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Cassell's "Eyes and No Eyes" Series, Seventh Book
ON THE SEASHORE
By R. CADWALLADER SMITH
With Eight Colour Plates And Many
Black-And-White Illustrations
CONTENTS
LESSON
I. FIVE-FINGERED JACK
II. A STROLL BY THE SEA
III. BIRDS OF THE SHORE
IV. CRABS
V. SHRIMPS, PRAWNS AND BARNACLES
VI. PLANTS OF THE SHORE
VII. FLOWER-LIKE ANIMALS
VIII. SEA-WEEDS AND SEA-GRASS
IX. THE JELLY-FISH
X. SHELLS AND THEIR BUILDERS (1)
XI. SHELLS AND THEIR BUILDERS (2)
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
COLOUR PLATES
TREASURES OF THE SEASHORE [Missing]
GULLS
THE REDSHANK
HERMIT CRABS FIGHTING
THE COMMON LOBSTER AND HERMIT CRAB
CRUSTACEA
WEST PAN SAND BUOY
SHELLS
BLACK AND WHITE ILLUSTRATIONS
COMMON FIVE-FINGERED STARFISH
TEST OR SHELL OF A SEA-URCHIN
THE CRAB
PURSE CRAB
HERMIT CRAB IN WHELK'S SHELL
HERMIT CRAB WITH SEA FLOWERS
THE LOBSTER
THE SHRIMP
SEA LILY
SEA ANEMONE
SEA-WEED FROND
SEA MAT
MEDUSA
A MEDUSOID
PRECIOUS WENTLETRAP
COWRIES
LESSON I.
FIVE-FINGERED JACK.
What fun it is down by the sea at low tide! Scrambling among the
slippery rocks, we quickly fill a bucket with curious things. Some are
dead, others very much alive; but all have a story to tell us--the story
of the life they lead on the bed of the sea, or among the sands and
rocks of the shore.
Look, here is a Starfish! It is lying on the sand, left high and dry by
the waves, for now the tide is low. The Starfish looks limp and
lifeless, its five reddish-coloured "arms" are quite still.
We know it is an animal that lives in the sea, and dies when washed
ashore. But what does it do in the sea? How does it move without legs or
fins? How can it live without a head? Has it a mouth? What does it eat,
and how does it find its food?
Like so many other sea-animals, the Starfish is a puzzle. Some of its
little tricks puzzled clever people until quite lately. But we know most
of its secrets now.
Pass your finger down one of its arms, or rays. It feels rough, being
covered with knobs and prickles. Now turn the Starfish over, and look
carefully at its underside. In the centre, where the five arms meet, is
the animal's mouth. A harmless sort of mouth, you think, too small to be
of much use. Really, it is a terrible mouth, the mouth of an ogre!
We notice a groove down the centre of each ray. But what are those
little moving things which bend this way and that, as if feeling for
something? Now that is exactly what they are doing. They are the feet of
the Starfish. Each tiny foot is really a hollow tube, which can be
pushed out or drawn in. At the tip of each is a powerful sucker, which
acts rather like those leather suckers boys sometimes play with. Suppose
the Starfish wishes to take a walk along the bed of the sea. First, it
pushes out its tube-feet. Each sucker fixes itself to a stone or other
object, and then the animal can draw its body along. You will see
presently that the suckers can do other work too.
Our Starfish will die, however, unless we carry it to a pool. Before
doing so, we must look at the tip of each ray for a small reddish spot.
That is the Starfish's eye. Are those little eyes of much use in helping
the creature to find its dinner? I think not. Most likely the Starfish
_smells_ its way.
If we put the animal on its back in a rock-pool we shall see the
tube-feet at work. Once in the water our Starfish revives, and makes
efforts to right itself. Can it turn over and crawl away?
The little tube-feet come out of their holes and begin to bend about.
Now those near the edge of one "arm" feel the ground. Each tiny sucker
at once takes hold, more and more of them touch the ground as the ray is
turned right side up, and at last the Starfish turns over, and, slowly
but surely, glides away.
[Illustration: COMMON FIVE-FINGERED STARFISH.]
Stones, shells, or rocks do not stop it. The rays slide up and over
them. If we had feet like those of the Starfish, a journey up the wall
of a house, over the roof, and down again, would be nothing to us.
Nature gives all creatures the kind of foot which suits the life they
lead. And it is hard to imagine feet more useful to the Starfish than
those wonderful sucker-feet!
Ask any fisherman what he thinks of the "harmless" Starfish, and he will
call it a pest and a nuisance. "It gets into the crab traps," he says,
"and eats all the bait. And when we are line-fishing it sucks the bait
off our hooks, and sometimes swallows hook and all." Small wonder that
Five-fingers, or Five-fingered Jack, as it is called, has no friend
among fisher-folk.
On pulling up a useless Starfish instead of a real fish, the fisherman
tears the offender in half and throws the halves back into the waves. By
doing this he harms himself more than the Starfish! Each half grows into
a perfect Starfish with five rays complete. We can say that each part of
this animal has a separate life, for each part can grow when torn away.
If you were asked to open an oyster you would need tools, would you not?
Even with an oyster-knife it is not always an easy job. The oyster,
tight in his shelly fortress, seems safe from the attack of a weak
Starfish. Yet the Starfish opens and eats oysters as part of its
everyday life.
Finding a nice fat oyster, it sets to work. The Starfish folds its rays
over its victim, with its mouth against the edge where the shells meet.
