CHAPTER XIV

1889--1895

In this Institute, which Pasteur entered ill and weary, he contemplated

with joy those large laboratories, which would enable his pupils to work

with ease and to attract around them investigators from all countries.

He was happy to think that the material difficulties which had hampered

him would be spared those who came after him. He believed in the

realization of his wishes for peace, work, mutual help among men.

Whatever the obstacles, he was persuaded that science would continue its

civilizing progress and that its benefits would spread from domain to

domain. Differing from those old men who are ever praising the past, he

had an enthusiastic confidence in the future; he foresaw great

developments of his studies, some of which were already apparent. His

first researches on crystallography and molecular dissymmetry had served

as a basis to stereo-chemistry. But, while he followed the studies on

that subject of Le Bel and Van t’Hoff, he continued to regret that he

had not been able to revert to the studies of his youth, enslaved as he

had been by the inflexible logical sequence of his works. “Every time we

have had the privilege of hearing Pasteur speak of his early

researches,” writes M. Chamberland, in an article in the _Revue

Scientifique_, “we have seen the revival in him of a smouldering fire,

and we have thought that his countenance showed a vague regret at having

forsaken them. Who can now say what discoveries he might have made in

that direction?” “One day,” said Dr. Héricourt--who spent the summer

near Villeneuve l’Etang, and who often came into the Park with his two

sons--“he favoured me with an admirable, captivating discourse on this

subject, the like of which I have never heard.”

Pasteur, instead of feeling regret, might have looked back with calm

pride on the progress he had made in other directions.

In what obscurity were fermentation and infection enveloped before his

time, and with what light he had penetrated them! When he had discovered

the all-powerful rôle of the infinitesimally small, he had actually

mastered some of those living germs, causes of disease; he had

transformed them from destructive to preservative agents. Not only had

he renovated medicine and surgery, but hygiene, misunderstood and

neglected until then, was benefiting by the experimental method. Light

was being thrown on preventive measures.

M. Henri Monod, Director of Hygiene and Public Charities, one day

quoted, à propos of sanitary measures, these words of the great English

Minister, Disraeli--

“Public health is the foundation upon which rest the happiness of the

people and the power of the State. Take the most beautiful kingdom, give

it intelligent and laborious citizens, prosperous manufactures,

productive agriculture; let arts flourish, let architects cover the land

with temples and palaces; in order to defend all these riches, have

first-rate weapons, fleets of torpedo boats--if the population remains

stationary, if it decreases yearly in vigour and in stature, the nation

must perish. And that is why I consider that the first duty of a

statesman is the care of Public Health.”

In 1889, when the International Congress of Hygiene met in Paris, M.

Brouardel was able to say--

“If echoes from this meeting could reach them ... our ancestors would

learn that a revolution, the most formidable for thirty centuries, has

shaken medical science to its very foundations, and that it is the work

of a stranger to their corporation; and their sons do not cry Anathema,

they admire him, bow to his laws.... We all proclaim ourselves disciples

of Pasteur.”

On the very day after those words were pronounced, Pasteur saw the

realization of one of his most ardent wishes, the inauguration of the

new Sorbonne. At the sight of the wonderful facilities for work offered

by this palace, he remembered Claude Bernard’s cellar, his own garret at

the Ecole Normale, and felt a movement of patriotic pride.

In October, 1889, though his health remained shaken, he insisted on

going to Alais, where a statue was being raised to J. B. Dumas. Many of

his colleagues tried to dissuade him from this long and fatiguing

journey, but he said: “I am alive, I shall go.” At the foot of the

statue, he spoke of his master, one of those men who are “the tutelary

spirits of a nation.”

The sericicultors, desiring to thank him for the five years he had spent

in studying the silkworm disease, offered him an artistic souvenir: a

silver heather twig laden with gold cocoons.

Pasteur did not fail to remind them that it was at the request of their

fellow citizen that he had studied pébrine. He said, “In the expression

of your gratitude, by which I am deeply touched, do not forget that the

initiative was due to M. Dumas.”

Thus his character revealed itself on every occasion. Every morning,

with a step rendered heavy by age and ill-health, he went from his rooms

to the Hydrophobia Clinic, arriving there long before the patients. He

superintended the preparation of the vaccinal marrows; no detail escaped

him. When the time came for inoculations, he was already informed of

each patient’s name, sometimes of his poor circumstances; he had a kind

word for every one, often substantial help for the very poor. The

children interested him most; whether severely bitten, or frightened at

the inoculation, he dried their tears and consoled them. How many

children have thus kept a memory of him! “When I see a child,” he used

to say, “he inspires me with two feelings: tenderness for what he is

now, respect for what he may become hereafter.”

* * * * *

Already in May, 1892, Denmark, Sweden, and Norway had formed various

Committees of scientists and pupils of Pasteur to celebrate his

seventieth birthday. In France, it was in November that the Medical and

Surgical Section of the Academy of Sciences constituted a Subscription

Committee to offer Pasteur an affectionate homage. Roty, the celebrated

engraver, was desired to finish a medal he had already begun,

representing Pasteur in profile, a skull cap on his broad forehead, the

brow strongly prominent, the whole face full of energy and meditation.

His shoulders are covered with the cape he usually wore in the morning

in the passages of his Institute. Roty had not time to design a

satisfactory reverse side; he surrounded with laurels and roses the

following inscription: “To Pasteur, on his seventieth birthday. France

and Humanity grateful.”

On the morning of December 27, 1892, the great theatre of the Sorbonne

was filled. The seats of honour held the French and foreign delegates

from Scientific Societies, the members of the Institute, and the

Professors of Faculties. In the amphitheatre were the deputations from

the Ecoles Normale, Polytechnique, Centrale, of Pharmacy, Vétérinaires,

and of Agriculture--deep masses of students. People pointed out to each

other Pasteur’s pupils, Messrs. Duclaux, Roux, Chamberland, Metchnikoff,

in their places; M. Perdrix, a former Normalien, now an

_Agrégé-préparateur_; M. Edouard Calmette, a former student of the Ecole

Centrale, who had taken part in the studies on beer; and M. Denys

Cochin, who, thirteen years before, had studied alcoholic fermentation

in the laboratory of the Rue d’Ulm. The first gallery was full of those

who had subscribed towards the presentation about to be made to Pasteur.

In the second gallery, boys from _lycées_ crowned the immense assembly

with a youthful garland.

At half past 10 o’clock, whilst the band of the Republican Guard played

a triumphal march, Pasteur entered, leaning on the arm of the President

of the Republic. Carnot led him to a little table, whereon the addresses

from the various delegates were to be laid. The Presidents of the Senate

and of the Chamber, the Ministers and Ambassadors, took their seats on

the platform. Behind the President of the Republic stood, in their

uniform, the official delegates of the five Academies which form the

Institut de France. The Academy of Medicine and the great Scientific

Societies were represented by their presidents and life-secretaries.

M. Charles Dupuy, Minister of Public Instruction, rose to speak, and

said, after retracing Pasteur’s great works--

“Who can now say how much human life owes to you and how much more it

will owe to you in the future! The day will come when another Lucretius

will sing, in a new poem on Nature, the immortal Master whose genius

engendered such benefits.

“He will not describe him as a solitary, unfeeling man, like the hero of

the Latin poet; but he will show him mingling with the life of his time,

with the joys and trials of his country, dividing his life between the

stern enjoyment of scientific research and the sweet communion of family

intercourse; going from the laboratory to his hearth, finding in his

dear ones, particularly in the helpmeet who has understood him so well

and loved him all the better for it, that comforting encouragement of

every hour and each moment, without which so many struggles might have

exhausted his ardour, arrested his perseverance, and enervated his

genius....

“May France keep you for many more years, and show you to the world as

the worthy object of her love, of her gratitude and pride.”

The President of the Academy of Sciences, M. d’Abbadie, was chosen to

present to Pasteur the commemorative medal of this great day.

Joseph Bertrand said that the same science, wide, accurate, and solid,

had been a foundation to all Pasteur’s works, each of them shining “with

such a dazzling light, that, in looking at either, one is inclined to

think that it eclipses all others.”

After a few words from M. Daubrée, senior member of the Mineralogical

Section and formerly a colleague of Pasteur’s at the Strasburg Faculty,

the great Lister, who represented the Royal Societies of London and

Edinburgh, brought to Pasteur the homage of medicine and surgery. “You

have,” said he, “raised the veil which for centuries had covered

infectious diseases; you have discovered and demonstrated their

microbian nature.”

When Pasteur rose to embrace Lister, the sight of those two men gave the

impression of a brotherhood of science labouring to diminish the sorrows

of humanity.

After a speech from M. Bergeron, Life-Secretary of the Academy of

Medicine, and another from M. Sauton, President of the Paris Municipal

Council, the various delegates presented the addresses they had brought.

Each of the large cities of Europe had its representative. The national

delegates were called in their turn. A student from the Alfort

Veterinary School brought a medal offered by the united Veterinary

Schools of France. Amongst other offerings, Pasteur was given an album

containing the signatures of the inhabitants of Arbois, and another

coming from Dôle, in which were reproduced a facsimile of his

birth-certificate and a photograph of the house in which he was born.

The sight of his father’s signature at the end of the certificate moved

him more than anything else.

The Paris Faculty of Medicine was represented by its Dean, Professor

Brouardel. “More fortunate than Harvey and than Jenner,” he said, “you

have been able to see the triumph of your doctrines, and what a

triumph!...”

The last word of homage was pronounced by M. Devise, President of the

Students’ Association, who said to Pasteur, “You have been very great

and very good; you have given a beautiful example to students.”

Pasteur’s voice, made weaken than usual by his emotion, could not have

been heard all over the large theatre; his thanks were read out by his

son--

“Monsieur le Président de la République, your presence transforms an

intimate fête into a great ceremony, and makes of the simple birthday of

a savant a special date for French science.

“M. le Ministre, Gentlemen--In the midst of all this magnificence, my

first thought takes me back to the melancholy memory of so many men of

science who have known but trials. In the past, they had to struggle,

against the prejudices which hampered their ideas. After those

prejudices were vanquished, they encountered obstacles and difficulties

of all kinds.

“Very few years ago, before the public authorities and the town councils

had endowed science with splendid dwellings, a man whom I loved and

admired, Claude Bernard, had, for a laboratory, a wretched cellar not

far from here, low and damp. Perhaps it was there that he contracted the

disease of which he died. When I heard what you were preparing for me

here, the thought of him arose in my mind; I hail his great memory.

“Gentlemen, by an ingenious and delicate thought, you seem to make the

whole of my life pass before my eyes. One of my Jura compatriots, the

Mayor of Dôle, has brought me a photograph of the very humble home where

my father and mother lived such a hard life. The presence of the

students of the Ecole Normale brings back to me the glamour of my first

scientific enthusiasms. The representatives of the Lille Faculty evoke

memories of my first studies on crystallography and fermentation, which

opened to me a new world. What hopes seized upon me when I realized that

there must be laws behind so many obscure phenomena! You, my dear

colleagues, have witnessed by what series of deductions it was given to

me, a disciple of the experimental method, to reach physiological

studies. If I have sometimes disturbed the calm of our Academies by

somewhat violent discussions, it was because I was passionately

defending truth.

“And you, delegates from foreign nations, who have come from so far to

give to France a proof of sympathy, you bring me the deepest joy that

can be felt by a man whose invincible belief is that Science and Peace

will triumph over Ignorance and War, that nations will unite, not to

destroy, but to build, and that the future will belong to those who will

have done most for suffering humanity. I appeal to you, my dear Lister,

and to you all, illustrious representatives of medicine and surgery.

“Young men, have confidence in those powerful and safe methods, of which

we do not yet know all the secrets. And, whatever your career may be, do

not let yourselves become tainted by a deprecating and barren

scepticism, do not let yourselves be discouraged by the sadness of

certain hours which pass over nations. Live in the serene peace of

laboratories and libraries. Say to yourselves first: ‘What have I done

for my instruction?’ and, as you gradually advance, ‘What have I done

for my country?’ until the time comes when you may have the immense

happiness of thinking that you have contributed in some way to the

progress and to the good of humanity. But, whether our efforts are or

not favoured by life, let us be able to say, when we come near the great

goal, ‘I have done what I could.’

“Gentlemen, I would express to you my deep emotion and hearty gratitude.

In the same way as Roty, the great artist, has, on the back of this

medal, hidden under roses the heavy number of years which weigh on my

life, you have, my dear colleagues, given to my old age the most

delightful sight of all this living and loving youth.”

The shouts “Vive Pasteur!” resounded throughout the building. The

President of the Republic rose, went towards Pasteur to congratulate

him, and embraced him with effusion.

* * * * *

Hearts went out to Pasteur even from distant countries. The Canadian

Government, acting on the suggestion of the deputies of the province of

Quebec, gave the name of Pasteur to a district on the borders of the

state of Maine.

