not enthusiastic. The masterly handling of the subject was freely
admitted, and the thorough and scholarly manner in which the sources
of information had been searched; but no symptoms appeared to indicate
the existence of a school of advanced interglacialists, in Britain
at any rate, prepared to accept and defend the author’s theoretical
views. In fact, for a time it almost seemed as if the belief in the
reality of interglacial periods, or at least in their importance, was
less prevalent than it had been fifteen years before. A very large
body of geologists declined to regard the evidence on which Prof.
Geikie and his supporters relied as having real value or significance.
There were still a few supporters of the theory of the marine origin
of boulder-clay, and even some who were prepared to advocate the
agency of floods and debacles as the prime factors in the formation
of boulder-clay; and their views for some years were prominent in
the discussion of the origin of glacial deposits. The majority of
experienced geologists certainly did not accept these explanations;
but they were equally unwilling to concede that the Ice Age could be
subdivided into six glacial epochs, alternating with warmer climates
in which Northern Europe and America had been occupied by a fauna and
flora of temperate facies.
Prof. Geikie lived to see very considerable changes in the opinion
of geologists on these matters. As time went on much new evidence
accumulated to prove that great fluctuations of climate had marked
the recent stages of the earth’s history. From many sides facts were
reported which tended to support his theories. Gradually it came to
be recognised that the ice margin must have withdrawn at times for
considerable distances, leaving bare wide tracts of country which
became populated by animals and plants. Still, however, it was
contended that these were mere episodes of no great account, temporary
retreats and advances of the ice-sheets, unworthy to be designated
glacial and interglacial periods. But the increase of knowledge renders
this position less and less tenable as years go by, and it may fairly
be claimed that before Prof. Geikie’s death, in most countries of
Europe and North America the existence of several interglacial periods
was freely conceded by a majority of those who were competent to
express an opinion on the subject.
The important new evidence brought to light was not wholly the result
of geological investigation, though much of it was strictly of the
kind to which Prof. Geikie had appealed. Most striking perhaps were
the descriptions of the glacial phenomena of the Alpine valleys which
Profs. Penck and Brückner published in a famous volume in 1909. This
work was most appropriately dedicated by the authors to Prof. James
Geikie. It is probably the most notable contribution to the literature
of glacial geology in the last twenty years, and although it has not
escaped criticism, it has produced in the minds of impartial readers a
firm conviction of the occurrence of glacial and interglacial periods
so far as that part of Europe is concerned. Prof. Geikie was familiar
with some of the evidence from the Alpine chain when he was writing
the third edition of _The Great Ice Age_; some of the facts had led
geologists to postulate the existence of interglacial periods as long
ago as the middle of last century; but he watched with great pleasure
the gradual accumulation of observations added to previous knowledge
by Penck and Brückner, and for many years he maintained an active
correspondence with these investigators. In America, also, the opinion
was gradually gaining strength that the Ice Age was marked by several
prolonged intervals of warmer conditions; and in France, Germany,
and Scandinavia many geologists were added to the ranks of those who
maintained the importance of interglacial periods.
Hardly less convincing than the results of Penck and Brückner’s
investigations into the repeated glaciation of the Alps were the
advances which have been made by the study of palæolithic deposits,
especially in France, Belgium, and Germany, during the last twenty
years. In popular interest this chapter of geological history
necessarily surpasses all others, and the study of the deposits of
the caverns and river valleys which contain the rude stone weapons
of early man and the remains of the wild animals which he hunted has
never lacked enthusiastic investigators. In particular, the geologists
and anthropologists of France have distinguished themselves by their
patience and success in this department; and the palæolithic history
of Europe is now far more fully known than it was in 1895. These
investigations have shown not only that man inhabited Northern Europe
before the cold conditions of the glacial period had passed away, as
Prof. Geikie had stoutly maintained from an early period in his career,
but also that cold epochs had alternated repeatedly with warmer epochs.
Differences of opinion, of course, there are, as is inevitable in
subjects which at the present time have been so incompletely examined.
Penck and Geikie, for example, would place the epoch of weapons of
Acheulian type in the second interglacial warm period, while Boule
and Schmidt would relegate it to the third; but the significant fact
remains that there is a general agreement that since man inhabited
Northern Europe he has seen repeated epochs of genial climate
alternating with periods of severe cold.
Prof. Geikie was always deeply interested in this work, and followed
the course of investigation with the closest attention. Unfortunately
Scotland possesses no deposits containing palæolithic weapons; and
circumstances precluded him from taking part in the field studies
except during brief holiday visits to the Continent; but he diligently
read the literature, as may be seen in his course of Munro lectures
in Edinburgh University in 1913, subsequently published in book form
as _The Antiquity of Man in Europe_. In reading this book, it is
pleasant to find how little change he had been obliged to make in the
conclusions he had arrived at twenty years before, and how fully his
sagacious interpretation of the evidence then available had stood the
test of time. One can notice in his preface a serene conviction that
his work had been justified by the results.
“The research of the past twenty years has certainly cleared up much
that was doubtful and obscure, and brought to light many interesting
details which enable us to form a more adequate conception of the
early history of our race than was previously possible. These later
investigations, however, have not in any respect shaken the general
conclusions arrived at twenty years ago but, on the contrary, have
served only to strengthen and confirm them.”
Gradually also the difficult task of correlating the interglacial
deposits of Britain, Switzerland, and France was being mastered, and
even the interglacial periods of North America were being relegated
with more or less confidence to their proper places with reference to
the European sequence, so that in this, his last book, he was able to
announce that solid progress had been made along the lines of advance
which he had sketched, and his laborious investigations had produced
valuable results.
Prof. Geikie had always considered that much valuable knowledge of
the climatic changes which Scotland had undergone since the melting
of the great ice-sheet would be obtained from a minute examination
of the peat-bogs which cover large expanses both of the hills and
of the plains of his native country. His own botanical training was
insufficient to enable him to attack such a problem with success,
but for many years he closely studied the geology of the peat-bogs,
and never failed to impress on his students that a rich harvest of
scientific information might be reaped by any investigator who took
this difficult task in hand. Fortunately he lived to see a very careful
examination of the flora of the Scottish peat-bogs by Prof. Lewis
published in four parts in _The Transactions of the Royal Society of
Edinburgh_. Prof. Lewis was evidently much indebted to Prof. Geikie and
to Dr Horne for suggestions and assistance in the geological part of
his work; but the evidence, which is very carefully and fully stated
in his papers, is sufficient to carry conviction on several important
points. He shows that many of the peat mosses began their growth
under arctic conditions when glaciers must have existed in many of
the more elevated districts of Britain. Thereafter changes of climate
supervened, and were accompanied by changes in the flora, of which
the remains are now preserved in successive layers of peat. Speaking
generally, we may say that the lowest arctic plant bed is followed by
a lower forest bed, usually rich in birch (and sometimes hazel and
alder), which is overlain by a second arctic bed, followed in turn
by a second or upper forest bed containing mostly roots and stools of
pine. Above these lies the modern peat. Prof. Lewis concluded as the
result of his researches that while it is difficult to reconcile the
several stages in the peat with the theory of a single glaciation,
the whole of the peat beds agree very closely with the scheme of
classification proposed by Prof. Geikie (in the third edition of
_The Great Ice Age_ published thirteen years before). These results
were none the less gratifying because they had been in some measure
foreseen; and if we admit, as some maintain, that the final test of
scientific hypothesis is the power to foresee the outcome of future
researches, we must agree that Prof. Geikie had good reason to feel
that his speculations on late-glacial changes in climate in Britain had
not been mistaken.
