_Torquemada_, Lib. ix. capp. xiv. xv.; _Sahagun_, Tom. I. pp. 227-8
(last section of Appendix to Lib. ii.); _Acosta_, Lib. v. cap. xvi.;
_Clavigero_, Lib. vi. capp. xvi. xxii.
[32] See the "Cuadro historico-geroglifico," &c., contributed by Don
_Jose Fernando Ramirez_ (curator of the national Museum at Mexico) to
_Garcia y Cubas_, "Altas geographico, estadistico e historico de la
Republica Mexicana," Entrega 29a (1858).
[33] On all that concerns the Mexican cosmogonies, see _Mueller_, pp. 477
sq., 509--519; _Bancroft_, Vol. III. pp. 57--65; _Ixtlilxochitl_,
"Historia Chichimeca," capp. i. ii.; _Kingsborough_, "Mexican
Antiquities," Vol. V. pp. 164-167; _Humboldt_, pp. 202--211.
[34] See _Sahagun_, Tom. II. pp. 281--283, Lib. viii. cap. vi.
[35] The sacerdotal year was lunar. The civil year, which was doubtless
of later origin, and had been adopted as better suited to the purposes
of agriculture, was solar. Every thirteenth year the two coincided. The
number _four_, which plays an important part in Mexican symbolism (cf.
the Mexican cross) gave a kind of cosmic significance to 13 x 4 = 52.
[36] See _Bancroft_, Vol. III. pp. 393-396.
[37] Compare the Appendix to Jourdanet's translation of Bernal Diaz, pp.
912 sqq.
[38] On the conversion of the Mexicans, &c., compare the anonymous
treatise at the end of _Kingsborough's_ "Mexican Antiquities," Vol. IX.
Cf. also _Torquemada,_ Lib. xvii. cap. xx., Lib. xix. cap. xxix.
[39] See _P. Pauke,_ "Reise in d. Missionen von Paraguay:" Vienna, 1829,
p. 111.
[40] In addition to the works of _Acosta_, _Gomara_, _Herrera_,
_Humboldt_, _Waitz_ and _Mueller_, already cited in connection with
Mexico, and _Prescott's_ "Conquest of Peru," we may mention the
following authorities for the political and religious history of Peru:
_Xeres_ (Pizarro's secretary): "Verdadera relacion de la conquista del
Peru y provincia del Cuzco llamada la nueva Castilla ... por Francisco
de Xeres," &c.: Seville, 1534. English translation by Markham in
"Reports on the Discovery of Peru:" printed for the Hakluyt Society,
London, 1872.--_Zarate_ (official Spanish "auditor" in Peru): "Historia
del descubrimiento y conquista del Peru.... La qual escriua Augustin de
Carate," &c.: Antwerp, 1555. English translation: "The strange and
delectable History, &c.: translated out of the Spanish Tongue by T.
Nicholas:" London, 1581.--_Cieza de Leon_ (served in Peru for seventeen
years): "Parte Primera Dela chronica del Peru," &c.: Seville, 1553. The
second and third Parts have never been printed. English translation by
Markham: Hakluyt Society, 1864. [N. B. _Xeres_ (or _Jeres_), _Cieza de
Leon_ and _Zarate_, are all contained in Tom. XXVI. of Aribau's
"Biblioteca de autores Espanoles."]--_Diego Fernandez_ of Palencia
(historiographer of Peru under the vice-royalty of Mendoza): "Primera, y
Segunda Parte, de la Historia del Peru," &c.: Seville, 1571.--_Miguel
Cavello Balboa:_ "Histoire du Perou," in Ternaux-Compans, Vol.
XV.--_Arriaga_: "Extirpacion de la Idolatria del Piru ... Por el Padre
Pablo Joseph de Arriaga de la Compania de Jesus:" Lima, 1621. Extracts
are given in Ternaux-Compans, Vol. XVII.--_Fernando Montesinos_:
"Memoires historiques sur l'Ancien Perou:" translated from the Spanish
MS. in Ternaux-Compans, Vol. XVII. Montesinos rectifies Garcilasso de la
Vega on more points than one.--_Johannes de Laet_: "Novus Orbis," &c.:
Leiden, 1633.--Velasco: "Historia del Reino de Quito," &c.: Quito, 1844.