The tug-of-war begins. The Starfish's tube-feet try to pull the shells
apart; the oyster, with all its strength, tries to keep them shut. It is
stronger than its enemy, and yet the steady pull of hundreds of suckers
is more than it can stand, and the shells, after a time, begin to gape a
little.
Now a strange thing happens. The mouth of the Starfish opens into a kind
of bag which slips between the oyster shells. The Starfish, as it were,
turns itself inside-out! It then eats the oyster and leaves the clean
shell.
Mussels are smaller, so they are eaten in a different way. The Starfish
merely presses the mussel into its mouth, cleans out the shells, and
throws them away. Were we not right to call this wonderful mouth the
mouth of an ogre?
Oysters, as you know, are so valuable that we rear them in special
"beds." Along comes the hungry Starfish, with thousands of its
relations, finding the fat oysters very good eating. They do great
damage in our oyster-fisheries, and it is one long battle between them
and the keepers of the "beds."
Supporting the tough skin of Five-fingered Jack is a wonderful skeleton.
It is like a network of fine plates and rods made of lime. Perhaps you
have seen one in a museum.
Five-fingers has a great number of cousins, some of them common enough
along our shores. One of the strangest is the Brittle Star. On first
seeing one of these animals I tried to capture it by holding its long,
wriggling arms. At once the arms broke off. Then I tried to scoop the
creature out of its watery home. But it began to break its "rays" off as
if they were of no value whatever. To my surprise, the broken "rays"
broke again while wriggling on the ground. This is a strange habit, is
it not? Perhaps the Brittle Star has found this dodge useful in escaping
from enemies. Anyhow, the loss of an arm or two matters little, for
others grow in their place.
Another cousin of the Starfish is the Sea-urchin, a round prickly
creature rather like the burr of the sweet-chestnut tree. This mass of
prickles is not a vegetable; he is very much alive. Nature has given
many plants and animals these prickles, like fixed bayonets, for a
defence against their enemies. You will at once think of the gorse and
the hedgehog, or urchin, as some people call it. Our little Sea-urchin
has prickles, like the hedgehog, but he is really unlike any other
living creature, except, perhaps, the Starfish.
If you were to roll up a Starfish into a ball, and then stick about
three thousand spines on the ball thus made, you would have a creature
looking rather like a Sea-urchin.
Beneath the mass of spines there is a hard _test_ or shell, made of
plates joined closely together; this is the skeleton of the Sea-urchin.
Sometimes you find this strange shell on the seashore, rather dirty, and
not always sweet-smelling. You might also find Sea-urchins half-dead,
washed into the rock-pools. The shells are wonderful objects, so you
should clean them in fresh water; they are well worth the trouble of
taking home.
All over the shell you will see little rounded knobs. These show where
the spines were fixed on; each spine fits into a hole in the shell, but
so loosely that it is able to move about. The Sea-urchin can walk by
moving its spines, tilting its body along from one place to another on
the bed of the sea. It can do much more than that. Like its cousin the
Starfish, it has numerous tube-feet, so you would not be surprised to
see this prickly ball walk up the face of a rock.
The tube-feet, or sucker-feet, are fixed to the shell in much the same
way as the spines. They can be bent this way or that. If the Urchin is
on a rock he clings tightly with these sucker-feet; then, if he wishes
to move away, you will see the long thin tubes stretch out and bend
about. They fix themselves to the rock, and the animal is drawn along.
[Illustration: TEST OR SHELL OF A SEA-URCHIN.]
Besides these spines and suckers, the Sea-urchin owns another set of
tools. Scattered over it, among the spines, are many tiny rods tipped
with little teeth or pincers. You will not be able to see them, except
under a magnifying glass. Of what use are these strange little pincers
or rods? It is thought that the Urchin uses them in several ways. They
may help in capturing small prey, or they may be used when the creature
has to fight a larger enemy. They are also certainly of use as cleansing
tools. That is to say, they can pick off tiny scraps of weed or dirt
which settle on the animal's body. Some Starfishes also own pincers of
this sort, but they are not so perfect as those of the funny little
Urchin. We must not forget that all these spines, tube-feet, and pincers
are worked by a set of muscles.
In the centre of the Urchin's shell is its mouth. The Starfish, we
found, had a terrible mouth, but that of the Urchin is worse still. Not
only is it of great size, but it is fitted with strong jaws and five
long, sharp teeth, You may see them poking out from the mouth of the
animal, and feel for yourself how hard they are.
There is a great deal more to know about Five-fingers; and the
Sea-urchin still has his secrets which no one can explain. We have but
glanced at their story in this lesson; but you can see that the
Starfish, lying limp on the sands, is not so dull as it looks.
EXERCISES
1. Where is the mouth of the Starfish placed?
2. Describe how the Starfish moves.
3. How does the Starfish feed on the oyster?
4. Why is the _Brittle_ Star given that name?
5. How do the Starfish and Sea-urchin keep themselves clean?
LESSON II.
A STROLL BY THE SEA.
The sea and the land are always at war. When you are at the seaside,
with spade and bucket to make "castles" and "pies" of the sand, you can
see and hear the battle.
A wave comes rolling smoothly on towards the shore. It reaches the land
and can go no further, and then, with a roar and a crash and splash of
sparkling foam, it breaks. It spreads into a sheet of foaming water,
and, after rushing as far as it can up the beach, it seethes back as the
next wave takes up the battle.
What a grinding and tearing, as wave after wave is hurled at the land!
That is the battle-cry of the land and sea! Most of the pebbles and the
sand on the beach have been won from the land in the great fight. We
might call them the spoils of war. Once they formed part of the solid
land, the rock or cliff. Now they are loose fragments spread for mile
after mile round our coast.