When in course of time the third edition of _The Great Ice Age_ was
sold out, he considered very carefully whether he should undertake a
revision of the book, bringing it up to date by incorporation of the
most recent additions to our knowledge of the glacial period. Advancing
years made him to some extent reluctant to undertake so formidable a
task, and he felt also that in his interpretation of the chief events
of this chapter of geological history he had no radical alterations to
make. This, as we have already said, is sufficiently clear from his
attitude in his Munro lectures. Moreover, the whole subject was highly
controversial, and he greatly disliked fighting the old battles over
again. At one time he was seriously thinking of writing a short work
outlining the most important recent advances in glacial geology, but
the intention was never carried into effect.
Problems of tectonics and of the relations between geological structure
and the surface configuration of the earth at the present time always
possessed a strong fascination for him, and in his college lectures
were favourite topics for discussion. Belonging to both geology and
geography, these were subjects in which all his powers found congenial
exercise. The _Scottish Geographical Magazine_ contains many papers
from his pen dealing with physical geology, and the last of these which
he wrote was on “The Deeps of the Pacific Ocean and their Origin.” In
this paper he advocated a new interpretation of these great submarine
depressions, and as his views were not in accordance with those of
Prof. Suess of Vienna, as expounded in his great work _The Face
of the Earth_, this paper was the occasion of a long and friendly
correspondence with the eminent Austrian geologist (an Englishman by
birth). Prof. Geikie had always been a great admirer of Suess and a
close student of his writings, and both were attracted by the same
kind of problems. In 1911 Prof. Geikie had written a paper on the
“Architecture and Origin of the Alps” which appeared in the _Scottish
Geographical Magazine_, and ten years previously more than one paper
on the origin and structure of mountains had been contributed by him
to various journals. He now determined to use the materials he had
collected for the preparation of a book which was ultimately issued
under the title _Mountains: their Origin, Growth, and Decay_. As
usual he did not despise the non-scientific reader, but made his
exposition of the subject so simple and clear that all could apprehend
his meaning. A vast amount of important work had been done on the
geological structure of the Alps during the previous ten years, and
in addition to reading the literature carefully, Prof. Geikie visited
Switzerland to make himself familiar with the scenes he described, and
to enable him to form an opinion on the theories advanced, based on
personal examination of some of the best sections. At the same time he
utilised the results of the work of his old colleagues of the Scottish
Survey on the North-west Highlands, where they had gleaned new data of
the highest value, and the book was illustrated with many beautiful
photographs of Scottish and Alpine mountains. Throughout the book the
influence of Prof. Suess is often noticeable. The compilation of this
book was a thoroughly congenial task to Prof. Geikie. He was content
for a time to let glacial controversies rest, and to concentrate his
attention on problems of geographical evolution.
In bringing to a close this short review of Prof. Geikie’s scientific
work, we may be permitted to point out what seems to be the main
characteristics of his investigation and teaching. Had he been
questioned himself on this point, there can be no doubt he would
have given his University courses of instruction a high place in his
services to science. He never allowed himself to regard it as routine
work, to be hurried through without enthusiasm. He gave his best to
his students, and constantly improved his lectures, excursions, and
practical classes, so as to make them as modern and as complete as
circumstances would allow. Hampered by very inadequate accommodation
and equipment, he gave freely of his time and money to compensate
for these disadvantages. The ordinary student he strove to interest
and to instruct, and as year by year his classes increased, he had
good evidence to convince him that both his subject and his method of
expounding it were receiving their full share of attention among the
students of the University. But he had a keen eye for merit, and young
men who evinced a desire to pursue the path of original research were
quickly recognised and encouraged in every way to follow the right
lines. Thus, although geology was for a long time a very small class,
it produced almost every year one or more men who subsequently made
a name for themselves in science. All over the world, and especially
in the British colonies, there are many well-known geologists who can
trace the impetus which decided their careers to the lectures delivered
by the genial professor in the dingy old Edinburgh class-room at the
top of those interminable stairs.
As a geologist he had limitations which he clearly recognised.
Palæontology, petrology, and mineralogy he had a sound working
knowledge of, but he never professed to know them thoroughly, and
much of the teaching of these subjects he left to specially trained
assistants. Had he been better equipped in these respects, he might
have avoided some of the pitfalls into which he stumbled at times.
But in physical and structural geology he took a very high place
among living scientists. The thorough training and natural aptitude
for structural and field geology made him a very shrewd judge of
controversial questions in tectonics, and laid a secure foundation
for his researches in geographical evolution and the origin of the
earth’s surface features. As a geographer, interested especially in the
larger problems of geographical configuration, he earned a world-wide
reputation. His special field of work, however, was the history of the
glacial period in all its aspects, and as time went on he came to be
recognised as the most thorough-going advocate of repeated glacial and
interglacial epochs. The positions he took up at a very early stage
in his scientific career he maintained with little modification till
its close, and in spite of indifference and in the face of severe
criticism he saw his theories more and more completely established year
by year. The subject is one of the most controversial in geological
science at the present day. Very eminent authorities may be found who
deny the validity of nearly every one of Prof. Geikie’s conclusions
about interglacial epochs, but there is a large and increasing body
of supporters of his views, though even now the extreme position he
took up in subdividing the Ice Age into six glacial periods cannot be
said to be generally accepted. But if we compare the text-books of the
present day with those published twenty years ago, we can realise how
great an advance has been made in the direction in which he led; and
there can be no doubt that in the long-run his consistency, courage,
and sagacity will receive full recognition.
