most interesting feature of the plant, for they are the traps by means
of which small aquatic creatures are caught, and also the organs
concerned in the absorption of nutritive products derived from the prey.
Each bladder has an opening, guarded by a kind of valve which allows
easy ingress, but no exit. It does not seem to produce any secretion
which would hasten the death of the creatures entrapped, nor does it
appear to produce any kind of digestive fluid, as is the case with other
carnivorous plants; but small aquatic creatures, such as water-fleas,
cyclops, very small larvæ, &c., entering the bladders for shelter or
some other purpose, are securely imprisoned until they die of starvation
or suffocation; and their bodies then decay, giving rise to soluble
gases and other products which are absorbed into the plant by special
cells within the bladder.
There are three British species of these plants--the Greater, the
Lesser, and the Intermediate Bladder-worts. The first of
these--_Utricularia vulgaris_--is rather local in its distribution, and
is easily distinguished from the other two by its superior size, having
floating branches from a few inches to a foot in length. The second (_U.
minor_) is much more common. Its floating branches are only two or three
inches long at the time of flowering, but they grow longer after; and
the flowers are pale yellow, with a short, broad spur. The third (_U.
intermedia_), which is very local, has also pale yellow flowers, but
with a much longer spur; and the bladders are at the ends of leafless
branches.
In the preceding chapter we gave an account of certain plants which are
parasitic on other plants and trees, deriving more or less of their
nutriment from their vegetable hosts. One of these--the Tooth-wort
(_Lathræa squamaria_), of the order _Orobanchaceæ_--is not only a
parasite, deriving nourishment from the roots of trees, but is also a
carnivorous species, feeding on minute animals which are captured and
digested by its peculiar leaves; and therefore it may be conveniently
considered here.
The whole plant is of a fleshy character, and lives entirely
underground, attached to the roots of the Hazel, Elm, or other tree,
except during April and May, when it sends up thick flowering stems,
from four to ten inches high, bearing a few broad, fleshy scales which
gradually pass into bracts, and a one-sided spike or raceme of flowers.
The stem and scales above ground are of a pale rose colour, and the
flowers are either brown, flesh-colour or slightly bluish. The latter
are numerous, closely placed, and either sessile or shortly stalked. The
calyx is bell-shaped, nearly half an inch long, with four broad lobes;
and the corolla, which is about half as long again as the calyx, is
distinctly lipped.
[Illustration: LONGITUDINAL SECTION (ENLARGED) THROUGH A LEAF OF THE
TOOTH-WORT.]
The whole plant is devoid of chlorophyll, and consequently has not the
power of building up organic compounds after the manner of green plants;
and, being parasitic on the roots of trees, it derives but little
organic material from its host. To compensate for this the underground
portion is so constructed that it can capture minute animals which exist
in the soil, and has the power of digesting them and of absorbing the
products of digestion.
The underground stems are quite white, and are thickly covered with
broad, cordate, fleshy leaves that closely overlap one another. There
appears to be nothing very remarkable in these underground leaves until
one has been removed from the stem and closely examined; and then we
find that what appears to be the apex of the leaf is really its middle;
and that what seems to be, at first sight, the under surface, is really
an extension of the upper side; for the leaf is bent backwards in such a
manner as to bring its apex close to the stem, immediately below its
base. This peculiar folding of the leaf results in the formation of an
irregular cavity, and the tip of the leaf, brought close to its base, is
curled upward, close to the stem, in such a way as to form a little
canal, with several small openings by which the cavity may be reached.
It will not be easy to make out this strange folding of the leaf by an
examination of the exterior only, but a longitudinal section, made with
a sharp knife or razor, will show it clearly.
[Illustration: COMMON BUTTERWORT.]
When minute animals enter the cavity of the leaf through the little
openings above mentioned, they are seized by means of small filaments
that protrude from the lining cells; and although no special digestive
secretion has been discovered in the leaves, it appears certain that the
creatures entrapped are really dissolved, for nothing remains of them
after a time except the harder, indigestible portions. Also, there is
every reason to believe that the products of digestion are absorbed,
probably by the same filaments that are concerned in the capture of the
microscopic prey.
Perhaps the most interesting of the carnivorous plants are those which
exhibit distinct movements in connexion with the capture of their prey,
and among these are the British Butterworts and Sundews, which grow in
bogs and other wet places.
