IN THE ISLAND-PLAIN, IN DALARADIA
The spot where the river Vartry, once the Dee, reaches the coast, just
north of the long ness which runs out into the sea at Wicklow, has a
historical interest because this little river mouth, now of no account,
was a chief port of the island in ancient times for mariners from south
Britain and Gaul, a place where strangers and traders landed, and where
the natives could perhaps most often have sight of outlandish ships and
foreign faces. It was the port where Patrick would most naturally land
coming from south Britain; but in any case he could hardly do otherwise
than first seek the region where Palladius had briefly laboured. This
would naturally be the starting-point, the place for studying the
situation, forming plans, perhaps opening negotiations. But there is
no record of this first indispensable stage in the new bishop’s work,
and our ignorance of his relations to these communities in southern
Ireland is one of the most unhappy gaps in our meagre knowledge of his
life. He has no sooner landed in the kingdom of Leinster than tradition
transports him to the kingdom of Ulidia.
[Sidenote: VOYAGE TO ULIDIA]
We must see where this tradition—this Ulidian tradition—would lead,
though we cannot allow it to guide us blindly. There are two connected
narratives professing to describe important passages of Patrick’s work in
Ireland. One of these[73] contains some genuine, unvarnished records as
to Christian communities which he founded. The other[74] is compact of
stories which it is difficult to utilise for historical purposes, though
it be admitted that they have elements of historical value. The most
striking parts of it are pure legend, but they are framed in a setting
which might include some literal facts. And the historical background
is there, though we have to allow for some distortion by anti-pagan
motives. But the difficulty which meets the critic here is due to the
circumstance that he has no sufficient records of a genuine historical
kind to guide him in dealing with this mixed material. Most of those who
have undertaken to deal with it have adopted the crude and vain method of
retaining as historical what is not miraculous. There is much which we
can securely reject at once, but there are other things which, while we
are not at liberty to accept them, we must regard as possibly resting on
some authentic basis. We have not the data for a definite solution. It
has seemed best, then, to reproduce the story, to criticise it, and point
out what may be its implications.
[Sidenote: IN DALARADIA]
If we stand on the steep headland which towers above the sea halfway
between the Danish towns of Wicklow and Dublin, the eye reaches from
the long low hill prominence under which the southern town is built,
northward to the island of Lambay. A little beyond, hidden from the view
and close to the coast, are some small islets which in ancient days were
known as the isles of the Children of Cor. If we could see these minute
points of land, we should be able to take in, with a sweep of the eye,
the first stage of St. Patrick’s traditional journey when he steered
his boat northward from the mouth of the Dee to bear his message to the
woods and glens of Ulidia. The story tells that he landed on one of these
islets, which has ever since been known as Inis Patrick. The name attests
an association with the apostle. It might be said that, if he travelled
to Ulidia by sea, as he may well have done, it was a natural precaution,
in days when travellers might be suspected as outlaws or robbers, to land
for a night’s halt on a desert island rather than on the coast, where
churlish inhabitants might give a stranger no pleasant welcome. From
the island which bears his name he continued his course along the coast
of Meath, past the mouth of the Boyne, and along the shores of Conaille
Muirthemni, which formed the southern part of the Ulidian kingdom. This
was the country where in old days Setanta,[75] the lord of the march,
is said to have kept watch and ward over the gates of Ulster. But it
was in more northern parts of the Pictish kingdom that Patrick’s purpose
lay, and he steered on past the inlet which was not yet the fiord of the
Carlings, past the mountainous region of southern Dalaradia, till he came
to a little land-locked bay, which in shape, though on a far smaller
scale, and not flanked by mountains, resembles the Bay of Pagasae.
But the sea-portal to Lake Strangford, as it is now called, is a much
narrower strait[76] than the mouth of the Greek gulf. Patrick rowed into
this water, and landed, he and those that were with him, on the southern
shore of the bay at the mouth of the Slan stream, which till recent years
was known by its old name.[77] They hid their boat, we are told, and went
a short distance inward from the shore to find a place of rest. Had they
rowed farther westward and followed, past salt marshes, the banks of the
winding river Quoile, they would have soon come to a great fortress, Dún
Lethglasse. But of the country and the country’s folk the tale supposes
that they knew nought. A swineherd espied the strangers from his hut,
and, supposing them to be thieves and robbers, went forth and told his
master. The region is embossed, as it were, with small hills, and one of
the higher of these hills was the master’s abode. Dichu was the name of
this man of substance, and he was one of those “naturally good” men whom
Patrick, though he was not a Pelagian, may have been prepared to find
among pagan folk. At the tidings of his herd, Dichu was prepared to slay
the strangers, but when he looked upon the face of Patrick he changed
his mind and offered hospitality. Then Patrick preached to him and he
believed, the first convert won by the apostle in the land of the Scots.
