in detail by Stejneger (1944:27-32), who explained that Dr. Alexander
Garden of Charleston, South Carolina, sent a description and specimen of
_T. ferox_ to Thomas Pennant, and at the same time sent another specimen with
drawings to a friend, John Ellis, in London. Pennant presented one of the
specimens and drawings and the description to the Royal Society of London
in 1771; the description was published in 1772 and included Garden's drawings.
Because two specimens were involved the possibility exists that the
description (text, drawings and type specimen) is a composite based on two
specimens.
I have not seen the type. Garden's original description (_in_ Pennant, 1772:268-271)
leaves little doubt that the text subject is a large adult female of _ferox_
(see especially the statements, "fore part, [of carapace] just where it covers the
head and neck, is studded full of large knobs, [and] The under, or belly plate,
... is ... extended forward two or three inches more than the back
plate, ..."). I am indebted to Mr. J. C. Battersby, British Museum (Natural
History), Department of Zoology (Reptiles), for information concerning
the type and for comparing it with the text description and three figures published
by Pennant. The carapace of the type is approximately 16 inches long,
13-1/2 inches wide, and has low, flattened, knoblike tubercles along the anterior
edge. Some inaccuracies on the part of the artist (such as five claws on both
feet on the right side of Fig. 3, and four claws on the left front foot of Fig. 2 are
evident), and slight changes in the proportions of the type would have occurred
after death and preservation. It is the opinion of Mr. Battersby that the type,
text description and three figures represent one specimen. Figures 1 and 2,
dorsal and ventral views respectively, probably represent the same specimen
from life; the neck is withdrawn and the tail tip is visible in dorsal view, but
concealed beneath the posterior edge of the carapace in ventral view. Presumably
the same specimen (probably drawn from dried and stuffed animal)
is depicted in Figure 3 (dorsal view); the neck is fully extended and a large
part of the thick, pyramidal tail is visible in dorsal view. British Museum (Natural
History) 1947.3.6.17 is considered a holotype. The three figures published
by Pennant have been duplicated by Schoepff (1795:Pl. 19) and Duméril and
Bibron (1835:482). To my knowledge, the holotype was first specifically designated
as the "(Type.)" of _T. ferox_ by Boulenger (1889:259). The skull of the
holotype is figured by Stejneger (1944:Pl. 5).
Garden did not list a specific locality for the two specimens that he sent to
London, but did mention that the turtle was common in the Savannah and
Altamaha rivers (of Georgia), and rivers in east Florida. Boulenger (_loc. cit._)
stated that the locality of the holotype was "Georgia." Baur (1893:220) restricted
the type locality to the "Savannah river, Ga." Neill (1951:17), who
believed _T. ferox_ to be absent from the Savannah River, changed the type
locality of _ferox_ to east Florida. Schwartz (1956:8) reappraised the status of
softshells in Georgia and Florida and reëstablished the Savannah River (at
Savannah), Georgia, as the type locality of _T. ferox_.
Pennant failed to use binomial nomenclature when he published the type
description of Garden. The first name-combination (_Testudo ferox_) was proposed
by Schneider (1783:220).
Lacépède (1788:137, Pl. 7) referred to Garden's description in Pennant
only as "The Molle" but on a folded paper chart entitled "Table Méthodique
des Quadrupèdes ovipares," which is inserted after an introduction of 17 pages,
listed _T. mollis_; this name is again listed on another folded chart, entitled
"Synopsis methodica Quadrupedum oviparorum," which is inserted between
pages 618 and 619 under the genus _Testudo_. The illustration (Pl. 7) was
taken from Pennant (Duméril and Bibron, _loc. cit._). The type locality has
been designated "(following Stejneger, 1944) as eastern Florida" by Schmidt
(1953:108).