Every wave takes them up and has fine fun with them. Pebbles and sand
are picked up, swirled along, and thrown at the shore. They are sucked
back as the wave is broken by the land. And then the following wave
takes them, grinds them and scrubs them together. Thus they are jostled
hither and thither, up and down the coast; and, as a result of the long,
long fight, rocks and cliffs become pebbles, sand, or mud.
Now if you look at the pebbles on the shore you see that many of them
are smooth and round. Some are as round as the "marbles" you play with.
No wonder, for the mighty sea has scoured them with sand and rolled them
for miles.
As you know, the sea is not always at the same height. It falls and
rises. Twice in every day it _ebbs_ and _flows_; we call this movement
of the sea the _tides_. At low tide we can explore the very bed of the
ocean. We can visit the homes of the living, breathing animals, which,
at high tide, are hidden far under water. Between the high-water mark
and low-water mark is our hunting-place. There we shall find the
play-ground and feeding-ground of many a strange creature.
Here is a stretch of sand, with little channels of water; there is a
patch of shingle mixed with numbers of tiny shells. The ebbing tide
leaves shallow pools in every hollow of the beach, and these pools are
often full of life.
Shrimps dart away and disappear in the sand as if by magic. Small fish
and crabs hide from you as best they can. Helpless jelly-fish and
starfish sprawl on the wet sand. What are those thin ropes of sand
coiled up into little mounds? They remind us of "worm-casts." They are
thrown up by a sand-worm, called "lug-worm" by the fisherman. He brings
a spade and digs wherever he sees the sandy ropes of the "lug," for this
worm makes good fishing bait.
Seagulls love to explore the shallow pools. You may see them walking
solemnly about, picking up stray morsels. If you see a screaming group
of them you can be sure that one has found an extra large prize, and the
others mean to share the feast.
Let us walk down the beach towards the sea. Soon we find ourselves among
rocks. Now these rocks are the bare bed of the shore, stripped of all
covering. There is no mud, sand, or shingle, so here you see plainly the
work done by the restless water. On every side you notice rocks worn to
all shapes and sizes. Some jut out as sharp ledges. Others are flat
tables, covered with a table-cloth of sea-plants. These clothe the
rocks, or hang over the ledges like wet, shining green curtains. Nearly
every rock has its crust of barnacles and clumps of mussels. If we are
not careful we slip on the wet weeds, and get a ducking in the pools
which lie everywhere among the rocks.
Here is the best place of all for sharp eyes to find the animals and
plants we seek. Where the hard rock has been worn down into hollows, the
falling tide leaves a pool of still, clear water. These rock-pools are
the home of many a creature. So let us look for them, until the rising
tide sweeps over the rocks once more, and drives us away.
Sea-anemones and seaweeds brighten the pool with their various colours.
Pretty shells gleam here and there; and on the face of the rock there
are more limpets, barnacles and mussels than we can count.
Where are the other living animals which we came to find? You will not
see them unless you hunt for them in the right way. It is a game of
"hide-and-seek." They are the "hiders"; and, as their lives often depend
on their skill in hiding, you cannot wonder that they know every trick
in the game.
There may be crabs, fish, shrimps, and others in the pool. If you look
for a moment, and then walk to the next pool, your hunting will not have
much result. It is best to lie down and wait patiently, gazing into the
clear water of the pool. The little inhabitants are hidden in the dark
corners under the rock ledges, or buried under stones and sand; or they
may be hiding in those thick clumps of mussels--a favourite
lurking-place; or else tucked away in the friendly shelter of the
seaweed.
Knowing their dodges, you will soon become clever at finding them. Some
seaside dwellers, such as prawns, are almost transparent in the water.
Others, like baby crabs, are green or brown like the weed in which they
hide. Even the sharp eyes of the seagulls must be deceived by this
trick.
What a strange life they lead, these creatures of the shore! At times
they are deep under water, and they form part of the teeming life of the
ocean floor.
Then the tide falls and uncovers them. They are in the full light of day
again, the sun shines on them. Most of them cannot escape to the sea,
and so must face the enemies which prowl along the shore looking for
prey. So, from one tide to the next, the rock-pool is like a prison
containing prisoners of the strangest sort.
[Illustration: GULLS. 1. COMMON GULLS. 2. LESSER BLACK GULL. 3. GLAUCOUS
GULLS.]
EXERCISES
1. How is the sand formed?
2. Give the names of some of the animals to be found in the rock-pools.
3. Where do these animals hide?
4. Prawns and shore-crabs are not easily seen; why is this?
LESSON III.
BIRDS OF THE SHORE.
On some parts of our coast we find steep cliffs, with the sea beating
wildly at their feet. Elsewhere there is a sloping beach of sand and
shingle with, perhaps, dark rocks showing at low tide. We explored such
a beach as that in our last lesson. There are long, long stretches of
sand and thin grass in other places, or else mile after mile of muddy,
dreary, salt marshes.
Birds are to be found on every kind of coast. Some, like the Seagull,
wander far and wide. Others keep to the cliffs, and many find all they
need in the wide mud-flats. Such an army is there of these shore birds,
that we cannot even glance at them all in this lesson. So we will take a
few of them only--the Black-headed Gull, the Cormorant, the Ringed
Plover, the Oyster-catcher and the Redshank.
Out of all the many kinds of Gulls, you know the Black-headed one best.
