SECTION VIII.

CAUSATION

1. CONSTANCY OF SEQUENCE IN EVENTS

153. [Constant antecedent]. Cause — N. cause, origin, source,

principle, element; occasioner†, prime mover, primum mobile [Lat.]; vera

causa [Lat.]; author &c (producer) 164; mainspring; agent; leaven;

groundwork, foundation &c (support) 215.

spring, fountain, well, font; fountainhead, spring head, wellhead;

fons et origo [Lat.], genesis; descent &c (paternity) 166; remote

cause; influence.

pivot, hinge, turning point, lever, crux, fulcrum; key; proximate

cause, causa causans [Lat.]; straw that breaks the camel's back.

ground; reason, reason why; why and wherefore, rationale,

occasion, derivation; final cause &c (intention) 620; les dessous des

cartes [Fr.]; undercurrents.

rudiment.

egg, germ, embryo, bud, root, radix radical, etymon, nucleus,

seed, stem, stock, stirps, trunk, tap-root, gemmule†, radicle, semen,

sperm.

nest, cradle, nursery, womb, nidus, birthplace, hotbed.

causality, causation; origination; production &c 161.

V. be the cause of &c n .; originate; give origin to, give rise, to,

give occasion to; cause, occasion, sow the seeds of, kindle, suscitate†;

bring on, bring to bring pass, bring about; produce; create &c 161; set

up, set afloat, set on foot; found, broach, institute, lay the

foundation of; lie at the root of.

procure, induce, draw down, open the door to, superinduce, evoke,

entail, operate; elicit, provoke.

conduce to &c (tend to) 176; contribute; have a hand in the pie,

have a finger in the pie; determine, decide, turn the scale; have a

common origin; derive its origin &c (effect) 154.

Adj. caused &c v.; causal, original; primary, primitive, primordial;

aboriginal; protogenal†; radical; embryonic, embryotic†; in embryo, in

ovo [Lat.]; seminal, germinal; at the bottom of; connate, having a

common origin.

Adv. because &c 155; behind the scenes.

Phr. causa latet vis est notissima [Lat.] [Ovid]; felix qui potuit

rerum cognoscere causas [Lat.] [Vergil].

154. [Constant sequent.] Effect — N. effect, consequence; aftergrowth†,

aftercome†; derivative, derivation; result; resultant, resultance†;

upshot, issue, denouement; end &c 67; development, outgrowth, fruit,

crop, harvest, product, bud.

production, produce, work, handiwork, fabric, performance;

creature, creation; offspring, offshoot; firstfruits†, firstlings;

heredity, telegony†; premices premises†.

V. be the effect of &c n.; be due to, be owing to; originate in,

originate from; rise from, arise, take its rise spring from, proceed

from, emanate from, come from, grow from, bud from, sprout from,

germinate from, issue from, flow from, result from, follow from, derive

its origin from, accrue from; come to, come of, come out of; depend

upon, hang upon, hinge upon, turn upon.

take the consequences, sow the wind and reap the whirlwind.

Adj. owing to; resulting from &c v.; derivable from; due to; caused by

&c 153; dependent upon; derived from, evolved from; derivative;

hereditary; telegonous†.

Adv. of course, it follows that, naturally, consequently; as a

consequence, in consequence; through, all along of, necessarily,

eventually.

Phr. cela va sans dire [Fr.], thereby hangs a tale [Taming of the

Shrew].

155. [Assignment of cause] Attribution — N. attribution, theory,

etiology, ascription, reference to, rationale; accounting for &c v.;

palaetiology1, imputation, derivation from.

filiation†, affiliation; pedigree &c (paternity) 166.

explanation &c (interpretation) 522; reason why &c (cause) 153.

V. attribute to, ascribe to, impute to, refer to, lay to, point to,

trace to, bring home to; put down to, set down to, blame; charge on,

ground on; invest with, assign as cause, lay at, the door of, father

upon; account for, derive from, point out the reason &c 153; theorize;

tell how it comes; put the saddle on the right horse.

Adj. attributed &c v.; attributable &c v.; referable to, referrible to†,

due to, derivable from; owing to &c (effect) 154; putative; ecbatic†.

Adv. hence, thence, therefore, for, since, on account of, because,

owing to; on that account; from this cause, from that cause; thanks to,

forasmuch as; whence, propter hoc [Lat.].

why? wherefore? whence? how comes it, how is it, how happens it?

how does it happen? in some way, in some such way; somehow, somehow or

other.

Phr. that is why; hinc illae lachrymae [Lat.] [Horace].

156. [Absence of assignable cause.] Chance — N. chance,

indetermination, accident, fortune, hazard, hap, haphazard, chance

medley, random, luck, raccroc†, casualty, contingence, adventure, hit;

fate &c (necessity) 601; equal chance; lottery; tombola†; toss up &c

621; turn of the table, turn of the cards; hazard of the die, chapter

of accidents, fickle finger of fate; cast of the dice, throw of the

dice; heads or tails, flip of a coin, wheel of Fortune; sortes†, sortes

Virgilianae†.

probability, possibility, odds; long odds, run of luck;

accidentalness; main chance, odds on, favorable odds.

contingency, dependence (uncertainty) 475; situation

(circumstance) 8.

statistics, theory of Probabilities, theory of Chances;

bookmaking; assurance; speculation, gaming &c 621.

V. chance, hap, turn up; fall to one's lot; be one's fate &c 601;

stumble on light upon; take one's chance &c 621.

Adj. casual, fortuitous, accidental, adventitious, causeless,

incidental, contingent, uncaused, undetermined, indeterminate; random,

statistical; possible &c 470; unintentional &c 621.

Adv. by chance, accidentally, by accident; casually; perchance &c

(possibly) 470; for aught one knows; as good would have it, as bad

would have it, as luck would have it, as ill-luck would have it, as

chance would have it; as it may be, as it may chance, as it may turn

up, as it may happen; as the case may be.

Phr. grasps the skirts of happy chance [Tennyson]; the accident of an

accident [Lord Thurlow].

There but for the grace of God go I

2. CONNECTION BETWEEN CAUSE AND EFFECT

157. Power — N. power; potency, potentiality; jiva†; puissance, might,

force, energy &c 171; dint; right hand, right arm; ascendency†, sway,

control; prepotency, prepollence†; almightiness, omnipotence; authority

&c 737; strength &c 159.

ability; ableness &c adj.†; competency; efficacy; efficiency,

productivity, expertise (skill) 698; validity, cogency; enablement†;

vantage ground; influence &c 175.

pressure; conductivity; elasticity; gravity, electricity,

magnetism, galvanism, voltaic electricity, voltaism, electromagnetism;

atomic power, nuclear power, thermonuclear power; fuel cell; hydraulic

power, water power, hydroelectric power; solar power, solar energy,

solar panels; tidal power; wind power; attraction; vis inertiae [Lat.],

vis mortua [Lat.], vis viva [Lat.]; potential energy, dynamic energy;

dynamic friction, dynamic suction; live circuit, live rail, live wire.

capability, capacity; quid valeant humeri quid ferre recusent

[Lat.]; faculty, quality, attribute, endowment, virtue, gift, property,

qualification, susceptibility.

V. be powerful &c adj.; gain power &c n.. belong to, pertain to; lie in

one's power, be in one's power; can, be able.

give power, confer power, exercise power &c n.; empower, enable,

invest; indue†, endue; endow, arm; strengthen &c 159; compel &c 744.

Adj. powerful, puissant; potential; capable, able; equal to, up to;

cogent, valid; efficient, productive; effective, effectual,

efficacious, adequate, competent; multipotent†, plenipotent†,

omnipotent; almighty.

forcible &c adj.. (energetic) 171; influential &c 175; productive

&c 168.

Adv. powerfully &c adj.; by virtue of, by dint of.

Phr. a toute force [Fr.]; dos moi pou sto kai kino ten gen [Gr.];

eripuit coelo fulmen sceptrumque tyrannis [Lat.]; fortis cadere cedere

non potest [Lat.].

158. Impotence — N. impotence; inability, disability; disablement,

impuissance, imbecility; incapacity, incapability; inaptitude,

ineptitude, incompetence, unproductivity†; indocility†; invalidity,

disqualification; inefficiency, wastefulness.

telum imbelle [Lat.], brutum fulmen [Lat.], blank, blank

cartridge, flash in the pan, vox et proeterea nihil [Lat.], dead

letter, bit of waste paper, dummy; paper tiger; Quaker gun.

inefficacy &c (inutility) 645 [Obs.]; failure &c 732.

helplessness &c adj.; prostration, paralysis, palsy, apoplexy,

syncope, sideration†, deliquium [Lat.], collapse, exhaustion, softening

of the brain, inanition; emasculation, orchiotomy [Med.], orchotomy

[Med.].

cripple, old woman, muff, powder puff, creampuff, pussycat, wimp,

mollycoddle; eunuch.

