BEHAVIOR OF SOME OF THE PRINCIPAL ORES BEFORE THE BLOWPIPE
For the sake of practice, and as a fitting introduction to
"Determinative Mineralogy," this chapter is appended. It is not intended
to give a detailed account of the minerals, but rather to set before the
student the most marked characters, such as hardness, specific gravity,
color, lustre, etc.
To determine the hardness of a mineral, we try to scratch it with the
minerals forming an arbitrary "scale of hardness," proceeding
successively from the softest to the hardest. When we say that a certain
mineral has hardness = 4, we mean that the mineral is scratched by 4 on
the scale, and that 4 on the scale is scratched by the mineral. The
scale of hardness chiefly in use is the Mohs-Breithaupt scale, which is
as follows:--
1. Talc, common laminated light green variety.
2. Gypsum, crystallized.
3. Calcareous spar, transparent variety.
4. Fluor spar, crystalline.
5. Apatite, transparent.
6. Orthoclase, white cleavable variety.
7. Quartz, transparent.
8. Topaz, transparent.
9. Sapphire, cleavable variety.
10. Diamond.
It seldom happens in determining the hardness of a mineral that its
hardness exactly conforms to that of some one member of the scale. In
such cases we generally estimate the hardness. For example, suppose a
mineral was harder than 4, but softer than 5, and that it was nearer 5
than 4, then we would call its hardness 4-3/4.
In order to preserve the scale some operators use a three-cornered file,
first cutting the mineral and then the scale until a number is found,
which is abraded to about the same depth as the mineral under
examination.
Since a set of minerals forming a scale of hardness is not always at
hand, the following scale given by Chapman is appended:--
1. Yields easily to the nail.
2. Yields with difficulty to the nail or just receives an
impression from it. Does not scratch a copper coin.
3. Scratches a copper coin but is also scratched by it,
being of about the same degree of hardness.
4. Not scratched by a copper coin. Does not scratch glass.
5. Scratches glass with difficulty, leaving its powder on
it. Yields readily to the knife.
6. Scratches glass easily. Yields with difficulty to the
knife.
7. Does not yield to the knife. Yields to the edge of a
file, though with difficulty.
8, 9, 10. Harder than flint.
Specific gravity cannot well be determined without the aid of a balance,
and hence its value here is not great.
As in the preceding chapter, alphabetic arrangement will be employed.
ORES OF ANTIMONY
~Stibnite~, Sb_{2}S_{3}, Sb . 71, S . 29.--[A]H = 2, G = 4.52-4.62. Of
lead-gray color and metallic lustre. Consists of a large number of
needle-shaped crystals. Brittle. Fuses in candle flame. In an ignition
tube yields a sublimate of sulphur. On Ch. before the Bp. it is
volatilized, giving antimony coating and tinges the flame pale blue.
[Footnote A: H = Hardness, G = Specific Gravity.]
ORES OF ARSENIC
~Native Arsenic, As.~--This contains traces of Sb, Ag, Fe, Co, and Ni.
H = 3.5, G = 5.7-5.8. Dark gray in color. Fracture tin-white, tarnishing
rapidly. Volatilizes before the Bp. on Ch. without melting, giving white
coating of arsenious acid and characteristic garlic odor. In ignition
tube it sublimes, giving arsenical ring.
~Realgar~, AsS, As . 70, S . 30.--H = 1.5-2, G = 3.56. Bright red to
orange-red color and resinous lustre. In an ignition tube it fuses and
finally sublimes. The sublimate when cool is red and transparent. Fuses
readily before the Bp. on Ch. and burns with pale yellowish flame,
emitting gray-white fumes having garlic odor.
~Orpiment~, As_{2}S_{3}, As . 61, S . 39.--
H = 1.5-2.0, G = 3.4-3.5.
Lemon-yellow in color and resinous or pearly lustre. Sectile. Before the
Bp. on Ch. behaves like realgar, but in an ignition tube it gives a dark
yellow sublimate which is transparent.
ORES OF BISMUTH
~Native Bismuth, Bi.~--This contains traces of As, Te, and S.
H = 2.0-2.5, G = 9.7-9.83. Color, silver-white, slightly tinged with
red. Metallic lustre. Brittle when cold, but may be laminated when hot.
Before the Bp. on Ch. behaves like pure Bi.