This work is in three Parts, the second of which, the "Historia
Antigua," is the one referred to in future notes. This second Part is
translated in Ternaux-Compans, Vols. XVIII. XIX.
The Abbe _Raynal's_ "Histoire philosophique et politique des
etablissements ... des Europeens dans les deux Indes" (10 vols.: Geneva,
1770) made a great stir in its time, the English translation by
Justamond reaching a third edition in 1777; but it is now completely
forgotten, and has no real value for our purposes. I cannot refrain from
a passing notice of a romance which is now almost as completely
forgotten as the Abbe Raynal's History, in spite of its long popularity:
I mean _Marmontel's_ "Les Incas et la Destruction de l'empire du Perou:"
Paris, 1777. The author derived his materials from Garcilasso de la
Vega. In spite of the florid style and innumerable offences against
historical and psychological fact which characterize this work, it
cannot be denied that Marmontel has disengaged with great skill the
profound causes of the irremediable ruin of the Peruvian state.
_Lacroix_: "Perou," in Vol. IV. of "L'Amerique" in "L'Univers
Pittoresque."--_Paul Chaix_: "Histoire de l'Amerique meridionale au
XVI^e siecle," Part I.: Geneva, 1853.--_Wuttke_: "Geschichte des
Heidenthums," Theil I., 1852.--_J. J. von Tschudi_: "Peru. Reiseskizzen
aus den Jahren 1838-1842:" St. Gallen, 1846.--_Thos. J. Hutchinson_:
"Two Years in Peru, with explorations of its Antiquities:" London, 1873.
Hutchinson had good reason to point out the exaggerations in which
Garcilasso indulges with reference to his ancestors the Incas, but he
himself speaks too slightingly of their government. Had it not been in
the main beneficent and popular, it could not have left such
affectionate and enduring memories in the minds of the native
population.
For the method of citation, see end of note on p. 18.
[41] This work is in two Parts, the first of which (Lisbon, 1609) gives
an account of the native traditions, customs and history prior to the
Spanish conquest, while the second (published under the separate title
of _Historia General del Peru_: Cordova, 1617) deals with the Spanish
conquest, &c. English translation by Sir Paul Rycaut: London, 1688, not
at all to be trusted; both imperfect (omitting and condensing in an
arbitrary fashion) and incorrect. As it may be in the possession of some
of my readers, however, reference will be made to it in future notes.
The earlier and more important part of Garcilasso's work has recently
been translated for the _Hakluyt Society_ by _Clements R. Markham_, 2
vols.: London, 1869, 1871. References are to the _Commentarios reales_
(Part I.), unless otherwise stated.
[42] _Herrera_, Decada v. Libro iv. cap. ii. (Vol. IV. p. 335, in
Stevens's epitomized translation).
[43] _Garcilasso_, Lib. iv. cap. viii., Lib. v. capp. vi. vii. viii.
xiii.; _Acosta_, Lib. vi. capp. xiii. xvi.; _Montesinos_, p. 57.
[44] _Garcilasso_, Lib. vi. cap. xxxv.
[45] _Garcilasso_, Lib. v. cap. xii.; _Herrera_, Dec. v. Lib. iv. cap.
iv. (Vol. IV. p. 344, in Stevens's translation). See also _Hazart_,
"Historie van Peru," Part II. chap. iv.; in his "Kerckelijcke Historie
van de Gheheele Wereldt," Vol. I. p. 315: Antwerp, 1682.
[46] See _Gomara_ (in Vol. XXII. of the Bibliotheca de Autores
Espanoles), p. 228a; _Garcillasso_, "Historia General," &c., Lib. i.
cap. xviii.; cf. _Prescott_, Bk. iii. chaps. v. vi., and Appendices
viii. ix.
[47] _Gomara_, p. 232 a.
[48] Cf. _Waitz_, Theil IV. S. 411, 418.
[49] Cf. _Garcilasso_, Lib. v. cap. xiii.; _Prescott_, Bk. i. chap. ii.
[50] _Mueller_, p. 406.
[51] See _Herrera_, Dec. v. Lib. iv. cap. iii. (Vol. IV. pp. 337 sqq. in
Stevens's translation); _Garcilasso_, Lib. ii. capp. xii. xiii. xiv. (p.