There are three British species of Butterwort (_Pinguicula_), similar in
structure and habit, all growing in bogs and on wet rocks. They have
each a rosette of entire, radical leaves, the lowest of which lie close
against the soil or rock on which the plant grows; and violet or yellow
flowers on leafless peduncles. The calyx has four or five teeth,
arranged in two lips; and the corolla, which is also lipped, has a
broad, open throat, and a spur.
The commonest species is the Common Butterwort (_P. vulgaris_), which is
found in bogs and wet places, principally in the hilly, humid districts
of the West of Britain and Ireland, flowering from May to July. Its
leaves are succulent and clammy, of a pale green colour, and covered all
over with little glistening spots. The flower stems are three or four
inches high, each bearing a single violet flower. In this species the
throat of the corolla is bell-shaped, and the spur is as long as the
rest of the corolla.
A second species--the Alpine Butterwort (_P. alpina_)--with smaller,
pale yellow flowers appearing in June and July, is found only in
Scotland; while a third, known as the Pale Butterwort (_P. lusitanica_),
also with pale yellow flowers, and a curved spur, occurs in South-West
England as well as in the boggy districts of Ireland and the West of
Scotland, flowering from June to October.
The carnivorous habits of all species are the same. The horizontal
leaves lie flat on the wet soil, with their margins turned upward
forming a kind of shallow trough; and the upper surface of each is
dotted with many hundreds of minute glands which secrete a colourless,
sticky fluid, thus giving to the leaf its glistening and clammy
appearance.
If any mineral or other non-nutritious substance be placed on a leaf,
the contact stimulates the little glands, causing them to discharge a
larger quantity of fluid, but no change seems to take place in the
character or composition of the secretion. But if any nitrogenous
organic substance, such as an insect or a small piece of meat, be
brought in contact with the glands, not only will the secretion increase
in quantity, but it will also assume an acid character, and contain a
ferment which is capable of digesting the nitrogenous material. In fact,
the secretion produced under these circumstances possesses the same
properties as the gastric fluid of the stomachs of animals.
The animal food of the Butterworts consists of small insects and other
little creatures. If an insect alights on the leaf, it is caught by the
sticky secretion of the glands, and every effort to escape causes it to
become more and more besmeared with the mucilage, till, at last, it is
no longer able to move; and its death is probably hastened by the
stoppage of its spiracles or breathing-holes.
If the insect is a small one, and it settles near the edge of the leaf,
the curved margin slowly bends over it until it is more or less
enclosed, and the larger number of glands thus brought in contact with
its body pour out their digestive secretion, which slowly dissolves the
nourishing portions, leaving nothing but the legs, wings, and other
indigestible parts. A larger insect, alighting similarly near the edge
of the leaf, could hardly be enclosed by the bending of the margin near
it; but it is pushed towards the middle as the edge curls over, and then
the opposite side also bends over it, till the insect is more or less
enclosed, when it is digested as mentioned above.
The digestion of an insect and the absorption of nutrient matter by the
cells of the leaf occupy from twenty to thirty hours, and when the whole
is accomplished the leaf slowly expands, assuming its normal position,
and exposing the indigestible residue of its prey to be blown away or
washed off by the rain.
It has been observed that the Butterworts are not exclusively animal
feeders, for their leaves readily digest any pollen cells or the spores
of the lower plants that are carried to them by the wind.
[Illustration: THE ROUND-LEAVED SUNDEW.]
Equally interesting are the habits of the Sundew (_Drosera_), of which
there are three species, all readily distinguished from every other
British plant by the glandular hairs that cover the long-stalked,
radical leaves. They have leafless flower-stalks, each bearing a
one-sided spike or raceme of white flowers. The sepals, petals, and
stamens each number five; and the ovary, which ripens into a one-celled
capsule of three or four valves, has three or four forked styles.
The commonest species--the Round-leaved Sundew (_Drosera
rotundifolia_)--is abundant and widely distributed, and may be seen
among the bog-mosses, sometimes almost completely covering rather large
patches of marshland. Its leaves are round, from a quarter of an inch to
near half an inch in diameter, spreading in such a manner that they lie
close to or near the ground. The flower-stems are slender, erect, from
three to six inches long; and the white flowers, which are in a
one-sided raceme, bloom during July and August.
The Long-leaved Sundew (_D. longifolia_ or _D. intermedia_) has oval
leaves, tapering gradually into the stalk. They are more erect than the
leaves of the last species, and are not half so broad as they are long.
