ANNO DOM. 1663.
The Administration of Don Diego Salcedo.
Don Diego de Salcedo not being able, by the prevalence of the
south-west-monsoon, to reach Manila by the ordinary route of the
straits of Bernardino, he made Cagayan, where he landed, and travelled
across the island to the city, and took possession of his government
in September, 1663. Immediately on his arrival, he held out every
encouragement to commerce, and preparation was made for sending the
usual ship to Acapulco as early in the season as possible, in order
to avoid those misfortunes which had too frequently taken place.
This conduct of the Governor at first gave great satisfaction to
the merchants of Manila; but they began very soon to discover his
diligence was directed only to his own individual benefit, or that of
his friends, as due care had been taken by them to buy up all the best
goods, leaving in the market only those of inferior quality; and that
no opportunity might be afforded to the merchants to procure a fresh
supply of the different articles from the coast, he despatched the
ship before the coasters could possibly arrive. By this means almost
all the commerce of Acapulco, for that season, centered in him and
his friends. About this time the news arrived of the death of Philip
the Fourth, and the Archbishop was attacked with protracted illness,
which ended in extreme debility, of which he died, 1667. The attention
of Salcedo had been completely occupied by the violent disputes, which,
during the whole period of his government, subsisted between him and
the ecclesiastical authorities, and which terminated in the Commissary
of the Inquisition of Mexico ordering him to be seized, and conveyed on
board the patache destined for Acapulco, in which ship he died, 1669.
END OF VOL. I.
NOTES TO VOLUME I.
Note I.--Page 6.
Were it not that we have this strong corroborative evidence of the
veracity of other travellers on this subject, we should be inclined
to attach a degree of impossibility to the existence of an European
power of the first distinction, in an insular situation, similar to
that of the Philippines, established there for nearly three centuries;
yet through the whole of that period incessantly exposed to the inroads
and depredations of the surrounding savage nations. But in the perusal
of the following pages it will appear sufficiently manifest that the
system of colonization pursued by the Spanish monarchy. From the first
discovery of the New World, and without little, if any, amelioration,
practised at this time, is least of all calculated for either the
extension of permanent national dominion, the enlargement of the
human mind, or the general dissemination of commercial industry. The
discovery of the Cape of Good Hope and America produced a revolution
among the European nations, which, aided by the phenomenon of the
magnetic needle, stimulated the human mind to exertions far more
arduous than had been effected by the Crusades; but the same spirit
that animated Peter the Hermit seems to have presided over the counsels
of the Spanish monarchy and directed its researches. To whatever
cause it may be imputed, whether political, moral, or physical, this
nation, so justly celebrated about this period, seems to have had
little progressive tendency to improvement, and till within these few
years the Spanish colonists of the eighteenth, in point of information
and commercial enterprize, differed in no respect from those of the
sixteenth century. The general dissemination of science, the gradual
dispersion of prejudice, the consequent expansion of the human mind,
and the example of surrounding nations, will doubtless have due
effect on those noble qualities which characterized the Spaniard of
the sixteenth century; and which, though enchained for succeeding
ages by the peculiarity of their internal politics, still exist in
the Spaniard of the nineteenth. No doubt, indeed, can be entertained
that the changes likely to be produced during the present eventful
period, will convert the reign of Ferdinand the VIIth into the aera of
Spanish regeneration, in all that can be considered steady in council,
great in arms, liberal in sentiment, and energetic in social as well
as commercial intercourse. And we fully trust that the blind and
persecuting influence which dictated the expulsion of the Chinese
from the Philippines, and produced consequences nearly bordering on
the annihilation of all industry and all commerce in the Islands,
no longer disgraces their counsels or finds an advocate in the breast
of one true Spaniard.
Note II.--Page 8.
We are well aware that at a distance from the seat of even an energetic
government, abuses will exist which may sometimes be beyond its
reach; but the instance before us, gives us at once an insight into
that system of oppression and abuse of power which prevails in the
Spanish settlements, and originated in the invariable practice of the
Spanish court, of furnishing the opportunity to their dependants in
the mother country to enrich themselves during a temporary residence
in the colonies.
Note III.--Page 12.
The most authentic communications on this subject to the translator,
are, that during the months of March, April, and May, the heat is
sometimes oppressive; June, July, August, and September, forms the
rainy season; the month of October of a doubtful character; November,
December, January, and February, a heavenly spring: and that the
climate in the whole is uncommonly healthy, the natives living to a
great age.
