, Aug.
15, 1885; _Pan. Star and Herald_, Aug. 19, 22, Dec. 11, 25,
1885.