The old Scottish school of geology which had numbered so many
famous men among its members found in James Geikie one of its most
distinguished representatives. In science, as in all things, he was
pre-eminently a Scotsman. Ramsay and Croll, two of the most philosophic
geologists of their time, were the men to whom he owed the inspiration
which originally directed him, and he was a true disciple of Playfair,
whose memory he reverenced. In all his writings he places in the
foreground the observations which he and his fellow-workers in Scotland
had made in the field, and the inferences drawn from them; and it was
in no small measure to James Geikie that the high position which the
work of Scottish geologists holds in the estimation of scientific men
is to be ascribed.
LIST OF PUBLICATIONS
1866. “On the Metamorphic Lower Silurian Rocks of Carrick, Ayrshire,”
_Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc._, vol. xxii., pp. 513-34; _Phil. Mag._, vol.
xxxii., pp. 154-5; _Geol. Mag._, vol. iii., pp. 321-2.
“On the Metamorphic Origin of certain Granitoid Rocks and Granites in
the Southern Uplands of Scotland,” _Geol. Mag._, vol. iii., pp. 529-34.
1867. “On the Buried Forests and Peat Mosses of Scotland, and the
Changes of Climate which they indicate,” _Trans. Roy. Soc. Edinburgh_,
vol. xxiv., pp. 363-84; _Proc. Roy. Soc. Edinburgh_, vol. v., pp.
635-7; _Geol. Mag._, vol. iv., pp. 20-3.
“Hydrothermal Origin of certain Granites and Metamorphic Rocks,”
_Geol. Mag._, vol. iv., pp. 176-82.
“On the Metamorphic Origin of certain Granites, etc.,” _ibid._, vol.
iv., pp. 287-8.
1868. “On Denudation in Scotland since Glacial Times,” _Trans. Geol.
Soc. Glasgow_, vol. iii., pp. 54-74; _ibid._, vol. v., pp. 19-25.
“Note on the Discovery of _Bos primigenius_ in the Lower Boulder-clay
of Scotland,” _ibid._, vol. v., pp. 393-5, 535-6.
1869. “Additional Note on the Discovery of _Bos primigenius_, in the
Lower Boulder-clay at Crofthead, near Glasgow,” _ibid._, vol. vi., pp.
73-5.
1870. “On the Age of the Stratified Deposits, with Mammalian Remains,
at Crofthead, near Glasgow,” _ibid._, vol. vii., pp. 53-7, illus.
1871. “Carboniferous Formation of Scotland” (remarks on Mr Croll’s
letter), _Trans. Geol. Soc. Glasgow_, vol. iv., pp. 78-80; _Geol.
Mag._, vol. vii., 1870, p. 298.
“On Changes of Climate during the Glacial Epoch,” _Geol. Mag._, vol.
viii., pp. 545-53; vol. ix., 1872, pp. 23-31, 61-9, 105-11, 164-70,
215-22, 254-65.
“The Carboniferous Formation of Scotland,” _Trans. North Eng. Inst.
Min. Engin._, vol. xx., pp. 131-57; _Trans. Glasgow Inst. Engin._,
vol. xiv., pp. 5-31.
1872. “A. E. Törnebohm’s Theory of the Origin of the Swedish Asar,”
_Geol. Mag._, vol. ix., pp. 307-9, illus.
“On the Geological Position and Features of the Coal- and
Ironstone-bearing Strata of the West of Scotland,” _Journ. Iron and
Steel Inst._, vol. ii., pp. 8-24.
1873. “On the Theory of Seasonal Migrations during the Pleistocene
Period,” _Geol. Mag._, vol. x., pp. 49-54, illus.
“The Antiquity of Man in Britain” (a lecture), _Geol. Mag._, vol. x.,
pp. 175-9.
“On the Glacial Phenomena of the Long Island or Outer Hebrides,”
_Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc._, vol. xxix., pp. 532-45; _Geol. Mag._, vol.
x., pp. 377-9.
1874. “Note on the Occurrence of Erratics at Higher Levels than the
Rock-masses from which they have been derived,” _Trans. Glasgow Geol.
Soc._, vol. iv., pp. 235-41; _Geol. Mag._, dec. ii., vol. i., pp.
566-7.
_The Great Ice Age and its Relation to the Antiquity of Man_, pp.
xxiii + 575, 17 pls., 8vo, London.
1875. _Geology_ (Chambers’s Elementary Science Manuals), pp. 96,
illus., 8vo, London.
1876. “Origin of Lake Basins,” _Geol. Mag._, dec. ii., vol. iii., pp.
139-40.
“The Cheviot Hills,” _Good Words_, vol. xvii., pp. 11-15, 82-6,
264-70, 331-7, illus.
_Historical Geology_, pp. vii + 94, 8vo, London and Edinburgh.
1877. “The Movement of the Soil-cap,” _Nature_, vol. xv., pp. 397-8.
“The Antiquity of Man,” _ibid._, vol. xvi., pp. 141-2.
Letter to Mr J. Gunn on the Glacial Beds of the East of England,
_Norfolk Chronicle_, 17th February.
_The Great Ice Age and its Relation to the Antiquity of Man_,
2nd ed., pp. xxvii + 624, 19 pls., 8vo, London.
1878. “On the Glacial Phenomena of the Long Island or Outer Hebrides”
(2nd paper), _Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc._, vol. xxxiv., pp. 819-67,
illus.
“On the Preservation of Deposits of Incoherent Materials under Till or
Boulder-clay,” _Geol. Mag._, dec. ii., vol. v., pp. 73-9, 287-8.
(With A. C. Ramsay) “On the Geology of Gibraltar,” _Quart. Journ.
Geol. Soc._, vol. xxxiv., pp. 505-39.
1880. “Discovery of an Ancient Canoe in the Old Alluvium of the Tay,
at Perth,” _Scottish Naturalist_, vol. v., pp. 1-7.
“Changes of Climate in Post-Glacial Times,” _ibid._, pp. 193-203.
_Prehistoric Europe: a Geological Sketch_, pp. xviii + 592, 2 pls., 3
maps, 8vo, London.
1881. “Natural Rubbish Heaps,” _Proc. Perthshire Sci. Soc._, vol. i.,
pp. 3-5.
“The Geological History of Perthshire” (Presidential Address, 3rd
March 1881), _ibid._, pp. 17-21.
“The Age of the Igneous Rocks of Iceland,” _Nature_, vol. xxiv., pp.
605-6.
1882. “Notes on the Geology of Colonsay and Oronsay,” _Trans. Geol.
Soc. Glasgow_, vol. vi., pp. 157-64.
“Climatic and Geographical Changes in Post-Glacial Times,” _Proc.
Perthshire Sci. Soc._, vol. i., pp. 47-50.
“The Study of Natural Science” (Presidential Address), _ibid._, pp.