[Illustration: Part of the Kingdom of ULIDIA.
_R. & R. Clark, Ltd. Edinburgh._]
Before we ask the questions that naturally rise in the mind when we hear
a tale like this, we must accompany the saint on a further stage in his
progress. He tarried with Dichu only a few days, for he was impatient to
carry out a purpose which he cherished of revisiting the scene of his
thraldom and the home of his old master Miliucc in the extreme north of
Dalaradia. He left his boat in the keeping of Dichu and journeyed by
land through the country of the Picts till he saw once more the slopes
of Mount Miss. Miliucc still lived, and Patrick wished to pay the master
from whom he had fled the price of his freedom. It is not suggested
that he deemed it necessary, even after so many years, thus to legalise
his liberty and secure himself against the claim of a master to seize
a fugitive slave. The suggestion seems rather to be that he hoped to
convert Miliucc to the Christian doctrine, and that the best means of
conciliation was to recognise his right. But the heathen chief, hearing
that he was approaching with this intent, and seized with a strange alarm
lest his former slave should by some irresistible spell constrain him to
embrace a new religion against his will, resorted to an extreme device.
Having gathered all his substance together into his wooden house, he set
fire to the building, and perished with it. The flames of the unexpected
pyre met Patrick’s eyes as he stood on the south-western side of Mount
Miss,[78] and his biographer pictures him standing for two or three hours
dumb with surprise and grief. “I know not, God knows,” he said, using
a favourite phrase, “whether the posterity of this man shall not serve
others for ever, and no king arise from his seed.” Then he turned back
and retraced his steps to the habitation of Dichu.
The funeral pyre of Mount Miss[79] sends our thoughts over sea and land
to a more famous pyre at Sardis. The self-immolation of the obscure
Dalaradian kingling belongs to the same cycle of lore as that of the
great Lydian monarch whose name became a proverb for luxury and wealth.
Croesus built a timber death-pile in the court of his palace to escape
the shame of servitude to an earthly conqueror; Miliucc sought the flames
to avoid the peril of thraldom under a ghostly master. But in both
cases the idea of a king dying solemnly by fire is taken from some old
religious usage and introduced by legendary fancy into an historical
situation. And in this case fancy has wrought well and fitly. The
desperate pyre of Miliucc is a pathetic symbol of the protest of a doomed
religion.
* * * * *
[Sidenote: IN THE ISLAND-PLAIN]
The “island-plain”[80] of Dalaradia and the districts about Dún
Lethglasse claimed to have been the part of Ireland in which Patrick
began his work of preaching and baptizing heathen men. He abode there
and his religion grew; and inhabitants of those places in later days,
when his memory had been glorified, pleased themselves by the thought
that he “chose out and loved” this plain. He established himself securely
here with the help of his friend Dichu, who, though apparently not
the lord of Dún Lethglasse, was clearly a chieftain of influence and
authority in that region. Dichu granted Patrick a site for a Christian
establishment on a hill not far from the fortress, and a wooden barn was
said to have been turned into a place of Christian worship. The rustic
association has been preserved in the name, which has remained ever
since, _Sabhall_ or _Saul_, a word said to be borrowed[81] from the Latin
_stabulum_—cattle-stall or sheepfold.
