The following list is not intended for a complete bibliography of what
has been written on the ethnography of the Eskimo, but it is believed
that it contains most of the important works by authors who have
treated of these people from personal observation. Such of the less
important works have been included as contain any references bearing
upon the subject of the study.
As it has been my object to go, whenever possible, to the original
sources of information, compilations, whether scientific or popular,
have not been referred to or included in this list, which also
contains only the editions referred to in the text.
ARMSTRONG, ALEXANDER. A personal narrative of the discovery of the
Northwest Passage; with numerous incidents of travel and adventure
during nearly five years’ continuous service in the Arctic regions
while in search of the expedition under Sir John Franklin. London,
1857.
BACK, GEORGE. Narrative of the Arctic land expedition to the mouth of
the Great Fish River and along the shores of the Arctic Ocean, in the
years 1833, 1834, and 1835. Philadelphia, 1836.
BEECHEY, FREDERICK WILLIAM. Narrative of a voyage to the Pacific and
Beering’s Strait to cooperate with the polar expeditions: performed in
His Majesty’s ship Blossom, under the command of Capt. F. W. Beechey,
etc., etc., etc., in the years 1825, 1826, 1827, and 1828. London,
1831.
BESSELS, EMIL. Die amerikanische Nordpol-Expedition. Leipzig, 1878.
---- The northernmost inhabitants of the earth. An ethnographic
sketch. < American Naturalist, vol. 18, pp. 861-882. 1884.
---- Einige Worte über die Inuit (Eskimo) des Smith-Sundes, nebst
Bemerkungen über Inuit-Schädel. < Archiv für Anthropologie, vol. 8,
pp. 107-122. Braunschweig, 1875.
BOAS, FRANZ. The Central Eskimo. In Sixth Annual Report of the Bureau
of Ethnology, pp. 399-669. Washington, Government Printing Office,
1888.
BRODBECK, J. Nach Osten. Untersuchungsfahrt nach der Ostküste
Grönlands, vom 2. bis 12. August 1881. Niesky, 1882.
CHAPPELL, E. (Lieut., R.N.). Narrative of a voyage to Hudson’s Bay in
His Majesty’s ship Rosamond, containing some account of the
northeastern coast of America, and of the tribes inhabiting that
remote region. London, 1817.
CHORIS, L. Voyage Pittoresque autour du Monde, avec des portraits des
sauvages d’Amérique, d’Asie, d’Afrique, et des iles du Grand Océan;
des paysages, des vues maritimes, et plusieurs objets d’histoire
naturelle; accompagné de descriptions par M. le Baron Cuvier, et M. A.
de Chamisso, et d’observations sur les crânes humains par M. le
Docteur Gall. Paris, 1822.
COOK, JAMES, and KING, JAMES. A voyage to the Pacific Ocean,
undertaken by the command of His Majesty for making discoveries in the
northern hemisphere, to determine the position and extent of the west
side of North America; its distance from Asia; and the practicability
of a northern passage to Europe, in the years 1776, 1777, 1778, 1779,
and 1780. London, 1784. 3 vols. (Commonly called “Cook’s Third
Voyage.”)
“CORWIN.” Cruise of the revenue steamer Corwin in Alaska and the
N.W. Arctic Ocean in 1881. Notes and memoranda. Medical and
anthropological; botanical; ornithological. Washington, Government
Printing Office, 1883.
CRANTZ, DAVID. The history of Greenland: containing a description of
the country and its inhabitants; and particularly a relation of the
mission carried on for above these thirty years by the Unitas Fratrum,
at New Herrnhuth and Lichtenfels, in that country. 2 volumes. London,
1767.
DALL, WILLIAM HEALY. Alaska and its Resources. Boston, 1870.
---- On masks, labrets, and certain aboriginal customs, with an
inquiry into the bearing of their geographical distribution. < Third
Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology to the Secretary of the
Smithsonian Institution, 1881. Washington, Government Printing Office,
1884.