35 of Rycaut's translation, in which the passage is much shortened),
Lib. v. cap. xi.; _Velasco_, Lib. ii. Sec. 6.
[52] _Acosta_, Lib. vi. cap. xviii.; _Herrera_, Dec. v. Lib. iv. cap. i.
and end of cap. iii. (Vol. IV. pp. 329 sq., 342, in Stevens's
translation).
[53] _Garcilasso_, Lib. iv. cap. vii.; _Herrera_, Dec. v. Lib. iv. capp.
ii. iii. (Vol. IV. pp. 334, 341, in Stevens's translation); cf.
_Montesinos_, p. 56.
[54] _Garcilasso_, Lib. iv. cap. xix.; cf. Lib. viii. cap. viii. (ad
fin.).
[55] Cf. _Tschudi_, Vol. II. p. 387; _Hutchinson_, Vol. II. pp. 175-6.
[56] _Montesinos_, p. 119, cf. pp. 33, 108.
[57] _Garcilasso_, Lib. v. cap. iii.
[58] _Humboldt_, pp. 108, 294.
[59] _Gomara_, p. 277 b.
[60] _Prescott_, Bk. iii. chap. viii.
[61] Cf. _Garcilasso_, Lib. vi. cap. iv.
[62] _Garcilasso_, Lib. i. capp. ix.-xvii.; cf. Lib. ii. cap. ix., Lib.
iii. cap. xxv.
[63] Such at least is the etymology proposed by Garcilasso (Lib. i. cap.
xviii.). Modern Peruvian scholars rather incline to refer _Cuzco_ to the
same root as _cuzcani_ ("to clear the ground").
[64] See the critical summary of the history of the Incas in _Waitz_,
Theil. IV. S. 396 sq. The following table of the successive Incas
follows Garcilasso:
Manco Capac, died about 1000
Sinchi Roca, " 1091
Lloque Yupanqui, " 1126
Mayta Capac, " 1156
Capac Yupanqui, " 1197
Inca Roca, " 1249
Yahuar Huacac, " 1289
Viracocha Inca Ripac, " 1340
[Inca Urco, who only reigned 11 days, is omitted by Garcilasso]
Tito Manco Capac Pachacutec, " 1400
Yupanqui, " 1438
Tupac Yupanqui, " 1475
Huayna Capac, " 1525
Huascar, } " {1532
Atahualpa,} " {1533
[65] _Garcilasso_, Lib. viii. cap. viii. Garcilasso says that he
translates this passage, word for word, from the Latin MS. of the Jesuit
Father, _Blas Valera_.
[66] _Herrera_, Dec. v. Lib. iv. cap. iv. (Vol. IV. p. 346, in Stevens's
translation).
[67] Lib. ix. cap. x.
[68] _Herrera_, Dec. v. Lib. i. capp. ii. iii., Lib. iii. cap. xvii.
(Vol. IV. pp. 240 sqq., 325 sqq., in Stevens's translation).
[69] _Herrera_, Dec. v. Lib. iii. cap. ii. (Vol. IV. p. 266, in
Stevens's translation); _Gomara_, p. 231 a.
[70] In the course of a few months, Pizarro amassed such immense wealth
that, after deducting the _fifth_ for the king and a large sum for the
reinforcements brought him by Almagro, he was still able to give L4000
to each of his foot-soldiers, and double that sum to each horseman. The
calculation is made by Robertson, who estimates the _peso_ at a pound
sterling. To obtain the equivalent purchasing power in our own times,
these sums would have to be more than quadrupled!
[71] _Herrera_, Dec. v. Lib. viii. capp. i. sqq. (Vol. V. pp. 23 sqq. in
Stevens's translation).
[72] See _Alcedo_, "Diccionario Geografico-Historico de las Indias
Occidentales," &c.: Madrid, 1786-9: article _Chunchos_.
[73] See _Waitz_, Vol. IV. pp. 477-497; _Tschudi_, Vol. II. pp. 346-351;
cf. _Castelnau_, "Expedition dans les Parties centrales de l'Amerique du
Sud," &c.: Paris, 1850, &c., Part I. Vol. III. p. 282.
[74] _Tschudi_, ibid.
