THE PEOPLE OF HONDURAS AND GUATEMALA.
1800-1887.
AMALGAMATION IN HONDURAS—POSSIBLE WAR OF
RACES—XICAQUES AND PAYAS—ZAMBOS OR MOSQUITOS—PURE
AND BLACK CARIBS—DISTINGUISHING TRAITS—LADINOS—THEIR
MODE OF LIFE—GUATEMALA AND HER PEOPLE—DIFFERENT
CLASSES—THEIR VOCATIONS—IMPROVED CONDITION OF THE
LOWER CLASSES—MESTIZOS—PURE INDIANS—LACANDONES—WHITE
AND UPPER CLASS—MANNERS AND CUSTOMS—PREVAILING
DISEASES—EPIDEMICS—PROVISION FOR THE INDIGENT.
In Honduras, the amalgamation of races has almost obliterated the line
distinguishing whites from blacks. The mixture of white, negro, and
Indian has brought about a population ranging in hue from chocolate
to cream color. Now and then a pure white descendant of the old
aristocratic families may be seen; but such instances are quite rare,
as few families have escaped the amalgamation.
A war of races is among the possibilities. In former times some
families were wont to enlist blacks and Indians in the deadly feuds
of the country; now they stand in dread of elements which will
overshadow or exterminate them, unless a timely influx of whites from
the United States and Europe shall counter-balance the ever-increasing
preponderance of the black race.[XXIX-1] However, there are a number
of respectable negro families, some of whose members have occupied high
positions in the government.
[Sidenote: WHITE, RED, AND BLACK.]
The Indian or aboriginal element predominates here as in all Central
America. In some districts it is difficult to say whose habits of
life prevail, the white or the Indian. In the eastern portion of the
state,[XXIX-2] the population is almost entirely of Xicaques and Payas,
portions of which native tribes have accepted the catholic religion and
live at peace with the white inhabitants; the rest, living among the
mountains, conform more to their original mode of life, but maintain
friendly relations with the white race.
The coast around Carataska Lagoon, and as far to the westward as Brewer
or Brus Lagoon, was at one time occupied by zambos, or Mosquitos, but
the Caribs spreading rapidly eastward from Trujillo and Black River
have displaced them. The zambos have of late years lost their former
activity, and surrendered to the besetting vice of drunkenness, which,
together with other causes, is hastening their extinction. Most of them
having been driven by the Caribs into territory belonging to Nicaragua,
the proportion of them still remaining in Honduras must be small.
The Caribs are the descendants of the original inhabitants of the
leeward island of Saint Vincent.[XXIX-3] The presence of negro blood
among the Caribs is explained by the foundering, when they were still
dwelling in Saint Vincent, of an African slave ship, on one of the
small islands of the vicinity.[XXIX-4] The Caribs, both the pure
and the black, are active, industrious, and provident, and far more
civilized than the zambos, living in well-constructed huts, which are
kept clean and comfortable. They still retain their original language,
though most of them can speak Spanish and a little of English. While
professing to be catholics, they retain many of their old rites
and superstitions. Being a good, frugal, intelligent, and useful
laboring population, much aid may be expected from them in the future
development of the country.
In Comayagua and Choluteca there are several towns wholly occupied by
Indians, who retain their ancient language and many of their primitive
customs. They are industrious, provident, and peaceable; but if left
to their own unaided efforts, will never bring about the development
of the country; but with the introduction of an intelligent and
enterprising people their good qualities could be rendered useful.
Among the ladino class the men are all polite; the educated are
well-bred; and even in the lowest walks of life courtly language and
manners prevail.[XXIX-5]
The women of the higher class are rather tall, but straight; their
every movement is elegant and modest. The brunettes with raven hair
prevail as to numbers; yet a fair complexion, with light hair, blue
eyes, and ruddy cheeks is found, particularly in the highlands. Pretty
hands and arms are common. The women of the lower classes are generous
and kind-hearted, hospitable, gentle, frank, and patient. Upon them
falls a large share of the work done.[XXIX-6] This does not, of course,
apply to women of wealthy families, but the fact stands that the women
of the lower orders are mere slaves, albeit they appear cheerful and
happy. The practice of men and women living together without being
married prevails here, as elsewhere in Central America, chiefly among
the lower order.[XXIX-7]
[Sidenote: DOMESTIC AFFAIRS.]