---- Tribes of the extreme northwest. < Contributions to North
American Ethnology, vol. 1. Washington, Government Printing Office,
1877.
[DAVIS, JOHN]. The first voyage of Master John Dauis, vndertaken in
June 1585: for the discoverie of the Northwest Passage. Written by
John Janes Marchant Seruant to the worshipfull M. William Sanderson.
< Hakluyt, “The principal navigations, voiages, etc.,” pp. 776-780.
London, 1589.
---- The second voyage attempted by Master John Davis with others for
the discoverie of the Northwest passage, in Anno 1586. < Hakluyt, “The
principal navigations, voiages, etc.,” pp. 781-786. London, 1589.
---- The third voyage Northwestward, made by John Dauis, Gentleman, as
chiefe Captaine and Pilot generall, for the discoverie of a passage to
the Isles of the Molucca, or the coast of China, in the yeere 1587.
Written by John Janes, Seruant to the aforesayd M. William Sanderson.
< Hakluyt, “The principal navigations, voiages, etc.,” pp. 789-792.
London, 1589.
DEASE, PETER W., and SIMPSON, THOMAS. An account of the recent arctic
discoveries by Messrs. Dease and Simpson. < Journal of the Royal
Geographical Society of London, vol. 8, pp. 213-225. London, 1838.
EGEDE, HANS. A description of Greenland. Showing the natural history,
situation, boundaries, and face of the country; the nature of the
soil; the rise and progress of the old _Norwegian_ colonies; the
ancient and modern inhabitants; their genius and way of life, and
produce of the soil; their plants, beasts, fishes, etc. Translated
from the Danish. London, 1745.
ELLIS, H. A voyage to Hudson’s Bay, by the Dobbs Galley and
California, in the years 1746 and 1747, for discovering a northwest
passage. London, 1748.
FRANKLIN, SIR JOHN. Narrative of a journey to the shores of the Polar
Sea in the years 1819-20-21-22. Third edition, 2 vols. London, 1824.
---- Narrative of a second expedition to the shores of the Polar Sea
in the years 1825, 1826, and 1827. Including an account of the
progress of a detachment to the eastward, by John Richardson. London,
1828.
[FROBISHER, MARTIN]. The first voyage of M. Martine Frobisher to the
Northwest for the search of the straight or passage to China, written
by Christopher Hall, and made in the yeere of our Lord 1576.
< Hakluyt, “The principal navigations, voiages, etc.,” pp. 615-622.
London, 1589.
---- The second voyage of Master Martin Frobisher, made to the West
and Northwest Regions, in the yeere 1577. With a description of the
Countrey and people. Written by Dionise Settle. < Hakluyt, “The
principal navigations, voiages, etc.,” pp. 622-630. London, 1589.
---- The third and last voyage into Meta Incognita, made by M. Martin
Frobisher, in the year 1578. Written by Thomas Ellis. < Hakluyt, “The
principal navigations, voiages, etc.,” pp. 630-635. London, 1589.
GILDER, W. H. Schwatka’s search. Sledging in the arctic in quest of
the Franklin records. New York, 1881.
GRAAH, W. A. (Capt.). Narrative of an expedition to the east coast of
Greenland, sent by order of the King of Denmark, in search of the lost
colonies. Translated from the Danish. London, 1837.
HAKLUYT, RICHARD. The principall navigations, voiages and discoveries
of the English nation, made by Sea or over Land, to the most remote
and farthest distant Quarters of the earth at any time within the
compasse of these 100 yeeres. London, 1589.
HALL, CHARLES FRANCIS. Arctic researches and life among the Esquimaux:
being the narrative of an expedition in search of Sir John Franklin,
in the years 1860, 1861, and 1862. New York, 1865.
