EDUCATION AND IRELAND.
During the Educational debates Mr. Miall said that the Premier had 'led
one section of the Liberal party through the valley of humiliation; but
once bit, twice shy, and we can't stand this sort of thing much longer.'
Mr. Gladstone sharply replied: 'I hope that my hon. friend will not
continue his support of the Government one moment longer than he deems it
consistent with his sense of duty and right. For God's sake, sir, let
him withdraw it the moment he thinks it better for the cause he has at
heart that he should do so. So long as my hon. friend thinks fit to give
us his support, we will co-operate with my hon. friend for any purpose we
have in common, but when we think his opinions and demands exacting, when
we think that he looks too much to the section of the community he
adorns, and too little to the interests of the people at large, we must
then recollect that we are the Government of the Queen, and that those
who have assumed the high responsibility of administering the affairs of
the empire must endeavour to forget the part in the whole, and must, in
the great measures they introduce into the House, propose to themselves
no meaner or narrower object--no other object than the welfare of the
empire at large.' Again, in opposing Mr. Miall's motion for doing to the
English Church what had been done to the Irish, he said: 'The Church of
England is not a foreign Church; it is the growth of the history and
traditions of the country. It is not the number of its members or the
millions of its revenue--it is the mode in which it has been from a
period shortly after the Christian era, and has never for 1,300 years
ceased to be, the Church of the country, having been at every period
engrained into the hearts and feelings of the great mass of the people,
and having entwined itself with the local habits and feelings, so that I
do not believe there lives the man who could either divine the amount and
character of the work my honourable friend would have to undertake were
he doomed to be responsible for the execution of his own propositions, or
who could in the least degree define or anticipate the consequences by
which it would be attended. If Mr. Miall sought to convert the majority
of the House of Commons to his views, he must begin by converting to his
views the opinions of the majority of the people of England.'
The attempt to carry an Irish University Bill led Mr. Gladstone to
resign. Mr. W. E. Forster writes: 'Gladstone rose with the House dead
against him, and made a wonderful speech, easy--almost playful--with
passages of great power and eloquence, but with a graceful ease which
enabled him to plant daggers into Horsman, Fitzmaurice and Co.' Again he
writes: 'Gladstone determined to resign; outside opinion very strongly
for resignation. Gladstone made quite a touching little speech; he began
playfully. This was the last of a hundred Cabinets, and he wished to say
to his colleagues with what profound gratitude--and then he broke down,
and could only say that he would not enter on the details. Tears came
into my eyes, and we were all very touched.' As Mr. Disraeli was unable
to form a Government, Mr. Gladstone, however, soon returned to power, he
resuming his old place as Chancellor of the Exchequer. Touching the
Irish University Bill, Lord Blachford writes: 'Coleridge is sanguine
about Gladstone's Irish University Bill. He seems to have started with
the Cabinet against him, and to have converted them all (their point
being, I suppose, to have something that would _pass_), especially some
whom Coleridge describes as full of admiration for the scheme. I don't
understand it, but I imagine that it gives or leaves to everybody enough
to stop their mouths without infuriating their neighbours.' As stated,
Mr. Gladstone returned to office, only to leave it in the following year,
when he dissolved Parliament and the Tories had a majority. Mr.
Gladstone retained his seat for Greenwich, but a local Tory was at the
head of the poll.
Lord Russell's charges against Mr. Gladstone of indifference on colonial
questions is somewhat borne out by his conduct with regard to the
annexation of Fiji, which he opposed in 1873, but which was ultimately
carried out by the Government that succeeded his in the following year.
In reply to Sir W. M'Arthur's motion in the House for the annexation of
Fiji, Mr. Gladstone said: 'Nothing was easier than to make out a
plausible case of appropriation of this kind, and yet nothing would so
much excite the displeasure of those who cheered his honourable friend
the member for Lambeth, than when for such appropriations a similar
disposition was shown by other countries. It might be the chill of old
age that was coming upon him, but he confessed he did not feel that
excitement for the acquisition of new territory which animated the hon.
gentleman.' As to commerce, with our inability 'to cope with expanding
opportunities, he did not feel the pressure of the argument for securing
special guarantees for our trade in every part of the world.' He was
more discursive in replying to what he called, 'in no taunting spirit,
the philanthropic part of the question.'
Nothing was more unexpected, or, as it happened, nothing more disastrous,
than Mr. Gladstone's sudden dissolution of Parliament in 1874. Mr.