Bartram failed to use a binomial name with his description of "the great
soft shelled tortoise," which appeared in his _Travels_ (1791:177-179, Pl. 4 and
unnumbered plate between pages 282 and 283) and two editions of a French
translation (1799 and 1801, 1:307); see Harper (1940). Recently, Bartram's
_Travels_ has been placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Works
in Zoological Nomenclature, Opinion 447 (see Hemming, 1957). Bartram's
description of a soft-shelled turtle has provided the basis for the proposal of
at least three name-combinations. The first was _Testudo_ (_ferox?_) _verrucosa_
proposed in 1795 by Schoepff; it appeared simultaneously in _The Historia
Testudinum_ and in a German translation, _Naturgeschichte der Schildkröten_
(see Mittleman, 1944:245). Stejneger (1944:26) listed the type locality as
eastern Florida. Daudin (1801:74), also referring to Bartram's description
in his _Voyage_ (French translation), proposed the name _Testudo bartrami_;
Harper (_op. cit._:717) restricted the type locality of _T. bartrami_ from "Halfway
pond," east Florida, to southwestern Putnam County between Palatka
and Gainesville, Florida. Rafinesque (1832:64-65), relying on the authenticity
of the illustrations in Bartram's _Travels_ that depict a soft-shelled turtle
having five claws on each of the hind feet, tubercles on the sides of the head
and neck, and ten scales in the middle of the carapace (presumably inaccuracies
or a composite on the part of the artist), referred to Bartram's description as
a new genus, _Mesodeca bartrami_, a name which Boulenger (1889:245, footnote)
referred to as "mythical." Geoffroy (1809a:18-19) considered Bartram's
description the basis for the recognition of a second species of _Chelys_ (binomial
nomenclature not employed), and Duméril and Bibron (_loc. cit._) suggested
that the description was based partly on a "Chelyde Matamata."
The descriptive comments of Bartram are not clearly applicable to _Testudo
ferox_ Schneider; _Trionyx ferox_, however, is the only species of soft-shelled
turtle known to occur in the region of Bartram's observations (east Florida),
and the type locality was restricted to Putnam County, Florida, by Harper.
The name-combinations, _Testudo___ (_ferox?_) _verrucosa_ Schoepff, _Testudo bartrami_
Daudin, and _Mesodeca bartrami_ Rafinesque are junior synonyms of _Testudo
ferox_ Schneider.
Schweigger (1812:285) referred _ferox_ to the genus _Trionyx_ following the
description of that genus by Geoffroy in 1809. _Testudo ferox_ was listed as a
synonym by Geoffroy in the description of _Trionyx georgicus_ (1809a:17);
Duméril and Bibron (1835:432) mentioned that the specific characters of
_georgicus_ were taken from Pennant. The name _Trionyx georgianus_ presumably
appears for this taxon in Geoffroy's earlier-published synopsis (1809:367).
_T. georgicus_ was listed as occurring in rivers of Georgia and the Carolinas;
the type locality was restricted by Schmidt (_op. cit._:109) to the Savannah
River, Georgia. The two specific names _georgicus_ and _georgianus_ are regarded
as substitute names and junior synonyms of _T. ferox_.
Geoffroy (1809a:14-15) also described _Trionyx carinatus_, a name-combination
that hitherto has been considered a synonym of _Trionyx ferox_. There
is no indication from the description that _carinatus_ is applicable to _ferox_.
Most comments pertain to a description of the bony carapace and plastron,
which Geoffroy depicts in Plate 4. It is a young specimen judging from the
small and isolated preneural; the seventh pair of pleurals is unusual in being
fused (no middorsal suture), and the neurals seem large in proportion to
the size of the pleurals. The anterior border of the carapace is described
as having tubercles. Geoffroy listed _Testudo membranacea_ and _Testudo
rostrata_ as synonyms of _carinatus_. Fitzinger (1835:127) listed _T. membranacea_,
_T. rostrata_ and _T. carinatus_ as synonyms of _Trionyx javanicus_
(= _T. cartilagineus_), which was also described by Geoffroy (_op. cit._:15).
Duméril and Bibron (_op. cit._:478, 482) considered _carinatus_ to be the young
of _spinifer_ (_ferox_ as synonym). Gray (1844:48), however, referred _T. membranacea_
and _T. rostrata_ to the synonymy of _T. javanicus_, but considered _T.
carinatus_ to be a synonym of _T. ferox_ (_op. cit._:50), an interpretation followed
by all subsequent authors. _Trionyx carinatus_ is questionably listed as a
synonym of _ferox_ by Stejneger (1944:27). Duméril and Bibron (_op. cit._:482)
wrote that the young type of _carinatus_ is in the museum at Paris. Dr. Jean
Guibé informs me in letter of September 24, 1959, that the type of Geoffroy's
_T. carinatus_ cannot be found in the Natural History Museum at Paris. For
the present, _T. carinatus_ is considered a _nomen dubium_. According to Stejneger
(1944:27), _Trionyx brongniarti_ Schweigger is a substitute name for
_T. carinatus_.