65-70.
“The Intercrossing of Erratics in Glacial Deposits,” _Scottish
Naturalist_, vol. vi., pp. 193-200, 241-54.
“On the Geology of the Färoe Islands,” _Trans. Roy. Soc. Edinburgh_,
vol. xxx., pp. 217-69, 4 pls.; _Proc. Roy. Soc. Edinburgh_, vol. x.,
pp. 495-501; _Geol. Mag._, dec. ii., vol. ix., pp. 278-9.
“The Aims and Method of Geological Inquiry” (Inaugural Lecture, 27th
October, University of Edinburgh), _Nature_, vol. xxvii., pp. 44-6,
64-7, 8vo, Edinburgh.
1884. “Note on the Occurrence of Drifted Trees in Beds of Sand and
Gravel at Musselburgh,” _Proc. Roy. Soc. Edinburgh_, vol. xii., pp.
745-55.
1885. “The Physical Features of Scotland,” _Scottish Geogr. Mag._,
vol. i., pp. 26-41, map.
“Leading Physical Features of Scotland,” _Ordnance Gazetteer of
Scotland_, vol. iii. (Appendix), No. 2, 8vo, Edinburgh.
“List of Hill Forts, Intrenched Camps, etc., in Roxburghshire, on the
Scotch Side of the Cheviots,” _Proc. Berwick Nat. Club_, vol. x., pp.
139-48.
1886. “Mountains: their Origin, Growth, and Decay,” _Scottish Geogr.
Mag._, vol. ii., pp. 145-62.
“The Geographical Evolution of Europe,” _ibid._, pp. 193-207.
“Note on Sand-dunes of the Western Islands,” _ibid._, p. 474.
“The Natural History of Kinnoull Hill: II. Geology,” _Proc. Perthshire
Sci. Soc._, vol. i., pp. 235-7.
_Outlines of Geology_, 8vo, London.
1887. “Geography and Geology,” _Scottish Geogr. Mag._, vol. iii., pp.
398-407, map.
“Geology and Petrology of St Abb’s Head,” _Proc. Roy. Soc. Edinburgh_,
vol. xiv., pp. 177-93, illus.
_Songs and Lyrics by Heinrich Heine and other German Poets_, 8vo,
Edinburgh.
1888. _Outlines of Geology_, 2nd ed., 8vo, London.
1890. “The Evolution of Climate,” _Scottish Geogr. Mag._, vol. vi.,
pp. 59-78, 2 maps.
“Glacial Geology” (Presidential Address to Section C, Geology, of the
British Association), _Rep. Brit. Assoc. for 1889_, pp. 551-64; _Geol.
Mag._, dec. iii., vol. vi., pp. 461-77.
1891. “On the Scientific Results of Dr Nansen’s Expedition: I.
Geology,” _Scottish Geogr. Mag._, vol. vii., pp. 79-86.
1892. “On the Glacial Succession in Europe,” _Trans. Roy. Soc.
Edinburgh_, vol. xxxvii., pp. 127-49.
“Supposed Causes of the Glacial Period” (an address), _Trans.
Edinburgh Geol. Soc._, vol. vi., pp. 209-30.
“The late Sir Andrew Crombie Ramsay, LL.D., F.R.S., etc.” _ibid._,
vol. vi., pp. 233-40, portrait.
Address to the Geographical Section of the British Association,
Edinburgh, 1892, _Scottish Geogr. Mag._, vol. vii., pp. 457-79, map.
“Recent Researches in Pleistocene Climate and Geography” (abstract of
a Lecture to the Royal Scottish Geographical Society, 18th May 1892),
_ibid._, vol. viii., pp. 357-62.
1893. “Geographical Development of Coast-lines” (Presidential Address
to Section E, Geography, of the British Association), _Rep. Brit.
Assoc. for 1892_, pp. 794-810.
_Fragments of Earth Lore: Sketches and Addresses, Geological and
Geographical_, pp. vi + 428, 6 pls., 8vo, Edinburgh.
“On the Glacial Period and the Earth Movement Hypothesis,” _Trans.
Victoria Inst. London_, vol. xxvi., pp. 221-49.
1894. _The Great Ice Age and its Relation to the Antiquity of Man_,
3rd ed., pp. xxviii + 850, 18 pls. and maps, 8vo, London.
1895. “Scottish Interglacial Beds,” _Geol. Mag._, dec. iv., vol. ii.,
pp. 283-4.
“The Morphology of the Earth’s Surface,” _Scottish Geogr. Mag._, vol.
xi., pp. 56-67.
“Classification of European Glacial Deposits,” _Journ. Geol. Chicago_,
vol. iii., pp. 241-69.
“The _Challenger_ Expedition,” _Scottish Geogr. Mag._, vol. xi., pp.
231-43.
1896. _Outlines of Geology_, 3rd ed., 8vo, London.
1897. “The Last Great Baltic Glacier,” _Journ. Geol. Chicago_, vol.
v., pp. 325-39.
“Excursion from Bathgate to Linlithgow,” _Proc. Geol. Assoc._, vol.
xv., pp. 145-9.
“Excursion from St Monans to Elie,” _ibid._, pp. 149-51.
(Director), “Long Excursion to Edinburgh and District--Bathgate
Hills,” _ibid._, pp. 197-200.
(Director), “Long Excursion--Elie and St Monans,” _ibid._, pp. 205-6.
“The Prehistoric Rock-shelter at Schweizersbild, near Schaffhausen,”
_Scottish Geogr. Mag._, vol. xiii., pp. 466-75.
1898. “The Tundras and Steppes of Prehistoric Europe,” _ibid._, vol.
xiv., pp. 281-94, 346-57; _Ann. Rep. Smiths. Inst._, pp. 321-47.
_Earth Sculpture, or the Origin of Land-forms_, pp. xvi + 320, 8vo,
London.
1899. “On the proposed Antarctic Expedition,” _Scottish Geogr. Mag._,
vol. xv., p. 256.
1900. “A White-hot Liquid Earth and Geological Time,” _ibid._, vol.
xvi., pp. 60-7.
1901. “Mountain Structure and its Origin,” _International Monthly_,
vol. iii., pp. 17-41, 202-30.
(With J. S. Flett) “The Granite of Tulloch Burn (Ayrshire),” _Rep.
Brit. Assoc. for 1901_, pp. 634-5; _Geol. Mag._, dec. iv., vol. ix.,
1902, pp. 38-9.
1901-2. “Mountains,” _Scottish Geogr. Mag._, vol. xvii., pp. 449-60;
vol. xviii., 1902, pp. 76-84.
1902. _Earth Sculpture, or the Origin of Land-forms_, new edition, pp.
