THE PELVIS AND THE GENITAL ORGANS.
=The Pelvis.=--Before taking up the pelvic organs, the pelvis itself
should be described. The name pelvis has been given to the bony ring
which is interposed between the spine and the femurs on account of its
resemblance to a basin. At the back of this basin or pelvis are the
_sacrum_ and _coccyx_, already described in connection with the back,
and at the sides and meeting in the median line in front are the two
_ossa innominata_ or _nameless bones_, so called on account of their
peculiar and indescribable shape. At birth each os innominatum is made
up of three bones, the _ilium_, _ischium_, and _pubes_, but about the
age of puberty the three become welded into one. At their point of
junction is the cavity of the acetabulum for articulation with the head
of the femur or thigh bone.
[Illustration: FIG. 62.--Front view of the pelvis, with its ligaments.
(Dorland.) _a_, Anterior sacro-iliac ligament; _b_, iliofemoral
ligament; _c_, obturator membrane; _d_, symphysis pubis; _e_,
sacro-sciatic ligament.]
[Illustration: FIG. 63.--The right innominate bone. (After Toldt.)]
The upper, expanded portion of the os innominatum is the _ilium_,
whose upper border is known as the _crest_ and which has two _spinous
processes_ front and back, a superior and an inferior, the superior
spine being in each case the larger. These spines, especially the
anterior superior spines, and the crest give attachment to many
muscles, and to the outer surface of the bone the gluteal muscles are
attached. The anterior superior spine is also important in making
measurements to ascertain whether both legs are of equal length.
Below the ilium posteriorly is the _body of the ischium_, which has on
its lower edge a tuberosity, the prominent bone on which one sits. Near
the upper edge is the _spine_ of the _ischium_, between which and the
posterior inferior spine of the ilium is the greater _sacro-sciatic
notch_ for the passage of vessels and nerves, including the sciatic
nerves. From the tuberosity the ramus extends forward below the
_obturator foramen_, a large opening between the ischium and the pubes,
also for the passage of vessels and nerves, to meet the pubes, the last
and smallest of the three bones which go to make up the os innominatum.
The anterior surface of each _pubes_ presents a crest, ending
externally in a spine, and the two pubic bones join in front in the
_symphysis pubis_. The bone gets its name from the growth of pubic
hairs over this region at puberty.
[Illustration: FIG. 64.--Diameters of the pelvis: _d_, antero-posterior;
_o b_, oblique; _t r_, transverse. (de Nancrede.)]
Anteriorly the ossa innominata support the external organs of
generation, while within are the internal organs of generation. On the
inner surface of the ilium, slightly above the level of the acetabulum,
is the _ileo-pectineal line_, above which lie the _iliac fossæ_. A
plane drawn through the prominence of the sacrum, the ileo-pectineal
lines, and the upper margin of the symphysis pubis serves to divide
the upper or false pelvis from the lower or true pelvis. The _false
pelvis_, which is the larger, serves to support the intestines and
to take part of the weight from the abdominal walls, while the _true
pelvis_, being more surrounded by bone and so capable of affording
more protection, guards the internal organs of generation. The lower
circumference of the pelvis is known as the _outlet_. In the female the
bones are lighter, the sacrum less curved, and the diameters greater
than in the male.
On the whole, the pelvic bones are well covered in with muscles. The
anterior superior spine, however, is easily felt in front and the whole
crest can be felt back to the posterior superior spine. The tuberosity
of the ischium also can be felt, especially when the thigh is flexed,
for it is largely uncovered of muscles. The spine of the os pubis can
always be felt, on a level with the great trochanter, and the relation
of its position to that of a hernia shows whether the rupture is above
or below Poupart’s ligament, that is, whether it is inguinal or femoral.