The plant flowers at the same time as the latter, but is not nearly so
common.
The third species--the Great English Sundew (_D. anglica_)--is still
rarer. Its leaves are still longer and narrower, being sometimes an inch
or more in length, and more erect; and the flower-stalk sometimes
attains a length of eight inches.
The carnivorous habits of these plants are very similar to those of the
Butterworts, but the movements connected with the capture of the prey
are more marked in the red filaments which cover the upper surface of
the leaves than in the leaves themselves. Those filaments which are
situated on the margin of the leaf are longest, and spread outwards,
while the others are erect and decrease in length from the edge towards
the middle.
Each filament is swollen at its extremity, and supports an enticing
globule of glistening fluid which it secretes, for the enlarged
extremity is really a minute gland. The fluid, though quite clear, is so
viscid that it can be drawn out into threads, and it serves a purpose
similar to that of the sticky globules on the spiral thread of a
spider's web.
If some grains of sand or other inorganic material be sprinkled on the
leaf, the sticky secretion of the glands is appreciably increased, and
at the same time assumes an acid character; but it contains no digestive
ferment, nor do the filaments change their position to any considerable
extent. When, however, a small insect alights on the leaf, attracted by
the glistening drops which are probably mistaken for nectar, the
secretion not only increases and becomes acid, but a digestive ferment
is produced, and the little creature is soon besmeared with the fluid,
its condition becoming more and more hopeless through its struggles,
till at last further movements are impossible and it dies of
suffocation.
A few minutes later the filaments of the leaf immediately around the
insect begin to bend towards it, and others a little farther off soon
partake in the movement, which may finally extend more or less to all
the filaments of the leaf, and thus a large number of glands are brought
in contact with the prey. The process of digestion now goes on, and, in
a day or two, all the digestible portions of the insect are dissolved
and absorbed, and the filaments that were concerned in the work have
resumed their original position, leaving the indigestible portions to
dry and to be eventually blown away.
The principal food of the Sundews consists of small insects such as
ants, midges, flies, small butterflies and moths, caddis-flies, and even
small species of dragon-flies. Some of these, more particularly the
long-bodied dragon-flies, the smallest of which are over an inch in
length, are much too large to be caught and devoured by a single leaf;
and in this case it is not at all uncommon for two or more leaves to be
concerned in the capture and digestion of a single insect, each one
converging its filaments towards the part of the body within its reach,
and each one digesting and absorbing the portion against which it can
apply its glands.
Insects, however, do not constitute the sole food of these plants, for
small worms, spiders, centipedes, &c., are caught and digested in the
manner described; and the plants may also be fed artificially on small
pieces of meat or other nitrogenous substances, which give rise to the
same processes and movements as we have observed in connection with the
natural mode of feeding.
LIST OF FLOWERS
CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO THEIR HABITATS AND HABITS
The following list of wild flowers, classified according to their habits
and principal habitats, will assist the student in his attempts to
identify unknown species. A general acquaintance with the chief
distinguishing features of the orders, or, failing this, a frequent
reference to these features as given in Chapter I, will be a valuable
help; and, the order once determined, the few particulars added to each
name will generally narrow the search down to one or two species,
leaving the final decision to the more detailed description given in the
text.
The first number given after each name is the height, or, in the case of
climbing and trailing species, the length of the plant; and this is
followed by the colour and diameter, of the flower, or, in the case of
the _Dipsaceæ_, _Compositæ_, and some other plants in which the flowers
are densely clustered, the diameter of the cluster or head.
Abbreviations are used as follows:--
W. = white
Y. = yellow
G. = green
R. = red
P. = pink
C. = crimson
V. = violet
Bl. = blue
Br. = brown
Pu. = purple
Cr. = cream
Li. = lilac
Ro. = rose
O. = orange
Sc. = scarlet
p. = pale
d. = dark or deep.
A combination of two of the above denotes an intermediate colour.
Thus--G.Y. denotes a greenish yellow; Pu. Br., a purple-brown, &c.