336, 8vo, London.
1903. _Outlines of Geology_, 4th ed., pp. 436, illus., 8vo, London.
1905. _Structural and Field Geology for Students_, pp. xx + 435, 56
pls., 8vo, Edinburgh and London.
1906. “From the Ice Age to the Present,” _Scottish Geogr. Mag._, vol.
xxii., pp. 397-407.
“On the so-called ‘Post-Glacial Formations’ of Scotland,” _Journ.
Geol. Chicago_, vol. xiv., pp. 668-82.
1907. “Old Scottish Volcanoes,” _Scottish Geogr. Mag._, vol. xxiii.,
pp. 449-63.
“Late Quaternary Formations of Scotland,” _Zeitschr. für
Gletscherkunde_, Bd. i., pp. 21-30.
1908. _Structural and Field Geology for Students, etc._, 2nd ed., pp.
443, 56 pls., 8vo, Edinburgh and London.
1909. _Earth Sculpture, or the Origin of Land-forms_, 2nd ed., 8vo,
London.
“Calabrian Earthquakes,” _Scottish Geogr. Mag._, vol. xxv., pp.
113-26, 2 maps.
1911. “The Architecture and Origin of the Alps,” _ibid._, vol. xxvii.,
pp. 393-417, figs. 15.
1912. _Structural and Field Geology for Students, etc._, 3rd ed., pp.
452, 69 pls., 8vo, Edinburgh.
“The Deeps of the Pacific Ocean and their Origin,” _Scottish Geogr.
Mag._, vol. xxxviii., pp. 113-26, map.
1913. _Mountains: their Origin, Growth, and Decay_, pp. 311, 80 pls.,
8vo, Edinburgh.
1914. _Antiquity of Man in Europe_, pp. 317, 21 pls., 4 maps, 8vo,
Edinburgh.
Memoirs of the Geological Survey of Scotland (partly contributed to
by J. Geikie). Sheet Memoirs: 1869, sheet 7 (Ayrshire, South-western
District), sheet 14 (Ayrshire, Southern District), sheet 24
(Peeblesshire); 1872, sheet 22 (Ayrshire, North Part); 1873, sheet 23
(Lanarkshire, Central Districts); 1879, sheet 31 (Stirlingshire).
INDEX
Aalesund, 35
Aberdeenshire, drifts of, 160
Agassiz, Louis, 158, 160
Airdrie, 52
Allman, Prof., 18
Alpine Lands, 122
Alpine valleys, 200
Alps, the, 56, 57, 123, 175, 198, 201, 206, 207
Alps, Piedmontese, 56
America, 117, 128, 182, 198, 200
America, North, 165, 184, 198, 200, 201, 203.
_See also_ Canada and United States
“Ancient Manuscript, Fragment of,” 64, 65, 66
“Antiquity of Man in Britain,” lecture, 55
_Antiquity of Man in Europe_, book, 140, 203.
_See also_ Palæolithic man
Appin, 143, 144
Argelès, 127
Ashburton, Louisa, Lady, 112
Askernish, 79
Australia, glaciation of, 120
Ayr, 130, 132
Ayrshire, 33, 34, 36, 37, 39, 152, 154, 155, 156, 174, 181
Ball, Sir Robert, 168
Baltic coast lands, 120
Baltic glacier, 120
Bäregg hut, 42
Barra, 76
Bartholomew, Dr J. G., 191, 192
Barvas, 49
Bathgate, 50, 53
Belgium, palæolithic deposits of, 201
Benbecula, 76, 78, 79
Ben More, South Uist, 79, 80, 81
Berendt, Dr G., of Berlin, 86
Bergen, 36
Berg-fjord, 36
Bertrich, 43
Birnam, 95, 116, 117
Blytt, Prof. Axel, of Norway, 118, 198
Boisdale, Loch, 78, 79, 91
Boston, 109, 110, 117, 136
Boulder-clay, 23, 24, 27, 28, 39, 108, 157, 158, 159, 160, 168, 169,
174, 175, 199
Boule, Prof. M., 202
Boyd, Dr, 12
Brandon, 175
Bristow, Mr H. W., 70
British Association, Australian meeting, 136;
Edinburgh meeting, 118;
Montreal meeting, 105, 108;
Newcastle-on-Tyne meeting, 117;
Swansea meeting, 87
Brora, 33
Bruce, Mr J. G., 125
Brückner, Prof. Eduard, 122, 123, 136, 197, 200, 201
Buchtrig, 65, 82, 104
Buckland, Dean, 158
Burdiehouse quarries, 14
Buried forests, 36, 171, 179
Cairnish, 77, 78
Caithness, boulder-clay of, 174
Canada, 104, 108, 109
Canary Islands, 113, 114
Carboniferous beds of Scotland, 154, 181;
of U.S.A., 124
Carboniferous epoch, 59
Carboniferous fossils, 154
Carboniferous problems, 25.
_See also_ Coalfields, work on
Carluke, 46
Carmichael, Mr, 79, 80
Central Scotland, drifts of, 152
Cessford, 69
Ceuta, 73
Chamberlin, Prof., of Chicago, 119, 120, 121, 122, 198, 199
Chambers, Messrs, 190
Chambers, Robt., 160, 170
_Chambers’s Encyclopædia_, 189
Changes of climate in glacial times, 36, 50, 167, 168, 171, 174, 179,
197, 202, 205.
_See_ Interglacial periods
Chantre, M., 91
Cheviots, 56, 62, 63, 64, 66, 70, 71, 82, 192
Chicago, 107
Christiansund, 35, 36
Coalfields, work on, 24, 25, 46-50, 52, 155
Coatbridge, 52
Coats, Mr Andrew, 71
Coblentz, 44, 45, 46
Cochem, 43
Cologne, 41
Constable, Mr Thomas, 15, 16
Cornhill, 67, 68, 69
Crailing Hall, 63, 65, 66, 69, 87
Creagorry, 79
Croll, Dr James, 166, 167, 168, 174, 180, 195, 210
Croll’s theory of climatic change, 167, 168
Cumnock, 34
Dahll, Dr, 36
Dailly, 152
Darwin, Charles, 27, 73, 74, 91, 92, 183
Daun, 43
Denmark, 120
Devonian ground, 181
Diaries, 29, 30, 31, 32, 63
Diluvium, 85, 154, 158, 159.