I am unable to add anything to Stejneger's (_op. cit._:32) account of _Trionyx
harlani_; the mention of its occurrence in east Florida indicates that it is indistinguishable
from _Testudo ferox_ Schneider.
_T. ferox_ was considered to be indistinguishable from Lesueur's _Trionyx
spiniferus_ (described in 1827), until Agassiz (1857:401) pointed out the
differences between the two species. However, Agassiz (_op. cit._:402, Pl. 6, Fig.
3) regarded juveniles of _T. spinifer asper_ as the young of _ferox_. Consequently,
the geographic range of _ferox_, as envisioned by Agassiz, extended from
Georgia and Florida west to Louisiana. Neill (1951:15) considered all
American forms conspecific. Crenshaw and Hopkins (1955) and Schwartz
(1956) demonstrated that _ferox_ is a distinct species.
Fitzinger (1843:30) designated the species _ferox_ as the type species of
his genus _Platypeltis_ as follows: "Platypeltis. Fitz. Am[erica]. _Platypelt.
ferox_. Fitz. Typus." If populations of soft-shelled turtles that are referable
to _Testudo ferox_ Schneider are considered to comprise a distinct genus by
future workers, _Platypeltis_ Fitzinger, 1835, is available as a generic name with
_Testudo ferox_ Schneider, 1783, as the type species (by subsequent designation).
_Trionyx ferox_ in the northern part of its range is sympatric with _T. spinifer
asper_. In the region of overlap, the two species are nearly always ecologically
isolated; _ferox_ inhabits lentic waters, whereas _T. s. asper_ is partial to lotic
waters (Crenshaw and Hopkins, _op. cit._:16). There is no evidence of intergradation
or hybridization.
Many characters of _Trionyx ferox_ that are lacking in other North American
forms are shared with some Asiatic softshells, such as the large size, longitudinal
rows of tubercles that resemble ridges on the carapace, and the marginal
ridge. It is thought that, of the living softshells in North America, _ferox_ is
more closely allied to Old World forms of the genus than to _muticus_ or _spinifer_.
Carr (1940:107) recorded _ferox_ from Okaloosa County, Florida, in the western
end of the panhandle, whereas Crenshaw and Hopkins (1955:16) list the
known westward extent of range as Leon and Wakulla counties. AMNH 6933
from west of the Apalachicola drainage in Washington County, Florida, tends
to substantiate Carr's record, which is not included on the distribution map.
_Specimens examined._--Total 144, as follows: FLORIDA: _Alachua_: UMMZ
64178, 100969; USNM 10545, 10704, "near" Gainesville; UMMZ 56599, Levy
Lake. _Brevard_: AMNH 12878, Canaveral. _Broward_: UMMZ 109441, Hugh
Taylor Birch State Park; USNM 109548, 22 mi. WNW, 6 mi. SSE Fort Lauderdale.
_Collier_: USNM 86828, Tamiami Trail, "near" Birdon. _Dade_: AMNH
50936, UMMZ 10183, 110981, Miami; USNM 84079, 86942, 15 mi. from (west)
Miami, Tamiami Trail; UMMZ 111371, 19 mi. W, 1.3 mi. S Miami; UI 28984,
35 mi. W. (Miami) Tamiami Trail; AMNH 69932-33, UMMZ 101582, 101584,
104024, 40-45 mi. W Miami, Tamiami Trail. _Glades_: UMMZ 100836, mouth of
Kissimmee River. _Hendry_: UMMZ 106302, 10.2 mi. SE Devil's Garden;
UMMZ 106303-04, 106321-22, 30 mi. S Clewiston, near Devil's Garden.
_Hernando_: TU 13624, 0.5 mi. S Citrus Co. line on US Hwy. 19. _Highland_:
AMNH 65537, 71618, Archbold Biol. Stat., Lake Placid; AMNH 65622, Hicoria.