~Bismuthite~, Bi_{2}O_{3} . 90, CO_{2} . 7, H_{2}O . 3,--
H = 4.0-4.5, G = 6.9-7.8.
Usually of a white or light greenish color and vitreous lustre, in
acicular crystallizations. In an ignition tube decrepitates, yielding
water and turning gray. Before the Bp. on Ch. it fuses easily and is
reduced to metallic globule, coating the Ch. with Bi_{2}O_{3}. With
Na_{2}CO_{3} it occasionally gives the sulphur reaction.
ORES OF CHROMIUM
~Chromic Iron Ore~, FeO . 32, Cr_{2}O_{3} . 68.--Al_{2}O_{3}, Fe_{2}O_{3},
MnO, and MgO are commonly present. H = 5.5, G = 4.32-4.57. Occurs
usually massive. Color, iron-black to brownish black. In many varieties
strongly magnetic. Lustre, shining and somewhat metallic. Heated in an
ignition tube, remains unchanged. Infusible before the Bp. on Ch.
Before the Bp. on Ch. with Na_{2}CO_{3} and KCN yields metallic iron. In
borax bead it slowly dissolves to a clear transparent glass, which is a
beautiful green when cool.
ORES OF COBALT
~Smaltite~, Co(Fe, Ni) As_{2}, Co . 28, As . 72.--H = 5.5, G = 6.37-7.30.
Color, tin-white or steel-gray. Lustre, metallic. When heated to redness
in an ignition tube it yields a sublimate of metallic arsenic. Before
the Bp. on Ch. it fuses readily, with emission of arsenical fumes, to a
grayish black magnetic globule. This globule may be examined for iron,
cobalt, and nickel with the borax bead.
~Cobaltite~, CoS_{2} + CoAs_{2}, Co . 36, As . 45, S . 19.--H = 5.5, G =
6.0-6.3. Color, silver-white tinged with red. Metallic lustre. Before
the Bp. on Ch. fuses easily, with emission of copious arsenical fumes,
to a gray magnetic globule. Remains unchanged in the ignition tube.
~Linnaeite~, (Co, Ni)_{3}S_{4}, (Co, Ni)58, S . 42.--H = 5.5, G = 4.8-5.0.
Color, bright steel-gray, sometimes reddish. Lustre, metallic.
Crystallizes in the regular octahedron. Before the Bp. on Ch. fuses to a
metallic globule which is attracted by the magnet. With borax bead gives
reaction for cobalt.
~Erythrite~, Co_{3}O_{8}As_{2} + 8 H_{2}O, As_{2}S_{5} . 38.4, CoO . 37.6,
H_{2}O . 24.0.--
H = 1.5-2.0, G = 2.95.
Color, crimson to peach-red. When crystallized, of pearly lustre, but
frequently dull and earthy. Heated in ignition tube gives off water, and
color changes to blue or green. Before the Bp. on Ch. in R. F. it emits
arsenical fumes and melts to a dark gray globule which with the borax
bead reacts for cobalt.
ORES OF COPPER
~Native Copper, Cu.~--
H = 2.5-3, G = 8.5-8.9.
Color, copper-red. Lustre, metallic. Occurs usually massive and very
arborescent. Before the Bp. on Ch. it fuses, and if the heat is
sufficiently high it assumes a bright bluish-green surface; on cooling
it is covered with a coat of black oxide. In the borax bead it reacts
for copper.
~Chalcopyrite~, CuFeS_{2}, Cu . 35, Fe . 30, S . 35.--H = 3.5-4, G =
4.1-4.3. Color, brass-yellow, often golden-yellow. Lustre, metallic.
Occurs crystallized, but is generally found massive. Is easily
scratched with a knife. Heated in an ignition tube decrepitates, and
occasionally yields a faint sublimate of sulphur. Before the Bp. on Ch.
it blackens, but becomes red again on cooling. Before the Bp. on Ch.
with Na_{2}CO_{3} and KCN it is reduced, and the metals are obtained in
separate masses. It reacts with the borax bead for copper and iron.
~Copper Glance~, Cu_{2}S, Cu . 80, S . 20.--H = 2.5-3.0, G = 5.5-5.8.
Color, dark blue to steel-gray. Occurs in compact masses, often very
shining. Before the Bp. on Ch. fuses to a globule which boils and emits
glowing drops. Sulphur dioxide escapes abundantly, and the outer flame
is colored blue. Before the Bp. on Ch. with Na_{2}CO_{3} yielding a
metallic globule.