V. be impotent &c adj.; not have a leg to stand on.

vouloir rompre l'anguille au genou [Fr.], vouloir prendre la lune

avec les dents [Fr.].

collapse, faint, swoon, fall into a swoon, drop; go by the board,

go by the wayside; go up in smoke, end in smoke &c (fail) 732.

render powerless &c adj.; deprive of power; disable, disenable†;

disarm, incapacitate, disqualify, unfit, invalidate, deaden, cramp, tie

the hands; double up, prostrate, paralyze, muzzle, cripple, becripple†,

maim, lame, hamstring, draw the teeth of; throttle, strangle, garrotte,

garrote; ratten†, silence, sprain, clip the wings of, put hors de combat

[Fr.], spike the guns; take the wind out of one's sails, scotch the

snake, put a spoke in one's wheel; break the neck, break the back;

unhinge, unfit; put out of gear.

unman, unnerve, enervate; emasculate, castrate, geld, alter,

neuter, sterilize, fix.

shatter, exhaust, weaken &c 160.

Adj. powerless, impotent, unable, incapable, incompetent; inefficient,

ineffective; inept; unfit, unfitted; unqualified, disqualified;

unendowed; inapt, unapt; crippled, disabled &c v.; armless†.

harmless, unarmed, weaponless, defenseless, sine ictu [Lat.],

unfortified, indefensible, vincible, pregnable, untenable.

paralytic, paralyzed; palsied, imbecile; nerveless, sinewless†,

marrowless†, pithless†, lustless†; emasculate, disjointed; out of joint,

out of gear; unnerved, unhinged; water-logged, on one's beam ends,

rudderless; laid on one's back; done up, dead beat, exhausted,

shattered, demoralized; graveled &c (in difficulty) 704; helpless,

unfriended†, fatherless; without a leg to stand on, hors de combat

[Fr.], laid on the shelf.

null and void, nugatory, inoperative, good for nothing;

ineffectual &c (failing) 732; inadequate &c 640; inefficacious &c

(useless) 645.

Phr. der kranke Mann [G.]; desirous still but impotent to rise

[Shenstone]; the spirit is willing but the flesh is weak.

159. [Degree of power.] Strength — N. strength; power &c 157; energy

&c 171; vigor, force; main force, physical force, brute force; spring,

elasticity, tone, tension, tonicity.

stoutness &c adj.; lustihood†, stamina, nerve, muscle, sinew, thews

and sinews, physique; pith, pithiness; virtility, vitality.

athletics, athleticism†; gymnastics, feats of strength.

adamant, steel, iron, oak, heart of oak; iron grip; grit, bone.

athlete, gymnast, acrobat; superman, Atlas, Hercules, Antaeus†,

Samson, Cyclops, Goliath; tower of strength; giant refreshed.

strengthening &c v.; invigoration, refreshment, refocillation†.

[Science of forces] dynamics, statics.

V. be strong &c adj., be stronger; overmatch.

render strong &c adj.; give strength &c n.; strengthen,

invigorate, brace, nerve, fortify, sustain, harden, case harden, steel,

gird; screw up, wind up, set up; gird up one's loins, brace up one's

loins; recruit, set on one's legs; vivify; refresh &c 689; refect†;

reinforce, reenforce &c (restore) 660.

Adj. strong, mighty, vigorous, forcible, hard, adamantine, stout,

robust, sturdy, hardy, powerful, potent, puissant, valid.

resistless, irresistible, invincible, proof against, impregnable,

unconquerable, indomitable, dominating, inextinguishable, unquenchable;

incontestable; more than a match for; overpowering, overwhelming; all

powerful, all sufficient; sovereign.

able-bodied; athletic; Herculean, Cyclopean, Atlantean†; muscular,

brawny, wiry, well-knit, broad-shouldered, sinewy, strapping, stalwart,

gigantic.

manly, man-like, manful; masculine, male, virile.

unweakened†, unallayed, unwithered†, unshaken, unworn, unexhausted†;

in full force, in full swing; in the plenitude of power.

stubborn, thick-ribbed, made of iron, deep-rooted; strong as a

lion, strong as a horse, strong as an ox, strong as brandy; sound as a

roach; in fine feather, in high feather; built like a brick shithouse;

like a giant refreshed.

Adv. strongly &c adj.; by force &c n.; by main force &c (by compulsion)

744.

Phr. our withers are unwrung [Hamlet].

Blut und Eisen [G.]; coelitus mihi vires [Lat.]; du fort au diable

[Fr.]; en habiles gens [Lat.]; ex vi termini; flecti non frangi [Lat.];

he that wrestles with us strengthens our nerves and sharpens our skill

[Burke]; inflexible in faith invincible in arms [Beattie].

160. Weakness — N. weakness &c adj.; debility, atony†, relaxation,

languor, enervation; impotence &c 158; infirmity; effeminacy,

feminality†; fragility, flaccidity; inactivity &c 683.

anaemia, bloodlessness, deficiency of blood, poverty of blood.

declension of strength, loss of strength, failure of strength;

delicacy, invalidation, decrepitude, asthenia†, adynamy†, cachexy†,

cachexia [Med.], sprain, strain.

reed, thread, rope of sand, house of cards.

softling†, weakling; infant &c 129; youth &c 127.

V. be weak &c adj.; drop, crumble, give way, totter, tremble, shake,

halt, limp, fade, languish, decline, flag, fail, have one leg in the

grave.

render weak &c adj.; weaken, enfeeble, debilitate, shake, deprive

of strength, relax, enervate, eviscerate; unbrace, unnerve; cripple,

unman &c (render powerless) 158; cramp, reduce, sprain, strain, blunt

the edge of; dilute, impoverish; decimate; extenuate; reduce in

strength, reduce the strength of; mettre de l'eau dans son vin [Fr.].

Adj. weak, feeble, debile†; impotent &c 158; relaxed, unnerved, &c v.;

sapless, strengthless†, powerless; weakly, unstrung, flaccid, adynamic†,

asthenic†; nervous.

soft, effeminate, feminate†, womanly.

frail, fragile, shattery†; flimsy, unsubstantial, insubstantial,

gimcrack, gingerbread; rickety, creaky, creaking, cranky; craichy†;

drooping, tottering &c v.. broken, lame, withered, shattered, shaken,

crazy, shaky; palsied &c 158; decrepit.

languid, poor, infirm; faint, faintish†; sickly &c (disease) 655;

dull, slack, evanid†, spent, short-winded, effete; weather-beaten;

decayed, rotten, worn, seedy, languishing, wasted, washy, laid low,

pulled down, the worse for wear.

unstrengthened &c 159 [Obs.], unsupported, unaided, unassisted;

aidless†, defenseless &c 158; cantilevered (support) 215.

on its last legs; weak as a child, weak as a baby, weak as a

chicken, weak as a cat, weak as a rat; weak as water, weak as water

gruel, weak as gingerbread, weak as milk and water; colorless &c 429.

Phr. non sum qualis eram [Lat.].

3. POWER IN OPERATION

161. Production — N. {ant.

162,, 158} production, creation, construction, formation,

fabrication, manufacture; building, architecture, erection,

edification; coinage; diaster†; organization; nisus formativus [Lat.];

putting together &c v.; establishment; workmanship, performance;

achievement &c (completion) 729.

flowering, fructification; inflorescence.

bringing forth &c v.; parturition, birth, birth-throe, childbirth,

delivery, confinement, accouchement, travail, labor, midwifery,

obstetrics; geniture†; gestation &c (maturation) 673; assimilation;

evolution, development, growth; entelechy [Phil.]; fertilization,

gemination, germination, heterogamy [Biol.], genesis, generation,

epigenesis†, procreation, progeneration†, propagation; fecundation,

impregnation; albumen &c 357.

spontaneous generation; archegenesis†, archebiosis†; biogenesis,

abiogenesis†, digenesis†, dysmerogenesis†, eumerogenesis†,

heterogenesis†, oogenesis, merogenesis†, metogenesis†, monogenesis†,

parthenogenesis, homogenesis†, xenogenesis1†; authorship, publication;

works, opus, oeuvre.

biogeny†, dissogeny†, xenogeny†; tocogony†, vacuolization.

edifice, building, structure, fabric, erection, pile, tower,

flower, fruit.

V. produce, perform, operate, do, make, gar, form, construct,

fabricate, frame, contrive, manufacture; weave, forge, coin, carve,

chisel; build, raise, edify, rear, erect, put together, set up, run up;

establish, constitute, compose, organize, institute; achieve,

accomplish &c (complete) 729.

flower, bear fruit, fructify, teem, ean†, yean†, farrow, drop, pup,

kitten, kindle; bear, lay, whelp, bring forth, give birth to, lie in,

be brought to bed of, evolve, pullulate, usher into the world.

make productive &c 168; create; beget, get, generate, fecundate,

impregnate; procreate, progenerate†, propagate; engender; bring into

being, call into being, bring into existence; breed, hatch, develop,

bring up.

induce, superinduce; suscitate†; cause &c 153; acquire &c 775.

Adj. produced, producing &c v.; productive of; prolific &c 168;

creative; formative, genetic, genial, genital; pregnant; enceinte, big

with, fraught with; in the family way, teeming, parturient, in the

straw, brought to bed of; puerperal, puerperous†.

digenetic†, heterogenetic†, oogenetic, xenogenetic†; ectogenous†,

gamic†, haematobious†, sporogenous [Biol.], sporophorous [Biol.].

architectonic.

Phr. ex nihilo nihil [Lat.]; fiat lux [Lat.]; materiam superabat opus

[Lat.] [Ovid]; nemo dat quod non habet [Lat.].

162. [Nonproduction.] Destruction — N. {ant.