If you live in London you can see and hear him, for he and his cousins
have swarmed along the Thames of late years. They find food there, and
kind people enjoy feeding the screaming birds as they wheel in graceful
flight over the bridges and Embankment.
The country boy, too, sees this Gull. He flies far inland, following the
plough, and he then rids the land of many a harmful grub. Because of
this habit, some people call him the Sea-crow. At all seaside places you
find him, and there he fights for his meals with the Herring Gull, the
Common Gull, the Kittiwake and others.
Really we should call this gull the Brown-headed, not the Black-headed,
Gull; for the hood is more brown than black; and again, if you look for
this bird during your summer holidays, you will see no dark hood on his
head. You might, though, know him then by the red legs and bill, and the
white front-edging to his lovely pearly-grey wings.
Look at him in January, however, and you see dark feathers beginning to
appear on his head. The fact is, this dark hood is the bird's wedding
dress. It comes only when the nesting season draws near. Then he leaves
the fields, parks, and rivers, to fly away to the nesting-place.
These Gulls love to nest in colonies--that is, near one another. Among
rushes and reeds, and rough grass growing in deep wet mud, they feel
that their nests are safe. There they lay three eggs. The chicks, almost
as soon as they leave the eggs, can run about. If there is no dry land
near the nest, these youngsters tumble in the water and swim without
bothering about swimming lessons.
In summer they are ready to fly with their parents round the coast, and
to the muddy mouths of large rivers, where they feed. Flocks of them are
also seen out in the open sea, feeding on the shoals of small fish. They
also follow steamers, for the sake of any scraps thrown overboard, and
they crowd round the fishing boats when they are being unloaded. You
see, they are _scavengers_, and so are to be found wherever there are
waste scraps of food.
Perhaps you have noticed that Gulls float high in the sea, like so many
corks. They can leave the water easily, and take to flight; but they
_cannot_ dive. The Gull's dinner-table is the whole coast. His eyes are
keen enough, as you will know if you have watched him swoop down on a
piece of bread in mid-air, and catch it neatly in his beak.
The flight of this Gull is beautiful, graceful, and easy. Sometimes he
wheels up and up into the blue sky, almost without moving a wing. He can
also glide for a great while, balancing his body against the wind, and
turning his head from side to side on the look-out for food. Those long,
pointed wings of his make him one of Nature's most perfect
flying-machines. His wild, laughing cry has given him the nickname of
Laughing Gull.
In the fields and along the banks of our big rivers you may see the
Common Gull with numbers of his black-headed cousins. His beak and legs
and webbed feet are greenish yellow, and this is quite enough to
distinguish the two birds. Their habits are much the same. Both skim
over the sea, or the coast, looking for waste food. They are not very
"choice" in their meals; dead fish or live fish, young crabs, worms,
shell-fish or grubs they eat readily, as well as any offal thrown from
passing ships, or the refuse of the fish-market.
One of these scavenging birds was seen to be carrying a long object,
like an eel, in its mouth. The bird was shot; and it was then discovered
that the "eel" was really a string of candles! The greedy Gull had
half-swallowed one, leaving the rest to hang down from its bill. The
Common Gull nests in "colonies," like the Black-headed Gull. Its nest is
made of seaweed, heather, and dried grass, in which it lays its three
greenish-brown eggs.
Another bird to be seen along all parts of our coast, summer and winter
alike, is the Cormorant, usually with a small party of his friends. They
fly swiftly, one behind the other, and a long line of them reminds one
of the pictures of "sea-serpents," especially as they fly quite near the
surface of the sea, each one with its long neck outstretched. The Gull
flies beautifully, as if he knew his power, and loved to show how he can
skim and dive through the air. The Cormorant is not a flier, but a
swimmer and diver; he cannot "show off" in the air, and only uses his
narrow wings to take him, as quickly as may be, from one fishing-place
to another.
Most of the Cormorant's time is spent in fishing, for he lives entirely
on fish, and catches immense numbers of them. He spends many hours, too,
in drying his wings. I once saw a number of these birds with their wings
"hung out to dry." Each one was perched on a stump of wood, across the
muddy mouth of a river, and each sooty-looking bird had his wings wide
open in the sun. This habit seems to show that the Cormorant uses his
wings, as well as his feet, in his frequent journeys under water.
The powerful webbed feet of the Cormorant, set far back on the body, the
darting head, long neck, and long curved beak, tell you plainly how he
earns his meals. He is a clever fish-hunter, and the fishermen, knowing
the appetite of this keen rival of theirs, detest him and destroy him.
In some countries there is a price on his head--that is, so much money
is given for every Cormorant killed.
Sometimes the Cormorant swims slowly along with his head under water, on
the watch for small fish. Seeing one below him, he dives like a flash,
and can remain under water for some time; he wastes very little time,
however, in swallowing his victim head first.
The great skill of this bird has been made use of, and tame Cormorants
are used in China to obtain fish for their masters. They have been used
in England, too, for the same purpose. A strap is placed round the
bird's neck to prevent him from swallowing the catch. He is then set to
work. After catching five or six fish he is recalled by his master, and
made to disgorge his prey, which, of course, he has swallowed as far as
the strap will permit.
The Cormorant is famous for his large appetite; he chases even big fish,
of a size to choke him, you would think. Like his relative the Pelican,
he owns a very elastic throat. I have seen a Pelican put a half-grown
duck in its pouch, without much trouble. The Cormorant could not perform
this feat, but his throat will stretch so as to allow the passage of
large fish. Small fish he usually tosses up in the air, catches them
neatly head first, and swallows them whole.