~Tetrahedrite~, 4 CuS + Sb_{2}S_{3}.--Frequently contains silver, iron,
mercury, and zinc. H = 3.0-4.0, G = 4.5-5. Color, steel-gray to
iron-black. Heated in an ignition tube fuses and gives a sublimate of
antimonious oxide. When mercury is present this condenses in the upper
part of the tube, forming the characteristic mirror. Before the Bp. on
Ch. it fuses readily to a metallic globule, emitting dense white fumes;
zinc and antimony coatings are deposited on the Ch. After long ignition
before the Bp., if the mineral is finely powdered and mixed with
Na_{2}CO_{3} and KCN, the ore is reduced to the metal.
~Cuprite~, Cu_{2}O, Cu . 89, O . 11.--
H = 3.5-4.0, G = 5.5-6.15.
Color, intense crimson-red. Before the Bp. on Ch. blackens and fuses
quietly, and finally yields a metallic globule of copper. Before the Bp.
on Ch. with Na_{2}CO_{3} and KCN it is easily reduced.
~Malachite~, 2 CuO + CO_{2} + H_{2}O, CuO . 72, CO_{2} . 20, H_{2}O . 8.--
H = 3.5-4.0, G = 3.90-4.03.
Color, bright green. Occurs generally in mammillated concretions.
Lustre, shining and fracture, silky. Heated in an ignition tube yields
water and blackens. Before the Bp. on Ch. it fuses to a metallic
globule. Before the Bp. on Ch. with Na_{2}CO_{3} and KCN it is easily
reduced. With borax bead gives characteristic coloration.
~Azurite~, 3 CuO + 2 CO_{2} + H_{2}O, CuO . 69, CO_{2} . 26, H_{2}O . 5.--
H = 3.5-4.0, G = 3.77-3.83.
Color, azure-blue. Occurs usually in crystallized or globular masses.
Lustre, earthy or vitreous. Before the Bp. and with other reagents
behaves like malachite.
~Chrysocolla~, CuO + SiO_{2} + 2 H_{2}O, SiO_{2} . 34.2, CuO . 45.3,
H_{2}O . 20.5.--H = 2.0-3.0, G = 2. Color, bluish-green, closely
resembling malachite. Occurs usually as an incrustation, its surface
being very smooth, like enamel. In an ignition tube it blackens and
yields water. Before the Bp. on Ch. in O. F. it blackens, coloring the
flame bright green; in the R. F. it turns red. Before the Bp. on Ch.
with Na_{2}CO_{3} yields metallic copper. In borax bead it reacts for
copper.
~Atacamite~, CuCl_{2} + 3 CuO_{2}H_{2}--Cl . 16.6, O . 20.3, Cu . 50.1,
H_{2}O . 13.0.--
H = 3.0-3.5, G = 3.75-3.77.
Color, green to blackish green. Lustre, adamantine to vitreous. In an
ignition tube yields water. Before the Bp. on Ch. colors flame blue.
Before the Bp. on Ch. with Na_{2}CO_{3} and KCN is reduced to the metal.
In borax bead it reacts for copper.
ORES OF IRON
~Limonite~, 2 Fe_{2}O_{3} + 3 H_{2}O, Fe_{2}O_{3} . 86, H_{2}O . 14.--H =
5.0-5.5, G = 3.6-4.0. Color, brown to ochre-yellow. Earthy or
semi-metallic in appearance. In an ignition tube yields water. Before
the Bp. on Ch. infusible. In borax bead reacts for iron.
~Hematite~, Fe_{2}O_{3}, Fe . 70, O . 30.--
H = 5.5-6.5, G = 4.9-5.3.
Color, dark steel-gray to iron-black. Lustre, metallic. When pulverized
yields a red powder. Before the Bp. on Ch. infusible. After long
roasting becomes magnetic. In borax bead gives usual indications of
iron.
~Magnetite~, Fe_{3}O_{4}, FeO . 31, Fe_{2}O_{3} . 69.--
H = 5.5-6.5, G = 5.17-5.18.
Color, iron-black. Lustre, shining and metallic. Pulverized, its powder
is black. It is strongly magnetic. Fuses with difficulty before the Bp.
on Ch. In borax bead reacts for iron.