_See_ Boulder-clay and drifts
Douglas, Sir George, 67, 83, 121
Drifts of Scotland, 20, 39, 49, 152, 157, 159, 160, 162, 164, 165
Duke of Argyll, 60
Dumbartonshire, boulder-clay of, 174
Duncan Street, house in, 47
Dunkeld, 156
Duns, 54, 55
Durham University, D.C.L. of, 116
Dürnten lignite, 175
Eaglesham, 39, 152
_Earth Lore, Fragments of_, 119, 191
_Earth Sculpture_, 124, 129
Edinburgh, 3, 4, 9, 13, 14, 71, 98, 99, 100, 101, 127, 128, 142, 144,
149, 150, 157, 160, 183, 187, 190
Edinburgh High School, 12, 30
Edinburgh Industrial Museum, 29
Edinburgh Royal Society Club, 117, 124
Edinburgh School Board, 47
Edinburgh University, 15, 18, 19, 92, 100, 101, 103, 119, 149, 151,
180, 182, 203, 208;
Chair of Geology in, 20, 71, 96, 97, 98, 104, 144, 182, 184, 187,
188, 192, 207;
Dean of the Faculty of Science in, 118, 119, 187;
Geological Department of, 138;
library of, 187, 194;
Senate of, 100;
Tercentenary celebrations, 104, 105
Eifel country, the, 42, 43
Elson, Mr Louis, of Boston, 125, 128
Engadine, the, 115
Erratics, 27, 108, 157, 159
Etheridge, Mr R., 70
Europe, 182, 184, 201;
Central, 198;
Eastern, 198;
Northern, 171, 176, 177, 199, 200, 202
Evans, Mr J., 183
Eynort, Loch, 79, 80
Falsan, M. A., 91
Färoe Islands, 81, 86, 87, 88
Father, Prof. Geikie’s, 3, 4, 72, 104
Fife, 21, 150, 152, 154, 159
Fleming, Prof. John, 149
Fondalen ice-field, 35
Forbes, Prof. Edward, 149, 151
Foreign languages, Prof. Geikie’s knowledge of, 25, 39, 50, 81, 86,
88, 172, 182
Forfarshire, moraines of, 160
Fort William, 33
_Fragments of Earth Lore_, 119, 191
France, 127, 176, 198, 201, 202, 203
Galloway, Mr William, 49
Gandry, Prof., 97
Geikie, Sir Archibald, eldest brother, 14, 15, 17, 18, 20, 40, 138,
139, 140, 151, 155, 162, 180, 184
Geikie, Cunningham, cousin, 4
Geikie, James:--
Chap. I.--
Birth of, 3.
Parentage, 3-9.
Grandfather, 5, 6, 9.
Childhood, 7-10.
Illnesses, 10, 11.
School life, 11, 12.
Early excursions, 13, 14.
Apprentice to Mr Thos. Constable, 15, 16, 17.
University studies, 18
Chap. II.--
Enters Geological Survey, 19.
Assistant Geologist, 19.
District Surveyor, 19, 20.
Survey work in Fife and Lothians, 20, 21.
In Lanarkshire coalfields, 25, 34, 46, 50.
Winter work in Edinburgh and London, 29.
Work in Ochils, 30.
Study of German, 30, 31.
Diaries, 31, 32, 33.
Holidays in Scotland, 33
Chap. III.--
Work in Ayrshire, 34, 36, 37, 39.
Visit to Norway, 35, 36.
First glacial paper, 36.
Friendship with Dr John Horne, 38.
Visit to Rhine and Switzerland, 39-45.
Work on coalfields, 46-9.
Beginning of _The Great Ice Age_, 54, 56.
Translations from Heine, 30, 31, 34, 48, 59, 86, 112, 114, 132.
Tour in Hebrides, 49, 50.
Work in London, 51
Chap. IV.--
Begins work in Border region, 52, 53.
Holiday in Lewis, 54.
Lectures at the Museum of Science and Art, 54, 55.
Writing of _The Great Ice Age_, 54, 56;
publication, 60;
dedication to Ramsay, 60.
Tour in Italy, 56, 57.
Paper on glaciation of Hebrides, 59
Chap. V.--
Engagement and marriage to Miss Mary Johnston, 63-6.
Border experiences, 66-70.
Elected Fellow of Royal Society, 70.
Life in Perth, 71, 81.
Visit to Norfolk and Suffolk, 71.
Visit to Gibraltar, and investigation of water-supply there, 72-5,
82, 88.
Receives LL.D. of St Andrews University, 74.
Birth of eldest son, 75.
Tour in Hebrides, 75-81.
Chap. VI.--
Visit to Switzerland and Italy, 83.
Anxiety about future, 83.
_Prehistoric Europe_, 83, 85, 86, 89, 90, 91.
Visit to Färoe Islands, 86, 87.
Holiday in South Wales and London, 91.
Retirement from Geological Survey, 92-9.
Appointed to Chair of Geology in Edinburgh University, 98.
Lecture at Hull, 95.
Trip to Iceland, 96
Chap. VII.--
Inaugural address, 100.
Settling in Edinburgh, 101.
Summer class in geology, 104.
Holiday at Largo, 104.
Death of father, 104.
Tercentenary celebrations at Edinburgh University, 104, 105.
Visit to Canada and U.S.A., 104, 106-9.
Hon. Fellowship of Geological Society of Stockholm, 106.
_Outlines of Geology_, 110, 112;
third edition, 124;
fourth, 129.
Foundation of Scottish Geographical Society, 111;
Vice-president, President, and Hon. Editor, 111.
Contributions to _Scottish Geographical Magazine_, 112, 206.
Visit to Loch Luichart, 112.
Visit to Canary Islands, 113, 114.
Visit to Engadine and Italy, 115
Chap. VIII.--
Awarded Murchison Medal of Geological Society of London, 116.
Made D.C.L. of Durham University, 116.
Course of lectures to women, 116.
President of Geological Section of British Association at
Newcastle-on-Tyne, 117.
President of Geographical Section of British Association at
Edinburgh, 118.
Lectures at Lowell Institute in Boston, 117.
Appointed Dean of Science Faculty in Edinburgh, 118, 119.
Third Edition of _The Great Ice Age_, 119, 120, 121, 124.
Visit to North Germany and Denmark, 120.
Letter from Glacialists’ Excursion-party, 122, 123.
_Earth Sculpture_, 124;
new edition, 129.
Tour in Pyrenees, 125-7.
Love of children, 127.
Hon. Member of New York Academy of Sciences, 128.
Visit to Norway, 129
Chap. IX.--
_Structural and Field Geology_, 130;
translated into French, 133.
Visit to Wildbad, 131.
Birth of first grandchild, 133;
second, 135.
Visit to Portugal, 133.
Publication of _Mountains: their Origin, Growth, and Decay_, 138.
Presentation of portrait, 138.
Holiday in Switzerland, 139.