161} destruction; waste, dissolution, breaking up; diruption†,

disruption; consumption; disorganization.

fall, downfall, devastation, ruin, perdition, crash; eboulement

[Fr.], smash, havoc, delabrement [Fr.], debacle; break down, break up,

fall apart; prostration; desolation, bouleversement [Fr.], wreck,

wrack, shipwreck, cataclysm; washout.

extinction, annihilation; destruction of life &c 361; knock-down

blow; doom, crack of doom.

destroying &c v.; demolition, demolishment; overthrow, subversion,

suppression; abolition &c (abrogation) 756; biblioclasm†; sacrifice;

ravage, razzia†; inactivation; incendiarism; revolution &c 146;

extirpation &c (extraction) 301; beginning of the end, commencement de

la fin [Fr.], road to ruin; dilapidation &c (deterioration) 659;

sabotage.

V. be destroyed &c; perish; fall to the ground; tumble, topple; go to

pieces, fall to pieces; break up; crumble to dust; go to the dogs, go

to the wall, go to smash, go to shivers, go to wreck, go to pot, go to

wrack and ruin; go by the board, go all to smash; be all over, be all

up, be all with; totter to its fall.

destroy; do away with, make away with; nullify; annual &c 756;

sacrifice, demolish; tear up; overturn, overthrow, overwhelm; upset,

subvert, put an end to; seal the doom of, do in, do for, dish [Slang],

undo; break up, cut up; break down, cut down, pull down, mow down, blow

down, beat down; suppress, quash, put down, do a job on; cut short,

take off, blot out; dispel, dissipate, dissolve; consume.

smash, crash, quell, squash, squelch, crumple up, shatter, shiver;

batter to pieces, tear to pieces, crush to pieces, cut to pieces, shake

to pieces, pull to pieces, pick to pieces; laniate†; nip; tear to rags,

tear to tatters; crush to atoms, knock to atoms; ruin; strike out;

throw over, knock down over; fell, sink, swamp, scuttle, wreck,

shipwreck, engulf, ingulf†, submerge; lay in ashes, lay in ruins; sweep

away, erase, wipe out, expunge, raze; level with the dust, level with

the ground; waste; atomize, vaporize.

deal destruction, desolate, devastate, lay waste, ravage gut;

disorganize; dismantle &c (render useless) 645; devour, swallow up,

sap, mine, blast, bomb, blow to smithereens, drop the big one,

confound; exterminate, extinguish, quench, annihilate; snuff out, put

out, stamp out, trample out; lay in the dust, trample in the dust;

prostrate; tread under foot; crush under foot, trample under foot; lay

the ax to the root of; make short work of, make clean sweep of, make

mincemeat of; cut up root and branch, chop into pieces, cut into

ribbons; fling to the winds, scatter to the winds; throw overboard;

strike at the root of, sap the foundations of, spring a mine, blow up,

ravage with fire and sword; cast to the dogs; eradicate &c 301.

Adj. destroyed &c v.; perishing &c v.; trembling to its fall, nodding

to its fall, tottering to its fall; in course of destruction &c n.;

extinct.

all-destroying, all-devouring, all-engulfing.

destructive, subversive, ruinous, devastating; incendiary,

deletory†; destroying &c n.. suicidal; deadly &c (killing) 361.

Adv. with crushing effect, with a sledge hammer.

Phr. delenda est Carthago [Lat.]; dum Roma deliberat Saguntum perit

[Lat.]; ecrasez l'infame [Voltaire].

163. Reproduction — N. reproduction, renovation; restoration &c 660;

renewal; new edition, reprint, revival, regeneration, palingenesis†,

revivification; apotheosis; resuscitation, reanimation, resurrection,

reappearance; regrowth; Phoenix.

generation &c (production) 161; multiplication.

V. reproduce; restore &c 660; revive, renovate, renew, regenerate,

revivify, resuscitate, reanimate; remake, refashion, stir the embers,

put into the crucible; multiply, repeat; resurge†.

crop up, spring up like mushrooms.

Adj. reproduced &c v.; renascent, reappearing; reproductive;

suigenetic†.

164. Producer — N. producer, originator, inventor, author, founder,

generator, mover, architect, creator, prime mover; maker &c (agent)

690; prime mover.

165. Destroyer — N. destroyer &c (destroy) &c 162; cankerworm &c

(bane) 663; assassin &c (killer) 361; executioner &c (punish) 975;

biblioclast†, eidoloclast†, iconoclast, idoloclast†; nihilist.

166. Paternity — N. paternity; parentage; consanguinity &c 11.

parent; father, sire, dad, papa, paterfamilias, abba†; genitor,

progenitor, procreator; ancestor; grandsire†, grandfather; great-

grandfather; fathership†, fatherhood; mabap†.

house, stem, trunk, tree, stock, stirps, pedigree, lineage, line,

family, tribe, sept, race, clan; genealogy, descent, extraction, birth,

ancestry; forefathers, forbears, patriarchs.

motherhood, maternity; mother, dam, mamma, materfamilias [Lat.],

grandmother.

Adj. paternal, parental; maternal; family, ancestral, linear,

patriarchal.

Phr. avi numerantur avorum [Lat.]; happy he with such a mother

[Tennyson]; hombre bueno no le busquen abolengo [Sp.]; philosophia

stemma non inspicit [Lat.] [Seneca].

167. Posterity — N. posterity, progeny, breed, issue, offspring,

brood, litter, seed, farrow, spawn, spat; family, grandchildren, heirs;

great-grandchild.

child, son, daughter; butcha†; bantling, scion; acrospire†,

plumule†, shoot, sprout, olive-branch, sprit†, branch; off-shoot, off-

set; ramification; descendant; heir, heiress; heir-apparent, heir-

presumptive; chip off the old block; heredity; rising generation.

straight descent, sonship†, line, lineage, filiation†,

primogeniture.

Adj. filial; diphyletic†.

Phr. the child is father of the man [Wordsworth]; the fruit doesn't

fall far from the tree, like father, like son.

168. Productiveness — N. productiveness &c adj.; fecundity, fertility,

luxuriance, uberty†.

pregnancy, pullulation, fructification, multiplication,

propagation, procreation; superfetation.

milch cow, rabbit, hydra, warren, seed plot, land flowing with

milk and honey; second crop, aftermath; aftercrop, aftergrowth†;

arrish†, eddish†, rowen†; protoplasm; fertilization.

V. make productive &c adj.; fructify; procreate, generate, fertilize,

spermative†, impregnate; fecundate, fecundify†; teem, multiply; produce

&c 161; conceive.

Adj. productive, prolific; teeming, teemful†; fertile, fruitful,

frugiferous†, fruit-bearing; fecund, luxuriant; pregnant, uberous†.

procreant†, procreative; generative, life-giving, spermatic;

multiparous; omnific†, propagable.

parturient &c (producing) 161; profitable &c (useful) 644.

169. Unproductiveness — N. unproductiveness &c adj.; infertility,

sterility, infecundity†; masturbation; impotence &c 158;

unprofitableness &c (inutility) 645.

waste, desert, Sahara, wild, wilderness, howling wilderness.

V. be unproductive &c adj.; hang fire, flash in the pan, come to

nothing.

[make unproductive] sterilize, addle; disable, inactivate.

Adj. unproductive, acarpous†, inoperative, barren, addled, infertile,

unfertile, unprolific†, arid, sterile, unfruitful, infecund†; sine

prole; fallow; teemless†, issueless†, fruitless; unprofitable &c

(useless) 645; null and void, of no effect.

170. Agency — N. agency, operation, force, working, strain, function,

office, maintenance, exercise, work, swing, play; interworking†,

interaction; procurement.

causation &c 153; instrumentality &c 631; influence &c 175; action

&c (voluntary) 680; modus operandi &c 627.

quickening power, maintaining power, sustaining power; home

stroke.

V. be in action &c adj.; operate, work; act, act upon; perform, play,

support, sustain, strain, maintain, take effect, quicken, strike.

come play, come bring into operation; have play, have free play;

bring to bear upon.

Adj. operative, efficient, efficacious, practical, effectual.

at work, on foot; acting &c (doing) 680; in operation, in force,

in action, in play, in exercise; acted upon, wrought upon.

Adv. by the agency of, &c n.; through &c (instrumentality) 631; by

means of &c 632.

Phr. I myself must mix with action lest I wither by despair [Tennyson].

171. Physical Energy — N. energy, physical energy, force, power &c

157; keenness &c adj.; intensity, vigor, strength, elasticity; go; high

pressure; fire; rush.

acrimony, acritude†; causiticity†, virulence; poignancy; harshness

&c adj.; severity, edge, point; pungency &c 392.

cantharides; seasoning &c (condiment) 393.

activity, agitation, effervescence; ferment, fermentation;

ebullition, splutter, perturbation, stir, bustle; voluntary energy &c

682; quicksilver.

resolution &c (mental energy) 604; exertion &c (effort) 686;

excitation &c (mental) 824.

V. give energy &c n.; energize, stimulate, kindle, excite, exert;

sharpen, intensify; inflame &c (render violent) 173; wind up &c

(strengthen) 159.

strike home, into home, hard home; make an impression.