~Pyrites~, FeS_{2}, Fe . 47, S . 53.--
H = 6.0-6.5, G = 4.95-5.20.
Color, brass-yellow. Lustre, metallic. Occurs commonly in cubes. It
often contains small quantities of Au, Ag, Cu, As, Co, and Mn. Heated in
an ignition tube gives a sublimate of sulphur, the residue becoming
magnetic. Before the Bp. on Ch. in O. F. sulphur is burned off and the
red oxide remains. This residue may then be examined for iron, etc.
~Marcasite~ (White Iron Pyrites).--Having the same general composition as
pyrite, but much lighter in color. Crystals, prismatic. Before the Bp.
on Ch. behaves like pyrite.
~Pyrrhotite~, Fe_{7}S_{8}, Fe . 60.5, S . 39.5.--
H = 3.5-4.5, G = 4.58-4.64.
Color, bronze-yellow. Closely resembles pyrite, but may be distinguished
from it by being feebly magnetic. Heated in an ignition tube yields no
sublimate. Before the Bp. on Ch. fuses to a magnetic globule, which
exhibits a yellowish crystalline structure when fractured.
~Mispickel~, FeAsS, Fe . 34, As . 46, S . 20.--H = 5.5-6.0, G = 6.0-6.2.
Color, silver-white. Lustre, metallic; very brittle. Often associated
with it we find small quantities of Co, Ag, and Au. Heated in an
ignition tube it first yields a red sublimate of sulphide of arsenic,
and then afterward a crystalline sublimate of metallic arsenic. Before
the Bp. on Ch. emits dense fumes of arsenic and deposits a coating on
the coal; it then fuses to a globule which behaves like pyrrhotite.
~Siderite~, FeCO_{3}, FeO . 62, CO_{2} . 38.--H = 3.5-4.5, G = 3.7-3.9.
Color, grayish yellow to reddish brown. Lustre, pearly. Crystallizes in
rhombohedrons with curved faces; these crystals are distinctly cleavable
and massive. Heated in an ignition tube it decrepitates with evolution
of carbon dioxide. Before the Bp. on Ch. infusible. Before the Bp. on
Ch. with Na_{2}CO_{3} it fuses to a magnetic mass. With borax bead it
reacts for iron and sometimes for manganese.
ORES OF LEAD
~Galena~, PbS, Pb . 87, S . 13.--
H = 2.5, G = 7.4-7.6.
Color, bluish gray, slowly tarnishing. Lustre, metallic. Crystals in the
form of cubes. Heated in an ignition tube it sometimes decrepitates and
yields a sublimate of sulphur. Before the Bp. on Ch. easily reduced to
the metallic state, the Ch. becoming coated with sulphate and oxide of
lead. The metallic globule usually contains a little silver. To separate
this, the process known as "cupellation" is employed. A hole is bored
into the Ch. about 1 cm. in diameter and about 6 mm. deep. Into this
hole is placed a stiff paste made by mixing finely pulverized bone-ash
with a little soda and water. This paste is pressed in hard, and then
the surface is smoothed off, and the centre is slightly depressed with
the rounded end of a glass rod. The charcoal so prepared is set in a
warm place to allow the paste to dry. When the paste is quite dry the
small globule of lead is placed in the depression in the centre of the
bone-ash "cupel," and is there exposed to the O. F. from the Bp. The
lead is oxidized and is absorbed by the bone-ash, while any silver
present will remain in the central depression as a bright shining bead.
~Cerusite~, PbCO_{3}, PbO . 84, CO_{2} . 16.--H = 3.0-3.5, G = 6.46-6.57.
Color, white, gray, or yellow. Lustre, adamantine. Crystallizes in
prismatic needles. When heated in an ignition tube carbon dioxide is
evolved and the residue turns yellow. Before the Bp. on Ch. readily
reduced to metallic lead.
~Anglesite~, PbSO_{4}, PbO . 74, SO_{3} . 26.--H = 2.0-3.0, G = 6.12-6.39.
Color, yellow, gray, and brown. Lustre, adamantine, resinous. Heated in
an ignition tube decrepitates, and sometimes yields a little water.
Before the Bp. on Ch. fuses to a clear bead, which on cooling becomes
opaque. Before the Bp. on Ch. with Na_{2}CO_{3} is reduced to the metal
giving a yellow coating. The Na_{2}CO_{3} absorbed by the coal reacts
for S.