Note IV.--Page 13.
If it were not sufficiently ascertained that the author of this work
was not a foreigner, but a monastic Spaniard, it might be concluded
from this expression, that he meant to cast a strong reflection on
the Spanish government; but in the progress of the work the reader
will discover that he is fully justified.
Note V.--Page 14.
"The fishermen place their net zig-zag-ways in from eight to eighteen
fathom water; at each angle they have several chambers, and over every
angle they have a boat moored, with two or three fishermen in it, who
are always watching the fish when they enter the chambers, and with
a line, supported on the surface by a buoy, they draw a net across
the chamber door." Vide Jackson's Mediterranean Commerce, p. 103-4.
Note VI.--Page 18.
The diversity of opinion as to the substance of which these nests are
composed, is such, that to this hour we are left on the wide field
of conjecture, and without any clue which may be absolutely relied on
for unravelling the mystery. The intelligent Sonnerat, as a judicious
naturalist, is entitled to every attention on the subject, and he,
by admitting into his work the following quotation from "Transactions
philosophiques de la societe Batave, etablie dans l'isle de Java pour
l'avancement des arts et des sciences, vol. iii." gives us reason to
suppose that he adopts the opinion of that writer. He prefaces his
introduction of the subject by the following scientific description
of the bird:
"La salangane (hirundo esculenta, Lath. sp. 26. Lin. Rumph. herb.
vi. pag. 183. tab. 75. fig. 4. Forster.)"
And then proceeds with the extract thus:
"The salanganes are of a blackish grey colour, somewhat inclining
to green; but on the back, down to the tail, as well as under the
breast, the colour is mouse grey. The whole length of the bird, from
the back to the tail, is about four inches and a half; and its height,
taken from the beak to the extremity of the foot, three and a quarter
inches: its girt is ten and a quarter inches: the longest feathers of
the wing are about four inches. The head is flat; but the thickness
of the downy feathers which cover it make it appear round, and rather
large in proportion to the rest of the body. The beak is large, ending
in a sharp point, but hooked like that of a nocturnal bird of prey;
its size is augmented by the addition of a naked membrane, similar to
parchment, which folds inwards when the beak is shut, but expands with
the opening of it, and enables the bird, while on the wing, to seize
with greater facility the insects which constitute its food. The eyes
are black, and very large; and the tongue not forked, but of the form
of an arrow. The ears flat and round, with a small oblong opening,
and entirely covered by the downy feathers of the head. The neck very
short, as are the legs, and bones of the wings. The thighs entirely
covered with feathers; and the lower and more delicate parts of the
legs, as well as the feet, provided with a black skin resembling
parchment: each foot has four toes, three pointing forwards and one
backwards; they are separated from each other even to the root, and
the middle one, including the claw, is at least as long as the lower
part of the leg; each toe is furnished with a black claw, pointed,
hooked, and very long, by means of which it attaches itself, with great
facility, to the juttings of the rocks. The tail is at least as long
as the body, even including the neck and the head; when it is spread
out it has the shape of a wedge, and has ten large feathers; the four
first on each side are the longest, and when the tail is closed they
extend beyond the others about an inch; the others diminish towards
the middle of the tail, and nearly equal the length of the body. This
bird is extremely light and delicate; ten of these swallows will only
weigh about two ounces and a half. The inhabitants of Java call them
lawit, and the mountaineers give them the names of berongdagae or waled.
"There are two places in the neighbourhood of Batavia where they
are found in great abundance; the one, Calappa-Nongal, is about ten
miles to the south of the town; the other, Sampia, is a little more
distant towards the south-west, but both lie in that elevated range
which takes its direction by the sea coast, and which appears to be
different from the great chain which pushes itself into the country,
and traverses the whole island. Besides these principal places,
there are many others, both in the same district, and at a very great
distance from the coast, where these birds are found, though in fewer
numbers; and there are even some which are carefully concealed by
those of the inhabitants who are acquainted with them.