_Hillsborough_: TU 13960, Hillsborough River, _ca._ 20 mi. NE Tampa; USNM
51184, Tampa; USNM 71156, Plant City. _Indian River_: USNM 55316, Vero
Beach; USNM 59318, Sebastian. _Lake_: UMMZ 36072, USNM 20189, 029210,
029339, 38123, Eustis; UMMZ 76754-56, Lake Griffin. _Lee_: UMMZ 102276,
14 mi. SE Punta Gorda. _Leon_: CNHM 33701, USNM 95767, Lake Iamonia;
USNM 103736, Silver Lake. _Marion_: AMNH 8294-95, UMMZ 95613 (4),
USNM 52476-83, 100902-04, Eureka; AMNH 63642, near Salt Springs. _Martin_:
TNHC 1292, 8.4 mi. N Port Mayaca. _Okeechobee_: AMNH 57379-84, Lake
Okeechobee; AMNH 5931-32, Kissimmee Prairie. _Orange_: USNM 51421,
56805, Orlando; KU 16528. _Osceola_: USNM 029448, 029450-64, 029467-68,
029470, 029474-75, Kissimmee. _Palm Beach_: UMMZ 54101, Palm Beach;
USNM 73199, Delray Beach. _Pinellas_: USNM 51417-20, St. Petersburg. _Polk_:
AMNH 25543, Lakeland; UMMZ 112380, 6.7 mi. S Lake Wales; USNM 60496,
60532, 60534, 61083-87, Auburndale. _Putnam_: USNM 4373, 7651, Palatka;
USNM 26035, ponds "near" Welaka. _Sarasota_: USNM 61352, Lake Myakka.
_Sumpter_: UMMZ 71791, Bushnell. _Volusia_: UMMZ 100673, Lake Helen.
_Washington_: AMNH 6933, Washington. _County unknown_: AMNH 4758;
USNM 8899, St. John's River: USNM 59727-28, Lake Okeechobee, "near"
mouth Taylor's Creek; USNM 84080.
GEORGIA: _Baker_: SM 2083, USNM 029619, 38980-81, 70398, Mimsville.
_Berrien_: USNM 62217, Banks Mill Pond. _Charlton_: AMNH 69934, Okefinokee
Swamp, SW Billy's Island; UMMZ 90010, east edge Okefinokee Swamp; USNM
84603, Okefinokee Swamp, Chesser's Island. _Irwin_: USNM 56804. _Lowndes_:
UMMZ 67706, 10 mi. S Valdosta. _McIntosh_: USNM 19621, Darien.
SOUTH CAROLINA: _Charleston_: USNM 9670, Charleston.
NO DATA: AMNH 22750; USNM 71608-09.
_Records in the literature._--FLORIDA: _Alachua_: 10 mi. ENE Gainesville
(Schwartz, 1956:18). _Brevard_: Merritt Island (Neill, 1958:6). _Broward_:
Fort Lauderdale (Schwartz, _op. cit._:19). _Charlotte_: (Carr, 1940:107). _Clay_:
Green Cove Springs (Brimley, 1910:18); St. John's River (Crenshaw and Hopkins,
1955:21); Doctor's Inlet (Schwartz, _op. cit._:18). _Collier_: Royal Palm
Hammock (Crenshaw and Hopkins, _op. cit._:20); 11.2 mi. E Monroe Station
(Schwartz, _op. cit._: 19). _Columbia_: (Carr, _loc. cit._). _Dade_: Paradise Key
(Schwartz, _loc. cit._); Homestead (eggs, Stejneger, 1944:43). _Duval_: 4-10
mi. S Jacksonville (Deckert, 1918:31). _Glades_: _ca._ 8 mi. SW Okeechobee
State Park. _Lake_: Alexander Springs (Schwartz, _op. cit._:18). _Lee_: 18 mi.
S Fort Myers (Conant, 1930:63); 6 mi. SE Fort Myers (Hamilton, 1947:209).
_Levy_: Gulf Hammock (Schwartz, _loc. cit._); Brownson (Stejneger, _op. cit._:42).
_Monroe_ and _Okaloosa_ (Carr, _loc. cit._). _Okeechobee_: 6 mi. E Kissimmee River;
state hwy. 78 "near" Okeechobee-Glades co. line. _Palm Beach_: SW part of
Lake Okeechobee, near Clewiston; Milton Island Cove (Schwartz, _loc. cit._).