ORES OF MANGANESE
~Pyrolusite~, MnO_{2}, Mn . 63.2, O . 36.8.--H = 2.0-2.5, G = 4.82. Color,
iron-black to steel-gray. Lustre, non-metallic. Heated in an ignition
tube yields generally a little water, and if the temperature be high
enough, oxygen is evolved. Before the Bp. on Ch. infusible. In borax
bead gives characteristic color.
~Psilomelane~, Mn_{2}O_{3} + H_{2}O.--
H = 5.5-6.0, G = 3.7-4.7.
Color, iron-black to steel-gray. Generally resembles pyrolusite, but is
distinguished from it by its superior hardness. It frequently contains
BaO and Li_{2}O. It behaves before the Bp. like pyrolusite.
~Wad~ (Bog Manganese).--This mineral is essentially MnO_{2}, MnO, and
H_{2}O, with small quantities of Fe_{2}O_{3}, Al_{2}O_{3}, BaO, SiO_{2},
etc., associated with it.
H = 0.5-6.0, G = 3.0-4.2. Color, dull black. Heated in an ignition tube
yields water in abundance, otherwise it behaves like pyrolusite.
ORES OF MERCURY
~Native Mercury, Hg.~--G = 13.5-13.6. Color, silver-white. Is liquid at
all ordinary temperatures. Heated in an ignition tube is volatilized,
the vapors condensing in the upper end of tube to small metallic
globules of Hg. Before the Bp. on Ch. it is volatilized. Frequently
contains Ag.
~Cinnabar~, HgS_{2}, Hg . 86, S . 14.--
H = 2.0-2.5, G = 8.0-8.2.
Color, scarlet-red to brick-red. Lustre, non-metallic. When pulverized
yields a powder of vermilion-red color. Heated in an ignition tube it
volatilizes, yielding a black sublimate, which by friction becomes red.
Before the Bp. on Ch. it is wholly volatilized. Heated in an ignition
tube with Na_{2}CO_{3} metallic mercury sublimes, condensing in the
upper portion of the tube in minute globules.
ORES OF NICKEL
~Millerite~, NiS, Ni . 64.4, S . 35.6.--
H = 3.0-3.5, G = 5.2-5.6.
Color, brass-yellow. Brittle. Before the Bp. on Ch. it fuses to a
magnetic, metallic globule. The roasted mineral gives in the borax bead
the color reaction characteristic of nickel, and sometimes that of
cobalt, which is often associated with it.
~Niccolite~, NiAs, Ni . 44, As . 56.--
H = 5.0-5.5, G = 7.35-7.67.
Color, pale copper-red. Lustre, metallic. Very brittle. Heated in an
ignition tube yields a copious sublimate of arsenious oxide, the residue
falling to a greenish powder. Before the Bp. on Ch. fuses to a white
brittle globule emitting arsenical fumes. In borax bead gives color
characteristic of nickel. Frequently in this mineral a portion of the
arsenic is replaced by antimony.
ORES OF SILVER
~Native Silver, Ag.~--
H = 2.5-3.0, G = 10.1-11.0.
Color, silver-white. Lustre, metallic. Ductile and malleable. Usually
occurs associated with Au, As, Sb, Cu, Fe, etc. Before the Bp. on Ch.
easily fuses to a globule which is surrounded with a dark red coating on
the coal.
~Argentite~, Ag_{2}S, Ag . 87.1, S . 12.9.--
H = 2.0-2.5, G = 7.20-7.36.
Color, blackish lead-gray. Lustre, metallic. Very sectile. Before the
Bp. on Ch. in O. F. intumesces with evolution of sulphur dioxide,
finally yielding a metallic globule of Ag.
~Pyrargyrite~, Ag_{3}SbS_{3}, Ag . 59.8, Sb . 22.5, S . 17.7.--H = 2.5, G
= 5.77-5.86. Color, black to dark cochineal-red. Lustre, metallic,
adamantine. In an ignition tube it yields on continued heating a
sublimate of antimony sulphide. Before the Bp. on Ch. it gives a coating
of antimony trioxide. Before the Bp. on Ch. with Na_{2}CO_{3} is
reduced to metallic silver.