M'Cullagh Torrens writes: 'On January 24 I was amused at breakfast by a
paragraph read by one of my family--which, in the profundity of
legislative wisdom, I treated as an editorial jest--announcing an
immediate dissolution. When convinced at last by reference to an address
to Greenwich that the decree had really gone forth, my breath was again
taken away by learning that the immediate cause was the authoritative
confession that the Cabinet had lost the necessary influence in directing
public opinion, and that the new departure requisite for its recovery
consisted in the offer to abolish the income-tax, and the creation of a
number of peasant boroughs instead of those which might be still spared
as belonging to the upper classes.' Mr. Chamberlain severely described
Mr. Gladstone's address containing these proposals as 'the meanest public
document which had ever in like circumstances proceeded from a statesman
of the first rank.' It fell flat on the public.
In 1875 Mr. Gladstone, to the surprise of his friends, announced his
determination to retire from the leadership of his party, and the Marquis
of Hartington was selected in his stead, and held that post until the end
of the session of 1879. The situation was a little embarrassing. The
difficulties he had to encounter as leader of a minority in the House of
Commons were enormously increased by the fact that he had to deal, not
merely with his followers, but with his brilliant predecessor, who could
at any moment, by his own individual action, lead the Liberal party into
any course in which he chose to direct them.
Continuing his career as a reformer, we find Mr. Gladstone repealing the
Ecclesiastical Titles Bill, and abolishing religious tests in the
Universities; and as the Lords threw out his Bill for the Abolition of
Purchase in the Army, he abolished it by Royal Warrant. Many old Whigs
questioned the wisdom of the procedure, as they did also his conduct in
the _Alabama_ Claims, which he referred to arbitration, when, as is
always the case, the arbitrators decided against us and in favour of
America. Earl Russell, who has a claim to be heard on the question,
writes that he declined to submit the claims to arbitration by a foreign
Power because 'it appeared to me that we could not consistently with our
position as an independent State allow a foreign Power to decide either
that Great Britain had been wanting in good faith or that our law
officers did not understand so well as a foreign Power or State the
meaning of a British statute.'
His lordship severely criticised the way in which Mr. Gladstone formed
his Ministry, as done with little tact or discrimination. 'I cannot
think,' he continues, 'that I was mistaken in giving way to Mr. Gladstone
as head of the Whig-Radical party of England. During Lord Palmerston's
Ministry I had every reason to admire the boldness and the judgment with
which he had directed our finances. I had no reason to suppose that he
was less attached than I was to our national honour; that he was less
proud than I was of our national achievements by land or sea; that he
disliked the extension of our colonies; or that his measures would tend
to reduce the great and glorious empire of which he was put in charge to
a manufactory of cheap cloth and a market for cheap goods, with an army
and navy reduced by paltry savings to a standard of weakness and
inefficiency.'
In March, 1874, Mr. Gladstone addressed a letter to Lord Granville, in
which he said: 'At my age I must reserve my entire freedom to divest
myself of all the responsibilities of leadership at no distant date. . .
. I should be desirous shortly before the season of 1874 to consider
whether there would not be an advantage in my placing my services for a
time at the disposal of the Liberal party, or whether I should claim
exemption from the duties I have hitherto discharged.' Mr. Gladstone at
that time was sixty-four--certainly no great age for himself or any other
statesman of his time; and when Mr. Russell Gurney proposed to legislate
on Ritualism, Mr. Gladstone was back in the field. After his
unsuccessful intervention, Mr. Gladstone again retired from active
participation in affairs; but he returned to the subject in the autumn by
contributing an article to the _Contemporary Review_, in which he
passionately protested against the attempt to impose uniformity of
practice on the clergy of the Church of England by legislation. In the
following passage he did much to offend the Roman Catholics: 'As to the
question whether a handful of clergy are or are not engaged in an utterly
hopeless and visionary attempt to Romanize the Church and the people of
England, at no time since the bloody reign of Queen Mary has such a
scheme been possible. But if it had been possible in the seventeenth or
eighteenth centuries, it would still have become impossible in the
nineteenth, when Rome has substituted for the proud boast of _semper
eadem_ a policy of violence and change in faith; when she has refurbished
every rusty weapon she was fondly thought to have disused; when no one
can become her convert without renouncing his mental and moral freedom,
and placing his civil loyalty and duty at the mercy of another; and when
she has equally repudiated modern thought and ancient history.' This
article was followed up by his celebrated pamphlet, 'The Vatican Decrees
in their bearing on Civil Allegiance.'