Centenary celebrations at St Andrews University, 139.
Presentation of books to University Library, 139.
President of Royal Society of Edinburgh, 140.
Publication of _The Antiquity of Man in Europe_, 140.
Summer in Skye, 140.
Stay at Appin, 143, 144.
Retirement from professorship, 144.
Death, 144
Chap. X.--
Early training, 151.
First work on Survey, 152-5.
Origin of interest in glacial geology, 157.
Influence of Ramsay, 161.
Other influences, 162, 163
Chap. XI.--
Contents of _The Great Ice Age_, 164-6.
Croll’s influence, 166-9.
Interest in post-glacial geology, 169-72.
Reception of _The Great Ice Age_, 172-4;
second edition, 174, 175.
_Prehistoric Europe_, 175-9
Chap. XII.--
Value of work on Survey, 180-2.
Work as professor, 184-6.
Improved status of subject, 187.
Text-books, 188-9.
Work as geographer, 190-3
Chap. XIII.--
Third edition of _The Great Ice Age_, 194, 195.
Interglacial periods, 195-8.
Reception of _The Great Ice Age_, 199.
Interglacial controversies, 199-205.
_Mountains: their Origin, Growth, and Decay_, 206, 207.
Position as geologist, 208-10
Geikie, James Stewart, father, 3, 4, 72, 104
Geikie, Miss, daughter, 127, 128, 133, 139
Geikie, Mrs, 66, 68, 71-3, 75, 83, 114, 125-8, 131, 135, 137-9, 143,
144
Geikie, Walter, uncle, 4
Geikie, William, brother, 8, 9, 12, 16, 17
Geological Congress, International, 122, 129
_Geological Magazine_, 23, 54, 164, 171
Geological Society of Edinburgh, 149, 151
_Geological Society of Edinburgh, Transactions of_, 149, 151, 191
Geological Society of Glasgow, 162
Geological Society of London, 54, 84, 116;
Centenary celebrations of, 133;
_Quarterly Journal of_, 54, 75
Geological Society of Stockholm, 106
Geological Survey, 14, 15, 17-25, 28, 29, 31-4, 38, 40-2, 51, 67, 70,
71, 73, 74, 82, 83, 84, 88, 92, 94, 96, 98, 99, 101, 102, 139, 149,
152, 153, 154, 156, 160-4, 167, 171-3, 180, 183, 184, 189, 192, 197,
207
_Geology, Journal of_, 122
German songs, translations of, 30, 31, 34, 47, 48, 59, 60, 86, 112,
114
German table manners, 44, 132
Gibraltar, 72, 73, 74, 75, 82, 88
Gilmerton, quarries of, 14
Girvan, 33
Glacial deposits, 56, 162, 174.
_See also_ Boulder-clay, Erratics, Diluvium
Glacial epoch, 54, 58
Glacial geology, 26, 27, 29, 156, 157, 161, 163, 167, 182
Glacial geology, origin of James Geikie’s interest in, 23, 24, 156,
157
Glacial period, 28, 29, 134, 171, 178, 209
Glacialists’ Excursion-party, 122, 123
Glasgow, 157
Goarshausen, 45
_Good Words_, 191, 192
_Great Ice Age, The_, 27, 34, 39, 49, 52, 71, 74, 77, 89, 91, 103,
107, 116, 119, 120, 123, 124, 136, 137, 164-7, 169, 172, 175, 177,
178, 182, 191, 194, 195, 198, 201
Green, Prof. A. H., 94, 172
Greenland, 117
Grimsel Pass, 45
Grindelwald, 45
Grossart, Dr, 48, 52, 55, 56, 57, 59
Hammerfest, 36
Harris, 75, 76
Harris, Sound of, 76
Harris, South, 76
Harvard University, U.S.A., 136
Hebrides, 49, 59, 75, 81, 111, 174;
land-ice of, 59, 75, 174
Heddle, Prof. Foster, 151
Heidelberg, 45
Heine, translations of songs and lyrics, 30, 31, 34, 48, 59, 86, 112,
114, 132
Helland, Dr Amund, of Norway, 81, 85, 86, 87, 96
Highlands, 29, 183, 184
Highlands, North-west, 207
Highlands, Southern, 157
Holland, 165
Holytown, 48, 52
Home Office, 98
Hooker, Sir J. D., 183
Horne, Dr John, 38, 39, 40, 45, 48, 49, 53, 56, 63, 71, 73, 82, 83,
84, 86, 88, 89, 94, 96, 97, 98, 101, 103, 110, 111, 112, 138, 139,
163, 167, 174, 180, 204
Howell, Mr H. H., 18
Hull, 95
Hunter, Dr, of Carluke, 151
Hutton, James, 149, 192
Huxley, Prof. T., 115
Ice Age, 24, 27, 46, 115, 167, 168, 169, 175, 199, 201, 209
Icebergs, floating, and drifts, 28, 159, 160, 164, 166
Iceland, 96
Interglacial controversies, 194
Interglacial deposits, 203
Interglacial periods, 27, 28, 122, 123, 165, 166, 168, 169, 171, 175,
176, 177, 195-202, 209
International Geological Congress, 122, 123, 129
Inverness, 112
Irvine, Mr Duncan, 180
Italian geologists, 25
Italy, 56, 83, 115, 176
Jack, Mr R. L., 180
James, Prof. William, 117
Jameson, Prof. Robert, of Edinburgh, 149
Jamieson, Dr T. F., of Ellon, 88, 160, 174
Jedburgh, 55-9, 62
Jehu, Prof. Thomas, 144
Johnston, Miss Mary (Mrs Geikie), 66
Johnston, Mr, 66
Johnston, Mrs, 65, 87
Jökul-fjeld, 35
Kalemouth, 68
Kelso, 52, 53, 56, 67, 156
Königswinter, 41, 42
Laach Abbey, 42;
monks of, 42, 43
Laacher See, 42, 43
Lamplugh, Mr, 84
Lanarkshire, 25, 39, 47, 152
Land-ice hypothesis, 27, 28, 108, 159, 164, 165
Largs, 152
Late glacial changes, 205
Lehmann, Dr R., of Halle, 85
Letter from Glacialists’ Excursion-party, 122, 123
Lewis, Prof. Francis J., 204, 205
Lewis, Island of, 49, 54, 59, 65
Lochmaddy, 76, 78
London, 91, 133, 140, 161
Loppen, 36
Lothians, The, 21, 150, 152, 159
Lowell, Dr Abbott L., 136
Lowell Institute, Boston, 117, 136
Luchon, 126
Luichart, Loch, 112