~Proustite~, Ag_{3}S_{3}As, Ag . 65.5, As . 15.1, S . 19.4.--H = 2.0-2.5,
G = 5.57-5.64. Color, light red. Lustre, splendent, adamantine. Before
the Bp. on Ch. it behaves like pyrargyrite, save that it gives off
arsenical fumes instead of antimonious oxide.
~Stephanite~, Ag_{5}S_{4}Sb, Ag . 68.5, Sb . 15.3, S . 16.2.--H = 2.0-2.5,
G = 6.2-6.3. Color, iron-black to blackish gray. Lustre, metallic. Very
brittle and fragile. In an ignition tube it decrepitates, fuses, and
finally yields a slight sublimate of antimony trisulphide. Before the
Bp. on Ch. gives a coating of antimonious oxide. Before the Bp. on Ch.
with Na_{2}CO_{3} a globule of metallic silver is obtained. The mineral
frequently contains copper and iron.
~Kerargyrite~, AgCl, Ag . 75.3, Cl . 24.7.--H = 1.0-1.5, G = 5.52. Color,
white, gray, yellowish, greenish to blue. Lustre, resinous, adamantine.
Soft like wax. Fuses easily in a candle-flame. Before the Bp. on Ch. it
is readily reduced to metallic silver.
ORES OF TIN
~Cassiterite~, SnO_{2}, Sn . 79, O . 21.--
H = 6.0-7.0, G = 6.8-7.0.
Color, brown, black. Lustre, adamantine, brilliant. Occurs crystallized
in square prisms. Reentrant angles characteristic. Before the Bp. on Ch.
with Na_{2}CO_{3} and KCN reduced to a metallic globule of tin. In the
borax bead gives characteristic reaction.
~Stannite~, 2 Cu_{2}S . SnS_{2} + 2 (FeS . ZnS) Sn . S_{2}.--H = 4.0, G =
4.3-4.5. Color, steel-gray to iron-black. Lustre, metallic. Occurs
usually massive and disseminated. Heated in an ignition tube it yields
sulphur dioxide. Before the Bp. on Ch. it emits sulphur dioxide and
becomes covered with oxide of tin. Before the Bp. on Ch. with
Na_{2}CO_{3} and KCN it gives an impure globule of copper. A very
difficult mineral to determine.
ORES OF ZINC
~Calamine~, H_{2}Zn_{2}O_{5}Si, SiO_{2} . 25.0, ZnO . 67.5, H_{2}O .
7.5.--H = 4.5-5.0, G = 3.4-3.5. Color, white, gray, bluish, or brown.
Lustre, vitreous. Brittle. In an ignition tube yields water when heated
and becomes milky white. Before the Bp. on Ch. practically infusible.
With Co(NO_{3})_{2} it assumes a green color which passes into a fine
blue when the heat is increased.
~Smithsonite~,
Zn . CO_{3}, ZnO . 64.8, CO_{2} . 35.2.--
H = 5, G = 4.30-4.45. Color, gray, yellow, brown, and green. Lustre,
vitreous, pearly. Heated in an ignition tube CO_{2} is evolved, residue
appearing white. It often contains impurities of Cd, Pb, Fe, Mn, Ca, and
Mg. When these are present the residue in the ignition tube becomes dark
on cooling. Before the Bp. on Ch. with Na_{2}CO_{3} and exposed to the
R. F. it is decomposed. It gives the characteristic reaction for zinc
with Co(NO_{3})_{2}.
~Zincite~, ZnO, Zn . 80.3, O . 19.7--
H = 4.0-4.5, G = 5.43-5.70.
Color, blood-red. Lustre, brilliant, subadamantine. Before the Bp. on
Ch. infusible. Before the Bp. on Ch. with Na_{2}CO_{3} gives coating of
zinc oxide. Gives characteristic reaction with Co(NO_{3})_{2}. It
frequently contains a small quantity of Mn_{2}O_{3}, which may be
detected in the borax bead.
~Sphalerite~, ZnS, Zn . 67, S . 33.--
H = 3.5-4.0, G = 3.9-4.1.
Color, yellow to black. Lustre, resinous, brilliant, and sometimes
submetallic. Heated in an ignition tube sometimes decrepitates. Before
the Bp. on Ch. infusible. Before the Bp. on Ch. with Na_{2}CO_{3} easily
reduced. With Co(NO_{3})_{2} gives the characteristic reaction. It
frequently contains small quantities of Cd, Hg, Sn, Pb, Au, Ag, etc.