Occasionally there is lack of development of the pubic bones for two
or three inches and the bladder is exposed. _Fracture_ of the pelvis
may occur, perhaps with injury to the viscera. The acetabulum may
be fractured or the sacrum broken, with injury to the sacral plexus
of nerves, causing paralysis of the lower extremities and of the
sphincters, with resultant involuntary passage of urine and feces, and
in childbirth the coccyx is often broken. In _rickets_ there may be
great deformity of the pelvis, causing trouble in childbirth later in
life. _Osteomalacia_ is a disease of adults, in which the bones are
soft and the weight pushes the promontory of the sacrum forward and
approximates the sides of the pelvis.
=The Male Generative Organs.=--The male generative organs consist of
the prostate gland, testes, and penis.
The _prostate gland_ is shaped like a small horse-chestnut and is
composed of numerous glands from which come a dozen or more excretory
ducts. It surrounds the neck of the bladder and the beginning of the
urethra and is next to the rectum, through which an examination may be
made to determine its size. For it often enlarges in elderly men, the
frequent passage of urine in small amounts being a symptom of enlarged
prostate.
The _procreating glands_, which secrete the spermatozoa or semen, are
two in number, the _testes_ or _testicles_, and are homologous to the
ovaries in the female. They are ovoid in form and are suspended by the
_spermatic cords_ in a sac, the _scrotum_, back of the penis. During
early fetal life they are in the back of the abdomen near the kidneys,
but before birth they descend along the inguinal canals into the
scrotum. The excretory duct of the testis is called the _vas deferens_.
It passes up by the spermatic cord through the inguinal canal into
the pelvis to the base of the bladder and at the base of the prostate
joins the duct of the vesicula seminalis to form the _ejaculatory
duct_. The two _vesiculæ seminales_ are small receptacles for the semen
lying in contact with the base of the bladder and secrete a fluid with
which they dilute the semen. The ejaculatory duct terminates near
the prostate in the urethra by a slit-like orifice on each side, the
spermatozoa being finally excreted through the urethra.
The _penis_ is the external organ of generation in the male and is
attached to the pubes and the anterior part of the ischium. It is
composed of erectile tissue and encloses the urethra, the _meatus
urinarius_ appearing at its end as a vertical slit. Toward the end the
skin of the penis is loose and is prolonged forward in what is known
as the _prepuce_ or _foreskin_. It is this that is clipped away in
circumcision.
=The Female Generative Organs.=--The female generative organs include
the ovaries, Fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina, and the external
genitalia or vulva.
The _ovaries_, which are homologous to the testes in the male, are
two flattened oval bodies, grayish pink in color, suspended from the
lateral or broad ligaments which fasten the uterus to the walls of the
pelvis. They are one and a quarter inches long, three-quarters of an
inch wide, and half an inch thick and are attached at the upper end to
one of the fimbriæ of the Fallopian tubes. They consist of numerous
_Graafian follicles_ embedded in a fibrous stroma, each follicle
containing an _ovum_ about ¹/₁₂₅ inch in diameter and just visible to
the naked eye. When a follicle ruptures and discharges an ovum, an
irregular yellow spot, the _corpus luteum_, appears at the point of
rupture. After ordinary menstruation it is known as the _false corpus
luteum_ and after conception as the _true_ one, this one being larger
and lasting longer.
[Illustration: FIG. 65.--View of the pelvis and its organs. (Savage.)
_B_, Bladder; _U_, uterus (drawn down by loop _e_); _F_, Fallopian
tubes; _O_, ovaries; _L_, round ligaments; _g_, ureter; _a_, ovarian
vessels, often prominent under their peritoneal covering; _R_, rectum;
_V_, vertebra.]
The _Fallopian tubes_ are the oviducts and convey the ova from the
ovaries to the uterus. They are four inches long and lie between the
layers of the broad ligaments, opening into the uterus by an orifice
the size of a bristle, while the end next to the ovary spreads
out trumpet-like and is edged with _fimbriæ_ as with a fringe, the
fimbriated extremity. There are three _coats_: a serous coat which is
continuous with the peritoneum, a muscular coat, and, within, a mucous
coat covered with cilia, continuous with the mucous membrane of the
uterus. One fimbria is attached to the ovary and as the ovum is given
off it finds its way into the tube and thence to the uterus.