"There are two bird mountains, called Goa (caverns) by the inhabitants
of Java, which are insulated rocks, hollow in the middle, and pierced
by a great number of openings, for the most part of sufficient size
easily to admit a man; others are more difficult of access, and some
so small that nature seems to have intended them for the security of
those little animals. These rocks are composed of a grey calcareous
stone and white marble, and are covered with a multitude of lofty trees
of different kinds. To the interior of these caverns the birds fix
their nests in horizontal ranges, and so close to each other, that,
generally speaking, they join; they build them at different heights,
from fifty to three hundred feet, higher or lower as they can find
a berth; there is not a single hole, or convenient spot sufficiently
dry and proper, which is not occupied; but if the surface is in the
smallest degree wet, or even damp, the birds immediately abandon it.
"At break of day the whole of the birds take wing with a great noise,
and in the dry season immediately shoot up so high in the atmosphere,
in search of their food, as to be soon lost to the sight: they return
about four in the afternoon, and again take shelter in their holes,
to which they confine themselves during the rest of the day, those
excepted which are hatching. On the other hand, during the rainy
season, it has been often remarked that they never ramble very far
from their holes, particularly in the government of Java, where the
rocks even border close on the sea.
"They feed on all the varieties of insects which are found hovering
over stagnated waters, and they easily secure them by means of the
extended opening of which their beak is capable. Their most formidable
enemy is a bird of prey, which catches them in great numbers as they
escape from their holes, and which the inhabitants are very careful
to keep at a distance as much as possible by shooting them.
"They prepare their nests with the more solid parts of their food,
and by no means with the froth of the sea or marine plants, as has
been asserted [1]. This opinion is the more founded in probability,
as it is ascertained by experience that those birds which build on
the rocks, already mentioned, have never been seen on the coast,
and that they could not repair thither and return in any reasonable
time on account of the lofty chains of mountains they would have to
traverse, and the tempestuous winds which prevail there. The great
difference, then, in the colour and value of these nests, is a proof
that their quality depends solely on the nature and abundance of the
insects which form their food; perhaps, likewise, on the more or less
perfect solitude of the places they resort to for it.
"The nests collected in the territory of Calappa-Nongal and of Goadja
are quite grey, and are of one-third less value than those of the
territory of Sampia. These last again are in far less estimation
than the excellent sort sent every year from Ternate and Passir,
or those found in the islands immediately adjoining, and on that of
Borneo in particular.
"These birds require two months to prepare their nests; they
immediately after lay their eggs, and sit fifteen or sixteen days. As
soon as the young take flight, the gathering of the nests commences,
and is repeated every four months: it is the harvest of the proprietors
of those rocks. This is performed by men accustomed from their infancy
to clamber among these precipices: with reeds and bamboos they provide
themselves with ladders, with which they mount up to the holes; but
when the depth of the caves is too great, they have recourse to ropes.
"When at the bottom of these caverns, they place against the inside
notched bamboos, which answer the purpose of ladders, to enable them to
reach the nests, and if these are beyond their immediate reach, they
detach them with bamboo poles; there are likewise holes, but in very
limited numbers, which may be got at by means of ladders of bamboo.
"This employment, which is attended with very great risk, costs the
lives of many human beings, and particularly of those who attempt
to steal the nests. For their preservation, guards are placed here
and there.
"The mountaineers usually employed in collecting the nests never
undertake it till they have sacrificed a buffalo, the usual prelude,
with the Javanese, of all their enterprizes; they mutter a few
prayers, anoint their bodies with aromatic oils, and fumigate the
caverns with incense, a precaution, according to them, absolutely
necessary. The principal of these caverns lie in the island of Java,
where a female deity, under the appellation of Raton laut Ridaud,
or Princess of the South Sea, is held in high veneration. A small
hut, containing a covered bed, is prepared for her, together with
several elegant dresses, and which no person but a Princess dare
approach. Every Friday, during the period of collecting the nests,
incense is burnt in it, and the bodies and clothes of all those who
propose to mount the rocks ought to be exposed to this fumigation. The
rest of the Javanese are not so superstitious, and attach much less
importance to ceremonies. These caverns are lighted, on such occasions,
by torches made with the rosin of a large tree, called the cavet,
and of the inner bark of the areka.
"The collection of the nests does not last more than a month, and, as
has been said, may be repeated three times annually. Some think that
it might even be extended to a fourth, but that is not very probable,
as all the people employed in this work affirm that a nest, as long as
it remains entire, is constantly augmented or thickened by the bird,
which never totally abandons it till it becomes dry and woolly in
the inside.