---- Narrative of the second arctic expedition made by Charles
F. Hall: his voyage to Repulse Bay, sledge journeys to the Straits of
Fury and Hecla and to King William’s Land, and residence among the
Eskimos during the years 1864-’69. Washington, Government Printing
Office, 1879.
HEALY, M. A. Report of the cruise of the revenue marine steamer Corwin
in the Arctic Ocean in the year 1885. Washington, Government Printing
Office, 1887.
HOLM, G. Konebaads-Expeditionen til Grønlands Østkyst 1883-’85.
< Geografisk Tidskrift, vol. 8, pp. 79-98. Copenhagen, 1886.
HOLM, G., and GARDE, V. Den danske Konebaads-Expeditionen til
Grønlands Østkyst, populært beskreven. Copenhagen, 1887.
HOOPER, C. L. (Capt.). Report of the cruise of the U.S. revenue
steamer Thomas Corwin, in the Arctic Ocean, 1881. Washington,
Government Printing Office, 1884.
HOOPER, WILLIAM HULME (Lieut.). Ten months among the tents of the
Tuski, with incidents of an arctic boat expedition in search of Sir
John Franklin, as far as the Mackenzie River and Cape Bathurst.
London, 1853.
KANE, ELISHA KENT (Dr.). Arctic explorations in the years 1853, ’54,
’55. Two vols. Philadelphia, 1856.
---- The U.S. Grinnell expedition in search of Sir John Franklin.
A personal narrative. New York, 1853.
KIRKBY, W. W. (Archdeacon). A journey to the Youcan, Russian America.
< Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution
for the year 1864, pp. 416-420. Washington, 1865.
KLUTSCHAK, HEINRICH W. Als Eskimo unter den Eskimos. Eine Schilderung
der Erlebnisse der Schwatka’schen Franklin-aufsuchungs-expedition in
den Jahren 1878-’80. Wien, Pest, Leipzig, 1881.
KOTZEBUE, O. VON. A voyage of discovery into the South Sea and
Beering’s Straits, for the purpose of exploring a northeast passage,
undertaken in the years 1815-1818. Three volumes. London, 1821.
KRAUSE, AUREL (Dr.). Die Bevolkerungsverhältnisse der
Tschuktscher-Halbinsel. < Deutsche geographische Blätter, vol. 6,
pp. 248-278. Bremen, 1883.
---- and ARTHUR, Die Expedition der Bremer geographischen Gesellschaft
nach der Tschuktscher-Halbinsel. < Deutsche geographische Blätter,
vol. 5, pp. 1-35, 111-133. Bremen, 1882.
---- Die wissenschaftliche Expedition der Bremer geographischen
Gesellschaft nach dem Küstengebiete an der Beringsstrasse. < Deutsche
geographische Blätter, vol. 4, pp. 245-281. Bremen, 1881.
KUMLIEN, LUDWIG, Contributions to the natural history of Arctic
America, made in connection with the Howgate polar expedition,
1877-78. Bulletin of the U.S. National Museum, No. 15. Washington,
Government Printing Office, 1879.
LISIANSKY, UREY, A voyage round the world, in the years 1803, ’4, ’5,
and ’6, performed by order of His Imperial Majesty Alexander the
First, Emperor of Russia, in the ship Neva. London, 1814.
LYON, G. F. (Capt.). The private journal of Captain G. F. Lyon, of
H.M.S. Hecla, during the recent voyage of discovery under Captain
Parry. Boston, 1824.
M’CLURE, ROBERT LE MESURIER (Capt.). _See_ Osborn, Sherard (editor).
MACKENZIE, ALEXANDER. Voyages from Montreal, on the river St.
Lawrence, through the continent of North America, to the Frozen and
Pacific Oceans, in the years 1789 and 1793. London, 1802.
MAGUIRE, ROCHFORT (Commander). Proceedings of Commander Maguire,
H.M. discovery ship “Plover.” < Parliamentary Reports, 1854, XLII, pp.
165-185. London, 1854.