Women of the higher class are taught but little beyond reading,
writing, and a few rules of arithmetic, playing on the guitar or
piano, dancing, and presenting a good appearance in society. This
done, they are soon taken to the altar, and their matronly duties
begin. A few young women, however, are sent to the United States for an
education.[XXIX-8]
Dwellings in Honduras are mostly of one story; the Hondureños,
not having the excuse of earthquakes, say that it was the mode
established by their ancestors. The sala, or parlor, is the room
where the family pass the greater part of the day, doing nothing in
the forenoon.[XXIX-9] The construction of the house is very much like
that described for Nicaragua. The residences of the wealthier classes
are cleanly and cool, and have neat gardens in the rear, adorned with
beautiful flowers and birds in cages. There is no excess of furniture.
A bedstead, one or two chairs, and a clothes-press form the ordinary
furnishing of a bedroom. But in the houses of the wealthier families,
and where several women reside, the rooms are more generously supplied.
Breakfast and dinner are substantial meals with the wealthy.[XXIX-10]
The manners observed at table are very sedate, and always courteous.
When wine or other beverage is drank, the health of the master and
mistress of the house is pledged with the first glass. The poor,
especially in eastern Honduras, are badly fed, and though generally
fleshy and well formed, are not constitutionally strong. In the cattle
districts of Olancho they fare better, getting all the beef they need.
Yet even the former make patient and enduring soldiers, capable of
travelling twenty leagues a day through the mountains.[XXIX-11]
The upper classes adopt American and European fashions, and costly
articles of wearing apparel are in demand. Women, as a rule, wear white
dresses the year round, or those of a light pink or blue gauzy stuff.
At parties or balls the dress is usually white and very light. Little
jewelry is worn. In the street a woman always wears a mantilla or a
shawl covering her head. The hair is oftener worn plaited, and put up
behind the head. Ringlets are seldom seen. Women are rarely seen out
except in the morning and toward sunset.
Men of means travel on fast mules worth at least $150 each; the
trappings being silver mounted, and some of the bridles and head-stalls
adorned with plates of virgin silver. The Hondurans are fine riders.
Many of the females are graceful and fearless horsewomen. The habit of
riding on the right side prevails. Sometimes the bottom of the rider's
dress is loaded with small silver coins fastened through holes in the
skirt.[XXIX-12]
All classes of the people, from the clergy down—or up—indulge in bull
and cock fights, horse-racing, dancing, and the excitements of the
monte-table, all of which amusements generally follow the services of
the church on great civic or religious festivities.[XXIX-13] Gambling
is quite general, and thousands have been ruined by this vice; however,
there is less of it here than in other parts of Central America.
Begging is a prevalent practice throughout the country, and various
devices are resorted to by the halt, maimed, blind, and others to
obtain alms.[XXIX-14] Good domestic servants are not easily procured
in Honduras; they are generally mulattoes of poor intelligence, and
exceedingly indolent.[XXIX-15]
[Sidenote: CASTES AND CLASSES.]
The population of Guatemala is set down at about 750,000 Indians,
430,000 ladinos or mestizos, 10,000 persons white or nearly so, 8,000
negroes or colored, and 2,000 foreigners.[XXIX-16] The white men are
mostly owners of estates, and several of them belong to the learned
professions; others are engaged in trade, or keep shops.[XXIX-17]
The mestizos are mechanics, retail shop-keepers, or servants. The
Indians are the cultivators of the soil, and generally speaking, the
agricultural laborers. Many mestizos, and not a few pure Indians,
however, belong to the learned professions, and for that reason are
counted among the gentry, though not among the so-called nobles,
supposed to be descendants of the Spaniards who in colonial times held
positions under the government, or were connected with them.
Until the liberal régime became established in 1871, a régime which
did away with the privileges of class, there were two castes in the
country; namely, the laboring and producing class, and the governing
one which was wholly made up of consumers. Between the two classes
custom and the rulers had built up a Chinese wall, an almost impassable
barrier. That distinction has been rapidly disappearing under the
influence of liberal laws.