Another bird of our coast is the Oyster-catcher, sometimes called the
"Sea-pie" or Mussel-picker. These names suit it well, for it does not
live on oysters, but on mussels, limpets and whelks. Of course, these
are easily "caught" at low tide; they are not easily eaten, so the
Sea-pie has to earn his dinner by hard work. In fact, his beak is often
notched by the sharp, hard edges of the shells of these molluscs; and at
times, he haunts the low banks of mud and ooze near the sea, and there
picks up worms and other soft-bodied animals.
As his name Sea-pie shows, the Oyster-catcher is a black-and-white bird,
his under parts being white and upper parts black. His legs and long,
straight bill are red. Most birds of the waterside seem to find that
black-and-white feathers make a good disguise. Though they would show up
plainly on a green field, they are well hidden among the stones along
the edge of the water.
The Sea-pie makes no nest, only a hole in the sand or shingle, lined
with small stones or shells. The eggs are coloured and marked so that
they are hard to see among the stones which surround them. The
youngsters wear a fluffy suit of grey, marked with dark streaks and
dots; and it takes very sharp eyes indeed to pick them out from the
shingle where they crouch.
The Ringed Plover is another bird which loves the sandy, pebbly margin
of the sea. Have you ever watched him there? He is not much larger than
a plump lark, and he runs quickly along the beach, stooping now and
again to pick up the morsels of food which his keen eye detects.
But, all the while, he is watching you with the other eye, for he is a
wary little bird, and not to be taken by surprise. _If_ you can get near
him, you will notice his rather long yellowish legs, greyish-brown back,
and, more than all, the white collar round his neck, and the black band
showing on his white chest. Again we see the black-and-white markings
which are so useful to the bird of the shore.
Everyone who knows the Ringed Plover loves to watch him. He is one of
the daintiest, most fairy-like birds. When he is picking up worms and
sand-hoppers on the wet sand he is easily observed. But wait! He flies
off and settles on the shingle not far away. You walk nearer, to watch
him. Alas! he is gone. You know just where he settled, yet he is gone!
He has often played that trick on me.
The secret lies in his grey, white-and-black markings. When our ships
were in danger from enemy submarines, our sailors painted them with
queer stripes and bars, to make it hard for the enemy to see them.
Nature has marked the Ringed Plover on the same plan. The feathers are
so coloured and the colours are so arranged that, once among the grey,
yellow, black, and white pebbles on the beach, the little bird is
invisible. It is as if the earth had swallowed him up.
The eggs, too, are just as hard to find. There is no nest to "give the
game away"; and the eggs look just like the pebbles amongst which they
are laid. The young ones are protected from their enemies in the same
way, and they crouch, as still as death, amid the stones which they so
much resemble.
Now let us leave the beach and look for the Redshank on the mud-flats.
Many birds would starve there, but the Redshank is quite happy, as
Nature has fitted him for his life in such a place. His long, red
legs--from which he gets his name--are for wading in the shallow, muddy
creeks he loves. Those wide-spreading feet keep him from sinking in the
mud.
The long beak is for probing. As a rule the Redshank digs for his
dinner, though he also picks up any worms or other food on the surface;
but he is nearly always seen probing the mud.
Like all the shore birds, Redshanks are very wary. They have no hedges
or trees for hiding-places, and so must always be on the watch. No
sooner does the Redshank spy you than he is up and, with a shrill
whistle of alarm, flies quickly away.
The marshes are the home of many a bird like the Redshank. They are all
waders and diggers. They live much as he does, and so they have the long
beak and legs, and the spreading feet, to fit them for that life.
We have now looked at a few sea birds, shore birds, and a marsh bird.
Many inland birds, too, are fond of the shore. The artful Jackdaw builds
in the cliffs, and his cousin, the Crow, searches the shore for food.
Even the gay Kingfisher has been seen diving in the seaside pools.
EXERCISES
1. How do you know which is the Black-headed Gull in the summer months?
2. Why is it difficult to see the Ringed Plover on the stones of the
shore?
3. Where would you look for the eggs of the Ringed Plover and of the
Black-headed Gull?
4. Why have marsh birds such long beaks?
LESSON IV.
CRABS.
Little Crabs are to be found everywhere along the sea-shore--not the
monsters of the fishmonger's shop, but small greenish-brownish Crabs.
They live in the weed of the rock-pools, and in the wet sand. These are
the Shore Crabs; the large Edible Crabs are a different kind, and live
mostly in deep water.
Shore Crabs are quarrelsome little creatures; the larger ones are always
ready to gobble up the smaller ones, or to snatch their food and run
away with it. If you put some dead mussels or fish in a pool, you will
be amused at their antics. How they scramble and fight! Crabs do not
believe in "table manners."
[Illustration: THE REDSHANK.]
[Illustration: THE CRAB.]
It is their taste for waste scraps of food that makes crabs of use in
the sea. They are most useful scavengers. They clear the sea and beach
of dead matter which would poison the air and water.
For many years nobody knew how Crabs grew up. It was thought that a baby
Crab was like its mother, just as a baby spider is a tiny picture of its
parent. But no, the young Crab is as much _like_ a Crab as a caterpillar
is like a butterfly.
Let us begin at the beginning--the egg. Mother Crab carries her eggs
with her, under her tail, which itself is always kept tucked up under
her body. Out of each egg there comes the queerest little creature! It
is just large enough to be seen as it wriggles in the water. Then its
skin splits, and there appears a quaint thing with long feathery legs, a
big head, a spike on the back of its head, and another spike like a
nose.