---- Proceedings of Commander Maguire, Her Majesty’s discovery ship
“Plover.” < Further papers relative to the recent arctic expedition in
search of Sir John Franklin, etc., p. 905 (second year). Presented to
both houses of Parliament, January, 1855. London.
MORGAN, HENRY. The relation of the course which the Sunshine, a bark
of fiftie tunnes, and the Northstarre, a small pinnesse, being two
vessels of the fleet of M. John Dauis, held after he had sent them
from him to discouer the passage between Groenland and Island.
Written by Henry Morgan, seruant to M. William Sanderson, of London.
< Hakluyt, “The principall navigations, voiages, etc.,” pp. 787-9.
London, 1589.
MURDOCH, JOHN. The retrieving harpoon; an undescribed type of Eskimo
weapon. < American Naturalist, vol. 19, 1885, pp. 423-425.
MURDOCH, JOHN. On the Siberian origin of some customs of the western
Eskimos. < American Anthropologist, vol. 1, pp. 325-336. Washington,
1888.
---- A study of the Eskimo bows in the U.S. National Museum.
< Smithsonian Report for 1884, pt. II, pp. 307-316. Washington,
Government Printing Office, 1885.
NORDENSKIÖLD, ADOLF ERIC. The voyage of the Vega round Asia and
Europe. Translated by Alexander Leslie. 2 vols. London, 1881.
OSBORN, SHERARD (editor). The discovery of the northwest passage by
H.M.S. Investigator, Capt. R. M’Clure, 1850, 1851, 1852, 1853, 1854.
Edited by Commander Sherard Osborn, from the logs and journals of
Capt. Robert Le M. M’Clure. Appendix: Narrative of Commander Maguire,
wintering at Point Barrow. London, 1856.
PARRY, WILLIAM EDWARD (Sir). Journal of a voyage for the discovery of
a northwest passage from the Atlantic to the Pacific; performed in the
years 1819-’20, in His Majesty’s ships Hecla and Griper. Second
edition. London, 1821.
---- Journal of a second voyage for the discovery of a northwest
passage from the Atlantic to the Pacific; performed in the years
1821-’22-’23, in His Majesty’s ships Fury and Hecla. London, 1824.
PETITOT, EMILE FORTUNÉ STANISLAS JOSEPH, (Rev.). Géographie de
l’Athabascaw-Mackenzie. < Bulletin de la Société de Géographie, [6]
vol. 10, pp. 5-12, 126-183, 242-290. Paris, 1875.
---- Vocabulaire Français-Esquimaux, dialecte des Tchiglit des bouches
du Mackenzie et de l’Anderson, précédé d’une monographie de cette
tribu et de notes grammaticales. Vol. 3 of Pinart’s “Bibliothèque de
Linguistique et d’Ethnographie Américaines.”
PETROFF, IVAN. Report on the population, industries, and resources of
Alaska. < Tenth Census of the U.S. Washington, Government Printing
Office, 1884.
POWELL, JOSEPH S. (Lieut.). Report of Lieut. Joseph S. Powell: Relief
expedition to Point Barrow, Alaska. < Signal Service Notes, No. V, pp.
13-23. Washington, Office of the Chief Signal Officer, 1883.
RAE, JOHN (Dr.). Narrative of an expedition to the shores of the
Arctic Sea in 1846 and 1847. London, 1850.
RAY, PATRICK HENRY (Lieut.). Report of the International Polar
Expedition to Point Barrow, Alaska. Washington, Government Printing
Office, 1885.
---- Report of Lieut. P. Henry Ray: Work at Point Barrow, Alaska, from
September 16, 1881, to August 25, 1882. < Signal Service Notes, No. V,
pp. 35-40. Washington, Office of the Chief Signal Officer, 1883.