1. WOODS AND THICKETS--SPRING (HERBACEOUS PLANTS).
PAGE
Wood Anemone. 4-8 ins. W. 1 in., 48
Green Hellebore. 12-20 ins. G. 1 in., 49
Stinking Hellebore. 1-2 ft. G. 1/2 in., 49
Goldilocks. 6-10 ins. Y. 5/8 in., 50
Columbine. 1-2 ft. W., Bl. or Pu. 1 in., 50
Dog Violet. 3-6 ins. Bl. or Pu. 5/8 in., 50
Wood Sorrel. 4-6 ins. W. 5/8 in., 52
Wood Strawberry. 2-6 ins. W. 1/2 in., 53
Sweet Woodruff. 8 ins. W. 1/4 in., 54
Lesser Periwinkle. 1-2 ft. Bl. 7/8 in., 54
Toothwort. 5-10 ins. Pu.Br. 3/8 in., 54
Bugle. 3-12 ins. Bl. or Pu. 3/8 in., 55
Yellow Dead Nettle. 10-18 ins. Y. 5/8 in., 55
Primrose. 4-7 ins. p.Y. 1 to 1-1/4 in., 56
Lady's Slipper. 1 ft. Br. and Y. 2 ins., 58
Broad-leaved Garlic. 6-12 ins. W. 3/4 in., 59
Sand Garlic. 2-3 ft. R.Pu. 1/4 in., 59
Star of Bethlehem. 6-12 ins. W. 1 in. or more, 59
Blue-bell. 6-18 ins. Bl. 1/2 in., 60
Daffodil. 12-18 ins. Y. 2 ins., 48
Hairy Sedge., 60
Wood Melic Grass, 60
2. SPRING FLOWERING TREES AND SHRUBS.
Barberry. 4-7 ft. p.Y. 3/8 in., 61
Sycamore. 40-50 ft. Y.G. 1/4 in., 62
Maple. 15-20 ft. Y.G. 1/4 in., 63
Spindle Tree. 4-10 ft. Y.G. 3/8 in., 64
Wild Cherry. 4-8 ft. W. 5/8 in., 64
Bird Cherry. 12-15 ft. W. 1/2 in., 64
Gean. 12-18 ft. W. 5/8 in., 65
Sloe or Blackthorn. 4-8 ft. W. 1/2 in., 65
Bullace. 5-8 ft. W. 1/2 in., 66
Hawthorn. 12-20 ft. W. 1/2 in., 66
Wild Pear. 20-30 ft. W. 1 in., 66
Crab Apple. 10-20 ft. W. and P. 1-1/2 in., 66
Service Tree. 12-20 ft. W. 5/8 in., 67
White Beam. 10-30 ft. W. 1/2 in., 68
Mountain Ash. 10-30 ft. Cr.W. 7/16 in., 68
Black Currant. 3-5 ft. Y.G. 5/16 in., 69
Red Currant. 3-5 ft. Y.G. 1/4 in., 69
Wayfaring Tree. 10-20 ft. W. 3/16 in., 69
Ash. 40-50 ft. Br. 1/8 in., 69
Spurge Laurel. 2-4 ft. Y.G. 1/4 in., 70
Mezereon. 2-4 ft. p.R. 3/16 in., 70
Common Elm. 50-120 ft. Br. Clusters 1/2 in., 71
Wych Elm. 40-100 ft. Br. Clusters 1/2 in., 71
Oak. 40-100 ft. G., 72
Beech. 40-100 ft. G., 73
Hornbeam. 20-60 ft. G., 74
Hazel. 8-16 ft. Y.G., 74
Common Birch. 20-50 ft. G., 75
Dwarf Birch. 1-3 ft. G., 75
Alder. 20-50 ft. R.Br., 75
White Poplar. 60-100 ft. Pu.Br., 76
Grey Poplar. 60-100 ft. Pu.Br., 76
Aspen. 30-80 ft. d.Br., 76
Black Poplar. 50-60 ft. Pu.Br., 77
Scots Pine. 50-100 ft. G.Y., 77
Yew. 20-50 ft. G. 1/8 in., 78
NOTE.--The colours given above, in the case of trees bearing catkins,
are generally those of the more conspicuous male flowers.