Adj. strong, energetic, forcible, active; intense, deep-dyed, severe,

keen, vivid, sharp, acute, incisive, trenchant, brisk.

rousing, irritation; poignant; virulent, caustic, corrosive,

mordant, harsh, stringent; double-edged, double-shotted†, double-

distilled; drastic, escharotic†; racy &c (pungent) 392.

potent &c (powerful) 157; radioactive.

Adv. strongly &c adj.; fortiter in re [Lat.]; with telling effect.

Phr. the steam is up; vires acquirit eundo [Lat.]; the race by vigor

not by vaunts is won [Pope].

172. Physical Inertness — N. inertness, dullness &c adj.; inertia, vis

inertiae [Lat.], inertion†, inactivity, torpor, languor; quiescence &c

265; latency, inaction; passivity.

mental inertness; sloth &c (inactivity) 683; inexcitability &c 826

[Obs.]; irresolution &c 605; obstinacy &c 606; permanence &c 141.

rare gas, paraffin, noble metal, unreactivity.

V. be inert &c adj.; hang fire, smolder.

Adj. inert, inactive, passive; torpid &c 683; sluggish, dull, heavy,

flat, slack, tame, slow, blunt; unreactive; lifeless, dead,

uninfluential†.

latent, dormant, smoldering, unexerted†.

Adv. inactively &c adj.; in suspense, in abeyance.

173. Violence — N. violence, inclemency, vehemence, might,

impetuosity; boisterousness &c adj.; effervescence, ebullition;

turbulence, bluster; uproar, callithump [U.S.], riot, row, rumpus, le

diable a quatre [Fr.], devil to pay, all the fat in the fire.

severity &c 739; ferocity, rage, fury; exacerbation, exasperation,

malignity; fit, paroxysm; orgasm, climax, aphrodisia†; force, brute

force; outrage; coup de main; strain, shock, shog†; spasm, convulsion,

throe; hysterics, passion &c (state of excitability) 825.

outbreak, outburst; debacle; burst, bounce, dissilience†,

discharge, volley, explosion, blow up, blast, detonation, rush,

eruption, displosion†, torrent.

turmoil &c (disorder) 59; ferment &c (agitation) 315; storm,

tempest, rough weather; squall &c (wind) 349; earthquake, volcano,

thunderstorm.

berserk, berserker; fury, dragon, demon, tiger, beldame,

Tisiphone†, Megaera, Alecto†, madcap, wild beast; fire eater &c

(blusterer) 887.

V. be violent &c adj.; run high; ferment, effervesce; romp, rampage, go

on a rampage; run wild, run amuck, run riot; break the peace; rush,

tear; rush headlong, rush foremost; raise a storm, make a riot; rough

house [Slang]; riot, storm; wreak, bear down, ride roughshod, out

Herod, Herod; spread like wildfire (person).

[shout or act in anger at something], explode, make a row, kick up

a row; boil, boil over; fume, foam, come on like a lion, bluster, rage,

roar, fly off the handle, go bananas, go ape, blow one's top, blow

one's cool, flip one's lid, hit the ceiling, hit the roof; fly into a

rage (anger) 900.

break out, fly out, burst out; bounce, explode, go off, displode†,

fly, detonate, thunder, blow up, crump†, flash, flare, burst; shock,

strain; break open, force open, prize open.

render violent &c adj.; sharpen, stir up, quicken, excite, incite,

annoy, urge, lash, stimulate, turn on; irritate, inflame, kindle,

suscitate†, foment; accelerate, aggravate, exasperate, exacerbate,

convulse, infuriate, madden, lash into fury; fan the flame; add fuel to

the flame, pour oil on the fire, oleum addere camino [Lat.].

explode; let fly, fly off; discharge, detonate, set off, detonize†,

fulminate.

Adj. violent, vehement; warm; acute, sharp; rough, rude, ungentle,

bluff, boisterous, wild; brusque, abrupt, waspish; impetuous; rampant.

turbulent; disorderly; blustering, raging &c v.; troublous†,

riotous; tumultuary†, tumultuous; obstreperous, uproarious; extravagant;

unmitigated; ravening, inextinguishable, tameless; frenzied &c (insane)

503.

desperate &c (rash) 863; infuriate, furious, outrageous, frantic,

hysteric, in hysterics.

fiery, flaming, scorching, hot, red-hot, ebullient.

savage, fierce, ferocious, fierce as a tiger.

excited &c v.; unquelled†, unquenched, unextinguished†,

unrepressed, unbridled, unruly; headstrong, ungovernable, unappeasable,

immitigable, unmitigable†; uncontrollable, incontrollable†;

insuppressible, irrepressible; orgastic, orgasmatic, orgasmic.

spasmodic, convulsive, explosive; detonating &c v.; volcanic,

meteoric; stormy &c (wind) 349.

Adv. violently &c adj.; amain†; by storm, by force, by main force; with

might and main; tooth and nail, vi et armis [Lat.], at the point of the

sword, at the point of the bayonet; at one fell swoop; with a high

hand, through thick and thin; in desperation, with a vengeance; a

outrance†, a toute outrance [Fr.]; headlong, head foremost.

Phr. furor arma ministrat [Lat.]; blown with restless violence round

about the pendent world [Measure for Measure].

174. Moderation — N. moderation, lenity &c 740; temperateness,

gentleness &c adj.; sobriety; quiet; mental calmness &c

(inexcitability) 826 [Obs.].

moderating &c v.; anaphrodisia†; relaxation, remission, mitigation,

tranquilization†, assuagement, contemporation†, pacification.

measure, juste milieu [Fr.], golden mean, ariston metron [Gr.].

moderator; lullaby, sedative, lenitive, demulcent, antispasmodic,

carminative, laudanum; rose water, balm, poppy, opiate, anodyne, milk,

opium, poppy or mandragora; wet blanket; palliative.

V. be moderate &c adj.; keep within bounds, keep within compass; sober

down, settle down; keep the peace, remit, relent, take in sail.

moderate, soften, mitigate, temper, accoy†; attemper†, contemper†;

mollify, lenify†, dulcify†, dull, take off the edge, blunt, obtund†,

sheathe, subdue, chasten; sober down, tone down, smooth down; weaken &c

160; lessen &c (decrease) 36; check palliate.

tranquilize, pacify, assuage, appease, swag, lull, soothe,

compose, still, calm, calm down, cool, quiet, hush, quell, sober,

pacify, tame, damp, lay, allay, rebate, slacken, smooth, alleviate,

rock to sleep, deaden, smooth, throw cold water on, throw a wet blanket

over, turn off; slake; curb &c (restrain) 751; tame &c (subjugate) 749;

smooth over; pour oil on the waves, pour oil on the troubled waters;

pour balm into, mattre de l'eau dans son vin [Fr.].

go out like a lamb, roar you as gently as any sucking dove

[Midsummer-Night's Dream].

Adj. moderate; lenient &c 740; gentle, mild, mellow; cool, sober,

temperate, reasonable, measured; tempered &c v.; calm, unruffled,

quiet, tranquil, still; slow, smooth, untroubled; tame; peaceful,

peaceable; pacific, halcyon.

unexciting, unirritating†; soft, bland, oily, demulcent, lenitive,

anodyne; hypnotic &c 683; sedative; antiorgastic†, anaphrodisiac†.

mild as mother's milk; milk and water.

Adv. moderately &c adj.; gingerly; piano; under easy sail, at half

speed; within bounds, within compass; in reason.

Phr. est modue in rebus†; pour oil on troubled waters.

4. INDIRECT POWER

175. Influence — N. influence; importance &c 642; weight, pressure,

preponderance, prevalence, sway; predominance, predominancy†;

ascendency†; dominance, reign; control, domination, pull [Slang];

authority &c 737; capability &c (power) 157; effect &c 154; interest.

synergy (cooperation) 709.

footing; purchase &c (support) 215; play, leverage, vantage

ground.

tower of strength, host in himself; protection, patronage,

auspices.

V. have influence &c n.; be influential &c adj.; carry weight, weigh,

tell; have a hold upon, magnetize, bear upon, gain a footing, work

upon; take root, take hold; strike root in.

run through, pervade; prevail, dominate, predominate; out weigh,

over weigh; over-ride, over-bear; gain head; rage; be rife &c adj.;

spread like wildfire; have the upper hand, get the upper hand, gain the

upper hand, have full play, get full play, gain full play.

be recognized, be listened to; make one's voice heard, gain a

hearing; play a part, play a leading part, play a leading part in; take

the lead, pull the strings; turn the scale, throw one's weight into the

scale; set the fashion, lead the dance.

Adj. influential, effective; important &c 642; weighty; prevailing &c

v.; prevalent, rife, rampant, dominant, regnant, predominant, in the

ascendant, hegemonical†.

Adv. with telling effect.

Phr. tel maure tel valet [Fr.].

175a. Absence of Influence — N. impotence &c 158; powerlessness;

inertness &c 172; irrelevancy &c 10.

V. have no influence &c 175.

Adj. uninfluential†, ineffective; inconsequential, nugatory;

unconducing, unconducive, unconducting to†; powerless &c 158; irrelevant

&c 10.

176. Tendency — N. tendency; aptness, aptitude; proneness, proclivity,

bent, turn, tone, bias, set, leaning to, predisposition, inclination,

propensity, susceptibility; conatus [Lat.], nisus [Lat.]; liability &c

177; quality, nature, temperament; idiocrasy†, idiosyncrasy; cast, vein,

grain; humor, mood; drift &c (direction) 278; conduciveness,

conducement†; applicability &c (utility) 644; subservience &c

(instrumentality) 631.