RICHARDSON, JOHN (Sir.). Arctic searching expedition: A journal of a
boat voyage through Rupert’s Land and the Arctic Sea, in search of the
discovery ships under command of Sir John Franklin. 2 volumes. London,
1851.
---- Eskimos, their geographical distribution. < Edinburgh New
Philosophical Journal, vol. 52, pp. 322-323. Edinburgh, 1852.
---- The polar regions. Edinburgh, 1861.
RINK, HENRIK [Johan] (Dr.). Die dänische Expedition nach der Ostküste
Grönlands, 1883-1885. < Deutsche geographische Blätter, vol. 8, pp.
341-353. Bremen, 1885.
---- Danish Greenland, its people and its products. London. 1877.
---- The Eskimo tribes. Their distribution and characteristics,
especially in regard to language. Meddelelser om Grønland, vol. 11.
Copenhagen, 1887.
---- Die Östgrönlander in ihrem Verhältnisse zu den übrigen
Eskimostämmen. < Deutsche geographische Blätter, vol. 9, pp. 228-239.
Bremen, 1886.
---- Østgrønlænderne i deres Forhold til Vestgrønlænderne og de øvrige
Eskimostammer. < Geografisk Tidskrift, vol. 8, pp. 139-145.
Copenhagen, 1886. (Nearly the same as the above.)
---- Tales and Traditions of the Eskimo, with a sketch of their
habits, language, and other peculiarities. Translated from the Danish.
Edinburgh, 1875.
ROSS, JOHN. Appendix to the narrative of a second voyage in search of
a Northwest passage, and of a residence in the arctic regions during
the years 1829, 1830, 1831, 1832, 1833. London, 1835.
---- Narrative of a second voyage in search of a northwest passage,
and of a residence in the arctic regions during the years 1829, 1830,
1831, 1832, 1833. Philadelphia, 1835.
---- A voyage of discovery, made under the orders of the admiralty in
His Majesty’s ships Isabella and Alexander, for the purpose of
exploring Baffin’s Bay, and inquiring into the probability of a
northwest passage. London, 1819.
SCHWATKA, FREDERICK. The Netschilluk Innuit. < Science, vol. 4, pp.
543-5. New York, 1884.
---- Nimrod in the North, or hunting and fishing adventures in the
arctic regions. New York, 1885.
SCORESBY, WILLIAM, Jr. (Captain). Journal of a voyage to the northern
whale-fishery; including researches and discoveries on the eastern
coast of Greenland, made in the summer of 1822, in the ship Baffin, of
Liverpool. Edinburgh, 1823.
SEEMANN, BERTHOLD. Narrative of the voyage of H.M.S. Herald, during
the years 1845-’51, under the command of Captain Henry Kellett, R.N.,
C.B.; being a circumnavigation of the globe and three cruises to the
arctic regions in search of Sir John Franklin. Two vols. London, 1853.
SIMPSON, JOHN (Dr.). Observations on the western Eskimo, and the
country they inhabit; from notes taken during two years at Point
Barrow. < A selection of papers on arctic geography and ethnology.
Reprinted and presented to the arctic expedition of 1875 by the Royal
Geographical Society (“Arctic Blue Book”), pp. 233-275. London, 1875.
(Reprinted from “Further papers,” etc., Parl. Rep., 1855.)
SIMPSON, THOMAS. Narrative of the discoveries on the north coast of
America, effected by the officers of the Hudson’s Bay Company during
the years 1836-39. London, 1843.
SOLLAS, W. J. On some Eskimos’ bone implements from the east coast of
Greenland. Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain
and Ireland, vol. 9, pp. 329-336. London, 1880.
SUTHERLAND, P. C. (Dr.). On the Esquimaux. Journal of the Ethnological
Society of London, vol. 4, pp. 193-214. London, 1856.
WRANGELL, FERDINAND VON. Narrative of an expedition to the Polar Sea
in the years 1820, 1821, 1822, and 1823. Edited by Maj. Edward Sabine.
London, 1840.