[Illustration: FIG. 66.--Sagittal section of the female pelvis.
(Dickinson.)]
The _uterus_ is a pear-shaped organ, about three inches long, two
inches broad above, and one inch thick, situated in the pelvic cavity
between the rectum and the bladder. The wide part or _fundus_ is
above and the narrow neck or _cervix_ below, lying partly within the
vagina. The whole is held in place by ligaments. These include the
_broad ligaments_, which extend from the sides of the uterus to the
lateral walls of the pelvis, and the _round ligaments_, two muscular
cords, about four inches long, which pass out through the abdominal
ring into the inguinal canal and so to the mons veneris and labia, thus
corresponding to the spermatic cords in the male. The cavity of the
body of the uterus is small and flattened and opens into the cervix by
the _internal os uteri_, the _external os_ being at the opening of the
cervix into the vagina. There are three _coats_: a serous coat derived
from the peritoneum, a muscular coat of unstriped fibers which forms
the bulk of the whole organ, and a mucous coat covered with ciliated
epithelium.
The uterus is always enlarged during menstruation and is enormously
enlarged in pregnancy. It receives the fecundated ovum, retains and
supports it during the development of the fetus, and is the chief agent
of expulsion. In _tubal_ or _extra-uterine pregnancy_ the ovum becomes
attached in the tube instead of in the uterus, and develops there,
rupturing the tube and causing serious hemorrhage.
The passage from the cervix out of the body is the _vagina_, a
membranous canal, curved upward and backward to conform to the axis of
the pelvis, and attached above to the cervix. Ordinarily the sides are
in contact.
The _arteries_ of the internal organs of generation are the uterine
from the internal iliac and the ovarian from the aorta in the female,
the pudic branches of the internal iliac and the spermatic from the
aorta in the male. The _nerves_ are largely from the sympathetic system.
_Abscess formation_ occurs frequently in the tubes and _gonorrheal
infection_ may spread up the vagina and through the uterus to the
tubes, and even to the abdominal cavity itself. The tubes may also be
_tubercular_.
_Salpingectomy_ or removal of the tubes is the commonest operation
after that for appendicitis. _Cancer_ of the uterus may necessitate
_panhysterectomy_ or removal of the uterus and all its appendages.
[Illustration: FIG. 67.--Virginal vulva. (Modified from Tarnier.) 1,
labia majora; 2, fourchette; 3, labia minora; 4, glans clitoridis; 5,
meatus urinarius; 6, vestibule; 7, entrance to the vagina; 8, hymen;
9, orifice of Bartholin’s gland; 10, anterior commissure of labia
majora; 11, anus; 12, blind recess; 13, fossa navicularis; 14, body of
clitoris.]
The _external genitalia_ in the female, as in the male, are situated
over the pubic arch. They are known as the _vulva_ and include the
mons Veneris, the labia majora and minora, the vaginal orifice, the
clitoris, and the meatus urinarius.
The _mons Veneris_ is a rounded eminence composed of fatty tissue,
which surmounts the pubic bones and is covered with hair at puberty.
From it two prominent longitudinal folds of skin, covered with hair
on the outside, the _labia majora_, extend backward, forming the
lateral boundaries of the vulva. Within these labia again are two
thin cutaneous folds, the _labia minora_ or _nymphæ_, which run back
from the clitoris for about one and a half inches and enclose the
_vaginal orifice_. The _clitoris_ corresponds to the penis and is
just above the upper part of the labia minora. Between it and the
vagina is the _meatus urinarius_. The orifice of the vagina is partly
closed in the virgin by the _hymen_, a thin fold of mucous membrane,
which occasionally closes it completely, _imperforate hymen_. The
_fourchette_ is a small transverse fold of skin at the junction of the
labia minora posteriorly. Between the vagina and the rectum is the
_perineal body_, a somewhat triangular structure made up of many small
muscles. Its surface is known as the _perineum_. It is frequently torn
wholly or in part during childbirth and has to be sewed up.