V. tend, contribute, conduce, lead, dispose, incline, verge, bend to,

trend, affect, carry, redound to, bid fair to, gravitate towards;

promote &c (aid) 707.

Adj. tending &c v.; conducive, working towards, in a fair way to,

calculated to; liable &c 177; subservient &c (instrumental) 631; useful

&c 644; subsidiary &c (helping) 707.

Adv. for, whither.

177. Liability — N. liability, liableness†; possibility, contingency;

susceptivity†, susceptibility, exposure.

V. be liable &c adj.; incur, lay oneself open to; run the chance, stand

a chance; lie under, expose oneself to, open a door to.

Adj. liable, subject; in danger &c 665; open to, exposed to, obnoxious

to; answerable; unexempt from†; apt to; dependent on; incident to.

contingent, incidental, possible, on the cards, within range of,

at the mercy of.

5. COMBINATIONS OF CAUSES

178. Concurrence — N. concurrence, cooperation, coagency†; union;

agreement &c 23; consilience†; consent, coincidence &c (assent) 488;

alliance; concert, additivity, synergy &c 709; partnership &c 712.

common cause.

V. concur, conduce, conspire, contribute; agree, unite; hang together,

pull together, join forces, make common cause.

&c (cooperate) 709; help to &c (aid) 707.

keep pace with, run parallel; go with, go along with, go hand in

hand with, coincide.

Adj. concurring &c v.; concurrent, in alliance with, banded together,

of one mind, at one with, coinciding.

Adv. with one consent.

179. Counteraction — N. counteraction, opposition; contrariety &c 14;

antagonism, polarity; clashing &c v.; collision, interference,

inhibition, resistance, renitency, friction; reaction; retroaction &c

(recoil) 277; counterblast†; neutralization &c (compensation) 30; vis

inertiae [Lat.]; check &c (hindrance) 706.

voluntary opposition &c 708, voluntary resistance &c 719;

repression &c (restraint) 751.

opposites, action and reaction, yang and yin, yang-yin

(contrariety) 14.

V. counteract; run counter, clash, cross; interfere with, conflict

with; contravene; jostle; go against, run against, beat against,

militate against; stultify; antagonize, block, oppose &c 708; traverse;

withstand &c (resist) 719; hinder &c 706; repress &c (restrain) 751;

react &c (recoil) 277.

undo, neutralize; counterpoise &c (compensate) 30; overpoise†.

Adj. counteracting &c v.; antagonistic, conflicting, retroactive,

renitent, reactionary; contrary &c 14.

Adv. although &c 30; in spite of &c 708; against.

Phr. for every action there is a reaction, equal in force and opposite

in direction [Newton].

CLASS II

WORDS RELATING TO SPACE

SECTION I.

SPACE IN GENERAL

1. ABSTRACT SPACE

180. [Indefinite space.] Space — N. space, extension, extent,

superficial extent, expanse, stretch, hyperspace; room, scope, range,

field, way, expansion, compass, sweep, swing, spread.

dimension, length &c 200; distance &c 196; size &c 192; volume;

hypervolume.

latitude, play, leeway, purchase, tolerance, room for maneuver.

spare room, elbow room, house room; stowage, roomage†, margin;

opening, sphere, arena.

open space, free space; void &c (absence) 187; waste; wildness,

wilderness; moor, moorland; campagna†.

abyss &c (interval) 198; unlimited space; infinity &c 105; world;

ubiquity &c (presence) 186; length and breadth of the land.

proportions, acreage; acres, acres and perches, roods and perches,

hectares, square miles; square inches, square yards, square

centimeters, square meters, yards (clothing) &c; ares, arpents†.

Adj. spacious, roomy, extensive, expansive, capacious, ample;

widespread, vast, world-wide, uncircumscribed; boundless &c (infinite)

105; shoreless†, trackless, pathless; extended.

Adv. extensively &c adj.; wherever; everywhere; far and near, far and

wide; right and left, all over, all the world over; throughout the

world, throughout the length and breadth of the land; under the sun, in

every quarter; in all quarters, in all lands; here there and

everywhere; from pole to pole, from China to Peru [Johnson], from Indus

to the pole [Pope], from Dan to Beersheba, from end to end; on the face

of the earth, in the wide world, from all points of the compass; to the

four winds, to the uttermost parts of the earth.

180a. Inextension — N. inextension†, nonextension†, point; dot; atom &c

(smallness) 32.

181. [Definite space.] Region — N. region, sphere, ground, soil, area,

field, realm, hemisphere, quarter, district, beat, orb, circuit,

circle; reservation, pale &c (limit) 233; compartment, department;

clearing.

[political divisions: see] (property) &c 780 (Government) &c 737.1

arena, precincts, enceinte, walk, march; patch, plot, parcel,

inclosure, close, field, court; enclave, reserve, preserve; street &c

(abode) 189.

clime, climate, zone, meridian, latitude.

biosphere; lithosphere.

Adj. territorial, local, parochial, provincial, regional.

182. [Limited space.] Place — N. place, lieu, spot, point, dot; niche,

nook &c (corner) 244; hole; pigeonhole &c (receptacle) 191;

compartment; premises, precinct, station; area, courtyard, square;

abode &c 189; locality &c (situation) 183.

ins and outs; every hole and corner.

Adv. somewhere, in some place, wherever it may be, here and there, in

various places, passim.

2. RELATIVE SPACE

183. Situation — N. situation, position, locality, locale, status,

latitude and longitude; footing, standing, standpoint, post; stage;

aspect, attitude, posture, pose.

environment, surroundings (location) 184; circumjacence &c 227

[Obs.].

place, site, station, seat, venue, whereabouts; ground; bearings

&c (direction) 278; spot &c (limited space) 182.

topography, geography, chorography†; map &c 554.

V. be situated, be situate; lie, have its seat in.

Adj. situate, situated; local, topical, topographical &c n..

Adv. in situ, in loco; here and there, passim; hereabouts, thereabouts,

whereabouts; in place, here, there.

in such and such surroundings, in such and such environs, in such

and such entourage, amidst such and such surroundings, amidst such and

such environs, amidst such and such entourage.

184. Location — N. location, localization; lodgment; deposition,

reposition; stowage, package; collocation; packing, lading;

establishment, settlement, installation; fixation; insertion &c 300.

habitat, environment, surroundings (situation) 183; circumjacence

&c 227 [Obs.].

anchorage, mooring, encampment.

plantation, colony, settlement, cantonment; colonization,

domestication, situation; habitation &c (abode) 189; cohabitation; a

local habitation and a name [Midsummer Night's Dream]; endenization†,

naturalization.

V. place, situate, locate, localize, make a place for, put, lay, set,

seat, station, lodge, quarter, post, install; house, stow; establish,

fix, pin, root; graft; plant &c (insert) 300; shelve, pitch, camp, lay

down, deposit, reposit†; cradle; moor, tether, picket; pack, tuck in;

embed, imbed; vest, invest in.

billet on, quarter upon, saddle with; load, lade, freight; pocket,

put up, bag.

inhabit &c (be present) 186; domesticate, colonize; take root,

strike root; anchor; cast anchor, come to an anchor; sit down, settle

down; settle; take up one's abode, take up one's quarters; plant

oneself, establish oneself, locate oneself; squat, perch, hive, se

nicher [Fr.], bivouac, burrow, get a footing; encamp, pitch one's tent;

put up at, put up one's horses at; keep house.

endenizen†, naturalize, adopt.

put back, replace &c (restore) 660.

Adj. placed &c v.; situate, posited, ensconced, imbedded, embosomed†,

rooted; domesticated; vested in, unremoved†.

moored &c v.; at anchor.

185. Displacement — N. displacement, elocation†, transposition.

ejectment &c 297 [Obs.]; exile &c (banishment) 893; removal &c

(transference) 270.

misplacement, dislocation &c 61; fish out of water.

V. displace, misplace, displant†, dislodge, disestablish; exile &c

(seclude) 893; ablegate†, set aside, remove; take away, cart away; take

off, draft off; lade &c 184.

unload, empty &c (eject) 297; transfer &c 270; dispel.

vacate; depart &c 293.

Adj. displaced &c v.; unplaced, unhoused†, unharbored†, unestablished†,

unsettled; houseless†, homeless; out of place, out of a situation; in

the wrong place.

misplaced, out of its element.

3. EXISTENCE IN SPACE

186. Presence — N. presence; occupancy, occupation; attendance;

whereness†.

permeation, pervasion; diffusion &c (dispersion) 73.

ubiety†, ubiquity, ubiquitariness†; omnipresence.

bystander &c (spectator) 444.

V. exist in space, be present &c adj.; assister†; make one of, make one

at; look on, attend, remain; find oneself, present oneself; show one's

face; fall in the way of, occur in a place; lie, stand; occupy; be

there.

people; inhabit, dwell, reside, stay, sojourn, live, abide, lodge,

nestle, roost, perch; take up one's abode &c (be located) 184; tenant.

resort to, frequent, haunt; revisit.

fill, pervade, permeate; be diffused, be disseminated, be through;

over spread, overrun; run through; meet one at every turn.