3. WAYSIDES AND WASTE GROUND--SPRING.
Celandine. 1-2 ft. Y. 3/4 in., 81
Shepherd's Purse. 6-18 ins. W. 1/10 in., 81
Scurvy Grass. 4-8 ins. W. 1/4 in., 82
Whitlow Grass. 1-4 ins. W. 1/8 in., 82
Yellow Rocket. 1-2 ft. Y. 5/16 in., 83
Early Winter Cress. 1-2 ft. Y. 3/16 in., 84
Garlic Mustard. 1-2 ft. W. 1/4 in., 84
Thale Cress. 6-10 ins. W. 1/8 in., 84
Rape. 1-2 ft. Y. 3/8 in., 85
Wild Turnip. 1-2 ft. Y. 3/8 in., 85
Sweet Violet. 3-6 ins. V., Li. or W. 3/4 in., 85
Ciliated Pearlwort. 2-4 ins. W. 1/8 in., 85
Procumbent Pearlwort. 2-3 ins. W. 1/8 in., 85
Greater Stitchwort. 1-2 ft. W. 3/4 in., 86
Lesser Stitchwort. 1-3 ft. W. 3/16 in., 87
Chickweed. 3-12 ins. W. 3/16 in., 87
Clustered Mouse-ear Chickweed. 6-10 ins. W. 3/16 in., 88
Narrow-leaved Mouse-ear Chickweed. 6-10 ins. W. 1/4 in., 88
Dove's-foot Crane's-bill. 8-12 ins. P. 3/8 in., 89
Jagged-leaved Crane's-bill. 1-2 ft. R. 3/8 in., 89
Herb Robert. 1-2 ft. P. 1/2 in., 90
Black Medick. 1/2-2 ft. Y. Heads 1/4 in., 90
Grass Vetchling. 1-2 ft. C. 3/8 in., 92
Bird's Foot. 6-18 ins. Cr. and C. Heads 1/4 in., 92
Bush Vetch. 2-3 ft. p.Pu. 7/16 in., 92
Barren Strawberry. 2-6 ins. W. 1/2 in., 93
Moschatel. 4-6 ins. Y.G. Heads 3/8 in., 93
White Bryony. 6-12 ft. G.W. 5/8 in., 94
Common Beaked Parsley. 2-3 ft. W. 1/8 in., 95
Chervil. 3-4 ft. W. 1/8 in., 95
Garden Beaked Parsley. 18 ins. W. 1/10 in., 96
Gout-weed. 1-2 ft. G.W. 1/8 in., 96
Crosswort. 6-18 ins. Y. 1/10 in., 97
Mouse-ear Hawkweed. 2-10 ins. Y. Head 1 in., 98
Groundsel. 6-12 ins. Y. Heads 3/16 in., 98
Colt's-foot. 6 ins. Y. Heads 1 in., 98
Thyme-leaved Speedwell. 3-10 ins. Li. 1/4 in., 100
Common Speedwell. 2-10 ins. p.Bl. 1/6 in., 100
Germander Speedwell. 12-18 ins. Bl. 1/2 in., 100
Wall Speedwell. 4-12 ins. p.Bl. 3/16 in., 101
Grey Field Speedwell. 3-7 ins. Bl. 3/16 in., 101
Green Field Speedwell. 4-8 ins. Bl. 3/16 in., 102
White Dead Nettle. 6-18 ins. W. 5/8 in., 102
Red Dead Nettle. 6-18 ins. Pu. 1/4 in., 103
Cut-leaved Dead Nettle. 6-18 ins. Ro. 1/4 in., 103
Ground Ivy. 8-20 ins. Bl.Pu. 5/16 in., 104
Early Field Scorpion Grass. 4-10 ins. Bl. 1/16 in., 104
Yellow Pimpernel. 4-10 ins. Y. 1/2 in., 105
Dog's Mercury. 6-18 ins. G. 3/16 in., 105
Black Bryony. 5-10 ft. Y.G. 3/16 in., 106
Cuckoo Pint. 8-20 ins., 106
Annual Meadow Grass., 107
4. MEADOWS, FIELDS AND PASTURES--SPRING.
Lesser Celandine. 3-6 ins. Y. 1 in., 108
Creeping Buttercup. 6-12 ins. Y. 7/8 in., 109
Bulbous Buttercup. 1-2 ft. Y. 1 in., 110
Field Penny Cress. 6-24 ins. W. 1/8 in., 110
Cuckoo Flower. 1-2 ft. W. or Li. 5/8 in., 111