Ministers had an easy time of it till they got to the purchase of the
shares in the Suez Canal, which Mr. Gladstone vehemently opposed, though
it seems to have turned out well. When Mr. Gladstone declared that it
was an unprecedented thing to spend the money of the nation in that way,
Sir Stafford Northcote replied: 'So is the canal.' Mr. Gladstone was
soon to prove how far from real was his intention of retiring into
private life. We began to hear of Bulgarian atrocities and of the
Turkish horrors. It was a cause into which Mr. Gladstone threw himself
heart and soul. He published an article in the _Contemporary Review_,
advocating the expulsion of 'the unspeakable Turk,' bag and baggage, from
the country. His pamphlets were in every hand. In the meanwhile we had
another crisis in the East. We were on the verge of war with Russia, and
the Jingoes, as the war party came to be denominated, went about the
streets singing:
'We don't want to fight; but, by Jingo! if we do,
We've got the ships, we've got the men, we've got the money too!'
Mr. Disraeli had sought refuge in the House of Lords as Earl
Beaconsfield. All this time Mr. Gladstone kept rather quiet in
Parliament, but from time to time he addressed meetings in the country,
denouncing the Jingoes. We find him, however, supporting a vote of
censure on the Government, moved by Lord Hartington, he himself having
already moved one. It was a false move in tactics, as the Government
obtained a crushing majority. But the Ministry were doomed,
nevertheless. At the General Election in 1880 they had a decisive
defeat, mainly due to Mr. Gladstone, who had gone to Scotland to win
Midlothian, hitherto the stronghold of the Duke of Buccleugh, and who had
carried the fiery cross in triumph from London to the North. Never had
he exerted himself more, and never with such splendid results. As Mr.
Disraeli had said when referring to Mr. Gladstone's temporary retirement
from political life, 'There will be a return from Elba;' nor was that
return long delayed. Once more he was Premier.
But there was a difficulty. At the time of the victory Lord Hartington,
not Mr. Gladstone, was the leader of the Liberal party. When Lord
Beaconsfield resigned, which he had the grace to do without meeting
Parliament, the Queen, according to precedent, sent for Lord Hartington.
He could do nothing, and then the Queen summoned Lord Granville, the
Liberal leader in the Lords. The two statesmen went together to the
Queen, and assured her that the victory was Mr. Gladstone's, and that he
was the only possible Premier. They returned to London in the afternoon,
and called upon Mr. Gladstone in Harley Street. He was expecting the
message which they brought, and he went down to Windsor without a
moment's delay. This was on April 23. That evening he kissed hands and
returned to London, a second time Premier. The prospect was not
cheering. On a vote on the Bradlaugh affair the Government majority was
seventy-five. There were difficulties about Sir Bartle Frere at the
Cape, about Cyprus, about the Employers' Liability Bill, and a hot debate
on opium. 'Gladstone,' writes Sir Stafford Northcote, 'had been dining
out to meet the authoress of "Sister Dora" (Miss Lonsdale), who was very
much alarmed by the rapidity and variety of his questions, and only came
back in time to express his opinion that the House was too much
influenced by sentiment and too little by judgment. It must be as good
as a play to hear such sentiments from such a quarter.' In the course of
one of the debates on the Bradlaugh affair, Sir Stafford Northcote
writes: 'Gladstone spoke early, and evidently under great anxiety. His
speech, especially in the earlier part, was a very fine one, and produced
a considerable impression. Towards the end, however, he refined too
much, and seemed a little to lose his hold of his audience. Gibson
followed him with a very able and telling speech, but, unfortunately, the
House had greatly emptied for dinner when Mr. Gladstone sat down. It is
a favourite habit of his to speak into the dinner-hour, so that his
opponent must speak either to empty benches or forego the advantage of
replying on the instant.' The Opposition when the division was taken had
a majority of forty-four, 'a result,' adds Sir Stafford Northcote,
'wholly unexpected on our side, the more sanguine having only hoped for a
close run, and being prepared to renew the fight by moving the previous
question, and adjourning the debate on it. The excitement when the
numbers were given was greater than I ever remember. There was shouting,
cheering, clapping of hands, and other demonstrations, both louder and
longer than any I ever heard in my Parliamentary life.'
It may be stated that ultimately the question of Bradlaugh was settled by
Mr. Gladstone's moving a resolution to admit all persons who may claim
their right to do so, without question and subject to their liability to
penalties by the State.
When the new Parliament assembled the Liberals were in a majority of more
than a hundred, if the Irish Home Rulers were counted as neutral. If
they were added to the Liberal ranks, their majority became 170. No one
then thought of adding them to the Conservatives, though half of
them--the Parnellites--subsequently voted with the Conservatives in a
vast number of divisions, and finally contributed to Mr. Gladstone's
downfall.