Who would suspect this strange atom would turn into a Crab! Well, nobody
did. It was called a _zoea_; but you can call it a Crab caterpillar or
larva. The maggot is the larva of the fly, and the zoea is the larva of
the Crab. With crowds of its brothers and sisters, the zoea kicks about
on the surface of the sea. Fishes, and even great whales, swallow these
tiny things by the million.
The Crab larva eats and grows. Again and again its skin splits, and a
rather different zoea appears. This happens about once a week, until,
hey presto! the spiked zoea is now rather like a Crab. The spikes are
gone, and now it has tiny claws, and two eyes at the end of stalks. Yet
it still owns a tail. At last this is tucked up under its body, and lo!
our little friend has changed into a very small Crab. No longer able to
swim about, it comes to get a living in the shallow pools of the shore.
Luckily, this helpless baby knows how to hide. He is helped by his
colour, for it matches the green and brown of the weeds and rocks. He
knows how to dig himself into the sand, and work his shell well down.
Then only his funny eyes on stalks peer up at you. At this time of his
life he has to "make himself scarce," and snatch his food when and where
he can.
[Illustration: PURSE CRAB.]
We do not eat these little Crabs, but other Crabs do, and so do
anemones, gulls, and other hungry creatures; and they themselves hunt
sand-hoppers, and eat anything they can find or steal. So they grow
bigger; and then, like the boy who grows quickly, the Crab finds his
shelly suit a size too small for him!
Now look at his suit. It is a hard coat, a complete suit of armour to
protect his soft body. Our picture shows the Lobster, the Crab's cousin.
The Shrimp and Prawn and Lobster are relations of the Crab; these
_crustaceans_, as they are called, are all cased up in a hard _crust_,
which will not stretch the slightest little bit. But the Crab's body
_must_ grow! What is he to do?
At first he starves himself, and so his body shrinks inside its old
shell. He loosens himself as well as he can. Soon the shell breaks
across, and the Crab struggles to get free. At last he backs out, and
leaves his old suit for ever. It is a wonderful performance, for he has
withdrawn even from the legs, claws, feelers, bristles, eye-stalks and
eyes! The old shell is left quite whole--a perfect Crab, but with no
Crab inside it!
Now the Crab, in his new suit, hides away. He knows that he is a soft,
flabby creature at this time, and that other animals, even Mrs. Crab,
would be glad to meet him--and eat him. While his covering is yet soft
he grows quickly. When it is hard, he ventures out again, ready to
quarrel and fight.
This change of shell happens often to young Crabs. Older ones change
only once a year. All the different kinds of Crab begin life as _larvae_
or _zoeas_, and cast their shells as we have seen.
Crabs can see and hear and smell; and they must also have a fine sense
of touch. I was once watching a big Crab eating his dinner under a rocky
ledge in a large glass tank. As he tore his food, some of the bits, no
larger than crumbs, fell and settled on the rocks below. Then I saw that
a smaller Crab, with long pincers, was hiding under a rock. As the
crumbs fell, he reached out his pincers and picked them up, one by one.
Each bit was gravely carried to his mouth, and tucked in, and then he
reached out for another. Though I was very close to the Crab, I could
hardly see the tiny scraps which he was able to pick up so easily.
One of the strangest Crabs is the Hermit. You would think that Nature
had played a joke on him, for he has only half a suit of armour. His
tail part is soft. He would have a bad time in the sea, but for a dodge
he has learnt.
The baby Hermit takes the empty home of a periwinkle. As he grows he
needs a larger house, and so leaves the tight shell and pops his tail
into a bigger one, generally a whelk shell. If he meets with another
Hermit there is a battle, one trying to steal the other's shell. Our
coloured picture, page 35, shows some Hermits at war. Fighting,
house-hunting, and moving house seem to be the Hermit's favourite
pursuits. But, whatever he does, his first care is to protect that soft
tail of his. His right claw is large and strong, so he uses it to close
the door of his stolen home.
Sometimes he has a lodger who lives on the roof. This lodger, as you
will notice in our coloured picture, is the sea anemone. The Hermit and
his lodger seem to be good friends, at least they seem to like each
other's company. There is no doubt that there are good reasons for this.
We shall have more to say about this strange pair in our lesson on the
sea anemones.
[Illustration: HERMIT CRAB IN WHELK'S SHELL.]
Another funny Crab is the Spider Crab. Its back is covered with reddish
bristles, like so many hooks. These catch in the seaweed, and soon the
Spider Crab is decorated with bits of weed. But that is not all. The
artful Crab tears off other pieces of weed with its pincers, and
attaches them to the hooks. It is another dodge, of course, to escape
from enemies. The Lobster, whose picture you see, has a life-story much
like that of the Crab. He, also, grows too big for his suit of armour,
and casts it off in a wonderful manner, but only after a great deal of
trouble. In his new suit he is very weak and soft--an easy prey to the
first enemy to find him. He cannot defend himself then; he can only lie
helplessly on his side, waiting for his coat to harden. He is so weak
that his soft legs cannot bear the weight of his body.
[Illustration: HERMIT CRABS FIGHTING.]
Needless to say, the Lobster always finds a secure retreat before
casting off his protecting coat of armour. A hole under a rock suits him
well at that time. Strange to say, he seems to dislike his old clothes,
and often crunches them to pieces or eats them up, or even pushes them
under the sand or stones! Then he marches out like a proud warrior,
knowing his strength, and the power of his great claws.
Lobsters are fond of fighting, and must be very disagreeable neighbours.