_Pasco_: mouth Pithlachascotee River (Neill, _op. cit._:26). _Pinellas_: Belleair
(Brimley, _loc. cit._); Seminole (Conant, _loc. cit._); 5 mi. E Clearwater (Schwartz,
_op. cit._:19); Gulf Port (Stejneger, _op. cit._:43). _Polk_: Lake Shipp, near
Winter Haven (Telford, 1952:185). _Sarasota_: 15 mi. E Sarasota (Conant,
_loc. cit._); Venice (Conant, _op. cit._:61). _Taylor_: "near" Foley. _Wakulla_:
"near" Crawfordville (Crenshaw and Hopkins, _op. cit._:15).
GEORGIA: _Baker_: 5 mi. NW Newton, 5 mi. W Newton, 4 mi. N Newton.
_Ben Hill_: 6 mi. E Fitzgerald (Crenshaw and Hopkins, 1955:15). _Bulloch_: 14
mi. SE Statesboro (Schwartz, 1956:19). _Decatur_: "near" Bainbridge (Crenshaw
and Hopkins, _loc. cit._). _Emanuel_: "near" Midville. _Evans_: 8 mi. NE
Manassas, Tattnall County. _Ware_: Laura Walker State Park (Schwartz, _loc.
cit._). _Wilcox_: 3 mi. SE Forest Glen (Crenshaw and Hopkins, _op. cit._:19).
SOUTH CAROLINA: _Beaufort_: 7 mi. NE Gardens Corner (Schwartz, 1956:19).
_Chatham_: Savannah River at Savannah (Schwartz, _op. cit._:8-9). _Colleton_: 5
mi. from Whitehall, Combahee River (Schwartz, _op. cit._:19).
=Trionyx spinifer= Lesueur
Spiny Softshell
_Range._--In Canada, southern Ontario and Quebec; in the United States,
northwestern Vermont and western New York south to northern Florida, east
to central Montana, eastern Wyoming and Colorado, and New Mexico; introduced
into the Colorado River system of California, Nevada, Arizona and New
Mexico; in México, the northern part of the states of Tamaulipas, Nuevo León,
Coahuila, and eastern Chihuahua (see map, Fig. 19).
_Diagnosis._--Juvenal pattern uniform tan or brownish lacking markings, having
whitish dots or spots, or having well-defined, blackish ocelli or spots; surface
of carapace "sandpapery" in adult males; conical projections (in some subspecies)
along anterior edge of carapace in large females; contrasting pattern of
blackish marks on pale background (in some subspecies) on dorsal surface of
limbs of adult males.
Opisthotic-exoccipital spur well-developed; epiplastral callosity, when present,
not covering entire surface.
_Description._--Septal ridges present; external and proportional characteristics
variable (see accounts of subspecies); range in length of plastron (cm.) of ten
largest specimens of each sex (mean follows extremes), males, 13.8-16.0, 14.4;
females, 26.0-31.0, 28.0.
[Illustration: FIG. 19. Geographic distribution of _Trionyx spinifer_.
Guide to subspecies:
1. _T. s. spinifer_
2. _T. s. hartwegi_
3. _T. s. asper_
4. _T. s. pallidus_
5. _T. s. guadalupensis_
6. _T. s. emoryi_
]
Greatest width of skull usually at level of squamosal (74%); foramen
magnum rhomboidal; ventral surface of supraoccipital spine narrow
proximally, usually having medial ridge; opisthotic-exoccipital spur
well-developed (66%); distal part of opisthotic wing tapered, not
visible in dorsal view; lateral condyle of articular surface of
quadrate larger than medial articular surface, not tapered
posteriorly; maxillaries in contact above premaxillaries (88%);
usually a combination of seven neurals, seven pairs of pleurals and
contact of seventh pair of pleurals (83%); angle of epiplastron
approximately 90 degrees; callosities when present on epiplastron not
covering entire surface; hyo-hypoplastral suture usually present.
_Comparisons._--_Trionyx spinifer_ can be distinguished from _T.
ferox_ and _T. muticus_ by the presence of any one of the characters
mentioned in the "Diagnosis." Both sexes and all sizes of _T.
spinifer_ resemble _ferox_ but differ from _muticus_ in having septal
ridges. Most individuals of _T. spinifer_ (except some large females)
resemble _muticus_ but differ from _ferox_ and large females of _ater_
in having a pale outer rim that is separated from the ground color of
the carapace by a distinct (_spinifer_) or dusky (_muticus_) dark
line. Large females of the subspecies _spinifer_, _hartwegi_, _asper_
and _pallidus_ may have enlarged conical projections along the
anterior edge of the carapace and, unless these projections are
considerably worn, are readily distinguished from large females of
_ferox_ (flattened, knoblike prominences), and _muticus_ and _ater_
(smooth surface, no prominences). Large females of the subspecies
_guadalupensis_ and _emoryi_ resemble _muticus_ and _ater_, and to
some extent _ferox_, in having low, scarcely elevated prominences
along the anterior edge of the carapace. Some females of _emoryi_
resemble _ferox_ in that the plastron extends farther forward than the
carapace.