[75] Cf. Spanish MS. cited by _Prescott_, Bk. i. chap. iii.; _Velasco_,
Lib. ii. Sec. 4, sec. 15.
[76] _Prescott_, Bk. i. chap. iii.
[77] Cf. _Garcilasso_, Lib. v. cap. xxi., where the current etymology of
the word is rejected.
[78] See _Mueller_, pp. 313 sqq., where all the views concerning him are
collected and discussed.
[79] This hymn was found by _Garcilasso_ (see Lib. ii. cap. xvii., pp.
50, 51, in Rycaut's translation) among the papers of Father _Blas
Valera_, and has been freed by _Tschudi_ from the misprints, &c., that
disfigured it in the printed editions of Garcilasso and all subsequent
reproductions. See _Tschudi_, Vol. II. p. 381.
[80] _Johannes de Laet_, Lib. x. cap. i. (p. 398, ll. 51, 52).
[81] _Prescott_, Bk. i. chap. i.; _Garcilasso_, Lib. vi. cap. xxx.
[82] _Gomara_, p. 233a; _Velasco_, Lib. ii. Sec. 2, sec. 4.
[83] _Garcilasso_, Lib. ii. capp. ii. iii.
[84] See _Montesinos_, pp. 3 sqq., whose version of the legend has been
mainly followed in the text. Cf. however, for some of the details,
_Garcilasso_, Lib. i. cap. xviii. (omitted by Rycaut); _Acosta_, Lib. i.
cap. xxv.; _Balboa_, pp. 4 sqq., &c.
[85] _Velasco_, Lib. ii. Sec. 4, sec. 17; _Ph. H. Kuelb_ in _Widenmann_ and
_Hauff's_ "Reisen u. Laenderbeshreibungen," Lief, xxvii.: Stuttgart,
1843, pp. 186-7.
[86] _Acosta_, Lib. v. cap. iv.; _Velasco_, Lib. ii. Sec. 4, sec. 16;
_Prescott_, Bk. i. chap. iii.; _Kuelb_, ibid.
[87] _Prescott_, ibid. In cloudy weather they had recourse to the method
of friction.
[88] _Prescott_, ibid.
[89] _Arriaga_, pp. 17, 32; _Kuelb_, ibid.
[90] Cf. _Arriaga_, pp. 10-17, &c. (cf. _Ternaux-Compans_, Vol. XVII.
pp. 13, 14).
[91] _Acosta_, Lib. v. cap. v.; _Velasco_, Lib. ii. Sec. 3, sec. 2;
_Arriaga_, ibid.
[92] _Tschudi_, Vol. II. pp. 396-7.
[93] _Arriaga_, p. 18 (cf. _Ternaux-Compans_, Vol. XVII. p. 15).
[94] Cf. _Arriaga_, pp. 10-17 (cf. _Ternaux-Compans_, Vol. XVII. pp. 13,
14); _Acosta_, Lib. v; cap. v.; _Montesinos_, pp. 161-2; _Velasco_, Lib.
ii. Sec. 3, sec. 1.
[95] On the priesthood, cf. _Arriaga_, pp. 17 sqq. (cf.
_Ternaux-Compans_, Vol. XVII. p. 15); _Prescott_, Bk. i. chap. iii.;
_Balboa_, p. 29; _Velasco_, Lib. ii. Sec. 3, sec. 8; _Garcilasso_, Lib. v.
capp. viii. (ad fin.) xii. xiii.; _Mueller_, p. 387; _Kuelb_, l.c. p. 187.
[96] Cf. _Acosta_, Lib. v. cap. xv.; _Montesinos_, p. 56; _Velasco_,
Lib. ii. Sec. 3, sec. 12, Sec. 9, sec. 10; _Prescott_, Bk. i. chap. iii. and
elsewhere.
[97] Cf. _Prescott_, Bk. i. chap. iii.; _Garcilasso_, Lib. iii. capp.
xx.-xxiv.; _Paul Chaix_, Vol. I. pp. 249 sqq. On the temples of
Pachacamac, which must have attained gigantic proportions before the
time of the Incas, see _Hutchinson_, Vol. I. pp. 147-176.
[98] _Richard Inwards_, "The Temple of the Andes:" London, 1884.