Wild Pansy. 4-10 ins. W.Y. and Pu. 3/4 in., 111
Ragged Robin. 1-2 ft. R. or Ro. 1 in., 112
Spotted Medick. 6-24 ins. Y. 3/16 in., 112
Netted Medick. 10-20 ins. Y. 1/16 in., 112
Subterranean Trefoil. 6-18 ins. W.P. or C. 1/8 in., 113
White Clover. 2-20 ins. W. 3/16 in. Heads 7/8 in., 113
Hybrid Trefoil. 3-20 ins. W. or P. 3/16 in. Heads 7/8 in., 113
Purple Clover. 5-20 ins. Pu. 1/4 in. Heads 1-1/4 in., 113
Spring Vetch. 8 ins. Pu. 1/4 in., 114
Common Vetch. 1-2 ft. p.Pu. 3/8 in., 115
Meadow Saxifrage. 6-10 ins. W. 5/8 in., 115
Earthnut. 1-3 ft. W. 1/8 in., 116
Daisy. 2-6 ins. W. and Y. Heads 3/4 in., 116
Dandelion. 2-8 ins. Y. Head 1-1/2 in. or more, 116
Butter-bur. 4-12 ins. P. or Pu. Heads 3/8 in., 117
Yellow Rattle. 6-18 ins. Y. 1/4 in., 118
Field Louse-wort. 4-8 ins. Ro. 5/8 in., 118
Henbit Dead Nettle. 5-10 ins. Ro. or Pu. 1/4 in., 119
Changing Scorpion Grass. 4-10 ins. Y. or Bl. 1/10 in., 119
Cowslip. 6-12 ins. Y. 7/16 in., 120
Common Sorrel. 1-2 ft. R.Pu. 1/8 in., 120
Sheep's Sorrel. 3-12 ins. R.Pu. 1/8 in., 121
Twayblade. 1-2 ft. Y.G. 7/16 in., 121
Green-winged Orchis. 6-12 ins. G. and Pu. 1/2 in., 122
Early Purple Orchis. 6-18 ins. Pu.P. or W., 5/8 in., 122
Fox-tail Grass., 122
5. BOGS, MARSHES AND WET PLACES--SPRING.
Marsh Marigold. 9-18 ins. Y. 1-1/4 in., 123
Marsh Violet. 2-6 ins. Li. 5/8 in., 123
Sundew. 2-6 ins. W. 3/16 in., 355
Marsh Stitchwort. 6-18 ins. W. 1/2 in., 124
Bog Stitchwort. 4-12 ins. W. 3/16 in., 124
Marsh Cinquefoil. 6-18 ins. Pu.Br. 7/8 in., 124
Common Golden Saxifrage 2-5 ins. Y. 1/8 in., 125
Alternate-leaved Golden Saxifrage. 2-5 ins. Y. 1/8 in., 125
Marsh Pennywort. Creeping. W. 1/16 in., 126
Marsh Valerian. 6-8 ins. p.Ro. 1/8 in., 126
Marsh Trefoil. 6-12 ins. P.W. 3/4 in., 127
Red Rattle. 6-18 ins. C. 5/8 in., 127
Willows., 128
Yellow Flag. 2-4 ft. Y. 3 ins., 129
6. WOODS, THICKETS AND COPSES--SUMMER.
Lime Tree. 20-50 ft. Y.G. 3/8 in., 130
Tutsan. 1-3 ft. Y. 3/4 in., 132
Rose of Sharon. 10-18 ins. Y. 3 ins., 132
Common St. John's Wort. 1-2 ft. Y. 3/4 in., 132
Hairy St John's Wort. 1-3 ft. Y. 3/4 in., 133
Wood Crane's-bill. 1-2 ft. Bl.Pu. 1 in., 133
Dyer's Green-weed. 1-2 ft. Y. 5/8 in., 134
Sweet Milk Vetch. 2-3 ft. p.Y. or Cr. 1/4 in., 135
Tuberous Bitter Vetch. 6-12 ins. R.Pu. 3/8 in., 135
Narrow-leaved Everlasting Pea. 2-6 ft. p.Pu. 3/4 in., 136
Wild Raspberry. 3-5 ft. W. 7/16 in., 136
Rose Bay Willow herb. 2-6 ft. Ro. 1 in., 137
Pale Smooth-leaved Willow-herb. 1-2 ft. Ro. 3/8 in., 137
Enchanter's Nightshade. 1-2 ft. W. 1/4 in., 138