The Guatemalans of the educated class are noted for their kindly
disposition, simplicity of manners, and high sense of justice. Both
sexes are amiable, courteous, and attentive to strangers.[XXIX-18]
Notwithstanding their good intellectual powers, owing to the effects
of climate, habit, educational and religious training, bad government,
and perhaps the combination of those causes, they have been inclined
to indolence, and have lacked in vigor of thought, energy, and
enterprise; punctuality could not be counted among their good traits,
but a most confirmed religious bigotry prevailed for years among all
classes.[XXIX-19] An enlightened public opinion, in both government and
religious matters, has been, however, growing from the time that the
detestable old system was overthrown, it is hoped forever.
The youth of Guatemala are made conversant with the etiquette of
society. The higher class are quiet, reticent, grave, and seemingly
impassible, but as a rule make good husbands, fathers, and neighbors.
They are studiously polite and punctilious, expecting a full return
from others. The women are more free, impressive, and impressible than
the other sex, gracious in speech, unaffected and winning. They also
rank high for morality.[XXIX-20] Many of them are blondes; many have a
white skin, with dark eyes and hair.[XXIX-21]
The mestizos, who are the issue of white fathers and Indian mothers,
and of the promiscuous intercourse,[XXIX-22] habitually seek the
towns. They are, as a class, much the superior intellectually of the
pure Indian, better educated, and less superstitious, as well as less
loyal to church and government, and too often wicked, treacherous, and
dissolute. When not injured by early excesses the mestizos are finely
built. The younger and uncorrupted females are distinguished by the
voluptuous swell of their busts, fine lithe forms, erect and graceful
carriage. They walk with an elastic footstep and inimitable grace and
freedom.
[Sidenote: PHYSIQUE AND DWELLINGS.]
The Indians mostly dwell by themselves in villages, many on the
estates of planters, and a few in the cities and towns.[XXIX-23] They
are supposed to be intensely catholic, but they mix in with their
christianity many heathen rites; and being partially educated by the
clergy, nearly all understand and can speak the Spanish language. When
not corrupted by military service the aboriginal is industrious, mild,
and temperate. Those who dwell apart in their villages raise most of
the fruits and produce marketed, and make most of the domestic articles
sold in shops. Nearly all, and particularly those of the departments of
Los Altos, have a fine physical development.
The race has been from the time of the conquest oppressed and kept in a
state of barbarous ignorance and superstition. The régime, established
since 1871, energetically enforced by the late President Barrios, has
done much to bring about a change for the better.[XXIX-24]
The Lacandones have been specially spoken of by several authors who
have written on Guatemala. The Spaniards, after attempting in the
latter end of the seventeenth century to pacify the warlike Indian
provinces, including the Lacandon region, resolved upon forcibly
removing the Indian towns. The Indians of the town of Dolores were
generally quiet, but as an expensive garrison would be required to make
sure of their continuing at peace, the inhabitants were removed first
to Aquespala, next for some unknown reason to San Ramon, and finally
to Santa Catarina de Retalhuleu.[XXIX-25] These changes caused much
suffering; a large number died, others became scattered, but most of
them returned to their native mountains.[XXIX-26] The government of
Guatemala tried in 1831 and 1837 to bring the Lacandones under its
authority, but all its efforts failed, and they have since retained
their independence, though seemingly they have abandoned their
old predatory habits, contenting themselves with preserving their
isolation.[XXIX-27]
The above remarks refer to the western Lacandones, who live on or near
the Pasion River, and its tributaries. The eastern Lacandones are a
harmless tribe who hold no relations with and fear the others.[XXIX-28]
The dwellings of the citizens of Guatemala are generally of only one
story, but the capital and other cities present fine houses of two
stories; as a rule the houses are commodious, and abundantly supplied
with water. Those of the wealthy are elegantly furnished, and the
rest tolerably well provided, the floors being covered with mattings.
The habitations of the poor and Indians are mere thatched huts and
altogether comfortless.
[Sidenote: DRESS AND FOOD.]
The upper or educated class follow in their dress the fashions of
Europe and the United States. The women, however, wear a mantilla or
shawl and veil when going to church, and appear without any covering
of the head when walking out or on a visit. They like to adorn their
hair with flowers.[XXIX-29] The men are rather modest in their apparel,
and only when equipped for travelling do they exhibit some ostentation.