I
TABLE OF COLORS OF COATINGS ON CHARCOAL
--------------------------------------------------
Element | Color Hot | Color Cold |
---------|------------------------|---------------|
Antimony | (Rather volatile) | White |
| | |
Arsenic | (Very volatile) | White |
| | |
Bismuth | Orange-Yellow | Lemon-Yellow |
| | |
Cadmium | Brownish Yellow | Reddish Brown |
| | |
Lead | Lemon-Yellow (volatile)| Lemon-Yellow |
| | |
Silver | Dark Red | Dark Red |
| | |
Tin | Faint Yellow | White |
| | |
Zinc | Yellow | White |
--------------------------------------------------
II
TABLE OF FLAME COLORATIONS
------------------------------------
Red | Yellow | Green |
-------------|----------|-----------|
Calcium | Sodium | Barium |
| | |
Lithium | | Boron |
| | |
Strontium | | Iodine |
-------------|----------|-----------|
Bluish Green | Blue | Violet |
-------------|----------|-----------|
Bromine | Chlorine | Potassium |
| | |
Copper | | |
| | |
Phosphorus | | |
------------------------------------
III
TABLE OF COLORS OF BORAX BEADS IN OXIDIZING FLAME
---------------------------------------------------------
Element | Color Hot | Color Cold |
---------|------------------------|---------------------|
Aluminum | Colorless to Cloudy | Colorless to Cloudy |
| | |
Antimony | Yellowish | Colorless |
| | |
Barium | Colorless to Opaque | Colorless to Opaque |
| | |
Bismuth | Yellow | Colorless |
| | |
Cadmium | Yellow | Colorless to White |
| | |
Calcium | Colorless | Colorless |
| | |
Chromium | Reddish Yellow | Yellowish Green |
| | |
Cobalt | Blue | Blue |
| | |
Copper | Green | Greenish Blue |
| | |
Iron | Orange | Yellow |
| | |
Lead | Yellow | Colorless |
| | |
Magnesium| Colorless | Colorless |
| | |
Manganese| Violet | Reddish Violet |
| | |
Nickel | Violet | Reddish Brown |
| | |
Silver | Colorless | Milk-White |
| | |
Strontium| Colorless to Opaque | Colorless to Opaque |
| | |
Tin | Colorless | Colorless |
| | |
Zinc | Yellowish | Colorless |
---------------------------------------------------------
IV
TABLE OF COLORS OF BORAX BEADS IN REDUCING FLAME
------------------------------------------------
Element | Color Hot | Color Cold |
------------------------------------------------
Aluminum | Colorless | Colorless |
| | |
Antimony | Colorless | Cloudy |
| | |
Barium | Colorless | Colorless |
| | |
Bismuth | Colorless | Gray--Cloudy |
| | |
Cadmium | Colorless | Gray--Cloudy |
| | |
Calcium | Colorless | Colorless |
| | |
Chromium | Green | Green |
| | |
Cobalt | Blue | Blue |
| | |
Copper | Colorless | Red |
| | |
Iron | Yellowish Green | Yellowish Green |
| | |
Lead | Colorless | Gray |
| | |
Magnesium | Colorless | Colorless |
| | |
Manganese | Colorless | Pink |
| | |
Nickel | Colorless | Gray--Cloudy |
| | |
Silver | Colorless | Gray |
| | |
Strontium | Colorless | Colorless |
| | |
Tin | Colorless | Colorless |
| | |
Zinc | Colorless | Gray |
------------------------------------------------
V
TABLE OF COLORS OF MICROCOSMIC SALT BEADS IN OXIDIZING FLAME
---------------------------------------------------
Element | Color Hot | Color Cold |
---------------------------------------------------|
Aluminum | Colorless | Colorless |
| | |
Antimony | Yellowish | Colorless |
| | |
Barium |Colorless to Opaque| Colorless to Opaque|
| | |
Bismuth | Yellow | Colorless |
| | |
Cadmium | Yellowish | Colorless |
| | |
Calcium | Colorless | Colorless to Opaque|
| | |
Chromium | Reddish | Green |
| | |
Cobalt | Blue | Blue |
| | |
Copper | Green | Greenish Blue |
| | |
Iron | Red | Brownish Red |
| | |
Lead | Yellowish | Colorless |
| | |
Magnesium | Colorless | Colorless |
| | |
Manganese | Brownish Violet | Reddish Violet |
| | |
Nickel | Reddish | Yellow |
| | |
Silver | Yellowish | Yellowish |
| | |