"After the nests are gathered, nothing remains to be done but to dry
and clean them, and they are then packed in baskets and sold to the
Chinese. The price varies, as depending on their whiteness and degree
of perfection; some are grey, and others reddish, while those of the
best sort are extremely rare. They are sold on the spot for from eight
hundred to one thousand four hundred rixdollars for one hundred and
twenty-five pounds weight. This price, and the insatiable avarice
of the Chinese, often produce cheating, and an adulteration of the
article. They have no hesitation in corrupting the guards with money,
opium, or clothes; and deceits are practised, against which the most
extreme vigilance is often unavailing.
"The two places we have already mentioned, Calappa-Nongal and
Sampia, belonged formerly to the Dutch East India Company, but as
the advantages resulting from the possession of them were partly
unknown, or diminished in value by the dexterity of the Javanese, the
company formed the resolution of letting them by public auction, and
nearly one hundred thousand rixdollars is drawn from them, a sum far
exceeding their utmost expectations. In the same range of mountains
there are besides these other places of the same description, but
of less importance. There are likewise two or three in the interior,
and some others, which are concealed with great care.
"There are in the government of Samarang, in the island of Java,
three mountains celebrated for their birds, called Goadaher, Gede,
and Nangasari. The sea washes their base, and flows so far into the
interior of the latter, that it may be said they can catch fish in
the body of the mountain. The nests in these districts are of an
excellent quality, but very difficult to collect, on account of the
precipitous nature of the rocks, and the violent beating of the surge
against them, which renders it necessary for those employed to suspend
themselves from the top by ladders of bamboo. In the island of Java,
about twenty-five quintals of these nests are collected annually.
"There are likewise swallow caverns in the island of Bantam, and in
Sumatra; but the inhabitants of the former are so indolent, and the
government so detestable, that they are not even at the trouble to
sow rice, nor do they cultivate any one article which contributes to
human existence. The Chinese have never attempted to penetrate into
the interior of this kingdom, and they have no commerce whatever with
the mountaineers; indeed they have very little intercourse even with
the coast.
"The Javanese and Europeans established in India eat even the birds
themselves when young, but it is difficult to procure them; they are
considered as a very luscious food. The nests, on the contrary, when
stewed as a soup, and afterwards exposed to the dew, and sweetened
with sugar, are said to be highly cooling, and the Javanese administer
them successfully in violent fevers. The author of this memoir has
had occasion to observe that, prepared in the manner which will be
subsequently mentioned, they have been useful in disorders of the
throat, and in hoarseness. Most probably this remedy has been borrowed
from the Chinese, who (according to information furnished to the author
by a man who was in the habit of dealing largely in these nests) use
them most generally in the winter, because disorders of the throat
are very common at that season in the southern regions of the empire,
on account of the habits the Chinese are in of indulging themselves
over the fire.
"But though the author has repeatedly eat these nests, prepared in
various ways, he has not been able to bring himself to put much faith
in the very nutritive and strengthening property attributed to them. He
has had them analyzed by good chemists, but the result has been only a
gummy solution, of rather a disagreeable taste, which might, however,
be of service in certain disorders of the chest.
"These nests are, in fact, only articles of luxury or ornament on
the tables of the rich. The Chinese are passionately fond of them:
after well soaking and cleaning them, they are put with a fat capon
or a duck into an earthen pot, closely covered; they are simmered
for twenty-four hours over a small fire, which is called timmen;
thus prepared, this eatable acquires a relish infinitely more rich,
and a more nourishing quality.
"The trade in these nests, which some years ago was of little
importance, has been greatly on the increase for some time. The price
is constantly rising in China, and Batavia is the principal market
for them. The company having abandoned it, the inhabitants derive
sufficient advantage from it to diminish the exportation of specie,
which is highly prejudicial. It is now very well ascertained that
the species of swallow which builds these nests is not to be found
in China.
"Linnaeus, in his Systeme Naturel, characterizes this swallow, which he
calls the hirundo esculenta, by white spots only on the feathers of the
tail. But those birds of Java, which construct the nests in question,
have no spots either on their tail or elsewhere. The feathers of the
tail are entirely of one colour, that is, grey, approaching to black
on the upper, and a lighter grey on the under surface.
"Rumph says, in speaking of these apodes marinae, that the feathers of
their tail are spotted, and that the breast has black and white spots.
"Valentyn in his description of the small swallow which builds the
eatable nests, says nothing of spots, and only states that the body
is veined white and black.