A few weeks after the fête, the Governor-General of Algeria, M. Cambon,

wrote to Pasteur as follows--

“Sir--Desirous of showing to you the special gratitude which Algeria

bears you for the immense services you have rendered to science and to

humanity by your great and fruitful discoveries, I have decided that

your name should be given to the village of Sériana, situated in the

_arrondissement_ of Batna, department of Constantine. I am happy that I

have been able to render this slight homage to your illustrious person.”

“I feel a deep emotion,” replied Pasteur, “in thinking that, thanks to

you, my name will remain attached to that corner of the world. When a

child of this village asks what was the origin of this denomination, I

should like the schoolmaster to tell him simply that it is the name of a

Frenchman who loved France very much, and who, by serving her,

contributed to the good of humanity. My heart is thrilled at the thought

that my name might one day awaken the first feelings of patriotism in a

child’s soul. I shall owe to you this great joy in my old age; I thank

you more than I can say.” The origin of Sériana is very ancient. M.

Stéphane Gsell relates that this village was occupied long before the

coming of the Romans, by a tribe which became Christian, as is seen by

ruins of chapels and basilicas. It is situated on the slope of a

mountain covered with oaks and cedars, and giving rise to springs of

fresh water. A bust of Pasteur was soon after erected in this village,

at the request of the inhabitants.

Enthusiasm for Pasteur was spreading everywhere. Women understood that

science was entering their domain, since it served charity. They gave

magnificent gifts; clauses in wills bore these words: “To Pasteur, to

help in his humanitarian task.” In November, 1893, Pasteur saw an

unknown lady enter his study in the Rue Dutot, and heard her speak thus:

“There must be some students who love science and who, having to earn

their living, cannot give themselves up to disinterested work. I should

like to place at your disposal four scholarships, for four young men

chosen by you. Each scholarship would be of 3,000 fr.; 2,400 for the men

themselves, and 600 fr. for the expenses they would incur in your

laboratories. Their lives would be rendered easier. You could find

amongst them, either an immediate collaborator for your Institute or a

missionary whom you might send far away; and if a medical career tempted

them, they would be enabled by their momentary independence to prepare

themselves all the better for their profession. I only ask one thing,

which is that my name should not be mentioned.”

Pasteur was infinitely touched by the scheme of this mysterious lady.

The scholarship foundation was for one year only, but other years were

about to follow and to resemble this one.

Many letters brought to Pasteur requested that he should study or order

the study of such and such a disease. Some of these letters responded to

preoccupations which had long been in the mind of Pasteur and his

disciples. One day he received these lines:

“You have done all the good a man could do on earth. If you will, you

can surely find a remedy for the horrible disease called diphtheria. Our

children, to whom we teach your name as that of a great benefactor, will

owe their lives to you.--A MOTHER.”

* * * * *

Pasteur, in spite of his failing strength, had hopes that he would yet

live to see the defeat of the foe so dreaded by mothers. In the

laboratory of the Pasteur Institute, Dr. Roux and Dr. Yersin were

obstinately pursuing the study of this disease. In their first paper on

the subject, modestly entitled _A Contribution to the Study of

Diphtheria_, they said: “Ever since Bretonneau, diphtheria has been

looked upon as a specific and contagious disease; its study has

therefore been undertaken of late years with the help of the microbian

methods which have already been the means of finding the cause of many

other infectious diseases.”

In spite of the convictions of Bretonneau, who had, in 1818, witnessed a

violent epidemic of croup in the centre of France, his view was far from

being generally adopted. Velpeau, then a young student, wrote to him in

1820 that all the members, save two, of the Faculty of Medicine were

agreed in opposing or blaming his opinions. Another brilliant pupil of

Bretonneau’s, Dr. Trousseau, who never ceased to correspond with his old

master, wrote to him in 1854: “It remains to be proved that diphtheria

always comes from a germ. I hardly doubt this with regard to small-pox;

to be consistent, I ought not to doubt it either with regard to

diphtheria. I was thinking so this morning, as I was performing

tracheotomy on a poor child twenty-eight months old; opposite the bed,

there was a picture of his five-year-old brother, painted on his

death-bed. He had succumbed five years ago, to malignant angina.”

Knowing Bretonneau’s ideas on contagion, Trousseau wrote further down:

“I shall have the beds and bedding burnt, the paper hangings also, for

they have a velvety and attractive surface; I shall tell the mother to

purify herself like a Hindoo--else what would you say to me!”

A German of the name of Klebs discovered the bacillus of diphtheria in

1883, by studying the characteristic membranes; it was afterwards

isolated by Loeffler, another German.

Pure cultures of this bacillus, injected on the surface of the

excoriated fauces of rabbits, guinea-pigs, and pigeons, produce the

diphtheritic membranes: Messrs. Roux and Yersin demonstrated this fact

and ascertained the method of its deadly action.

Dr. Roux, in a lecture to the London Royal Society, in 1889, said:

“Microbes are chiefly dangerous on account of the toxic matters which

they produce.” He recalled that Pasteur had been the first to

investigate the action of the toxic products elaborated by the microbe

of chicken-cholera. By filtering the culture, Pasteur had obtained a

liquid which contained no microbes. Hens inoculated with this liquid

presented all the symptoms of cholera. “This experiment shows us,”

continued M. Roux, “that the chemical products contained in the culture

are capable by themselves of provoking the symptoms of the disease; it

is therefore very probable that the same products are prepared within

the body itself of a hen attacked with cholera. It has been shown since

then that many pathogenic microbes manufactured these toxic products.

The microbes of typhoid fever, of cholera, of blue pus, of acute

experimental septicæmia, of diphtheria, are great poison-producers. The

cultures of the diphtheria bacillus particularly are, after a certain

time, so full of the toxin that, without microbes, and in infinitesimal

doses, they cause the death of the animals with all the signs observed

after inoculation with the microbe itself. The picture of the disease is

complete, even presenting the ensuing paralysis if the injected dose is

too weak to bring about a rapid death. Death in infectious diseases is

therefore caused by intoxication.”

This bacillus, like that of tetanus, secretes a poison which reaches the

kidneys, attacks the nervous system, and acts on the heart, the beats of

which are accelerated or suddenly arrested. Sheltered in the membrane

like a foe in an ambush, the microbe manufactures its deadly poison.

Diphtheria, as defined by M. Roux, is an intoxication caused by a very

active poison formed by the microbe within the restricted area wherein

it develops.

It was sufficient to examine a portion of diphtheritic membrane to

distinguish the diphtheritic bacilli, tiny rods resembling short needles

laid across each other. Other microbes were frequently associated with

these bacilli, and it became necessary to study microbian associations

in diphtheria. The Klebs-Loeffler bacillus, disseminated in broth, gave

within a month or three weeks a richly toxic culture; the bottom of the

vessel was covered with a thick deposit of microbes, and a film of

younger bacilli floated on the surface. By filtering this broth and

freeing it from microbes, Messrs. Roux and Yersin made a great

discovery: they obtained pure toxin, capable of killing, in forty-eight

hours, a guinea-pig inoculated with one-tenth of a cubic centimetre of

it.

Now that the toxin was found, the remedy, the antitoxin, could be

discovered. This was done by Behring, a German scientist, and by

Kitasato, a Japanese physician. Drs. Richet and Héricourt had already

opened the way in 1888, while studying another disease.

M. Roux inoculated a horse with diphtheritic toxin mitigated by the

addition of iodine, in doses, very weak at first, but gradually

stronger; the horse grew by degrees capable of resisting strong doses of

pure toxin. It was then bled by means of a large trocar introduced into

the jugular vein, the blood received in a bowl was allowed to coagulate,

and the liquid part of it, the serum, was then collected; this serum was

antitoxic, antidiphtheritic--in one word, the long-desired cure.

At the beginning of 1894, M. Roux had several horses rendered immune by

the above process. He desired to prove the efficiency of the serum in

the treatment of diphtheria, with the collaboration of MM. Martin and

Chaillou, who had, both clinically and bacteriologically, studied more

than 400 cases of diphtheria.

There are in Paris two hospitals where diphtheritic children are taken

in. It was decided that the new treatment should be applied at the

hospital of the _Enfants Malades_, whilst the old system should be

continued at the Hôpital Trousseau.

From February 1, MM. Roux, Martin, and Chaillou paid a daily visit to

the _Enfants Malades_; they treated all the little diphtheria patients

by injection, in the side, of a dose of twenty cubic centimetres of

serum, followed, twenty-four hours later, by another dose of twenty, or

only of ten cubic centimetres. Almost invariably, not only did the

membranes cease to increase during the twenty-four hours following the

first injection, but they began to come away within thirty-six or

forty-eight hours, the third day at the latest; the livid, leaden

paleness of the face disappeared; the child was saved.

From 1890 to 1893 there had been 3,971 cases of diphtheria, fatal in

2,029 cases, the average mortality being therefore 51 per 100. The serum

treatment, applied to hundreds of children, brought it down to less than

24 per 100 in four months. At the Trousseau Hospital, where the serum

was not employed, the mortality during the same period was 60 per 100.

In May, M. Roux gave a lecture on diphtheria at Lille, at the request of

the Provident Society of the Friends of Science, which held its general

meeting in that town. Pasteur, who was president of the Society, came to

Lille to thank its inhabitants for the support they had afforded for

forty years to the Society.

The master and his disciple were received in the Hall of the Industrial

Society. Pasteur listened with an admiring emotion to his pupil, whose

rigorous experimentation, together with the beauty of the object in

view, filled him with enthusiasm. He who had said, “Exhaust every

combination, until the mind can conceive no others possible,” was

delighted to hear the methodical exposition of the manner in which this

great problem had been attacked and solved.

At the Hygiene and Demography Congress at Buda-Pesth, M. Roux, repeating

and enlarging his lecture, made a communication on the serotherapy of

diphtheria which created a great sensation in Europe.

In France, prefects asked the Minister of the Interior how local

physicians might obtain this antidiphtheritic serum. The _Figaro_

newspaper opened a subscription towards preserving children from croup;

it soon reached more than a million francs. The Pasteur Institute was

now able to build stables, buy a hundred horses, render them immune, and

constitute a permanent organization for serotherapy. In three months,

50,000 doses of serum were about to be given away.

Pasteur, who was then at Arbois, followed every detail with passionate

interest. Sitting under the old quinces in his little garden, he read

the lists of subscribers, names of little children, offering charitable

gifts as they entered this life, and names of sorrowing parents, giving

in the names of dear lost ones.

When he started again for Paris, October 4, 1894, Pasteur was seized

again with the melancholy feeling which had attended his first departure

from his home, when he was sixteen years old. He saw the same grey sky,

the same fine rain and misty horizon, as he looked for the last time

upon the distant hills and wide plains he loved, perhaps conscious that

it was so. But he remained silent, as was his wont when troubled by his

thoughts, his sadness only revealing itself to those who lovingly

watched every movement of his countenance.

On October 6, the Pasteur Institute was invaded by a crowd of medical

men; M. Martin gave a special lecture in compliance with the desire of

many practitioners unaccustomed to laboratory work, who desired to

understand the diagnosis of diphtheria and the mode in which the serum

should be used. Pasteur, from his study window, was watching all this

coming and going in his Institute. A twofold feeling was visible on his

worn features: a sorrowing regret that his age now disarmed him for

work, but also the satisfaction of feeling that his work was growing day

by day, and that other investigators would, in a similar spirit, pursue

the many researches which remained to be undertaken. About that time, M.

Yersin, now a physician in the colonies, communicated to the _Annals of

the Pasteur Institute_ the discovery of the plague bacillus. He had been

desired to go to China in order to study the nature of the scourge, its

conditions of propagation, and the most efficient means of preventing it

from attacking the French possessions. Pasteur had long recognized very

great qualities in this pupil whose habits of silent labour were almost

those of an ascete. M. Yersin started with a missionary’s zeal. When he

reached Hong-Kong, three hundred Chinese had already succumbed, and the

hospitals of the colony were full; he immediately recognized the

symptoms of the bubonic plague, which had ravaged Europe on many

occasions. He noticed that the epidemic raged principally in the slums

occupied by Chinese of the poorer classes, and that in the infected

quarters there were a great many rats which had died of the plague.

Pasteur read with the greatest interest the following lines, so exactly

in accordance with his own method of observation: “The peculiar aptitude

to contract plague possessed by certain animals,” wrote M. Yersin,

“enabled me to undertake an experimental study of the disease under very

favourable circumstances; it was obvious that the first thing to do was

to look for a microbe in the blood of the patients and in the bubonic

pulp.” When M. Yersin inoculated rats, mice, or guinea-pigs with this

pulp, the animals died, and he found several bacilli in the ganglions,

spleen, and blood. After some attempts at cultures and inoculations, he

concluded thus: “The plague is a contagious and inoculable disease. It

seems likely that rats constitute its principal vehicle, but I have also

ascertained that flies can contract the disease and die of it, and may

therefore become agents for its transmission.”