Strontium | Colorless | Colorless |
| | |
Tin | Colorless | Colorless |
| | |
Zinc | Yellowish | Colorless |
---------------------------------------------------
VI
TABLE OF COLORS OF MICROCOSMIC SALT BEADS IN REDUCING FLAME
+-----------+-------------+--------------+
| Element | Color Hot | Color Cold |
|-----------+-------------+--------------+
| Aluminum | Colorless | Colorless |
| | | |
| Antimony | Colorless | Gray--Cloudy |
| | | |
| Barium | Colorless | Colorless |
| | | |
| Bismuth | Colorless | Gray--Cloudy |
| | | |
| Cadmium | Colorless | Gray--Cloudy |
| | | |
| Calcium | Colorless | Colorless |
| | | |
| Chromium | Reddish | Green |
| | | |
| Cobalt | Blue | Blue |
| | | |
| Copper | Dark Green | Brownish Red |
| | | |
| Iron | Red | Reddish |
| | | |
| Lead | Colorless | Gray--Opaque |
| | | |
| Magnesium | Colorless | Colorless |
| | | |
| Manganese | Colorless | Colorless |
| | | |
| Nickel | Colorless | Gray |
| | | |
| Silver | Colorless | Gray |
| | | |
| Strontium | Colorless | Colorless |
| | | |
| Tin | Colorless | Colorless |
| | | |
| Zinc | Colorless | Gray--Cloudy |
------------+-------------+--------------+
THE PRACTICAL METHODS
OF
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
AUTHORIZED TRANSLATION
12mo. Cloth. Price, $1.60, _net_
BY TRANSLATED BY
LUDWIG GATTERMANN, Ph.D., WILLIAM SHAFER, Ph.D.,
_Professor in University_ _Instructor in Organic Chemistry_
_of Heidelberg._ _in Lehigh University._
* * * * *
THE GUARDIAN.
"The selection and judgment throughout is excellent. The
book is a most useful, practical adjunct to any good
text-book on organic chemistry."
PHARMACEUTICAL REVIEW.
"This is a book that should be in the library of every
teacher of organic chemistry, and one which will no doubt be
of great value to students in their second year of organic
chemistry. Its chief peculiarity and merit is in the great
stress laid on practical laboratory work.... It is
permanently a worker's guide."
NATURE.
"Since the advance of organic chemistry in this country
must, in a measure, depend on the nature of the available
text-books, both the author and the translator deserve our
thanks for providing us with a work such as the present
one."
* * * * *
PUBLISHED BY
THE MACMILLAN COMPANY
66 FIFTH AVENUE, NEW YORK
OUTLINES
OF
INDUSTRIAL CHEMISTRY
A TEXT-BOOK FOR STUDENTS
By FRANK HALL THORP, Ph.D.,
_Instructor in Industrial Chemistry in the Massachusetts Institute of
Technology._
Cloth. 8vo. Price, $3.50 _net_
* * * * *
JAMES LEWIS HOWE,
_Department of Chemistry, Washington and Lee University._
"The book is brought thoroughly up to date, and in some
cases the lines of probable development are nicely
foreshadowed. The descriptions are particularly lucid and
the illustrations well selected.
The general arrangement and make-up of the book is
excellent, and ... altogether the book fills well a need
long felt by teachers of Industrial Chemistry.
I shall adopt the book for my class and shall take pleasure
in recommending it."
CHARLES E. COATES, Jr., Ph.D.,
_Professor of Chemistry, Louisiana State University._
"I have examined it carefully and think it a most excellent
book, meeting a want I have long felt in my higher classes.
I have introduced it in this year's classes."
W. A. NOYES, in _Science_.
"The descriptions of processes, while necessarily concise,
are clear and interesting. The author has evidently made a
careful study of recent methods of manufacture as well as of
older, standard processes. The frequent reference to
American practice is an important feature which
distinguishes the book from other works on chemical
technology. A select bibliography follows each subject, and
will be found very useful."
* * * * *
PUBLISHED BY
THE MACMILLAN COMPANY
66 FIFTH AVENUE, NEW YORK