Adj. present; occupying, inhabiting &c v.; moored &c 184; resiant†,

resident, residentiary†; domiciled.

ubiquitous, ubiquitary†; omnipresent; universally present.

peopled, populous, full of people, inhabited.

Adv. here, there, where, everywhere, aboard, on board, at home, afield;

here there and everywhere &c (space) 180; in presence of, before; under

the eyes of, under the nose of; in the face of; in propria persona

[Lat.].

on the spot; in person, in the flesh.

Phr. nusquam est qui ubique est [Lat.] [Seneca].

187. [Nullibiety.1] Absence — N. absence; inexistence &c 2 [Obs.];

nonresidence, absenteeism; nonattendance, alibi.

emptiness &c adj.; void, vacuum; vacuity, vacancy; tabula rasa

[Lat.]; exemption; hiatus &c (interval) 198; lipotype†.

truant, absentee.

nobody; nobody present, nobody on earth; not a soul; ame qui vive

[Fr.].

V. be absent &c adj.; keep away, keep out of the way; play truant,

absent oneself, stay away; keep aloof, hold aloof.

withdraw, make oneself scarce, vacate; go away &c 293.

Adj. absent, not present, away, nonresident, gone, from home; missing;

lost; wanting; omitted; nowhere to be found; inexistence &c 2 [Obs.].

empty, void; vacant, vacuous; untenanted, unoccupied, uninhabited;

tenantless; barren, sterile; desert, deserted; devoid; uninhabitable.

Adv. without, minus, nowhere; elsewhere; neither here nor there; in

default of; sans; behind one's back.

Phr. the bird has flown, non est inventus [Lat.].

absence makes the heart grow fonder [Bayley]; absent in body but

present in spirit [1 Corinthians verse 3]; absento nemo ne nocuisse

velit [Lat.] [Propertius]; Achilles absent was Achilles still [Homer];

aux absents les os; briller par son absence [Fr.]; conspicuous by his

absence [Russell]; in the hope to meet shortly again and make our

absence sweet [B.

Jonson].

188. Inhabitant — N. inhabitant; resident, residentiary†; dweller,

indweller†; addressee; occupier, occupant; householder, lodger, inmate,

tenant, incumbent, sojourner, locum tenens, commorant†; settler,

squatter, backwoodsman, colonist; islander; denizen, citizen; burgher,

oppidan†, cockney, cit, townsman, burgess; villager; cottager, cottier†,

cotter; compatriot; backsettler†, boarder; hotel keeper, innkeeper;

habitant; paying guest; planter.

native, indigene, aborigines, autochthones†; Englishman, John Bull;

newcomer &c (stranger) 57.

aboriginal, American†, Caledonian, Cambrian, Canadian, Canuck

[Slang], downeaster [U.S.], Scot, Scotchman, Hibernian, Irishman,

Welshman, Uncle Sam, Yankee, Brother Jonathan.

garrison, crew; population; people &c (mankind) 372; colony,

settlement; household; mir†.

V. inhabit &c (be present) 186; endenizen &c (locate oneself) 184

[Obs.].

Adj. indigenous; native, natal; autochthonal†, autochthonous; British;

English; American†; Canadian, Irish, Scotch, Scottish, Welsh; domestic;

domiciliated†, domiciled; naturalized, vernacular, domesticated;

domiciliary.

in the occupation of; garrisoned by, occupied by.

189. [Place of habitation, or resort.] Abode — N. abode, dwelling,

lodging, domicile, residence, apartment, place, digs, pad, address,

habitation, where one's lot is cast, local habitation, berth, diggings,

seat, lap, sojourn, housing, quarters, headquarters, resiance†,

tabernacle, throne, ark.

home, fatherland; country; homestead, homestall†; fireside; hearth,

hearth stone; chimney corner, inglenook, ingle side; harem, seraglio,

zenana†; household gods, lares et penates [Lat.], roof, household,

housing, dulce domum [Lat.], paternal domicile; native soil, native

land.

habitat, range, stamping ground; haunt, hangout; biosphere;

environment, ecological niche.

nest, nidus, snuggery†; arbor, bower, &c 191; lair, den, cave,

hole, hiding place, cell, sanctum sanctorum [Lat.], aerie, eyrie, eyry†,

rookery, hive; covert, resort, retreat, perch, roost; nidification;

kala jagah†.

bivouac, camp, encampment, cantonment, castrametation†; barrack,

casemate†, casern†.

tent &c (covering) 223; building &c (construction) 161; chamber &c

(receptacle) 191; xenodochium†.

tenement, messuage, farm, farmhouse, grange, hacienda, toft†.

cot, cabin, hut, chalet, croft, shed, booth, stall, hovel, bothy†,

shanty, dugout [U.S.], wigwam; pen &c (inclosure) 232; barn, bawn†;

kennel, sty, doghold†, cote, coop, hutch, byre; cow house, cow shed;

stable, dovecote, columbary†, columbarium; shippen†; igloo, iglu†,

jacal†; lacustrine dwelling†, lacuslake dwelling†, lacuspile dwelling†;

log cabin, log house; shack, shebang [Slang], tepee, topek†.

house, mansion, place, villa, cottage, box, lodge, hermitage, rus

in urbe [Lat.], folly, rotunda, tower, chateau, castle, pavilion,

hotel, court, manor-house, capital messuage, hall, palace; kiosk,

bungalow; casa [Sp.], country seat, apartment house, flat house, frame

house, shingle house, tenement house; temple &c 1000.

hamlet, village, thorp†, dorp†, ham, kraal; borough, burgh, town,

city, capital, metropolis; suburb; province, country; county town,

county seat; courthouse [U.S.]; ghetto.

street, place, terrace, parade, esplanade, alameda†, board walk,

embankment, road, row, lane, alley, court, quadrangle, quad, wynd

[Scot.], close [Scot.], yard, passage, rents, buildings, mews.

square, polygon, circus, crescent, mall, piazza, arcade,

colonnade, peristyle, cloister; gardens, grove, residences; block of

buildings, market place, place, plaza.

anchorage, roadstead, roads; dock, basin, wharf, quay, port,

harbor.

quarter, parish &c (region) 181.

assembly room, meetinghouse, pump room, spa, watering place; inn;

hostel, hostelry; hotel, tavern, caravansary, dak bungalow†, khan,

hospice; public house, pub, pot house, mug house; gin mill, gin palace;

bar, bar room; barrel house [U.S.], cabaret, chophouse; club,

clubhouse; cookshop†, dive [U.S.], exchange [Euph.]; grill room, saloon

[U.S.], shebeen†; coffee house, eating house; canteen, restaurant,

buffet, cafe, estaminet†, posada†; almshouse†, poorhouse, townhouse

[U.S.].

garden, park, pleasure ground, plaisance†, demesne.

[quarters for animals] cage, terrarium, doghouse; pen, aviary;

barn, stall; zoo.

V. take up one's abode &c (locate oneself) 184; inhabit &c (be present)

186.

Adj. urban, metropolitan; suburban; provincial, rural, rustic;

domestic; cosmopolitan; palatial.

Phr. eigner Hert ist goldes Werth [G.]; even cities have their graves

[Longfellow]; ubi libertas ibi patria [Lat.]; home sweet home.

190. [Things contained.] Contents — N. contents; cargo, lading,

freight, shipment, load, bale, burden, jag; cartload†, shipload; cup of,

basket of, &c (receptacle) 191 of; inside &c 221; stuffing, ullage.

191. Receptacle — N. receptacle; inclosure &c 232; recipient,

receiver, reservatory.

compartment; cell, cellule; follicle; hole, corner, niche, recess,

nook; crypt, stall, pigeonhole, cove, oriel; cave &c (concavity) 252.

capsule, vesicle, cyst, pod, calyx, cancelli, utricle, bladder;

pericarp, udder.

stomach, paunch, venter, ventricle, crop, craw, maw, gizzard,

breadbasket; mouth.

pocket, pouch, fob, sheath, scabbard, socket, bag, sac, sack,

saccule, wallet, cardcase, scrip, poke, knit, knapsack, haversack,

sachel, satchel, reticule, budget, net; ditty bag, ditty box;

housewife, hussif; saddlebags; portfolio; quiver &c (magazine) 636.

chest, box, coffer, caddy, case, casket, pyx, pix, caisson, desk,

bureau, reliquary; trunk, portmanteau, band-box, valise; grip, grip

sack [U.S.]; skippet, vasculum; boot, imperial; vache; cage, manger,

rack.

vessel, vase, bushel, barrel; canister, jar; pottle, basket,

pannier, buck-basket, hopper, maund†, creel, cran, crate, cradle,

bassinet, wisket, whisket, jardiniere, corbeille, hamper, dosser,

dorser, tray, hod, scuttle, utensil; brazier; cuspidor, spittoon.

[For liquids] cistern &c (store) 636; vat, caldron, barrel, cask,

drum, puncheon, keg, rundlet, tun, butt, cag, firkin, kilderkin,

carboy, amphora, bottle, jar, decanter, ewer, cruse, caraffe, crock,

kit, canteen, flagon; demijohn; flask, flasket; stoup, noggin, vial,

phial, cruet, caster; urn, epergne, salver, patella, tazza, patera; pig

gin, big gin; tyg, nipperkin, pocket pistol; tub, bucket, pail, skeel,

pot, tankard, jug, pitcher, mug, pipkin; galipot, gallipot; matrass,

receiver, retort, alembic, bolthead, capsule, can, kettle; bowl, basin,

jorum, punch bowl, cup, goblet, chalice, tumbler, glass, rummer, horn,

saucepan, skillet, posnet†, tureen.