They can swim along by using the little "swimmerets" under their bodies.
Or, by rapidly bending down their powerful tails, Lobsters are able to
shoot backwards through the water at a great pace. In our next lesson we
shall find that Prawns are also able to paddle forwards or dart
backwards in a similar way.
Lobsters, living and dead, are often on sale in the fishmonger's shop.
Like the Crabs and Prawns, they are usually caught in traps or pots,
baited with pieces of fish, and left among the rocks. The traps are of
various shapes, some being like bee-hives made of cane or wicker; others
are made of netting stretched over hoops, and more like a bird-cage in
shape.
The Lobster smells the bait in the trap, and hastens to get to it by
diving through the only entrance. Having enjoyed his meal he tries to
swim away; but there is no escape, and there he must wait until the
owner of the trap makes his usual "round" in the morning. Of course,
there is a rope to every trap, and a cork to mark its position.
[Illustration: HERMIT CRAB WITH SEA FLOWERS.]
Then the Lobster finds himself taken carefully out of prison; his claws
are tied to prevent him from fighting, and he goes to market with a lot
of other Lobsters. There are many lobster fisheries along the rocky
parts of our coast.
[Illustration: HERMIT CRAB WITH SEA FLOWERS.]
You will often see Lobsters with one very large claw, and one small.
They are able to throw off a limb or two whenever they are frightened.
Also they often lose a claw in the terrible fights of which they seem so
fond. If one joint of a claw becomes injured the Lobster has no further
use for it; he is wise, for his very life depends on his armour. So he
throws it away, not at the wounded joint, but at the joint above.
After a time a slight swelling appears on the stump thus made; this
gradually grows into a new limb. It may be smaller than the lost one,
but it is perfect in detail. What a useful gift this must be to an
animal like the Lobster, whose whole life is one terrible fight after
another!
The baby Lobsters, like the baby Crabs, are quite unlike their parents.
They swim about at the surface of the sea, and already they seize every
chance of fighting and eating their small neighbours.
When about one inch in length they leave this infants' school, and join
another at the bottom of the sea. Here they eat, fight, grow and change
their coats, just as the young Crabs do. They are now like their
parents. Sometimes they grow to be huge, and to weigh as much as
ten-and-a-half pounds.
The mother Lobster carries as many as thirty thousand eggs under her
body! Needless to say, a very, very few of this enormous family survive
the dangers of the sea. The rule there is--"Eat and be eaten!".
EXERCISES
1. What is a Crab larva like?
2. Give the names of four crustaceans.
3. Why does the Crab have to change its shell?
4. Why does it hide away at that time?
5. Of what use are Shore Crabs?
6. How are Lobsters caught?
[Illustration: THE LOBSTER.]
LESSON V.
SHRIMPS, PRAWNS AND BARNACLES.
In nearly every shore-pool you may see Shrimps and Prawns darting out of
sight, and, for every one you see, there are many more hidden away.
These delicate, transparent, lively creatures are not much like the
boiled Shrimps and Prawns of the fish-shop.
They are the prey of so many fish, crabs, and birds, that they have
learnt to "make themselves scarce." Have you ever watched them in a
glass tank, or aquarium? If so, you will know that it is not easy to see
them. In the shore-pools it is harder still.
Some are swaying about in the still, clear water, moving their long
feelers from side to side. Others have burrowed into the sand. In doing
this, they raise a sandy cloud, which settles on them and hides them. To
catch some, you must use a "shrimp-net," for they can dart across the
pool like arrows.
[Illustration: THE SHRIMP.]
Some are Shrimps, and some are Prawns; how can we tell the difference?
When they are boiled the answer is easy. All the Shrimps turn brown and
the Prawns red. (The red "Shrimps" are near relations of the Prawn.) To
tell a live Shrimp from a Prawn, look at the long pointed beak which
juts out from the front of the head. That of the Prawn is toothed, like
a little saw. If the beak is quite smooth its wearer is a Shrimp.
Until Prawns are grown up, they haunt the sandy shallows with their
cousins the Shrimps. But the larger Prawns live in deeper water. They
are generally caught in traps, as are their relatives, the crab and
lobster.
Now look closely at a Prawn, and try to find how it swims. Turn it
upside down. It has ten legs; and, under each of the horny rings of its
body, you can see a pair of little paddles. They are fringed with hairs.
When the Prawn or Shrimp is not in a hurry, he swims slowly but surely
with the little paddles, or "swimmerets." If any danger threatens, he
uses his tail, in this way:--It is made of five fringed plates, which,
as you can see, spread out or close up, like a fan. As he doubles up his
body, the plates spread themselves out. They strike the water with great
force, and so send the Prawn or Shrimp quickly _backwards_. As the body
becomes straight again, the fan closes, ready for another stroke. To
move quickly, the Shrimp or Prawn merely bends his body, then
straightens it. The tail thus becomes a strong oar, driving him
backwards with rapid jerks.
Look now at the Prawn's long, hair-like feelers. There are two pairs. On
one pair are the ears, a special kind of ear for hearing in water.
You will notice that the Shrimp's eyes are on the end of short stalks.
Each big eye is really a cluster of little eyes, rather like the
"compound eyes" of insects. If you lift up the horny shield behind the
head, you see a row of what look like curly feathers. These are the
breathing gills.
Shrimps carry their eggs about with them; no doubt you have often found
masses of eggs under the Shrimp's body. Each egg is fastened by a kind
of "glue," or else the rapid jerking of the mother Shrimp would soon
loosen the eggs and set them free.