Lyell, Sir Charles, 160, 167
M‘Alpine, Dr, 141, 142
Macintosh, Mr D., 170
Maclaren, Mr Charles, 150, 159
Maloja, 115
Maree, Loch, 76
Meadows, The, 6, 15
Mediterranean basin, 25, 26
Melövar, 35
Miller, Hugh, 150
Molde, 35
Moncrieffe, Sir Thomas, 71
Montreal, 109
Moray Firth, 33
Morebattle, 69, 70
Mount Geikie, 125
_Mountains: their Origin, Growth, and Decay_, 138, 140, 206, 207
Munro lectures, 140, 203, 205
Murchison, Sir Roderick, 41, 42
Murchison Chair of Geology, 180
Murchison endowment, 100
Murchison medal, 116
Museum of Science and Art, 54, 55
Nansen, Dr F., 117, 124
Naples, 9, 115
Nathorst, Prof., of Stockholm, 103
_Nature_, 172
New Cumnock, 152
New York, 106, 107, 109
New York Academy of Sciences, 128
Newcomb, Simon, 168
Niagara, 109
Niedermendig quarries, 42
Norfolk, 71, 81
Norham, 54
Norway, 35, 45, 129, 165, 198
Oban, 33
Obbe, 75, 76
Ochils, 30, 42
Öksfjord, 36
Orkney, 174
Orotava, 113
_Outlines of Geology_, 110, 112, 124, 129, 188
Owen Sound, 109
Page, Dr David, 151
Palæolithic man, 55, 140, 171, 198, 201, 202, 203
Partsch, Prof. J., 197
Pasquier, Dr Léon Du, 122, 123
Peach, Dr Benjamin N., 18, 20, 22, 30, 40, 41, 84, 152, 155, 167,
174, 180
Peat, 20, 36, 171, 179, 204, 205
Peeblesshire, 22, 154
Penck, Dr A., of Berlin, 85, 88, 97, 122, 123, 136, 137, 197, 200,
201, 202
Perth, 71, 72, 73, 81, 95, 156, 178
Perthshire Society of Natural Science, 71
Philadelphia, 109
Playfair, John, 136, 149, 190, 192, 210
Pleistocene geology, 156, 157
Pleistocene glaciation, 168.
_See also_ Ice Age
Pliocene beds of Lombardy, 175
Pontresina, 115
Port Arthur, 109
Portugal, tour in, 133
Post-glacial history, 179
Post-glacial submergence, 174
_Prehistoric Europe_, 35, 83, 85, 86, 89, 91, 94, 164, 175
“Prehistoric ware” in Hebrides, 49
Pyrenees, tour in, 125, 127
Radium in mineral waters, 131
Raised beaches, 169, 170, 171, 178
Ramsay, Sir Andrew, 47, 49, 55, 60, 61, 70-3, 82, 83, 87, 88, 91, 92,
98, 114, 160, 161, 162, 165, 173, 184, 195, 210
Ramsay, Lady, 49
Ramsay, Sir William, 108
Reed, Mr Clement, 197
Renfrewshire, 39
Rhine, River, 39, 41, 45, 83;
tour on, 40-5
Rödö, 35
Roneval, Mount, 76
Rose, Mr Alexander, of Edinburgh, 151
Royal family, 13, 14
Royal Physical Society of Edinburgh, 151
Royal Scottish Geographical Society, 111, 112, 136, 138, 140, 188, 190
Royal Society of Edinburgh, 140, 188;
Club, 117, 124;
_Transactions_, 191, 204
Royal Society of London, 70, 140
St Andrews University, 74, 139;
Centenary celebrations, 139
St Bertrand de Cominges, 126
St Paul, 107
Salsburgh, 48, 52
Scandinavia, 201
Schmidt, Dr, 202
Schmitz, Dr, 12, 30
_Scotsman_, 150
Scott, Lady John, 67
_Scottish Geographical Magazine_, 111, 112, 188
Shetland Islands, 84, 174
Silurian rocks, 154, 181
Simson, Mr, 64, 65
Skae, Mr H. N., 40, 45, 180
Skjervö, 35, 36
Skertchly, Mr S. B. J., 71, 73, 175
Skye, 65, 76, 140
Smith, James, of Jordanhill, 158, 170
South Wales, 91
Spartel, Cape, 73
Spitsbergen, 103
Stevenson, Prof., of New York, 88, 102, 118, 121, 124, 128, 132, 133,
139, 140
Stornoway, 49
Strahlegg, crossing of, 45
_Structural and Field Geology_, 130, 133, 189
Submergence in Europe, 159, 160, 170, 174, 195
Suess, Prof. E., of Vienna, 206, 207
Suffolk, 71, 81
Superior, Lake, 107
Sweden, 53, 165, 173, 198
Switzerland, 53, 83, 139, 158, 173, 176, 203, 207
Szabó, Prof., 53
Tangier, 73
Tarbert, 75
Tasmania, glaciation of, 120
Tay, estuary of, 156
Telfs in Tyrol, 129
Teneriffe, 113
Thom, Captain, 5, 6, 9, 10
Thom, Miss, 5
Tiddeman, Mr R. J., 172
Till. _See_ Boulder-clay
Toronto, 108, 109
Torridon, Loch, 76
Traquair, 121
Tromsö, 35
Trondhjem, 35
Tyrol, 129
Uist, North, 76, 77, 78;
South, 76, 78
United States of America, 16, 105, 106, 107, 109, 110, 117, 173;
geological survey of, 125
Verse-making at school, 12
Verses, 37, 50, 105, 117, 131, 141, 143
Volcanic phenomena, Prof. Geikie’s interest in, 42, 181
Wardie, coprolitic shales of, 14
Warm interglacial periods, 28, 122, 123, 165, 166, 168, 169, 171,
175-7, 195-202, 209
Whitaker, Mr W., 116, 172
White, Dr Buchanan, 71, 178
Wildbad, 131
Wilson, Prof. George, 151
Winnipeg, 107, 108
Young, Prof. John, of Glasgow, 14, 18, 20, 21, 22, 30
Zirkel, Prof., of Bonn, 41, 42
PRINTED BY
OLIVER AND BOYD
EDINBURGH
Transcriber’s Note
In the “List of Publications” missing quotation marks have been added,
but other inconsistent punctuation has not been changed.
In the index the spelling of Moncrieffe (from Moncrieff) and Skjervö
(from Skerjvö) have been changed to match the spelling in the main text.
On page 123 the signature copied as “Dr Hav. Pfeifer” appears to be
that of the glacialist Dr Franz Xaver Pfeifer. The signature also
appears in this form in The Journal of Geology.
End of Project Gutenberg's James Geikie, by Marion I. Newbigin and J. S. Flett