At the very time when M. Yersin was discovering the specific bacillus of

the plague in the bubonic pulp, Kitasato was making similar

investigations. The foe now being recognized, hopes of vanquishing it

might be entertained.

And whilst those good tidings were arriving, Pasteur was reading a new

work by M. Metchnikoff, a Russian scientist, who had elected to come to

France for the privilege of working by the side of Pasteur. M.

Metchnikoff explained by the action of the white corpuscles of the

blood, named “leucocytes,” the immunity or resistance, either natural or

acquired, of the organism against a defined disease. These corpuscles

may be considered as soldiers entrusted with the defence of the organism

against foreign invasions. If microbes penetrate into the tissues, the

defenders gather all their forces together and a free fight ensues. The

organism resists or succumbs according to the power or inferiority of

the white blood-cells. If the invading microbe is surrounded, eaten up,

and ingested by the victorious white corpuscles (also named

_phagocytes_), the latter find in their victory itself fresh reserve

forces against a renewed invasion.

* * * * *

On November 1, in the midst of all this laborious activity and daily

progress, Pasteur was about to pay his daily visit to his grandchildren,

when he was seized by a violent attack of uræmia. He was laid on his

bed, and remained nearly unconscious for four hours; the sweat of agony

bathed his forehead and his whole body, and his eyes remained closed.

The evening brought with it a ray of hope; he was able to speak, and

asked not to be left alone. Immediate danger seemed avoided, but great

anxiety continued to be felt.

It was easy to organize a series of devoted nurses; all Pasteur’s

disciples were eager to watch by his bedside. Every evening, two persons

took their seats in his room: one a member of the family, and one a

“Pastorian.” About one a.m. they were replaced by another Pastorian and

another member of the family. From November 1 to December 25, the

laboratory workers continued this watching, regulated by Dr. Roux as

follows:--

Sunday night, Roux and Chantemesse; Monday, Queyrat and Marmier;

Tuesday, Borrel and Martin; Wednesday, Mesnil and Pottevin; Thursday,

Marchoux and Viala; Friday, Calmette and Veillon; Saturday, Renon and

Morax. A few alterations were made in this order; Dr. Marie claimed the

privilege. M. Metchnikoff, full of anxiety, came and went continually

from the laboratory to the master’s room. After the day’s work, each

faithful watcher came in, bringing books or notes, to go on with the

work begun, if the patient should be able to sleep. In the middle of the

night, Mme. Pasteur would come in and send away with a sweet authority

one of the two volunteer nurses. Pasteur’s loving and faithful wife was

straining every faculty of her valiant and tender soul to conjure the

vision of death which seemed so near. In spite of all her courage, there

were hours of weakness, at early dawn, when life was beginning to revive

in the quiet neighbourhood, when she could not keep her tears from

flowing silently. Would they succeed in saving him whose life was so

precious, so useful to others? In the morning, Pasteur’s two

grandchildren came into the bedroom. The little girl of fourteen, fully

realizing the prevailing anxiety, and rendered serious by the sorrow she

struggled to hide, talked quietly with him. The little boy, only eight

years old, climbed on to his grandfather’s bed, kissing him

affectionately and gazing on the loved face which always found enough

strength to smile at him.

Dr. Chantemesse attended Pasteur with an incomparable devotion. Dr.

Gille, who had often been sent for by Pasteur when staying at Villeneuve

l’Etang, came to Paris from Garches to see him. Professor Guyon showed

his colleague the most affectionate solicitude. Professor Dieulafoy was

brought in one morning by M. Metchnikoff; Professor Grancher, who was

ill and away from Paris, hurried back to his master’s side.

How often did they hang over him, anxiously following the respiratory

rhythm due to the uræmic intoxication! movements slow at first, then

rapid, accelerated, gasping, slackening again, and arrested in a long

pause of several seconds, during which all seemed suspended.

* * * * *

At the end of December, a marked improvement took place. On January 1,

after seeing all his collaborators, down to the youngest laboratory

attendant, Pasteur received the visit of one of his colleagues of the

Académie Française. It was Alexandre Dumas, carrying a bunch of roses,

and accompanied by one of his daughters. “I want to begin the year

well,” he said: “I am bringing you my good wishes.” Pasteur and

Alexandre Dumas, meeting at the Academy every Thursday for twelve years,

felt much attraction towards each other. Pasteur, charmed from the first

by this dazzling and witty intellect, had been surprised and touched by

the delicate attentions of a heart which only opened to a chosen few.

Dumas, who had observed many men, loved and admired Pasteur, a modest

and kindly genius; for this dramatic author hid a man thirsting for

moral action, his realism was lined with mysticism, and he placed the

desire to be useful above the hunger for fame. His blue eyes, usually

keen and cold, easily detecting secret thoughts and looking on them with

irony, were full of an expression of affectionate veneration when they

rested on “our dear and great Pasteur,” as he called him. Alexandre

Dumas’ visit gave Pasteur very great pleasure; he compared it to a ray

of sunshine.

As he could not go out, those who did not come to see him thought him

worse than he really was. It was therefore with great surprise that

people heard that he would be pleased to receive the old Normaliens, who

were about to celebrate the centenary of their school, and who, after

putting up a memorial plate on the small laboratory of the Rue d’Ulm,

desired to visit the Pasteur Institute. They filed one after another

into the drawing-room on the first floor. Pasteur, seated by the fire,

seemed to revive the old times when he used to welcome young men into

his home circle on Sunday evenings. He had an affectionate word or a

smile for each of those who now passed before him, bowing low. Every one

was struck with the keen expression of his eyes; never had the strength

of his intellect seemed more independent of the weakness of his body.

Many believed in a speedy recovery and rejoiced. “Your health,” said

some one, “is not only national but universal property.”

On that day, Dr. Roux had arranged on tables, in the large laboratory,

the little flasks which Pasteur had used in his experiments on so-called

spontaneous generation, which had been religiously preserved; also rows

of little tubes used for studies on wines; various preparations in

various culture media; microbes and bacilli, so numerous that it was

difficult to know which to see first. The bacteria of diphtheria and

bubonic plague completed this museum.

Pasteur was carried into the laboratory about twelve o’clock, and Dr.

Roux showed his master the plague bacillus through a microscope.

Pasteur, looking at these things, souvenirs of his own work and results

of his pupils’ researches, thought of those disciples who were

continuing his task in various parts of the world. In France, he had

just sent Dr. Calmette to Lille, where he soon afterwards created a new

and admirable Pasteur Institute. Dr. Yersin was continuing his

investigations in China. A Normalien, M. Le Dantec, who had entered the

Ecole at sixteen at the head of the list, and who had afterwards become

a curator at the laboratory, was in Brazil, studying yellow fever, of

which he very nearly died. Dr. Adrien Loir, after a protracted mission

in Australia, was head of a Pasteur Institute at Tunis. Dr. Nicolle was

setting up a laboratory of bacteriology at Constantinople. “There is

still a great deal to do!” sighed Pasteur as he affectionately pressed

Dr. Roux’ hand.

He was more than ever full of a desire to allay human suffering, of a

humanitarian sentiment which made of him a citizen of the world. But his

love for France was in no wise diminished, and the permanence of his

patriotic feelings was, soon after this, revealed by an incident. The

Berlin Academy of Sciences was preparing a list of illustrious

contemporary scientists to be submitted to the Kaiser with a view to

conferring on them the badge of the Order of Merit. As Pasteur’s protest

and return of his diploma to the Bonn University had not been forgotten,

the Berlin Academy, before placing his name on the list, desired to know

whether he would accept this distinction at the hands of the German

Emperor. Pasteur, while acknowledging with courteous thanks the honour

done to him as a scientist, declared that he could not accept it.

For him, as for Victor Hugo, the question of Alsace-Lorraine was a

question of humanity; the right of peoples to dispose of themselves was

in question. And by a bitter irony of Fate, France, which had proclaimed

this principle all over Europe, saw Alsace tom away from her. And by

whom? by the very nation whom she had looked upon as the most

idealistic, with whom she had desired an alliance in a noble hope of

pacific civilization, a hope shared by Humboldt, the great German

scientist.

* * * * *

It was obvious to those who came near Pasteur that, in spite of the

regret caused in him by the decrease of his physical strength, his moral

energy remained unimpaired. He never complained of the state of his

health, and usually avoided speaking of himself. A little tent had been

put up for him in the new garden of the Pasteur Institute, under the

young chestnuts, the flowers of which were now beginning to fall, and he

often spent his afternoons there. One or other of those who had watched

over him through the long winter nights frequently came to talk with

him, and he would inquire, with all his old interest, into every detail

of the work going on.

His old friend Chappuis, now Honorary Rector of the Academy of Dijon,

often came to sit with him under this tent. Their friendship remained

unchanged though it had lasted more than fifty years. Their conversation

now took a yet more exalted turn than in the days of their youth and

middle age. The dignity of Chappuis’ life was almost austere, though

tempered by a smiling philosophy.

Pasteur, less preoccupied than Chappuis by philosophical discussions,

soared without an effort into the domain of spiritual things. Absolute

faith in God and in Eternity, and a conviction that the power for good

given to us in this world will be continued beyond it, were feelings

which pervaded his whole life; the virtues of the Gospel had ever been

present to him. Full of respect for the form of religion which had been

that of his forefathers, he came to it simply and naturally for

spiritual help in these last weeks of his life.

On June 13, he came, for the last time, down the steps of the Pasteur

Institute, and entered the carriage which was to take him to Villeneuve

l’Etang. Every one spoke to him of this stay as if it were sure to bring

him back to health. Did he believe it? Did he try, in his tenderness for

those around him, to share their hopes? His face almost bore the same

expression as when he used to go to Villeneuve l’Etang to continue his

studies. When the carriage passed through Saint Cloud, some of the

inhabitants, who had seen him pass in former years, saluted him with a

mixture of emotion and respectful interest.

At Villeneuve l’Etang, the old stables of the Cent Gardes had reverted

to their former purpose and were used for the preparation of the

diphtheria antitoxin. There were about one hundred horses there; old

chargers, sold by the military authorities as unfit for further work;

racehorses thus ending their days; a few, presents from their owners,

such as Marshal Canrobert’s old horse.

Pasteur spent those summer weeks in his room or under the trees on the

lawns of the Park. A few horses had been put out to grass, the stables

being quite full, and occasionally came near, looking over their hurdles

towards him. Pasteur felt a deep thankfulness in watching the busy

comings and goings of Dr. Roux and his curator, M. Martin, and of the

veterinary surgeon, M. Prévôt, who was entrusted with the bleeding

operations and the distribution of the flasks of serum. He thought of

all that would survive him and felt that his weakened hand might now

drop the torch which had set so many others alight. And, more than

resigned, he sat peacefully under a beautiful group of pines and purple

beeches, listening to the readings of Mme. Pasteur and of his daughter.

They smiled on him with that valiant smile which women know how to keep

through deepest anguish.

Biographies interested him as of yore. There was at that time a renewal

of interest in memories of the First Empire; old letters, memoirs, war

anecdotes were being published every day. Pasteur never tired of those

great souvenirs. Many of those stories brought him back to the emotions

of his youth, but he no longer looked with the same eyes on the glory of

conquerors. The true guides of humanity now seemed to him to be those

who gave devoted service, not those who ruled by might. After enjoying

pages full of the thrill of battlefields, Pasteur admired the life of a

great and good man, St. Vincent de Paul. He loved this son of poor

peasants, proud to own his humble birth before a vainglorious society;

this tutor of a future cardinal, who desired to become the chaplain of

some unhappy convicts; this priest, who founded the work of the _Enfants

Trouvés_, and who established lay and religious alliance over the vast

domain of charity.

Pasteur himself exerted a great and charitable influence. The unknown

lady who had put at his disposal four scholarships for young men

without means came to him in August and offered him the funds for a

Pasteur Hospital, the natural outcome, she said, of the Pastorian

discoveries.

Pasteur’s strength diminished day by day, he now could hardly walk. When

he was seated in the Park, his grandchildren around him suggested young

rose trees climbing around the trunk of a dying oak. The paralysis was

increasing, and speech was becoming more and more difficult. The eyes

alone remained bright and clear; Pasteur was witnessing the ruin of what

in him was perishable.

How willingly they would have given a moment of their lives to prolong

his, those thousands of human beings whose existence had been saved by

his methods: sick children, women in lying-in hospitals, patients

operated upon in surgical wards, victims of rabid dogs saved from

hydrophobia, and so many others protected against the infinitesimally

small! But, whilst visions of those living beings passed through the

minds of his family, it seemed as if Pasteur already saw those dead ones

who, like him, had preserved absolute faith in the Future Life.

The last week in September he was no longer strong enough to leave his

bed, his weakness was extreme. On September 27, as he was offered a cup

of milk: “I cannot,” he murmured; his eyes looked around him with an

unspeakable expression of resignation, love and farewell. His head fell

back on the pillows, and he slept; but, after this delusive rest,

suddenly came the gaspings of agony. For twenty-four hours he remained

motionless, his eyes closed, his body almost entirely paralyzed; one of

his hands rested in that of Mme. Pasteur, the other held a crucifix.