Dogwood. 5-8 ft. Y.W. 1/2 in. (Shrub), 138
Wood Sanicle. 1-2 ft. P.W. 1/16 in., 139
Angelica. 2-4 ft. W. 1/8 in., 139
Elder Tree. 12-20 ft. W. or Cr. 1/4 in., 140
Guelder Rose. 6-9 ft. W. 3/16 to 5/8 in. (Shrub)., 141
Great Valerian. 2-4 ft. P.W. 3/16 in., 142
Succory-leaved Hawk's-beard 1-3 ft. Y. Head 7/8 in., 142
Saw-wort. 1-3 ft. Pu. or C. Heads 5/16 in., 142
Golden Rod. 6-24 ins. Y. Heads 7/16 in., 142
Great Leopard's-bane. 2-3 ft. Y. 1-1/2 ins., 143
Plantain-leaved Leopard's-bane. 2-3 ft. Y. 2 ins., 143
Giant Bell-flower. 3-5 ft. Bl. 1-1/4 ins., 144
Creeping Bell-flower. 1-2 ft. Bl. 1 in., 144
Nettle-leaved Bell-flower. 1-3 ft. Bl. 1 in., 144
Ivy-leaved Bell-flower. Creeping. p.Bl. 5/16 in., 144
Holly Tree. 10-30 ft. W. 5/16 in., 145
Privet (shrub). 4-12 ft. W. 5/16 in., 145
Common Cow-wheat. 6-18 ins. p.Y. 1/4 in., 146
Crested Cow-wheat. 6-20 ins. Y. and Pu. 3/16 in., 147
Wood Cow-wheat. 6-20 ins. d. Y. 1/8-3/16 in., 147
Foxglove. 2-6 ft. Pu. or W. 7/8 in., 148
Wood Betony. 1-2 ft. Pu., C., P. or W. 3/8 in., 149
Wood Forget-me-not. 1-2 ft. Bl. 3/8 in., 150
Millet Grass., 150
Bearded Wheat., 150
Slender False Brome Grass., 150
7. WAYSIDES AND WASTE GROUND--SUMMER.
Wild Clematis. 4-10 ft. W. 3/4 in., 151
Hedge Mustard. 1-2 ft. Y. 1/10 in., 152
Felix Weed. 1-2 ft. G.Y. 1/16 in., 152
Dyer's Weed. 2-3 ft. Y. 3/16 in., 153
Deptford Pink. 12-18 ins. Ro. 1/2 in., 153
Red Campion. 1-2 ft. R. 7/8 in., 153
Common Mallow. 2-3 ft. Li. 1-1/4 in., 155
Dwarf Mallow. 6-24 ins. Li. 5/8 in., 155
Musk Mallow. 2-3 ft. Ro. or W. 1-1/2 in., 156
Round-leaved Crane's-bill. 6-12 ins. P. 3/8 in., 158
Bloody Crane's-bill. 1-2 ft. C. 1 in., 158
Small-flowered Crane's-bill. 6-18 ins. Li. 1/3 in., 158
Hemlock Stork's-bill. 6-18 ins. Ro. or W. 1/2 in., 160
Bird's-foot Trefoil. 6-15 ins. Y. or O. 1/2 in., 160
Hairy Tare. 1-2 ft. p.Bl. 1/8 in., 161
Slender Tare. 1-2 ft. Bl. 1/8 in., 161
Tufted Vetch. 3-6 ft. Bl.Pu. 1/4 in., 162
Herb Bennet. 1-2 ft. Y. 5/8 in., 164
Dog Rose. 4-8 ft. P. or W. 2 ins., 164
Silver Weed. 6-12 ins. Y. 7/8 in., 165
Hoary Cinquefoil. 6-18 ins. Y. 1/2 in., 166
Creeping Cinquefoil. 6-18 ins. Y. 3/4 in., 166
Agrimony. 1-2 ft. Y. 3/8 in., 166
Broad Smooth-leaved Willow-herb. 1-2 ft. p.Pu. 3/8 in., 166
Orpine. 10-20 ins. R.Pu. 3/8 in., 166
Hemlock. 2-6 ft. W. 1/16 in., 169
Fool's Parsley. 12-18 ins. W. 1/16 in., 170
Wild Parsnip. 2-3 ft. Y. 1/10 in., 170
Cow Parsnip. 4-5 ft. R.W. Outer flowers 3/8 in., 170
Upright Hedge Parsley. 2-3 ft. W. or P. 1/8 in., 171