The hard, shelly covering of the Shrimp and Prawn is like the armour of
the crab--it will not stretch in the least. The body is easily bent,
owing to the soft hinges between the hard rings. But the coat itself
will not stretch. Then how do these little creatures grow? We see small
Shrimps and large ones, so grow they must, in some way.
They are of the same family--the _crustacea_--as the crab; and they grow
in much the same way. The hard covering gets too tight for the body
inside it. Then it splits across the back. After much wriggling, the
Shrimp appears in a new soft skin. While the skin is still soft the
Shrimp grows very quickly. Crustaceans have a funny way of growing, have
they not? Instead of growing evenly, little by little, they grow by
"fits and starts," a great deal in a few hours and then not at all.
Besides being good food for us, and for the fish, Shrimps and Prawns
have another use. They are scavengers. They pick to pieces and eat the
vegetable and animal stuff which floats in the sea. Before it can decay
and become poisonous, these useful creatures use it up as food. Great
numbers of Shrimps and Prawns are caught for our markets. Some are
caught by men who push a small net over the sands near shore, but most
are caught by the _shrimp-trawl_, a large net cast from a small sailing
vessel.
The rocks, and the wooden piles of the pier, are often covered with the
hard shells known as Barnacles, or Acorn Shells. If you slip on them
with bare feet their sharp edges cut you. Each Acorn Shell is a little
house. Have you ever caught a glimpse of the animal living inside?
If you will look very carefully, you will see that the Acorn Shell is
made of three-sided pieces, closely joined. There is a little door at
the top, kept tightly closed until the tide comes up and covers the
rocks. Then watch, and you will see a bunch of tiny feathers appear
through a slit in the door. This means that the animal is hungry, and
has put its twelve legs out of doors to catch a dinner!
This is strange, but true! The Barnacle is always upside down in its
home, and its twelve feathery legs are thrust out of the door at the
top. They make a fine net, in which minute animals are caught and
brought into the mouth below. This funny creature actually kicks its
food into its mouth! If you own a magnifying glass, you can see this for
yourself at the seaside.
You will not be able to see the mouth, however, which is inside the
shell. It is fitted with moving parts, and feelers, like the mouth of a
crab. Also, the Barnacle has a good set of teeth to grind its food. It
has no real eyes, having no use for them. Of what use are eyes to an
animal standing on its head in a small dark shell! Now and then it casts
its coat (like the Crab and Shrimp). The old coat is rolled up and
thrown away outside the door.
Now comes the strangest thing of all. As a baby, the Barnacle is a free
swimming creature. It has three pairs of legs, a tail, a useful mouth,
and one eye. After kicking about in the sea for some time, and changing
its skin, it changes its shape entirely. It now looks more like a tiny
mussel. It has two little "shells," two eyes, legs, and feelers. Now its
swimming days are nearly over, and it must settle down. It gives up
eating, and roves about looking and feeling for a place to settle on.
Finding a suitable spot, the little animal stands on its head. Then a
kind of glue is formed, which fixes it for life to that place, head
down. The two shells and the two eyes are now thrown off. The Barnacle
quickly builds up a shelly house, and, after a life of adventure and
change, becomes a fixed Barnacle for the rest of its days.
For many years people knew little of this strange animal. All its
wonderful changes, and the way its body is made, tell us plainly that
the Barnacle is actually first cousin to the Crab, Lobster, Shrimp and
Prawn! It belongs to the class known as the _Crustacea_; but, for some
reason or other, it has chosen to live its grown-up life fixed to a
rock.
EXERCISES
1. How does the Shrimp swim?
2. Of what use are Shrimps and Prawns in the sea?
3. How can you tell a live Shrimp from a live Prawn?
4. How does the Barnacle obtain its food?
5. Give the names of five crustaceans.
LESSON VI.
PLANTS OF THE SHORE.
To pick a bunch of gay flowers you would look in the fields and
hedge-rows, and not by the sea. Flowers, as you know, love moist soil,
and not dry sand; and, like us, they prefer one food to another. Sand
they do not like, and salt is a poison to them. Both of these are
enemies to plant life.
Also, flowers choose sheltered spots. They do not like rough winds, and
the glare of the sun shrivels them up. Yet there are plants with pretty
flowers to be found by the sea, and many others with small, dull
flowers. These seaside plants have to fight for their lives. The dry,
shifting sand, and the salt spray, are enough to kill them, you would
think. They have no shelter from the strong sea wind, nor from the
fierce glare of the summer sun. The puzzle is, how do they live among so
many enemies? For you know that the flowers of the field would at once
die if you planted them in salt and sand. They would starve to death.
Even the strongest seaside plants shun that part of the beach washed by
the waves. They leave that to the seaweeds.
Let us look first at some plants which have their home on the
sand-hills. Here is a fine one, like a thistle, with stiff prickly
leaves, and a stiff blue stem. In August it has blue-grey flowers. This
plant is called Sea Holly, its leaves being like those of the holly. It
has an unpleasant smell, yet its roots are used for making some kinds of
sweets.
Now try to pull up a plant of Sea Holly. You find it no easy task. Then
dig away the sand, and you see that its large roots have gone deep and
far. All these plants of sandy places grow like that. Sand has no food
or drink to give to plants. So they send their roots out, like plants in
a desert, until they find what they want. Besides food and drink, they
need a firm anchor in the loose sand. The Sea Holly, with its roots deep
down and far-spreading, can hold its own, though the gale tears at it
and throws its sandy bed here and there.