Thus, surrounded by his family and disciples, in this room of almost

monastic simplicity, on Saturday, September 28, 1895, at 4.40 in the

afternoon, very peacefully, he passed away.

THE END.

INDEX

A

Abbadie, d’, presents medals to Pasteur, 449

Abdul Aziz, Sultan, 141

About, Edmond:

On Pasteur, 383

On Pasteur’s lecture at Sorbonne, 122

Pamphlet quoted, 177

Académie des Sciences, 29 _note_, 81

During siege of Paris, 186

Académie Française, Pasteur’s reception at, 345

Aërobes, 99

_Agrégation_, 31 _note_

Alais:

Pasteur goes to, 115, 117, 129, 138, 155, 166

Statue to J. B. Dumas at, 446

Alexandria, French mission to, 377

Alfort, experiments on sheep at, 306

Alsace-Lorraine question, 461

Amat, Mlle., 170

Anaërobes, 99, 220

Andral, Dr., 160

Advice to Pasteur, 247

Anglada, work “On Contagion” quoted, 80

_Anguillulæ_, 150

_Anthrax_ (splenic fever, charbon), 257 _seqq._, 292

Hens and, 267, 277

Commission on, 278

Vaccination against, 311, 312

Experiment, 315, 317, 318, 320, 328, 367, 368

Results, 325, 367, 368

Antirabic inoculation on man, 414

Discussion on, 434

Anti-vivisection, Virchow on, 332

Aosta, Duke and Duchess of, 141

Arago, 27, 356

On Monge, 195

Speech before Chamber of Deputies, 245

Arbois:

Pasteur at, 6, 7, 180, 420, 437

Presentation to Pasteur from, 449

Prussians at, 202

Arboisian characteristics, 8

Arcis-sur-Aube, battle of, 4

Ardèche, 32

Ardouin, Dr., 380

Aristotle, allusions to hydrophobia, 407

Arsonval, M. d’, 280

Aselli, discoveries through vivisection, 336

Aspartic acid, 57, 70

_Aspergillus niger_, 204

Aubenas, tribute to Pasteur, 350, 351

Augier, Emile, 174

Aurillac, testimonial to Pasteur, 373

B

“Baccalauréat,” 10 _and note_

Baciocchi, Princess, leaves Villa Vicentina to Prince Imperial, 173

Bagnères-de-Luchon, 104

Balard, lecturer at Ecole Normale, 29, 31, 56, 59, 100, 106

Advice to Pasteur, 217

Appeal to Pasteur, 217

Discovers bromin, 32

Inspector-General of Higher Education, 145

On Pasteur’s discovery, 40

Bar-sur-Aube, 3rd Regiment at, 3

Barbet Boarding School, 10, 12, 21

Barbet, M., 10, 22

Barbier, Captain, 10

Barrnel, Dumas’ Curator, 25

Bastian, Dr., attacks Pasteur, 253 _seqq._

Baudry, Paul, 127

Bazaine at Metz, 186

Beauce, 147 _note_

Splenic fever in, 257, 276, 284, 314

Béchamp, theory of fermentation, 241

Béclard, Permanent Secretary of Académie de Médecine, 309

On Commission on hydrophobia, 395

Beer, Pasteur studies manufacture of, 207 _seqq._

Béhier, Dr., 233

Behring discovers antitoxin for diphtheria, 455

Bellaguet, M., 137

Belle, Jeanne, wife of Claude Pasteur, 2

Bellevue, Château, Napoleon and William of Prussia meet at, 182

Belotti, M., 206

Berchon, sanitary director, Bordeaux, 340

Bergeron, Jules:

Annual Secretary of Académie de Médecine, 309

On Pasteur’s treatment of hydrophobia, 424

Speech at Pasteur Jubilee, 449

Bernard, Claude, 42

At Académie de Médecine, 225

At Tuileries, 154

Discoveries, 135

Experiment on dog, 335

Experiments on fermentation, 280

Illness, 134

Joins in Pasteur’s experiments, 104

Letter to Deville, 137

Letter to Pasteur, 136

On fermentation, 80

-- Medicine, 226

-- Pasteur’s researches, 72, 87

-- Primary causes, 244

-- Vivisection, 336

Posthumous notes, 280, 287

Senator, 174

Studies cholera, 126

Bersot, Ernest, quoted on spontaneous generation, 92

Bert, Paul, 279, 374

Classifies Pasteur’s work, 375

Experiments, 263, 392

On Commission on hydrophobia, 395

Speech on Pasteur’s discoveries, 245, 246

Berthelot, M.:

Consulted by Pasteur, 439

On alcoholic fermentation, 286

Berthollet, M., 248, 356

Discoveries, 195

Bertillon, candidate for Académie de Médecine, 225

Bertin, M., 354

At Ecole Normale, 19, 145, 161, 180, 188

Character, 45, 145

Professor of Physics, Strasburg, 45

Welcomes Pasteur to Paris, 212

Bertrand, Joseph:

Letters to Pasteur, 138

Sketch of, 419

Speech at inauguration of Pasteur Institute, 441

Speech at Pasteur Jubilee, 449

Berzelius, 195

Studies paratartaric acid, 25

Theories of fermentation, 80, 241

Besançon, Jean Henri Pasteur at, 2, 4

Besson, candidature for Senate, 249

Beust, Baron von, superintendent of factories, 65

Bigo manufactures beetroot alcohol, 79

Biot, J. J., 27, 42, 55, 59, 204

Attitude towards spontaneous generation, 89, 100

Death, 101, 102

Interview with Pasteur, 41

Last letter, 103

Letters to Joseph Pasteur, 57, 58, 71, 81

Letter to Louis Pasteur, 59

Oldest member of Institute, 81

Passion for reading, 89

Praises Pasteur, 55

Biot, M., veterinary surgeon, at Pouilly le Fort experiment, 316, 320

Bischoffsheim, Raphael, lends villa to Pasteur, 433

Bismarck, Prince:

Armistice with France, 193

Interview with Jules Favre, 184

On Napoleon III, 182

Blondeau, registrar of mortgages, 13

Bollène, Pasteur at, 360

Bonaparte, Elisa, at Villa Vicentina, 173

Bonn, _sous-préfecture_, 189

University, 189

Bonnat, portrait of Pasteur, 440

Bordeaux, Pasteur at, 338

Bordighera:

Earthquake at, 436

Pasteur at, 434

Borrel attends on Pasteur, 459

Bouchardat, M.:

On Commission of Hygiene, 186

Report on remedies for hydrophobia, 408

Bouillaud, Dr., 229, 262, 294

Bouillier, M. F., Director of Ecole Normale, 145, 180

Bouley, H., 264, 278, 323, 354

At experiment on earthworms, 304

Chairman of Commission on hydrophobia, 395, 396, 397, 398

Report, 398

Death, 424

Letters to Pasteur, 324, 329

-- on Colin, 320

-- germ of hydrophobia, 398

-- methods of Delafond and Pasteur, 275

-- microbes, 365, 367

-- Pasteur’s treatment of hydrophobia, 423

-- remedies for hydrophobia, 408

-- virulence of bacteridia, 311

Sketch of, 262

Statistics of death from hydrophobia, 428

Vaccinates sheep against anthrax, 306

Bourbaki, General:

Death, 193

Retreat of Army Corps, 192

Bourboulon, Commandant, gives Pasteur news of his son, 193

Bourgeois, Philibert, 3

Bourrel sends dogs to laboratory, 390, 396

Boussingault, M., 354

Boutet, veterinary surgeon, 261, 283, 329

On splenic fever, 276

Report of vaccinated sheep, 363

Boutroux, curator in Pasteur’s laboratory, 255

Boyle, Robert, on fermentation, 223

Brand, Dr., treatment of typhoid, 364

Breithaupt, Professor of Mineralogy, 65

Bretonneau, on diphtheria, 453

Brie cattle suffer from anthrax, 257, 314

Brochin, candidate for Académie de Médecine, 225

Brongniart, Alexandre, 42

On Commission on spontaneous generation, 106

Brouardel, Professor:

On antirabic cure, 434, 437

Speech at Congress of Hygiene, 446

Speech at Pasteur Jubilee, 449

Broussais, surgery under, 235

Bruce, Mrs., presents Pasteur with _Life of Livingstone_, 389

Buda-Pesth, Hygiene and Demography Congress at, 456

Budberg, M. de, Russian Ambassador, 127

Budin and antisepsis, 290

Buffon, theory of spontaneous generation, 90

Buonanni, recipe for producing worms, 89

Butyric fermentation, 99

C

Cagniard-Latour studies yeast, 80, 81

Cailletet invents apparatus for liquefaction of gases, 384

Cairo, cholera at, 377

Calmette, Edouard:

At Lille, 461

At Pasteur Jubilee, 447

Attends on Pasteur, 459

Cambon, Governor-General of Algeria, letter to Pasteur, 451

Cardaillac, M. de, 163

Cardinal cultivates silkworms, 139

Carnot, President, 248

At inauguration of Pasteur Institute, 440

At Pasteur Jubilee, 448

Caro, deputy to Edinburgh, 384

Casabianca, Comte de, 168, 169

Celsus on hydrophobia, 407, 409

Chaffois, 192, 193

Chaillou collaborates with Roux, 455

Chamalières brewery, 207

Chamberland, M.:

At Pasteur Jubilee, 447

Collaborates with Pasteur, 260, 269, 271, 283,

289, 303, 305, 306, 308, 311, 317, 319, 321, 359, 420, 424

Cross of Legion of Honour, 326

On Pasteur’s early researches, 445

Vaccinations against anthrax, 440

Chambéry, Pasteur at, 131

Chamecin, wood merchant, 3

Chamonix, Pasteur at, 97

Chantemesse, Dr.:

Attends on Pasteur, 459, 460

On antirabic cure, 434

Performs inoculations, 432

Chanzy, General, open letter, 190

Chappuis, Charles, 33

Letter to Pasteur, 20

On national testimonial to Pasteur, 246

Sketch of, 18

Visits Pasteur, 462

Chaptal, discoveries of, 195

Charbon. (_See Anthrax_)

Charcot on Pasteur’s antirabic cure, 438

Charrière, schoolfellow of Louis Pasteur, 7, 37

Charrin, Dr., performs inoculations, 432

Chartres:

Experiment on vaccination against anthrax near, 328

Pasteur at, 284, 303

Scientific congress at, 276

Chassaignac, Dr., on “laboratory surgery,” 228

Chauveau on contagion, 366

Chemists and Physicians, 224, 233

Chevreul, M., 59

On siege of Paris, 188, 189

Chicken cholera, 297 _seqq._

Chiozza, letter to Pasteur, 200

Cholera, 126

At Damietta and Cairo, 378

Christen, town councillor at Vaucresson, 406

Christophle, speech at inauguration of Pasteur Institute, 441

Clermont Ferrand, Pasteur at, 206

Clouet invents system of manufacturing steel, 195

Coblentz, _préfecture_, 189

Cochin, Denys, at Pasteur Jubilee, 448

Colin, Professor G., 277, 278

Advice to Biot, 319

Experiments on anthrax, 264, 267, 268

Collège de France, 40 _note_, 146

Compiègne, Pasteur at, 127

Comte, Auguste, 124, 125

Doctrine, 342

Conseil-Général de département, 78 _note_

Contagious diseases, problem of, 223 _seqq._

Conti, Napoleon III’s secretary, 153

Copenhagen Medical Congress, Pasteur at, 398

Coquelin:

Acts in _Plaideurs_, 128

Recites at Trocadéro fête, 431

Cornil, on acarus of itch, 366

Coulon, schoolfellow of Louis Pasteur, 7, 36

Cribier, Mme., 161

Cuisance River, 6, 7, 181

Cuvier, 356

D

Daguerre, national testimonial to, 245

Dalimier, Paul, Pasteur’s advice to, 109

Dalloz, editor of _Moniteur_, 158

Damietta, cholera at, 378

Darboux, “doyen” of Faculty of Science, 31

Daremberg, Dr., on Pasteur at

Medical Congress, 332

Darlay as science master, 14

Darwin:

On earthworms, 304

On vivisection, 337

Dastre, M., 279

Daubrée, speech at Pasteur Jubilee, 449

Daunas, sketch of, 14

David, Jeanne, wife of Denis Pasteur, 1

Davaine, Dr. C., 272, 278, 354

At experiment on earthworms, 304

Experiments on septicæmia, 229, 265

On butyric ferment, 228, 258

Davy, Sir H., 195

Debray, M., 327

Déclat, Dr., on Pasteur’s experiments, 223

Prescribes carbolic solution for wounds, 239

Delafond, Dr.:

On charbon blood, 258

Studies anthrax, 275

Delafosse, Professor of Mineralogy, 33, 36

Delaunay acts in _Plaideurs_, 128

Delesse, Professor of Science at Besançon, 45

Delort, General Baron, 30

Native of Arbois, 202

Demarquay, Dr., prescribes carbolic solution for wounds, 239

Denmark, King and Queen of, at Medical Congress, 399

Denonvilliers, surgery under, 235

_Départements_, 52 _note_

Descartes in Holland, 200

Despeyroux, Professor of Chemistry, 171

Dessaignes, chemist, 70

Deville, Henri Sainte Claire, 42, 45, 137, 160

Admiration for Pasteur’s precision, 287

At Compiègne, 162

At Tuileries, 154

Character, 146

Congratulates Pasteur on Testimonial, 246

Death, 327

Laboratory, 84

Letter to Mme. Pasteur, 174

On Académie and Science, 196

On Commission of Hygiene, 186

Scientific mission in Germany, 179

Studies cholera, 126

Devise, speech at Pasteur Jubilee, 449

Diabetes, 135

Diderot on spontaneous generation, 90

Didon, gratitude to Pasteur, 144, 161

Dieffenbach, M., 335

Dieulafoy, Professor, attends Pasteur, 459

Diphtheria, 453

Statistics of mortality, 456

Disraeli quoted on public health, 446

Dôle:

Jean Joseph Pasteur settles at, 5

Memorial plate on Pasteur’s house at, 376

Presentation to Pasteur from, 450

Douay village, 1

Doucet, Camille, on Pasteur’s speech, 345

Dresden, Pasteur at, 65

Droz, Joseph, his moral doctrine, 16

Dubois, Alphée, engraves medal for Pasteur, 354

Dubois, Paul, 127

Bust of Pasteur, 401

Duboué, Dr., theory on hydrophobia, 393

Duc, Viollet le, 127, 128

Du Camp, Maxime, 346

Duchartre elected member of Académie, 100

Duclaux, M., 102, 103, 104, 131, 138, 169, 170, 204, 205

Accompanies Pasteur to Milan, 250

Advice to Pasteur, 217

_Annals of Pasteur Institute_, 434

At Pasteur Jubilee, 448

Class of biological chemistry, 440

Congratulates Pasteur on testimonial, 246

On Bastian, 253

On heating liquids, 255

Professor of Chemistry at Clermont Ferrand, 206

Ducret, Antoine and Charles, shot, 202

Ducrot, General, 155

Dujardin-Beaumetz, on antirabic cure, 434

Dumas, Alexandre, 106, 107

Pasteur and, 341

Visits Pasteur, 460

Dumas, J. B., 418

Académie sponsor for Pasteur, 344

Advice to Pasteur, 89, 103

Appreciation of Pasteur, 252

At Alais, 170

Death, 384

Interest in sericiculture, 117

_La Vie d’un Savant_, 383 _note_;

letter on, 383

Laboratory, 42

Letter to Bouley, 312

Letters to Pasteur, 60, 166, 169

On Académie and Science, 196

-- Commission on spontaneous generation, 106

-- _Critical Examination_, 287

-- Destruction of Regnault’s instruments, 191

-- Fermentation, 79, 80

Presents Pasteur to Napoleon III, 104

President of Monetary Commission, 145

Requests Pasteur for article on

Lavoisier, 121, 122

Senator, 174

Sketch of, 356

Sorbonne lecturer, 21, 25, 40, 44, 55, 59

Speech at Péclet’s tomb, 328

Speech to Pasteur, 354

Statue at Alais to, 446

Dumont, Dr., 8

Dupuy, Charles, speech at Pasteur Jubilee, 448

Duran, Carolus, portrait of Pasteur, 439

Duruy, M., 106

At inauguration of Pasteur Institute, 441

At Tuileries, 154

Attitude towards Germany, 178

Letter to Pasteur, 139

Minister of Public Instruction, 130

System of National Education, 140

Visits Pasteur, 165

E

Earthworms, pathogenic action of, 304

Eastern Army Corps, 192, 193

_Ecole Normale_, 10 _and note_, 154

An ambulance, 180, 188

Disturbances at, 143

_Scientific Annals of_, 110

Students enlist, 180

Ecole Polytechnique, 43 _note_, 154

Edelfeldt, portrait of Pasteur, 440

Eggs, researches on alteration of, 231

Ehrenberg, discoveries on infusories, 214

Electric telegraph, birth of, 76

Elsinore, congress visit, 402

Emperor of Brazil, interest in Pasteur’s experiments, 403

Empress Eugénie:

At Bordighera, 436

Interview with Pasteur, 127, 128

Regent, 182

_Enfants Malades_ hospital: diphtheritic treatment at, 455

English commission on inoculation for hydrophobia, 430

Report, 437

Erdmann, M., 64

Exhibition reward distribution, 141

F

_Facultés_, 31 _note_

Falloux, attitude towards liberty of teaching, 52

Fauvel, on Pasteur’s inductions, 369

Favé, General, 133, 147, 162, 163

Favre, Jules, Minister of Foreign Affairs, 182

Armistice, 193

Interview with Bismarck, 184

“February days,” 37 _note_

Feltz on puerperal fever, 292

Fermentation, teaching on, 80, 101, 222, 240

Alcoholic, 85, 104, 113, 286

Butyric, 99, 220, 228, 258

Lactic, 83, 215

of tan, 186

Virus, 223 _seqq._

Ferrières Château, interview between Bismarck and Favre at, 184

Fikentscher, obtains racemic acid, 62

Fleming, Mr., 430

On commission on inoculation for hydrophobia, 430

Flesschutt, Dr., 131

Fleys, Dr., proposes toast of Pasteur, 373

Flourens, on spontaneous generation, 105, 106

Fontainebleau, Napoleon at, 4

Formate of strontian crystals, 50

Fortoul, Minister of Public Instruction, 75

Fouqué, M., 327

Fourcroy, M., 248

Discoveries of, 195

Foy, General, works of, 183

Franco-German War, 177 _seqq._

Franklin on scientific discovery, 76

Frederic III, sketch of, 330

Frémy, M.:

On origin of ferments, 216, 218

Theory of fermentation, 241

French character, 207

G

Gaidot, Father, 12

Gaillard, M. de, 361

Galen:

Discoveries through vivisection, 336

Remedy for hydrophobia, 407

Galtier, experiments on hydrophobia, 393

_Garde Nationale_, 37 _note_

Gardette, M. de la, 361

Gautier, Théophile, 125

Gay-Lussac, 356

Lectures at _Jardin des Plantes_, 419

Speech before Chamber of Peers, 245

Studies racemic acid, 26

Gayon, researches on alteration of eggs, 231

Geneva Congress of Hygiene, 357

Germs, Pasteur’s theory of, 187

Gernez, M., 104, 161, 166, 169, 170, 327

_Centenary of Ecole Normale_, 110

Collaborates with Pasteur, 130, 138, 156, 204

Gérôme, Knight of Legion of Honour, 142

Gille, Dr., attends Pasteur, 459

Girard on vineyard labourers and Pasteur, 420

Girardin, St. Marc, 82

Girod, Henry, Royal Notary of Salins, 1

Glénard adopts Brand’s treatment of typhoid, 364

Godélier, Dr., 160

Goltz, M. de, Prussian Ambassador, 127

Gosselin, Dr., 240

Got acts in _Plaideurs_, 128

Gounod conducts _Ave Maria_ at Trocadéro fête, 431

Grancher, Dr.:

Admiration for Pasteur’s experiments, 417, 424

Advises Pasteur to winter in South, 432

Attends Pasteur, 459

On antirabic cure, 434

Pasteur consults, 415

Performs inoculations, 432

Speech at inauguration of Pasteur Institute, 441

Grandeau, M., 327

Letter to Pasteur, 341

Gravière, Admiral Jurien de la, 433

Gréard, deputy to Edinburgh, 384

Greece, King and Queen of, at Medical Congress, 399

Grenet, Pasteur’s curator, 213

Gressier, M., Minister of Agriculture, 275

Grévy, Jules, supports Tamisier and Thurel, 248

Gridaine, Cunin, Minister of Agriculture, 275

Gsell, Stéphane, on origin of Sériana, 452

Guérin, Alphonse, on cause of purulent infection, 236

Guérin, Jules, on vaccine, 308

Guillaume, Eugène, deputy to Edinburgh, 384

Guillemin, M., 77

Schoolfellow of Louis Pasteur, 7

Guizot, M.:

Deputy to Edinburgh, 384

Quoted on spontaneous generation, 112

Welcomes Biot to Académie, 82

Guyon, Professor:

Accepts Pasteur’s advice, 232

Attends Pasteur, 459

H

Hankel, Professor of Physics at Leipzig, 64

Hardy, M., welcomes Pasteur to Académie de Médecine, 370

Harvey, discoveries through vivisection, 336

Hautefeuille, M., 327

Heated wine, experiments on, 157

_Hemiorganism_, 216

Henner, portrait of Pasteur, 439

Henri IV plants mulberry trees, 116, 172

Hens and anthrax, 267, 277

Commission on, 278

Héricourt, Dr., 455

At Villeneuve l’Etang, 445

Hervé, Edouard, 427

Heterogenia. (_See_ Spontaneous generation)

Hippocrates, allusions to hydrophobia, 407

Horsley, Victor, secretary to Commission on inoculation

for hydrophobia, 431, 437

Houssaye, Henry, on ovation to Pasteur, 426

Hugo, Victor, _Année Terrible_, 191

Huguenin, portrait of Bonaparte, 181

Humbert of Italy, Prince, 141

Humboldt, Alexander von, interview with J. B. Dumas, 356

Husson, M., 166

_Researches on Vaccine_, 405

Huxley on Pasteur’s discoveries, 374, 375

Hydrophobia:

Dogs inoculated against, 395;

Commission, 395, 410

English Commission on inoculation for, 430

Report, 437

Experiments on, 318, 363, 383, 390, 410, 422 _seqq._

Former remedies, 407

Origin of, 409

Hygiene:

Central Commission, 186

International Congress of, 446

I

Iceland spar, 27

Ingenhousz, 100

_Institut de France_, 29 _note_

J

Jacobsen, J. C., founds Carlsberg Brewery, 401

Jacquinet, sub-director of Ecole Normale, 84, 144, 145

Jaillard, experiments on _anthrax_, 258, 261

Jamin, M., 354

On heterogenist dispute, 111

Jarry, Claude, royal notary, 2

Jenner, national rewards to, 374

Joinville, Prince de, 53 _and note_

Joly, Nicolas, professor of physiology, Toulouse, 95, 104, 138, 216, 255

Demands Commission on spontaneous generation, 105, 111

Lecture at Faculty of Medicine, 111

Jouassain, Mlle., acts in _Plaideurs_, 128

Joubert, professor of physics at Collège Rollin, 254, 265, 269, 271

Jourdan, Gabrielle, wife of Jean Henri Pasteur, 2

_Journal de la Médecine et de la Chimie_ quoted, 310

Joux, forest of, 1

Jupille, J. B., bitten by mad dog, 421;

inoculated, 422

K

Kaempfen, director of fine arts, Dôle, 376

Kestner, produces paratartaric acid, 26, 62, 65, 68

Kitasato, discovers antitoxin for diphtheria, 455

Studies plague, 458

Klebs, discovers bacillus of diphtheria, 454

Klein, Dr., _pneumo-enteritis of swine_, 362

Koch, Dr.:

At Thuillier’s funeral, 381

Campaign against Pasteur, 357, 359, 363, 367

Finds bacillus of tuberculosis, 227

On _bacillus anthracis_, 259, 260

Studies cholera, 379, 382

Kuhn, Chamalières brewer, 207

L

Laboratories, 42, 84, 153

Lachadenède, M. de, 121, 171

Lactic fermentation, 83, 99

Lagrange, quoted on Lavoisier’s execution, 195

Lamartine, 36 _and note_

Lambert, Françoise, wife of Claude Etienne Pasteur, 2

Lamy, Auguste, 161

Landouzy, on ambulance ward (1870), 235

Lannelongue, Dr., 289, 391

Laplace, M., 356

Lapparent, M. de, Chairman of Commission on wine, 156, 157

Larrey Baron, 309

On Jupille and Pasteur’s discovery, 423

Surgery under, 235, 240

Laubespin, Comte de, 427

Lauder-Brunton, Dr., on Commission on inoculation for hydrophobia, 430

Laurent, Auguste, 55

Sketch of, 31, 33

Laurent, Madame, 47

Laurent, Maria. (_See_ Pasteur, Mme. Louis)

Laurent, M., Rector of Academy of Strasburg, 47, 156

Sketch of, 47, 54

Lavoisier, death, 195

Edition of his works, 122

Le Bel, studies on stereo-chemistry, 445

Le Dantec, studies on yellow fever in Brazil, 461

Le Fort, Léon:

On puerperal fever, 290

Surgery under, 235, 270

Le Roux, _Dissertation sur la Rage_, 407

Le Verrier, 129 _note_, 131

Leblanc, statistics of deaths from hydrophobia, 428

Lechartier, M., 104, 327

Lefebvre, General, 4

Lefort, Mayor of Arbois, 202

Lemaire, Jules, prescribes carbolic solution for wounds, 239

Lemuy, situation of, 1

Leplat, experiments on _anthrax_, 258, 261

Lereboullet, on anthrax, 269

Lesseps, Ferdinand de, 142

Deputy to Edinburgh, 384

Leval Division:

At Arcis-sur-Aube, 4

At Bar-sur-Aube, 3

Lhéritier, candidate for Académie de Médecine, 225

Liberty of teaching, law on, 52

Liebig:

Ideas on fermentation, 175, 215, 222

Interview with Pasteur, 176

Theory of fermentation, 80, 81, 241

Lille:

Pasteur Dean of Faculté at, 75

Pasteur Institute at, 461

Lister, Sir Joseph:

Appreciation of Pasteur, 252

At Pasteur Jubilee, 449

Letter to Pasteur, 238

Method of surgery, 238, 239

On Commission on inoculation for hydrophobia, 430

Surgical method, 187, 216

Littré:

_Medicine and Physicians_, 294

On _Microbe_, 267

On primary causes, 244

Sketch of, 342

Loeffler, isolates bacillus of diphtheria, 454

Loir, Adrien, 54, 58, 360, 362, 402

Dean of Lyons Faculty of Science, 194

Head of Pasteur Institute, Tunis, 461

London, Pasteur visits, 210

London Medical Congress, Pasteur at, 329

London Society for Protection of Animals, complaints on vivisection, 336

Longet, Dr., _Treatise on Physiology_, 127

Lons-le-Saulnier, 192, 248

Louis XI introduces mulberry tree into Touraine, 116

Louis XVI, 171

Proposal for balloon ascent, 405

Lucas-Championnière, Just:

Edits _Journal de la Médecine_, 310

On dressing of wounds, 238

Lycée St. Louis, 11, 21, 22

Lyons, Pasteur at, 194

Lyons Commission on silkworm disease, 170

M

MacDonald, General, 4

Magendie, M.:

Experiment with rabic blood, 392

Interview with Quaker, 334

Maillot, M.:

Accompanies Pasteur to Milan, 249

Collaborates with Pasteur, 130, 138, 166, 169

Mairet, Bousson de, sketch of, 8

Maisonneuve, Dr., prescribes carbolic solution for wounds, 239

Malic acid, optical study of, 57, 59

Malus, Etienne Louis, discovers polarization of light, 27

Marat, conduct to Lavoisier, 195

Marchoux, attends on Pasteur, 459

Marcou, geologist, 161

Marie, Dr., attends on Pasteur, 459

Marie, Grand Duchess of Russia, 141

Marmier, attends on Pasteur, 459

Marnoz, Jean Joseph, Pasteur at, 6

Martin, M.:

Attends on Pasteur, 459

Collaborates with Roux, 455

Lecture on diphtheria, 457

Maternité, mortality at, 290

Mathilde, Princesse, 107

Salon, 125

Maucuer, at Bollène, 360

Maunory, M., 284, 303

Maury, A., 137

Medici, Catherine de, plants mulberry tree in Orléannais, 116

Medicine, general condition (1873), 226, 233

Meissonier, Knight of Legion of Honour, 142

Meister, Joseph, 432

Bitten by mad dog, 414

Inoculated, 415, 429

Melun Agricultural Society, tribute to Pasteur, 350

Melun, experiment on vaccination of anthrax near, 314, 316

Méricourt, Le Roy de, 225

Méry, on anatomists, 226

Mesnil, M. du, 163

Attends on Pasteur, 459

Metchnikoff:

At Pasteur Jubilee, 448

Directs private laboratories, 440

Work on “leucocytes,” 458

Metz surrendered, 185

Meudon, proposed laboratory at, 398

Mézières, mission to Edinburgh, 384

Michelet quoted on his friendship with Poinsat, 18

Microbe:

Rossignol on, 314

Word invented, 266

Microscope, results of its invention, 90

Mièges, near Nozeroy, registers of, 1

Milan Congress of Sericiculture, Pasteur at, 249

Miller, M., 66

Milne-Edwards:

At Tuileries, 154

On Commission on spontaneous generation, 106

Mina, Espoz y, sketch of, 3

Mitscherlich, chemist and crystallographer, 26

In Paris, 61

Theory of fermentation, 241

Moigno, Abbé, on spontaneous generation, 112

Molecular dissymmetry, 38, 72, 88, 199, 445

Monge, method of founding cannon, 195, 248

Monod, Henri, quotes Disraeli on public health, 446

Montaigne quoted on friendship, 18

Montalembert, attitude towards liberty of teaching, 52

Montanvert, 97, 105

Montpellier, Pasteur at, 353

Montrond, Pasteur at, 192

Moquin-Tandon, on Pasteur’s candidature for Académie, 100

Morax, attends on Pasteur, 459

Moreau, Armand, 278, 279

Moritz, on chicken cholera, 297

Morveau, Guyton de, 195, 248

Mount Poupet, Pasteur climbs, 97

Mouthe Priory, 1

Mucors, Raulin’s experiments on, 204

Mulberry tree, 116

Musset, Charles, 120, 216, 255

Demands Commission on spontaneous generation, 105

New _Experimental Researches on Heterogenia_, 94

Mussy, Dr. Henry Gueneau de:

Congratulates Pasteur, 337

Deputy to Edinburgh, 384

Paper on contagium germ, 263

Mussy, Dr. Noël Guineau de, 160

Mycoderma, 101, 128

_Mycoderma aceti_, 148, 215, 230

_Mycoderma vini_, 218, 219, 230

N

Napoleon I:

At Fontainebleau, 4

Respect for Science, 195

Restores silk industry, 116

Napoleon III:

Distributes exhibition rewards, 141

Grants laboratory to Pasteur, 147

Interest in sericiculture, 128, 133, 174

Interview with Pasteur, 104

Invites Pasteur to Compiègne, 127

Leaves Sedan and Paris, 181

Letter on Pasteur’s laboratory, 162

Summons scientists to Tuileries, 154

Napoleon, Prince, interviews with Pasteur, 436

National Testimonials, 245

Naumann, Dr. Maurice, 197

Professor of mineralogy, 286

Needham, partisan of spontaneous generation, 90

Nélaton, on surgery (1870), 236

Ney, General, 4

Nicolle, Dr., laboratory of bacteriology at Constantinople, 461

Niepce, national testimonial to, 245

Nîmes, Pasteur at, 352, 354

Nisard, Professor:

Academic sponsor for Pasteur, 344

Director of Ecole Normale, 84, 143

Letters to Pasteur, 119, 303

Sketch of, 345

Nocard, M., 307

Goes to Alexandria, 379

On hydrophobia, 403, 409

O

Oersted and modern telegraph, 76

“Ordonnances,” 8 _and note_.

Orleans, Pasteur lectures on vinegar at, 148

Oudinot, General, 4

Ovariotomy, fatal results of, 235

P

Pagès, Dr., Mayor of Alais, 121, 172

Paget, Sir James:

At Copenhagen Medical Congress, 399

President of Commission on inoculation for hydrophobia, 430

Speech at Medical Congress, 330

Paillerols, near Digne, 169

Panum, President of Copenhagen

Medical Congress, 399

Parandier, M., 43

Paratartaric (_racemic_) acid, 26, 38, 41, 62

Pasteur in search of, 63 _seqq._

Pareau, Mayor of Arbois, 13

Parieu, M. de, Minister of Public Instruction, 54

Paris:

Bombarded, 188

Capitulation, 193

Prepares for siege, 183

Parmentier on potato, 171

Pasteur, Camille, 119, 121, 123

Pasteur, Cécile, 130

Pasteur, Claude, 1

Marriage contract, 1

Pasteur, Claude Etienne, 2

Enfranchised, 2

Pasteur, Denis, marries Jeanne David, 1

Pasteur Hospital, project for, 464

Pasteur Institute:

_Annals of_, 434, 435, 457

Founded, 428

Inauguration, 440

Scholarships, 452

Trocadéro fête for, 431

Pasteur, Jean Henri, at Besançon, 2

Pasteur, Jean Joseph, 250

Character, 7, 22, 58

Conscript, 3

Death, 118

In Paris, 12, 57

Marriage, 5

Sergeant-major, 4

Studies, 31

Pasteur, Jeanne, death of, 86, 118

Pasteur, Josephine, 18, 30, 50

Pasteur, Louis:

Administration of Ecole Normale, 84, 109, 112

Advice to Paul Dalimier, 109

Advice to Raulin, 203

Article on Claude Bernard’s works, 134

-- indifference of public authorities, 151

-- Lavoisier, 122, 124

At Arbois, 7, 180, 420, 437

-- Besançon Royal College, 14 _seqq._

-- Bordeaux, 339

-- Compiègne, 127

-- Copenhagen Medical Congress, 398

Speech, 399

-- Geneva Congress of Hygiene, 358

-- London Medical Congress, 357

Lecture, 331, 337

-- Milan Congress of Sericiculture, 250

Speech, 251

-- Villa Vicentina, 173

-- Villeneuve l’Etang, 462

Birth, 6

Candidate for Academy of

Sciences, 81, 100

Candidature for Senate, 247

Characteristics, 9, 10, 12, 16, 22, 23, 25, 32, 60,

151, 223, 246, 252, 295, 325, 462

Chemistry and Physics theses, 34

Consulted on inoculation for peripneumonia, 350

Criticism of Bernard’s posthumous notes, 281, 287

Curator in Balard’s laboratory, 32

Crystallographic researches, 26, 38, 57, 60, 445

Lecture on, 102

Dean of Lille Faculté, 75, 249

Death, 464

Delegation to, 354

Deputy to Edinburgh, 384

Speech, 386

Discovers constitution of partartaric acid, 39

Discussion with Bastian, 253

Dispute with Rammelsberg, 102

Experiments on atmospheric air, 93 _seqq._

Friendship for Charles Chappuis, 18, 20, 22

Grand Cross of Legion of Honour, 326

His masters, 146, 252

His name given to district in Canada and to village in Algeria, 451

His teaching, 77, 79

Illness, 433, 439, 446, 458, 464

Watchers, 459, 462

In hospitals, 289, 291

-- London, 210

-- Paris, 11, 20, 57

-- Strasburg, 45, 177

Influence of his labours, 445

_Influence of Oxygen on Development of Yeast_, 221

Interview with Biot, 41

-- Liebig, 176

-- Mitscherlich and Rose, 61

-- Napoleon III, 104, 128

Jubilee celebration, 447

Speech, 450

Knight of Legion of Honour, 70

Laboratory (new), 157, 162, 164, 194, 232, 445

Laureat of Exhibition, 140

Lecture on germ theory, 271

Lectures on vinegar at Orleans, 148

Letters, 23, 24, 28

On experiment at Pouilly le Fort, 322, 323

To Bellotti, 207

-- Chappuis on Lille Faculty, 77

-- Dumas, 141, 166, 250

-- Duruy, 131

-- Emperor of Brazil, 404

-- Jupille, 427

-- Laurent, 48

-- Napoleon III, 146

-- Raulin, 199

-- Sainte Beuve, 126

M.D. of Bonn, 154

Returns diploma, 189, 190, 197

Marks of gratitude from agriculturists, 372

Marriage, 51

Medal from Society of French Agricultors, 312

Member of Académie de Médecine, 225

Speech, 241, 242, 243

-- Académie des Sciences, 103, 272

-- Académie Française, 341, 345

Memorial plate on house at Dôle, 376

National testimonial, 245

Obtains racemic acid, 69

Offered professorship at Pisa, 200

On chicken cholera, 299, 308

-- Littré and Positivism, 342

-- Science and religion, 244

-- Scientific supremacy of France, 195

-- Vaccine, 309, 311

of anthrax, 311, 312

-- Experiment, 314, 317, 318, 320, 323, 367

Results, 325

Paper on Plague, 301

Paralytic stroke, 160, 439

Pastel drawings, 12, 20

Pension augmented, 374

Permanent Secretary of Académie des Sciences, 439

Portraits, 439

Professor of Chemistry, Strasburg, 45

Professor of Physics at Dijon, 42

Proposed studies, 198

Refuses German decoration, 461

Reply to Dumas, 355

“_Researches on Dimorphism_,” 36

Researches on spontaneous generation, 87 _seqq._, 216, 222, 277

Lecture at Sorbonne on, 106

Speech on, 242

Researches on stereo-chemistry, 445

_Science’s Budget_, 153

_Scientific Annals of Ecole Normale_, 110

Searches for his son, 192

Solicitude for patients, 416, 425, 427

Speech at Aubenas, 351

Speech at inauguration of Institute, 442

Speech on Deville, 327

Speech on Joseph Bertrand, 419, 426

Studies beer, 207 _seqq._, 219, 229, 232, 282, 285

Book on, 214, 219, 339

-- Cholera, 126

-- Contagious diseases, 224 _seqq._

-- Fermentations, 79, 83, 85, 99, 113, 224, 240

-- Hydrophobia, 318, 363, 383, 390 _seqq._

Inoculates dogs, 395, 410

Inoculates Joseph Meister, 416

Inoculates Jupille, 422

-- _Silkworm Disease_, 117, 120, 129, 139, 155, 168

-- on Wine, 113, 158, 283

Book on, 133

-- Rouget of pigs, 360

Report on, 362

-- Splenic fever, 257, 259, 275, 284

Travels in search of racemic acid, 62 _seqq._

Trephines dog, 318

Turin veterinary school and, 367, 371

Vintage tour, 104

Visitors, 420

Visits Duclaux, 206

Pasteur, Madame Louis, 49, 52, 59, 108, 160, 172, 432, 459

Goes to Alais, 130

Letters to daughter, 318, 322, 325, 396

Paul, St. Vincent de, Life of, 463

Payen, paper on beer, 208

Pecquet, discoveries through vivisection, 336

_Peers of France_, 30 _note_

Pelletier, Louise, bitten by mad dog, 425

Pellico, Silvio, _Miei prigioni_, 16

Pelouze, M., 335

_Penicillium glaucum_, 204, 230

Perdrix, at Pasteur Jubilee, 448

Perraud, J. J., bust at Monay to, 421

Perreyve, Henri, on Poland, 184

Perroncito, on microbe of chicken cholera, 297

Perrot, deputy to Edinburgh, 384

Persoz, Professor of Chemistry, Strasburg, 45

Peter, M.:

Dispute with Pasteur, 364, 366, 369, 370

On antirabic cure, 434

Philomathic Society, Pasteur member of, 102

Phthisis, theory of, 227

Phylloxera, 295

Physicians, attitude towards chemists, 224, 233

Picard, General, candidature for Senate, 249

Pidoux and Trousseau, _Traité de Thérapeutique_, 224

Pidoux, Dr.:

On disease, 227

On tuberculosis, 227

Pierrefonds Castle restored, 127

Pierron, on Laurent at Riom, 47

Piorry, Dr.:

On disease and patient, 264

On tuberculosis, 228

Pisa, Pasteur offered professorship at, 200

Pitt, on vote to Jenner, 374, 375

Plague bacillus discovered, 457

Plague, Pasteur’s paper on, 301

_Plaideurs_ acted at Compiègne, 128

Plénisette village, 1

Pliny the Elder, remedy for hydrophobia, 407

Poggiale, speech on spontaneous generation, 242

Pointurier, M., 12

Polarisation of light, 27

Polignac, Cardinal of, _Anti-Lucretius_, 90

Poligny, 192

_Sous-préfet_ of, 9

Polytechnician, 43 _note_

Pontarlier, retreat to, 192

Positivist doctrine, 342

Potatoes, prejudice against, 171

Pottevin, attends on Pasteur, 459

Pouchet, M., 98, 104, 138, 216, 255

_Note on Vegetable and Animal Proto-organisms_, 92

_The Universe_, 214

Theory of fermentation, 241

Pouillet, Professor of Physics at Sorbonne, 27, 29, 43

Pouilly le Fort, experiment on vaccination of anthrax, 315, 316, 317, 319, 323

Results, 324

Prague, Pasteur at, 66

Prévôt, at Villeneuve l’Etang, 462

Primary teaching, law on reorganization, 140

Prince Imperial, Villa Vicentina, 173

_Prix de Rome_, 191 _note_

_Prix Montyon_, 16 _note_

Provost, acts in _Plaideurs_, 128

Provostaye, de la, work on crystallography, 33, 38

Prussia, Crown Prince of, 141

Puerperal fever, 290 _seqq._

Puiseux, Professor of Science at Besançon, 45

Putrefaction, 104

Q

Quain, Dr., on Commission on inoculation for hydrophobia, 430

Quatrefages, essay on history of silkworm, 116

Queyrat, attends on Pasteur, 459

R

Rabies and hydrophobia, 409

Rabies, Commission. (_See under_ Hydrophobia)

Rabourdin, M., 284

Racemic. (_See_ Paratartaric acid)

Raibaud-Lange, M., 169

Rammelsberg, dispute with Pasteur, 102

Randon, General, 166

Raspail, F. V., researches on origin of itch, 374

Rassmann, Dr., obtains racemic acid, 67

Raulin, Jules, 93, 130, 161, 166, 173, 209

Accompanies Pasteur to Milan, 250

Sketch of, 204

Raulin’s liquid, 205

Ravaisson, F., 137

Rayer, on charbon blood, 258

Raynaud, Dr. Maurice, 289

On hydrophobia, 391

Reaudin, Auguste, on Lister’s methods, 239

Reclus, Dr., on purulent infection, 237

Reculfoz village, 1

Redi, Francesco, experiment on spontaneous generation, 89

Redtenbacher, M., 66

“Régiment Dauphin,” 4

Regnault, Henri, 50, 59 Death, 191

Regnier acts in _Plaideurs_, 128

Renan, E., 137

On state of France, 199

Quoted from _Revue Germanique_, 110

Sketch of, 348

Speech to Pasteur on hydrophobia, 390

Welcomes Pasteur to Académie Française, 346

Renaud, M., 7

Renault, experiments with rabic blood, 392

Rencluse, 105

Renon, attends on Pasteur, 459

Répécaud, Headmaster of Royal College, Besançon, 14

Rhenish provinces, 189

Richet, Dr., 455

Rigault, lectures at Collège de France, 82

Robin, Charles, sketch of, 124

Rochard, Dr., on plague, 303

Rochette, Baron de la, sketch of, 314

Rochleder, professor of chemistry, Prague, 67

Roger, on Pasteur’s services, 245

Rollin College, experiments in laboratory at, 411, 415, 432

Romanet, Headmaster of Arbois College, 9, 13, 30, 36

Romieu, sketch of, 53

“Rouget” of pigs (swine fever), 360, 362

Roqui, Jean Claude, 6

Roqui, Jeanne Etiennette, wife of Jean Joseph Pasteur, 6, 7

Death, 40

Roscoe, Sir Henry, on Commission on inoculation for hydrophobia, 430

Rose, G., crystallographer, in Paris, 61

Rossignol, M.:

Article in _Veterinary Press_ on microbe, 313

Vaccination of sheep against anthrax and, 315, 321, 323

Rotz, Pasteur medal, 447

Rouher, at Tuileries, 154

Roux, Dr.:

Account of Thuillier’s death, 381

At Pasteur Jubilee, 448

Attends Pasteur, 459

Collaborates with Pasteur, 289, 291, 303, 305,

308, 317, 318, 321, 338, 359, 372, 393, 420, 424

Cross of Legion of Honour, 326

Goes to Alexandria, 379

Inoculates horse with diphtheritic toxin, 455

Lectures on diphtheria, 456

Lectures on technical microbia, 440

Lecture to London Royal Society, 454

On Pasteur’s medical work, 283

Performs inoculations, 432

Sketch of, 233

Studies diphtheria, 453

Roziers, Pilâtre de, balloon ascent, 405

Russian mujiks bitten by wolf, 429

S

Saccharimeter, 28

Sadowa, battle of, 178

Sainte Beuve:

Letters to Pasteur, 125

On Biot’s character, 56

Opinion of Joseph Droz, 14

Pasteur attends his lectures, 123

Philosophy, 123

Speech at Senate, 143

St. Dizier, 4

St. Hippolyte la Fort, 165, 174

St. Victor, Paul de, on Germany, 188

Salimbeni, treatise on sericiculture, 159

Salins, 97

Claude Etienne Pasteur settles at, 2

Sand, George, 107

Sandeau, Jules, 127

Sanderson, Professor Burdon, on Commission on inoculation for hydrophobia, 431

Sarcey, Francisque, 37

Saussure, Théodore de, 100

Sauton, speech at Pasteur Jubilee, 449

Say, Léon, Pasteur’s reply to, 417

Scheele discovers tartaric acid, 26

Schrotter, Professor, 66

Schwann, Dr., observations on fermentations, 80

Science and Religion, 244

Scientists meet at Tuileries, 154

Sedan, 181

Sédillot, Dr.:

Correspondence of Institute, 186

Sketch of, 266

Senarmont, M. de, 50, 58, 59, 101

Advice to Pasteur, 69

Confidence in Pasteur, 89

Septicæmia, 229, 234, 263, 308, 368

Sériana village, Algeria, 451

Sericiculture, 115

Serotherapy. (_See_ Diphtheria)

Serres, Olivier de, 172

Statue to, 350, 352

_Théâtre d’Agriculture_, 172

_Treatise on Gathering of Silk_, 116, 120

Seybel, M., 66

Signol, experiments, 262

Silkworm disease, 116 _seqq_., 139, 155, 156, 168

Lyons Commission on, 170

Simon, Jules, 144, 418

At inauguration of Pasteur Institute, 441

On Ecole Normale, 23

Sorbonne, 21 _note_, 146

Inauguration of new, 446

Pasteur Jubilee celebration, 447

Spallanzani, Abbé, experiments on animalculæ, 91

Splenic fever (charbon). (_See Anthrax_)

Spontaneous generation, 87 _seqq._, 216, 222, 227, 232, 277

Commission on, 106, 111

Pasteur’s lecture at Sorbonne on, 106

Stoffel, Colonel Baron, 155

Strasburg, Pasteur at, 45, 71

Strasburg arsenal, 179, 185

Strasburg University, 189

Straus, M.:

Goes to Alexandria, 379

On Cholera Commission, 382

Sully, opposes silk industry, 116

Sully-Prudhomme, love of France, 191

Supt village, 2

Surgery before Pasteur, 234 _seqq._

Susani, S., 250

Swine fever. (_See_ Rouget of pigs)

T

Talmy, Dr., at Bordeaux, 339

Tamisier, candidature for Senate, 249

Tantonville brewery, 213

Tarnier, Dr., 289

On puerperal fever, 289

Tartaric acid, constitution of, 26, 38

Teaching:

Law on liberty of, 52

Law on primary, 140

Terrillon, Dr., 432

Thenard, Baron, 59, 356

Sketch of, 45

Thierry, M., at Pouilly le Fort experiment, 316, 319

Thiers, M.:

Letter to Pasteur, 144

On bravery of 3rd Regiment, 3

Third Regiment of Line, 3

“Régiment Dauphin,” 4

Thorwaldsen Museum, Copenhagen, 402

Thuillier, Louis, 317

Collaborates with Pasteur, 357, 359, 360, 362

Death, 380

Goes to Alexandria, 379

Studies hydrophobia, 391

Thurel, candidature for Senate, 249

Tisserand, M., 354

Director of Crown Agricultural establishments, 173

On Commission on hydrophobia, 395

Toscanelli, S., 200, 201

Toul, on second line of fortifications, 179

Tourtel brewery at Tantonville, 213

Toussaint, professor at Toulouse

Veterinary School, 264, 284

Studies microbe of chicken cholera, 297

Vaccinates sheep against anthrax, 306, 307

Traube, Dr., on ammoniacal fermentation, 232

Trécul, Dr., 230

On heterogenesis, 216, 218

Theory of fermentation, 241

Trélat, Dr., surgeon at Maternité, 290

On Commission of Hygiene, 186

Trocadéro fête for Pasteur Institute, 431

Troost, M., 327

Trousseau and Pidoux, _Traité de Thérapeutique_, 224

Trousseau, Dr.:

Lecture on ferments quoted, 229

On diphtheria, 453

On puerperal fever, 290

Tsar, sends Cross of St. Anne of Russia to Pasteur, 430

Tuberculosis, researches on, 227

Tuileries, scientists meet at, 154

Tunis, Pasteur Institute at, 461

Turin Veterinary School and Pasteur, 368, 371

Tyndall, Professor:

_Dust and Diseases_, 239

Letter to Pasteur, 353

Typhoid fever, medical methods of treating, 364

U

Udressier, Claude François, Count of, 1

Udressier, Philippe-Marie-François, Count of, 2

Université, 44 _note_, 155

University of Edinburgh, Tercentenary, 384

Degrees, 385

V

Vaccination, 300, 309, 311

Against anthrax, 312

Experiment, 314, 317, 318, 320, 328, 367

Results, 325

Against swine fever, 382

Vaillant, Field-Marshal, 142, 168

At Tuileries, 154

Silkworm nursery, 173

Vallisneri, medical professor of Padua, 90

Van Holmont, recipe for producing mice, 89

Van t’Hoff, studies on stereo-chemistry, 445

Van Tieghem, 217, 232

Vauquelin, tanning process, 29

Veillon, attends on Pasteur, 459

Velpeau:

On diphtheria, 453

On pin prick, 234

Venasque Pass, 105

Vercel, Jules, 7, 36, 97, 192, 266

Accompanies Pasteur to Paris, 10

Verneuil, M.:

On antirabic cure, 434

On surgery (1870), 236

Vescovato, 169

Veuillot, Louis, 36

On liberty of teaching, 53

Viala, Eugène:

Attends on Pasteur, 459

Preparations for inoculations, 424

Sketch of, 402

Vialla, M., Vice-President of Agricultural Society, Montpellier, 353

Vicat, national testimonial to, 245

Villa Vicentina, Illyria, 173

Villemin, Dr.:

Advises Pasteur to winter in south, 433, 434

At experiment on earthworms, 304

On Commission on hydrophobia, 395

On contagion of tuberculosis, 367

Researches on tuberculosis, 226, 227

Villeneuve l’Etang, branch establishment of laboratory at, 398, 406, 410

Stables, 463

Villers-Farlay, Mayor of, writes to Pasteur, 421

Vinegar, Pasteur lectures on manufacture of, 148

Virchow, Professor:

At Copenhagen Medical Congress, 399

At Edinburgh, 386

On anti-vivisection, 332

_Virulent Diseases--Chicken Cholera_, 298

Virus ferments, 223 _seqq._

Vivisection:

Discoveries made through, 337

Virchow on, 332

Volta, S., 195

Voltaire:

_Philosophic Dictionary_ quoted on God, 92

_Singularities of Nature_, 92

Vone, Théodore, consults Pasteur, 414

Vulpian, 278

Champions Pasteur, 435, 436

Death, 438

On Brand’s treatment of typhoid, 365

On Commission on hydrophobia, 395

Pasteur consults, 415

Speech on Pasteur’s experiments on hydrophobia, 422, 438

W

Wales, Prince of, 141

Wallace, Sir Richard, founds dogs’ cemetery at Bagatelle, 411

Wasserzug, Etienne, interprets for Pasteur, 424

Weber, Dr., advises Mme. Meister to consult Pasteur, 414

William, King of Prussia, meets Napoleon, 182

Wine, studies on, 113, 158

Wissemburg, 178

Wolf-bites, statistics of death from, 430

Wurtz:

Laboratory, 42

On Commission of Hygiene, 186

Y

Yeast, 80

Pasteur’s paper on, 221, 230.

(_See also_ Fermentation)

Yellow fever, Pasteur studies, 338

Yersin, Dr.:

Studies diphtheria, 453

Studies plague in China, 458, 461

Younger, welcomes Pasteur to Edinburgh, 38

Z

Zevort, M., 47, 130

Zimmern, _sous-préfecture_, 189

FOOTNOTES:

[1] A great nation, said Disraeli, is a nation which produces great men.

[2] _Ordonnances du 26 Juillet_, 1830. A royal Decree issued by Charles

X under the advice of his minister, Prince de Polignac; it was based

on a misreading of one of the articles of the Charter of 1814, and

dissolved the new Chamber of Deputies before it had even assembled; it

suppressed the freedom of the Press and created a new electoral system

to the advantage of the royalist party. These _ordonnances_ were the

cause of the 1830 Revolution, which placed Louis Philippe of Orleans on

the Throne. [Trans.]

[3] _Ecole Normale Supérieure_, under the supervision of the Ministry

of Public Instruction and Fine Arts, founded in 1808 by Napoleon I,

with the object of training young professors. Candidates must (1)

be older than eighteen and younger than twenty-one; (2) pass one

written and one vivâ voce examination; (3) be already in possession

of their diploma as _bachelier_ of science or of letters, according

to the branch of studies which they wish to take up; and (4) sign an

engagement for ten years’ work in public instruction. The professors of

the Ecole Normale take the title of _Maître des Conférences_. [Trans.]

[4] Baccalauréat (low Latin _bachalariatus_), first degree taken in a

French Faculty; the next is _licence_, and the next _doctorate_. It is

much more elementary than a bachelor’s degree in an English university.

There are two baccalauréats: (1) the baccalauréat _ès lettres_ required

of candidates for the Faculties of Medicine and of Law, to the Ecole

Normale Supérieure and to several public offices; (2) the baccalauréat

_ès sciences_, required for admission to the Schools of Medicine and of

Pharmacy, to the Ecole Normale Supérieure (scientific section), and the

Polytechnic, Military and Foresters’ Schools. [Trans.]

[5] Philosophie class. In French secondary schools or _lycées_ the

forms or classes, in Pasteur’s time, were arranged as follows, starting

from the bottom--

1º huitième.

2º septième.

6º sixième (French grammar was begun).

5º cinquième (Latin was begun).

6º quatrième (Greek was begun).

7º troisième.

8º seconde.

-------------------------------------------------

|

9º Mathématiques élémentaires. Rhétorique.

10º Mathématiques spéciales. Philosophie.

The seconde students who intended to pass their _baccalauréat ès

sciences_ went into the mathématiques élémentaires class, whilst those

who were destined for letters or the law entered the rhétorique class,

from which they went on to the philosophie class. [Trans.]

[6] Prix Montyon: a series of prizes founded at the beginning of the

nineteenth century by Baron de Montyon, a distinguished philanthropist,

and conferred on literary works for their moral worth, and on

individuals for acts of private virtue or self-sacrifice. The laureates

are chosen every year by the Académie Française, and in this way many

obscure heroes are deservedly rewarded, and many excellent books

brought to public notice. [Trans.]

[7] Sorbonne. Name given to the Paris Faculty of Theology and the

buildings in which it was established. It was originally intended by

its founder, Robert de Sorbon (who was chaplain to St. Louis, King of

France, 1270) as a special establishment to facilitate theological

studies for poor students. This college became one of the most

celebrated in the world, and produced so many clever theologians that

it gave its name to all the members of the Faculty of Theology. It

was closed during the Revolution in 1789, and its buildings, which

had been restored by Richelieu in the seventeenth century, were given

to the Université in 1808. Since 1821 they have been the seat of the

Universitarian Academy of Paris, and used for the lectures of the

Faculties of Theology, of Letters, and of Sciences. [Trans.]

[8] Accessit. A distinction accorded in French schools to those who

have come nearest to obtaining the prize in any given subject. [Trans.]

[9] Concours Général. An open competition held every year at the

Sorbonne between the _élite_ of the students of all the colleges in

France, from the highest classes down to the _quatrième_. [Trans.]

[10] _Institut de France._ Name given collectively to the five

following societies--

1. _Académie Française_, founded by Richelieu in 1635 in order to

polish and maintain the purity of the French language. It is composed

of forty Life members, and publishes from time to time a dictionary

which is looked upon as a standard test of correct French.

2. _Académie des Inscriptions et Belles Lettres_, founded by Colbert in

1663.

3. _Académie des Sciences_, also founded by Colbert in 1666. It has

published most valuable reports ever since 1699.

4. _Académie des Beaux-Arts_, which includes the Academies of Painting,

of Sculpture, of Music, and of Architecture.

5. _Académie des Sciences Morales et Politiques._

It was in 1795 that these ancient academies, which had been suppressed

two years before by the Revolution, were reorganized and combined

together to form the _Institut de France_. [Trans.]

[11] _Peers of France._ A supreme Council formed originally of the

First Vassals of the Crown; became in 1420 one of the Courts of

Parliament. In 1789 the Peerage was suppressed, but reinstated in 1814

by the Restoration, when it again formed part of the Legislative Corps;

there were then hereditary peers and life-peers. In 1831 the hereditary

peerage was abolished and life-peers were nominated by the King under

certain restrictions. This House of Peers was suppressed in 1848, and

in 1852 the Senate was instituted in its stead. [Trans.]

[12] _Facultés_, Government establishments for superior studies; there

are in France Faculties of Theology, of Law, of Medicine, of Sciences

and of Letters, distributed among the larger provincial towns as well

as in Paris. The administrator of a faculty is styled _doyen_ (dean)

and is chosen among the professors. [Trans.]

[13] _Agrégation._ An annual competition for recruiting professors

for faculties and secondary schools or _lycées_. A candidate for the

_lycées agrégation_ must have passed his _licence_ examination, and a

candidate for the superior _agrégation_ must be in possession of his

doctorate. [Trans.]

[14] This celebrated poet took a large share in the Revolution of 1848,

when his popularity became enormous. His political talents, however,

apart from his wonderful eloquence, were less than mediocre, and he

retired into private life within three years.

His “Meditations,” “Jocelyn,” “Recueillements,” etc., etc., are

beautiful examples of lyrical poetry, and may be considered as forming

part of the literature of the world. [Trans.]

[15] Garde Nationale. A city militia, intended to preserve order and

to maintain municipal liberties; it was improvised in 1789, and its

first Colonel was General Lafayette, of American Independence fame. Its

cockade united the King’s white to the Paris colours, blue and red, and

thus was inaugurated the celebrated Tricolour.

The National Guard was preserved by the Restoration, but Charles

X disbanded it as being dangerously Liberal in its tendencies. It

re-formed itself of its own accord in 1830, and helped to overthrow the

elder branch of Bourbon. It proved a source of disorder in 1848 and

was reorganized under the second Empire, but, having played an active

and disastrous part in the Commune (1871), it was disarmed and finally

suppressed. [Trans.]

[16] February days. The Republicans had organized a banquet in Paris

for February 22, 1848. The Government prohibited it, with the result

that an insurrection took place. Barricades were erected and some

fighting ensued; on the 24th, the insurgents were masters of the

situation. Louis Philippe abdicated (vainly) in favour of his grandson,

the Comte de Paris, and fled to England. [Trans.]

[17] Collège de France. An establishment of superior studies founded

in Paris by Francis I in 1530, and where public lectures are given on

languages, literature, history, mathematics, physical science, etc.

It was formerly independent, but is now under the jurisdiction of the

Ministry of Public Instruction. [Trans.]

[18] Polytechnician. A student of the Ecole Polytechnique, a military

and engineering school under the jurisdiction of the Minister of

War, founded in 1794. Candidates for admission must be older than

sixteen and younger than twenty, but the limit of age is raised to

twenty-five in the case of private soldiers and non-commissioned

officers. They must also have passed their _baccalauréat ès lettres_

or _ès sciences_--preferably the latter. After two years’ residence

(compulsory) students pass a leaving examination, and are entered

according to their list number as engineers of the Navy, Mines, or

Civil Works, or as officers in the military Engineers or in the

Artillery; the two last then have to go through one of the military

training schools (Ecoles d’Application). [Trans.]

[19] _Université._ The celebrated body known as Université de

Paris, and instituted by Philippe Auguste in 1200, possessed great

privileges from its earliest times. It had the monopoly of teaching

and a jurisdiction of its own. It took a share in public affairs on

several occasions, and had long struggles to maintain against several

religious orders. The Université was suppressed by the Convention, but

re-organized by Napoleon I in 1808. It is now subdivided into sixteen

_Académies Universitaires_, each of which is administered by a Rector.

The title of Grand Master of the Université always accompanies that of

Minister of Public Instruction. [Trans.]

[20] _Départements._ The present divisions of French territory,

numbering eighty-seven in all. Each department is administered by a

_préfet_, and subdivided into _arrondissements_, each of which has a

_sous-préfet_. [Trans.]

[21] _Prince de Joinville._ Third son of Louis Philippe, and an Admiral

in the French navy. It was he who was sent to fetch Napoleon’s remains

from St. Helena. [Trans.]

[22] Of the Legion of Honour.

[23] Hectare: French measure of surface, about 2⅓ acres. [Trans.]

[24] _Conseil-Général de département._ A representative assembly for

the general management of each département, somewhat similar to the

County Councils in England. [Trans.]

[25] Le Verrier, a celebrated astronomer, at that time Director of the

Paris Observatory. His calculations led him to surmise the existence of

the planet Neptune, which was discovered accordingly. Adam, an English

astronomer, attained the same result, by the same means, at the same

time, each of the two scientists being in absolute ignorance of the

work of the other. Le Verrier was the first to publish his discovery.

[Trans.]

[26] Ancient name of the high flat ground surrounding Chartres and

including parts of the Departments of Eure et Loir, Loir et Cher,

Loiret and Seine et Oise. These plains are very fertile, the soil being

extremely rich, and produce cereals chiefly. [Trans.]

[27] _Val-de-Grâce._ A handsome monument of the seventeenth century,

now a military hospital. [Trans.]

[28] By Dr. Smiles. [Trans.]

[29] Ps. cxxxvii. 9.

[30] _Prix de Rome._ A competition takes place every year amongst the

students of the _Ecole des Beaux Arts_ for this prize; the successful

competitor is sent to Rome for a year at the expense of the Ecole.

[Trans.]

[31] _Assistance Publique_, official organisation of the charitable

works supported by the State. [Trans.]

[32] _La Vie d’un Savant_, by the author of the present work. [Trans.]

End of Project Gutenberg's The life of Pasteur, by René Vallery-Radot