[99] _Acosta_, Lib, v. cap. xviii.; _Garcilasso_, Lib. ii. cap. viii.
(p. 31 in Rycaut), Lib. vi. cap. xxi.; _Arriaga_, p. 77.
[100] _Acosta_, ibid.; _Arriaga_, pp. 24-27 (cf. _Ternaux-Compans_, Vol.
XVII. pp. 15, 16); _Prescott_, Bk. i. chap. iii.
[101] _Velasco_, Lib. ii. Sec. 4, sec. 20.
[102] _Acosta_, ibid.; _Arriaga_, ibid.
[103] _Garcilasso_, Lib. i. cap. xi., Lib. ii. cap. xviii., Lib. iv.
cap. xv., and elsewhere (pp. 6, &c., in Rycaut, who omits some of the
passages).
[104] _Montesinos_, p. 121; _Acosta_, Lib. v. capp. v. xix., Lib. vi.
cap. xxii.; _Prescott_, Bk. i. chaps, i. ii.; _Garcilasso_, Lib. vi.
cap. v.; _Acosta_, Lib. v. cap. vii.; _Velasco_, Lib. iii. Sec. 1, sec. 1.
[105] _Gomara_, p. 234 a. Cf. _Montesinos_, p. 68, and _Poeppig_ in Ersch
u. Gruber's "Encyklopaedie," art. _Incas_, p. 287 b, note 35.
[106] _Garcilasso_, Lib. ii. capp. xxii, xxiii. (pp. 43, 44, in Rycaut);
_Prescott_, Bk. i. chap. iv.; _Acosta_, Lib. vi. cap. iii.
[107] _Garcilasso_, Lib. v. cap. ii.; _Tschudi_, Vol. II. p. 382;
_Rivero y Tschudi_: Antigueedades Peruanas: Viena, 1851. pp. 135-141. N.
B. An English translation of this work by F. L. Hawks appeared at New
York in 1853.
[108] _Velasco_, Lib. ii. Sec. 5, secc. 4, 17 (Ternaux-Compans, Vol. XVIII.
pp. 137, 148-9); _Kuelb_, l.c. p. 190.
[109] _Garcilasso_, Lib. vi. capp. xx.-xxii.; _Prescott_, Bk. i. chap.
iii.
[110] _Acosta_, Lib. v. cap. xxviii. [wrongly numbered xxvii. in the
original edition]; _Garcilasso_, Lib. vii. capp. vi. vii.
[111] _Acosta_, ibid.
[112] _Acosta_, ibid.; _Garcilasso_, Lib. vi. capp. xxiv.-xxvii.
[113] Cf. _Acosta_, ibid.; _Velasco_, Lib. ii. Sec. 5.
[114] _Gomara_, p. 233 b; _Garcilasso_, Lib. ii. cap. xxiii.; cf.
_Montesinos_, pp. 67, 68.
[115] _Balboa_, pp. 29, 30.
[116] Cf. _Arriaga_, pp. 17-23, and _passim_ (Ternaux-Compans, Vol.
XVII. p. 15).
[117] See _Prescott_, ibid.
[118] Cf. _Velasco_, Lib. ii. Sec. 3, secc. 4, 5.
[119] _Balboa_, p. 3; _Velasco_, Lib. ii. Sec. 3, sec. 6; _Arriaga_, pp.
28, 29 (Ternaux-Compans, Vol. XVII. pp. 16, 17).
[120] Cf. _Tschudi_, Vol. II. pp. 355-6, 397-8.
[121] _Acosta_, Lib. v. capp. vi. vii.; _Velasco_, Lib. ii. Sec. 3, sec. 3;
_Arriaga_, p. 15 (cf. Ternaux-Compans, Vol. XVII. p. 14); _Garcilasso_,
Lib. ii. capp. ii. (Supay), vii. (omitted by Rycaut); _Prescott_, Bk. i.
chap. iii.
[122] Compare _W. B. Stevenson_, "A Historical and Descriptive Narrative
of Twenty Years' Residence in South America:" London, 1825, Vol. I. pp.
394 sqq.
PRINTED BY C. GREEN & SON, 178, STRAND.
Transcriber's Note:
Changes listed in the Addenda et Corrigenda on page ix have
been made. Spelling and spelling variations have been retained
as in the original publication.