"If these differences are allowed to be essential, it will follow
that there must be two kinds of these swallows, the one with a
spotted breast, and having white spots on the tail, the other without
either. It is possible, even, that there may be a third variety, that
called momos, or bocrongitams. These likewise form their nests of
part of their food; but mixed with so much impure matter that no use
can be made of them. Care is taken, therefore, to drive them away,
that they may not injure the nests of the better species. They are
readily known from these latter by their superior size, and their
legs being provided with small feathers down to the feet.
"In the kingdom of Tonquin, and in China, there is a great demand for
these nests of the salanganes. They form their most exquisite food,
and they attribute to them the property of strengthening the stomach,
and of being a powerful aphrodisiac. They are preserved for the tables
of the King, and those of the principal nobles who are able to procure
them. They are diluted, made into gravy or soup, and mixed with all
sorts of choice aliment, and every kind of taste is imputed to them.
"In the state in which the salanganes are sold, they bear a close
resemblance to the half of a preserved citron, both in size and
shape. They are put into small boats, which the people of the country
are sufficiently dextrous in piloting through the rocks where the
nests are found. The King of Cochin-China retains in his own hands,
exclusively, the portion of this trade which belongs to him, as the
most precious production of his dominions, and of which the sale is
most to be relied on."
Note VII.--Page 18.
This shell, which even here, as every where else, bears the name of
cowrie, forms likewise the currency of Africa, as it formerly did
that of India; and this may probably furnish an argument in favour
of the Malay origin.
Note VIII.--Page 21. Note IX.--Same page.
Two causes are here assigned for the wretched state of these
dependencies, apparently different, but in fact flowing from the same
source. We are told that the surrounding nations are more industrious,
and can work at a cheaper rate, and that the insects and rats destroy
the produce of the soil. Were the encouragement of agriculture and
manufactures an object of importance in the colonial system of the
Philippines, the extension and protection of the former would soon
circumscribe the dominion of the rats, its most destructive enemy;
and if the productions of the soil were, as they ought to be, in as
great plenty, and at as low a rate as on the neighbouring islands,
manufactures, particularly with the aid of machinery, would be afforded
at a profit adequate to the exertions of industry. But the truth
is, that the Spanish government is rather desirous of considering
the Philippines as the grand depot of the commerce of South America
with India and China, and it may be presumed that, on this account,
not only is its industry repressed, but the very heavy expense of the
settlement submitted to and annually sent from New Spain. The revenue
stated to be collected in the islands amounts to about one million of
dollars, and this, together with about the same sum remitted by the
Acapulco ships, enable the government to defray the annual charges
of the colonial establishment.
Note X.--Page 24.
The Spanish author, on the subject of the origin of these Negroes,
forms a conclusion directly at variance with what he afterwards says
with regard to the origin of the Indians. He admits that the similarity
of the former to those of Angola, with the exception of only a shade
in colour, carries sufficient conviction as to their parent stock,
and of course allows the islands to have been originally colonized
from Africa, and by a people infinitely less advanced in cultivation
than the Indians, setting aside at once his own very well founded
subsequent conclusion, that the colonization of all the islands of the
South Sea, with the Marianas, Philippines, &c. must have originated in
South America, and proceeded gradually before the wind. The constant
course of easterly winds in the Pacific, joined to the instances he
adduces of similitude of language, unquestionably aid his hypothesis,
which, though probably more curious than practically useful, is yet
deserving of attention. There is not, indeed, a more embarrassing
subject than that frequently proves to be, which treats of the origin
and ancient connexion of distant nations, and after all, as in this
case, we are too often left on the field of conjecture.
Note XI.--Page 25.
The reason here given for the wretched condition of these people
seems more candidly than might be expected from a Spaniard, to take
the load of responsibility from them and cast it on the government;
and the perusal of the succeeding pages will but too well confirm
the propriety of the censure.
Note XII.--Page 36.
Sonnerat asserts, that among the mild inhabitants of the fertile
plains on the west border of the Lake Bay, adultery is the only crime
punished with death; but it seems more reasonable to conclude, that
of the two the Spaniard is most to be relied on.
Note XIII.--Page 37.
The striking resemblance of this to the price exacted by Laban from
Jacob for his two daughters, will not be passed over by the reader
unnoticed; and we are obliged to conclude either that such similarity
of customs must originate in a common source, or that a certain state
of social life, in certain climates, will produce manners mutually
approximating.