_T. spinifer_ is intermediate in size between _ferox_ (larger) and
_muticus_ (smaller); the maximum size of the plastron in adult males
is approximately 16.0 centimeters (14.0, _muticus_; 26.0, _ferox_),
and of females, 31.0 centimeters (21.5, _muticus_; 32.5, _ferox_). The
head for all subspecies of _spinifer_ is proportionately narrower than
in _ferox_ but wider than in _muticus_.
In the skull, _spinifer_ more closely resembles _ferox_ than
_muticus_, but differs from both _ferox_ and _muticus_ in usually
having a well-developed opisthotic-exoccipital spur. Skulls of
_spinifer_ resemble those of _muticus_ but differ from those of
_ferox_ in being widest at the level of the squamosal. Skulls of
_spinifer_ resemble those of _ferox_ but differ from those of
_muticus_ in having the 1) ventral surface of the supraoccipital spine
narrow proximally, and usually having a medial ridge, 2) foramen
magnum rhomboidal, 3) distal part of opisthotic wing tapered, 4)
lateral condyle of articular surface of quadrate not tapered
posteriorly, and larger than medial articular surface, and 5)
maxillaries in contact above premaxillaries. _T. spinifer_ resembles
_ferox_ but differs from _muticus_ in having the epiplastron bent at
an approximate right angle. _T. spinifer_ differs from _ferox_ in
having an epiplastral callosity, and from _muticus_ in that the
callosity does not cover the entire surface of the epiplastron. The
hyo-hypoplastral suture is present more often in _spinifer_ and
_muticus_ than in _ferox_.
_Remarks._--Gray (1869:221) proposed the generic name _Callinia_ as a
new name for _Aspidonectes_ as understood by Agassiz (1857:403). Gray
referred _Trionyx spiciferus_ (= _spiniferus_) Lesueur to _Callinia_.
Stejneger (1907:514) designated _Trionyx spiniferus_ Lesueur as the
type species of _Callinia_. If _Trionyx spiniferus_ Lesueur is
considered to be generically distinct from other soft-shelled turtles,
_Callinia_ Gray, 1869, is available as a generic name with _Trionyx
spiniferus_ Lesueur, 1827, as the type species by subsequent
designation.
_Geographic variation._--_T. spinifer_ is the most variable and
widespread species of the genus in North America. Size of ocelli on the
carapace decreases from east to west on turtles inhabiting waterways of
the Upper Mississippi River drainage. The most impressive gradient,
geographically oriented from western Louisiana to southwestern Texas is
seen in each of several features: decrease in size of tubercles on the
anterior edge of the carapace, reduction in contrast of pattern on the
dorsal surface of limbs and side of head, change in pattern on the
dorsal surface of the snout, and increase in the size of white spots on
the carapace. But the gradient in size of white spots is reversed in _T.
s. emoryi_, which has small white spots on the carapace. Some of the
characters at the western terminus of this geographical gradient are
shared with _T. ater_ and _muticus_. Those subspecies comprising the
_emoryi_ group also show proportional characters that correspond closely
with those of _T. ferox_.
On the basis of tuberculation and pattern on carapace, side of head,
dorsal surface of limbs and snout, _Trionyx spinifer_ may be divided
into six subspecies.
=Trionyx spinifer spinifer= Lesueur
Eastern Spiny Softshell
Plates 33, 34, and 52
_Trionyx spiniferus_ Lesueur, Mém. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 15:258,
pl. 6, December, 1827.
_T[rionyx] s[pinifer] spinifer_ Schwartz, Charleston Mus. Leaflet,
No. 26:11, May, 1956.
_Trionyx ocellatus_ Lesueur, Mém. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 15:261,
December, 1827.
_Apalone hudsonica_ Rafinesque, Atlan. Jour., Friend Knowledge,
Philadelphia, 1(No. 2, Art. 12):64, Summer, 1832.