We cannot suppose that the history of St. Patrick’s first plunge into
his missionary work was so simple, or so fully left to the play of
chance, as this naive tale represents. It belongs to a class of tales
which are characteristic of history in its uncritical stage, tales
which invert the perspective and magnify some subordinate incident
to be the main motive and purpose of the actors, ignoring the true
motive or depressing it to the level of an accident. Such tales, which
abounded, for instance, in the records of Hellas, are often accepted as
literally true if they hang together superficially, and if the particular
incidents are natural or even possible. A deeper criticism displays their
incredibility. The epic simplicity of Patrick’s journey may be true to
outward circumstances, but it is not possible to believe that he went
out so purely at a venture, like one in a romance who fares forth, on
a quest indeed and with a purpose, yet content to leave his course to
be guided by fortune, without previous plan or calculation. The sole
motive of Patrick’s northern journey is represented here as the hope of
persuading his old master to become a Christian, whereas its actual and
important result, the missionary work in southern Ulidia, appears almost
as an accidental consequence. The hard historic fact which underlies
the story is the work of Patrick in Ulidia and the foundation of Saul;
and the story is evidently the Ulidian legend of this beginning of a
new epoch in Ulidian history. Recognising this, we are unable to trust
the story even so far as to infer that Ulidia was the first scene of
Patrick’s missionary activity, as the Ulidians claimed. We can neither
affirm this nor deny it; but we must observe that, according to another
tradition, which has just as much authority, he began his work in the
kingdom of Meath. We have already seen reason to reject the tradition
that the place of Patrick’s captivity was in north-eastern Ireland, and
we may now see this record in a new light, as part of an attempt of the
Ulidian Christians to appropriate, as it were, Patrick to themselves, to
associate with their own land the bondage of his boyhood and to make it
the stage of his earliest labours.
There is one point in the story which can be accepted. It can be shown
that Dichu, the proprietor of Saul, was a real person. He was the son
of Trechim, and his brother Rus was a man of influence who lived at
Brechtan, which is still Bright, a few miles south of Saul. But was this
region so completely unprepared for the reception of the new faith as
the legend represents? Was the Christian idea a new revelation to the
chieftains of Dalaradia, borne for the first time by Patrick to those
shores? It seems more probable that there were some Christian communities
there already and that the land was ripe for conversion. It has been
pointed out above that it was perhaps in this land of the Picts that
Palladius died. If this were so—but we are treading on ground where
certainty is unattainable—we might accept without much hesitation the
Ulidian claim that, when Patrick left Leinster, his first destination
was Ulidia. For it would be the first duty of the new bishop of the
Christians in Ireland to visit and confirm the Christian communities
which existed. The force of the argument depends on the fact that two
different lines converge to a fixed point. The action of Palladius, the
first bishop of Ireland, in leaving Leinster and sailing “to the land
of the Picts,” and the Ulidian tradition that Patrick also travelled
directly from Leinster to the land of the Picts, may find a common
solution in the hypothesis that the Christian faith had already taken
root in Dalaradia.
Other churches in the neighbourhood of Saul claimed to have been planted
by Patrick, one at Brechtan, the place of Dichu’s brother, another
at Rathcolpa, which is still Raholp. Brechtan was the church of his
disciple, Bishop Loarn; and Tassach, his artificer, who made altars and
other things which were needed for his religious rites and the furnishing
forth of his oratories, was installed at Rathcolpa. These three places,
associated intimately with the first growth of Christianity in the
Ulidian kingdom, Saul, Brechtan, and Rathcolpa, are ranged, within a
short distance, on the eastern side of the Dún, which, a place of some
note in Ireland’s secular history, was destined to win importance as a
religious centre. But no church was founded there by St. Patrick, though
his name was afterwards to become permanently attached to it. The most
interesting remains of past ages at Downpatrick are not ecclesiastical,
but the “down” or dún itself, a great mound encircled by three broad
ramparts on the banks of the Quoile, one of the most impressive of
ancient Irish earthworks.
* * * * *
[Sidenote: ULIDIAN LEGENDS]
The most irreproachable contemporary evidence could hardly testify more
clearly to the deep impression that St. Patrick made upon the dwellers
of the Island-plain than the fact that their mythopoeic instinct was
stirred, at a very early stage, to explain one of the natural features of
their country by the miraculous powers of their teacher. According to one
story an uncivil and grasping neighbour seized two oxen of St. Patrick,
which were at pasture. The saint cursed him: “Mudebrod! thou hast done
ill. Thy land shall never profit thee.” And on the same day the sea
rushed in and covered it, and the fruitful soil was changed into a salt
marsh. The motive of such tales is to account for the origin of the salt
marshes which mark the northern border of the island-plain on the shores
of Lake Strangford,[82] and they show that the figure of St. Patrick had
inspired popular imagination in those regions at an early period.