At such times, their weapons, the trappings of their horses or mules,
and other ornaments are expensive, provided their means will allow the
indulgence.
The following was the dress worn in the first quarter of the present
century by the women of the lower order, not included in the wealthy
class. Short red petticoats, with deep plain white flounces round the
bottom, gathered up in very thick plaits over their hips with a white
border; thence upwards, they had only a chemise to cover them.[XXIX-30]
The hair in front was in the madonna form, and the hinder part, being
of great length, was divided into tightly plaited cords, which were
twisted round the head in various devices. A pink satin shoe, without
stockings, completed the costume. Most of the Guatemala damsels
of the lower classes dressed in that style, excepting that more
frequently they went without shoes, this being specially noted in the
servant class.[XXIX-31] Some changes have occurred since then, and
a considerable number of the lower order have adopted the custom of
dressing like the wealthy, but as a rule a marked difference exists
between the two classes.
Men of the mechanic class generally dress like the upper class; the
laborers rarely have more than a shirt and trousers; and occasionally
a round jacket. Many go barefooted or wear the caite. A common palm
or straw hat covers the head. The village or agricultural Indians
go scantily clad. The best wear of a male consists of a straw hat, a
short-sleeved shirt, short breeches, and caites. The females rarely
sport more than a loose waistcoat, and a short petticoat, or a cloth
wrapped round the waist, reaching a little below the knees. Children of
both sexes run nude.
The food of the Guatemalans is about the same as that of other Central
Americans of their respective classes. Travellers will find mesones to
provide shelter and refreshments for man and beast at certain distances
on their journey.[XXIX-32] At places where no inns exist, the traveller
will be accommodated by the priest, or by the alcalde in the town hall.
The Guatemalans, like all Central Americans, are fond of bull and cock
fighting,[XXIX-33] as well as of games of chance, which are indulged
in with great frequency.[XXIX-34] The government endeavors to provide
amusements of a more intellectual and refined character. It built a
fine theatre in the capital, and from time to time subsidizes musical
and dramatic troupes.[XXIX-35]
Begging is common. The sight of a crowd of beggars in rags, many
of them exhibiting their sores, is very repulsive. Those beggars
are supported by public charity and are rarely sent away without
relief.[XXIX-36]
[Sidenote: DISEASES AND HOSPITALS.]
The several states of Central America have often been visited with
calamities in the form of storms and hurricanes, freshets, and fires,
causing heavy losses of property, and at times of life also. Disease
causes its destruction as elsewhere, and often maladies in an epidemic
form have decimated the population. Fevers are rare, except on the
coasts, where they prevail during the hottest months.[XXIX-37] The
small-pox has on several occasions done havoc among the population.
The invasions of the malady in 1851 in Costa Rica, 1862 in Guatemala
and Honduras,[XXIX-38] and in 1883 in Costa Rica, have been specially
recorded in those countries.[XXIX-39]
Leprosy prevailing in several parts of Central America, special
hospitals have been established in some of the republics for the
reception and care of persons thus afflicted.[XXIX-40] Syphilis exists
in Central America, but is not so prevalent as in Mexico. In some parts
laws have been enacted to regulate the social evil.[XXIX-41]
That great scourge of the present century in Europe and America,
Asiatic cholera, has repeatedly invaded the Central American states,
carrying vast numbers to destruction. In 1836 it desolated the largest
cities, and everywhere created the utmost consternation.[XXIX-42] It
again made its appearance in the early part of July 1855. A soldier
died in Fort San Juan. A few days later a boat-load of cholera patients
came to Granada, and forthwith the malady spread throughout Nicaragua
and the rest of Central America, its heart-rending effects not ceasing
in Salvador and Guatemala till toward the latter part of 1857.[XXIX-43]
The disease broke out again epidemically in Nicaragua toward the end
of 1866, and continued its ravages there and in Honduras in 1867 and
1868, and it appears that some cases occurred in Honduras even as late
as 1871.[XXIX-44]
The several republics have provided hospitals for the care of the
indigent poor, as well as other benevolent establishments for the
comfort of orphans and others needing public support. There are also
charitable societies affording great relief to the sick and destitute.