[laboratory vessels for liquids] beaker, flask, Erlenmeyer flask,

Florence flask, round-bottom flask, graduated cylinder, test tube,

culture tube, pipette, Pasteur pipette, disposable pipette, syringe,

vial, carboy, vacuum flask, Petri dish, microtiter tray, centrifuge

tube.

bail, beaker, billy, canakin; catch basin, catch drain; chatti,

lota, mussuk, schooner [U.S.], spider, terrine, toby, urceus.

plate, platter, dish, trencher, calabash, porringer, potager,

saucer, pan, crucible; glassware, tableware; vitrics.

compote, gravy boat, creamer, sugar bowl, butter dish, mug,

pitcher, punch bowl, chafing dish.

shovel, trowel, spoon, spatula, ladle, dipper, tablespoon, watch

glass, thimble.

closet, commode, cupboard, cellaret, chiffonniere, locker, bin,

bunker, buffet, press, clothespress, safe, sideboard, drawer, chest of

drawers, chest on chest, highboy, lowboy, till, scrutoire†, secretary,

secretaire, davenport, bookcase, cabinet, canterbury; escritoire,

etagere, vargueno, vitrine.

chamber, apartment, room, cabin; office, court, hall, atrium;

suite of rooms, apartment [U.S.], flat, story; saloon, salon, parlor;

by-room, cubicle; presence chamber; sitting room, best room, keeping

room, drawing room, reception room, state room; gallery, cabinet,

closet; pew, box; boudoir; adytum, sanctum; bedroom, dormitory;

refectory, dining room, salle-a-manger; nursery, schoolroom; library,

study; studio; billiard room, smoking room; den; stateroom, tablinum,

tenement.

[room for defecation and urination] bath room, bathroom, toilet,

lavatory, powder room; john, jakes, necessary, loo; [in public places]

men's room, ladies' room, rest room; [fixtures] (uncleanness). 653

attic, loft, garret, cockloft, clerestory; cellar, vault, hold,

cockpit; cubbyhole; cook house; entre-sol; mezzanine floor; ground

floor, rez-de-chaussee; basement, kitchen, pantry, bawarchi-khana,

scullery, offices; storeroom &c (depository) 636; lumber room; dairy,

laundry.

coach house; garage; hangar; outhouse; penthouse; lean-to.

portico, porch, stoop, stope, veranda, patio, lanai, terrace,

deck; lobby, court, courtyard, hall, vestibule, corridor, passage,

breezeway; ante room, ante chamber; lounge; piazza, veranda.

conservatory, greenhouse, bower, arbor, summerhouse, alcove,

grotto, hermitage.

lodging &c (abode) 189; bed &c (support) 215; carriage &c

(vehicle) 272.

Adj. capsular; saccular, sacculated; recipient; ventricular, cystic,

vascular, vesicular, cellular, camerated, locular, multilocular,

polygastric; marsupial; siliquose, siliquous.

SECTION II.

DIMENSIONS

1. GENERAL DIMENSIONS

192. Size — N. size, magnitude, dimension, bulk, volume; largeness &c

adj.; greatness &c (of quantity) 31; expanse &c (space) 180; amplitude,

mass; proportions.

capacity, tonnage, tunnage; cordage; caliber, scantling.

turgidity &c (expansion) 194; corpulence, obesity; plumpness &c

adj.; embonpoint, corporation, flesh and blood, lustihood.

hugeness &c adj.; enormity, immensity, monstrosity.

giant, Brobdingnagian, Antaeus, Goliath, Gog and Magog, Gargantua,

monster, mammoth, Cyclops; cachalot, whale, porpoise, behemoth,

leviathan, elephant, hippopotamus; colossus; tun, cord, lump, bulk,

block, loaf, mass, swad, clod, nugget, bushel, thumper, whooper,

spanker, strapper; Triton among the minnows [Coriolanus].

mountain, mound; heap &c (assemblage) 72.

largest portion &c 50; full size, life size.

V. be large &c adj.; become large &c (expand) 194.

Adj. large, big; great &c (in quantity) 31; considerable, bulky,

voluminous, ample, massive, massy; capacious, comprehensive; spacious

&c 180; mighty, towering, fine, magnificent.

corpulent, stout, fat, obese, plump, squab, full, lusty,

strapping, bouncing; portly, burly, well-fed, full-grown; corn fed,

gram fed; stalwart, brawny, fleshy; goodly; in good case, in good

condition; in condition; chopping, jolly; chub faced, chubby faced.

lubberly, hulky, unwieldy, lumpish, gaunt, spanking, whacking,

whopping, walloping, thumping, thundering, hulking; overgrown; puffy &c

(swollen) 194.

huge, immense, enormous, mighty; vast, vasty; amplitudinous,

stupendous; monster, monstrous, humongous, monumental; elephantine,

jumbo, mammoth; gigantic, gigantean, giant, giant like, titanic;

prodigious, colossal, Cyclopean, Brobdingnagian, Bunyanesque,

Herculean, Gargantuan; infinite &c 105.

large as life; plump as a dumpling, plump as a partridge; fat as a

pig, fat as a quail, fat as butter, fat as brawn, fat as bacon.

immeasurable, unfathomable, unplumbed; inconceivable,

unimaginable, unheard-of.

of cosmic proportions; of epic proportions, the mother of all, teh

granddaddy of all.

193. Littleness — N. littleness &c adj.; smallness &c (of quantity)

32; exiguity, inextension†; parvitude†, parvity†; duodecimo†; Elzevir

edition, epitome, microcosm; rudiment; vanishing point; thinness &c

203.

dwarf, pygmy, pigmy†, Liliputian, chit, pigwidgeon†, urchin, elf;

atomy†, dandiprat†; doll, puppet; Tom Thumb, Hop-o'-my-thumb†; manikin,

mannikin; homunculus, dapperling†, cock-sparrow.

animalcule, monad, mite, insect, emmet†, fly, midge, gnat, shrimp,

minnow, worm, maggot, entozoon†; bacteria; infusoria†; microzoa

[Micro.]; phytozoaria†; microbe; grub; tit, tomtit, runt, mouse, small

fry; millet seed, mustard seed; barleycorn; pebble, grain of sand;

molehill, button, bubble.

point; atom &c (small quantity) 32; fragment &c (small part) 51;

powder &c 330; point of a pin, mathematical point; minutiae &c

(unimportance) 643.

micrometer; vernier; scale.

microphotography, photomicrography, micrography†; photomicrograph,

microphotograph; microscopy; microscope (optical instruments) 445.

V. be little &c adj.; lie in a nutshell; become small &c (decrease) 36,

(contract) 195.

Adj. little; small &c (in quantity) 32; minute, diminutive,

microscopic; microzoal; inconsiderable &c (unimportant) 643; exiguous,

puny, tiny, wee, petty, minikin†, miniature, pygmy, pigmy†, elfin;

undersized; dwarf, dwarfed, dwarfish; spare, stunted, limited; cramp,

cramped; pollard, Liliputian, dapper, pocket; portative†, portable;

duodecimo†; dumpy, squat; short &c 201.

impalpable, intangible, evanescent, imperceptible, invisible,

inappreciable, insignificant, inconsiderable, trivial; infinitesimal,

homoeopathic†; atomic, subatomic, corpuscular, molecular; rudimentary,

rudimental; embryonic, vestigial.

weazen†, scant, scraggy, scrubby; thin &c (narrow) 203; granular &c

(powdery) 330; shrunk &c 195; brevipennate†.

Adv. in a small compass, in a nutshell; on a small scale; minutely,

microscopically.

194. Expansion — N. expansion; increase of size &c 35; enlargement,

extension, augmentation; amplification, ampliation†; aggrandizement,

spread, increment, growth, development, pullulation, swell, dilation,

rarefaction; turgescence†, turgidness, turgidity; dispansion†; obesity

&c (size) 192; hydrocephalus, hydrophthalmus [Med.]; dropsy,

tumefaction, intumescence, swelling, tumor, diastole, distension;

puffing, puffiness; inflation; pandiculation†.

dilatability, expansibility.

germination, growth, upgrowth†; accretion &c 35; budding,

gemmation†.

overgrowth, overdistension†; hypertrophy, tympany†.

bulb &c (convexity) 250; plumper; superiority of size.

[expansion of the universe] big bang; Hubble constant.

V. become larger &c (large) &c 192; expand, widen, enlarge, extend,

grow, increase, incrassate†, swell, gather; fill out; deploy, take open

order, dilate, stretch, distend, spread; mantle, wax; grow up, spring

up; bud, bourgeon [Fr.], shoot, sprout, germinate, put forth, vegetate,

pullulate, open, burst forth; gain flesh, gather flesh; outgrow; spread

like wildfire, overrun.

be larger than; surpass &c (be superior) 33.

render larger &c (large) &c 192; expand, spread, extend,

aggrandize, distend, develop, amplify, spread out, widen, magnify,

rarefy, inflate, puff, blow up, stuff, pad, cram; exaggerate; fatten.