Note XIV.--Page 42.
Without, in any respect, detracting from the merit of the propagators
of the Christian faith in these islands, or claiming any superiority
for our own tenets or practice, I fear we need not travel beyond the
pillars of Hercules to the southward, and the Ultima Thule to the
northward, to discover such perversion of human intellect, although,
I trust, it is no proof that we are very bad Christians.
The influence of traditional superstitions is too generally known
and admitted to require to be descanted on. Its operation commences
with the first dawn of reason, and very rarely is it found that even
all the strength of the human mind, aided by religion and philosophy,
can thoroughly eradicate the impressions it makes. The water kelpie
of the north of Scotland differs from the Patianac and Tigbalang, only
as being a good natured and very useful being; and we are all familiar
with the mythologic machinery of our ancestors, for we will take leave
to entertain a belief that Fingal and Ossian did once exist, and that
the latter pourtrayed the manners, customs and opinions of his time.
Note XV.--Page 46.
It is curious to observe the progress of science and discovery, and
still more deserving our notice is the transitory nature of power. The
magisterial authority assumed by the Pontiff on this occasion might
possibly have saved the effusion of human blood, and its interposition
at that crisis, as a mediator between the most powerful nations then
in existence, if it was beneficial in no other respect, seems to have
stimulated the Spaniards to attempt the discovery of a passage into
the Pacific by the southern coast of America.
Note XVI.--Page 65.
This must either be a mistake, or we must conclude that the intercourse
of the Portuguese with these islands had furnished them with the
European improvements.
Notes XVII. and XVIII.--Pages 106-7.
The circumstances stated on both these occasions, incontestably prove
that the energy and exertions of the Portuguese in establishing their
own exclusive dominion in the eastern Archipelago, even in defiance of
the fiat of his Holiness, had led them to impart to the natives that
knowledge which they themselves had been but lately possessed of;
for the use of cannon, on board ships, did not come into practice
till about the year 1539.
Note XIX.--Page 129.
Thus it is that the Spaniards appear even to have deceived themselves
in subduing those islands. In the course of this work, the reader
will be enabled to appreciate the nature of what the Spaniards called
a conquest. The progress of a few men into the interior of a country
under the protection of fire-arms, and the baptism of some individuals,
to whose language the Spaniards were perfect strangers, and who of
course could form no idea of the obligations imposed by the ceremony,
seem to constitute their notion of conquest. Thus it is too that their
authority extends over so small a portion of these delicious islands.
Note XX.--Page 197.
The inhuman custom of infanticide is not only practised with impunity
in China, but seems even countenanced as the readiest means of
limiting a population which would otherwise be superabundant, and in
time exceed the productive powers of the country. By the narrative of
Lord Macartney we learn, that in the tract of country through which
the embassy passed, the population appeared excessive; at the same
time that cultivation and industry seemed to be extended to their
utmost limits. All the accounts we possess of that extraordinary empire
concur in this representation. What effect the very pious application
of the funds of the eleemosynary establishments at Manila may have
in checking this savage custom is not noticed by the author; and we
have reason to fear the practice is so general, that any attempt to
check it by this means might rather tend to stimulate the avarice
of the parents, and produce an opposite effect. The Chinese are as
yet but in a half civilized state, and while they continue so we can
entertain but slender hopes of any alteration more consistent with
the feelings of humanity.
Note XXI.--Page 211.
The whole of this paragraph comprises a more virulent Philippic against
the Spanish government than we could have expected from a Spaniard;
but which the reader is by this time convinced is no less just than
spirited. That the mild measures the author recommends would have
the desired effect may be fairly doubted. He appears to write as a
monk rather than as a statesman; but it cannot admit of a question,
that if it were possible to combine with such measures a military
establishment, under the control of wise laws, whose mild influence
might be generally felt, and equally protect the native as the
Spaniard, the unstable authority of that nation upon these islands
would soon assume a different character, and reduce the quantum of
human misery which their present system is calculated to perpetuate.
T. DAVISON, Lombard-street,
Whitefriars, London.
NOTE
[1] This is an opinion very generally received, and naturalists,
in copying one from another, have stamped a credit upon it. Houttyn
himself, in his Natural History, vol. i. part v. page 607, gives a
description of this bird, and of its manners, very different from
the above.