Adj. expanded, &c v.; larger, &c (large) &c 192; swollen; expansive;

wide open, wide spread; flabelliform†; overgrown, exaggerated, bloated,

fat, turgid, tumid, hypertrophied, dropsical; pot bellied, swag

bellied†; edematous, oedematous†, obese, puffy, pursy†, blowzy,

bigswoln†, distended; patulous; bulbous &c (convex) 250; full blown,

full grown, full formed; big &c 192; abdominous†, enchymatous†,

rhipidate†; tumefacient†, tumefying†.

195. Contraction — N. contraction, reduction, diminution; decrease of

size &c 36; defalcation, decrement; lessening, shrinking &c v.;

compaction; tabes†, collapse, emaciation, attenuation, tabefaction†,

consumption, marasmus†, atrophy; systole, neck, hourglass.

condensation, compression, compactness; compendium &c 596;

squeezing &c v.; strangulation; corrugation; astringency; astringents,

sclerotics; contractility, compressibility; coarctation†.

inferiority in size.

V. become small, become smaller; lessen, decrease &c 36; grow less,

dwindle, shrink, contract, narrow, shrivel, collapse, wither, lose

flesh, wizen, fall away, waste, wane, ebb; decay &c (deteriorate) 659.

be smaller than, fall short of; not come up to &c (be inferior)

34.

render smaller, lessen, diminish, contract, draw in, narrow,

coarctate†; boil down; constrict, constringe†; condense, compress,

squeeze, corrugate, crimp, crunch, crush, crumple up, warp, purse up,

pack, squeeze, stow; pinch, tighten, strangle; cramp; dwarf, bedwarf†;

shorten &c 201; circumscribe &c 229; restrain &c 751.

[reduce in size by abrasion or paring. ] (subtraction) 38 abrade,

pare, reduce, attenuate, rub down, scrape, file, file down, grind,

grind down, chip, shave, shear, wear down.

Adj. contracting &c v.; astringent; shrunk, contracted &c v.;

strangulated, tabid†, wizened, stunted; waning &c v.; neap, compact.

unexpanded &c (expand) &c 194 [Obs.]; contractile; compressible;

smaller &c (small) &c 193.

196. Distance — N. distance; space &c 180; remoteness, farness†, far-

cry to; longinquity†, elongation; offing, background; remote region;

removedness†; parallax; reach, span, stride.

outpost, outskirt; horizon; aphelion; foreign parts, ultima Thule

[Lat.], ne plus ultra [Lat.], antipodes; long range, giant's stride.

dispersion &c 73.

[units of distance] length &c 200.

cosmic distance, light-years.

V. be distant &c adj.; extend to, stretch to, reach to, spread to, go

to, get to, stretch away to; range.

remain at a distance; keep away, keep off, keep aloof, keep clear

of, stand away, stand off, stand aloof, stand clear of, stay away, keep

one's distance.

distance; distance oneself from.

Adj. distant; far off, far away; remote, telescopic, distal, wide of;

stretching to &c v.; yon, yonder; ulterior; transmarine†, transpontine†,

transatlantic, transalpine; tramontane; ultramontane, ultramundane†;

hyperborean, antipodean; inaccessible, out of the way; unapproached†,

unapproachable; incontiguous†.

Adv. far off, far away; afar, afar off; off; away; a long way off, a

great way off, a good way off; wide away, aloof; wide of, clear of; out

of the way, out of reach; abroad, yonder, farther, further, beyond;

outre mer [Fr.], over the border, far and wide, over the hills and far

away [Gay]; from pole to pole &c (over great space) 180; to the

uttermost parts, to the ends of the earth; out of hearing, nobody knows

where, a perte de vue [Fr.], out of the sphere of, wide of the mark; a

far cry to.

apart, asunder; wide apart, wide asunder; longo intervallo [It];

at arm's length.

Phr. distance lends enchantment [Campbell]; it's a long long way to

Tipperary; out of sight, out of mind.

197. Nearness — N. nearness &c adj.; proximity, propinquity; vicinity,

vicinage; neighborhood, adjacency; contiguity &c 199.

short distance, short step, short cut; earshot, close quarters,

stone's throw; bow shot, gun shot, pistol shot; hair's breadth, span.

purlieus, neighborhood, vicinage, environs, alentours [Fr.],

suburbs, confines, banlieue†, borderland; whereabouts.

bystander; neighbor, borderer†.

approach &c 286; convergence &c 290; perihelion.

V. be near &c adj.; adjoin, hang about, trench on; border upon, verge

upon; stand by, approximate, tread on the heels of, cling to, clasp,

hug; huddle; hang upon the skirts of, hover over; burn.

touch &c 199; bring near, draw near &c 286; converge &c 290; crowd

&c 72; place side by side &c adv..

Adj. near, nigh; close at hand, near at hand; close, neighboring;

bordering upon, contiguous, adjacent, adjoining; proximate, proximal;

at hand, handy; near the mark, near run; home, intimate.

Adv. near, nigh; hard by, fast by; close to, close upon; hard upon; at

the point of; next door to; within reach, within call, within hearing,

within earshot; within an ace of; but a step, not far from, at no great

distance; on the verge of, on the brink of, on the skirts of; in the

environs &c n.; at one's door, at one's feet, at one's elbow, at one's

finger's end, at one's side; on the tip of one's tongue; under one's

nose; within a stone's throw &c n.; in sight of, in presence of; at

close quarters; cheek by jole†, cheek by jowl; beside, alongside, side

by side, tete-a-tete; in juxtaposition &c (touching) 199; yardarm to

yardarm, at the heels of; on the confines of, at the threshold,

bordering upon, verging to; in the way.

about; hereabouts, thereabouts; roughly, in round numbers;

approximately, approximatively†; as good as, well-nigh.

198. Interval — N. interval, interspace†; separation &c 44; break, gap,

opening; hole &c 260; chasm, hiatus, caesura; interruption,

interregnum; interstice, lacuna, cleft, mesh, crevice, chink, rime,

creek, cranny, crack, chap, slit, fissure, scissure†, rift, flaw,

breach, rent, gash, cut, leak, dike, ha-ha.

gorge, defile, ravine, canon, crevasse, abyss, abysm; gulf; inlet,

frith†, strait, gully; pass; furrow &c 259; abra†; barranca†, barranco†;

clove [U.S.], gulch [U.S.], notch [U.S.]; yawning gulf; hiatus maxime

[Lat.], hiatus valde deflendus [Lat.]; parenthesis &c (interjacence)

228 [Obs.]; void &c (absence) 187; incompleteness &c 53.

[interval of time] period &c 108; interim (time) 106.

V. gape &c (open) 260.

Adj. with an interval, far between; breachy†, rimose†, rimulose†.

Adv. at intervals &c (discontinuously) 70; longo intervallo [It].

199. Contiguity — N. contiguity, contact, proximity, apposition,

abuttal†, juxtaposition; abutment, osculation; meeting, appulse†,

rencontre†, rencounter†, syzygy [Astr.], coincidence, coexistence;

adhesion &c 46; touching &c v.. (touch) 379.

borderland; frontier &c (limit) 233; tangent; abutter.

V. be contiguous &c adj.; join, adjoin, abut on, march with; graze,

touch, meet, osculate, come in contact, coincide; coexist; adhere &c

46.

[cause to be contiguous] juxtapose; contact; join (unite) 43; link

(vinculum) 45.

Adj. contiguous; touching &c v.; in contact &c n.; conterminous, end to

end, osculatory; pertingent†; tangential.

hand to hand; close to &c (near) 197; with no interval &c 198.

2. LINEAR DIMENSIONS

200. Length — N. length, longitude, span; mileage; distance &c 196.

line, bar, rule, stripe, streak, spoke, radius.

lengthening &c v.; prolongation, production, protraction; tension,

tensure†; extension.

[Measures of length] line, nail, inch, hand, palm, foot, cubit,

yard, ell, fathom, rood, pole, furlong, mile, league; chain, link;

arpent†, handbreadth†, jornada [U.S.], kos†, vara†.

[astronomical units of distance] astronomical unit, AU, light-

year, parsec.

[metric units of length] nanometer, nm, micron, micrometer,

millimicron, millimeter, mm, centimeter, cm, meter, kilometer, km.

pedometer, perambulator; scale &c (measurement) 466.

V. be long &c adj.; stretch out, sprawl; extend to, reach to, stretch

to; make a long arm, drag its slow length along.

render long &c adj.; lengthen, extend, elongate; stretch; prolong,

produce, protract; let out, draw out, spin out†; drawl.

enfilade, look along, view in perspective.

distend (expand) 194.

Adj. long, longsome†; lengthy, wiredrawn†, outstretched; lengthened &c

v.; sesquipedalian &c (words) 577; interminable, no end of;

macrocolous†.

linear, lineal; longitudinal, oblong.

as long as my arm, as long as today and tomorrow; unshortened &c

(shorten) &c 201 [Obs.].

Adv. lengthwise, at length, longitudinally, endlong†, along; tandem; in

a line &c (continuously) 69; in perspective.

from end to end, from stem to stern, from head to foot, from the

crown of the head to the sole of the foot, from top to toe; fore and

aft.

201. Shortness — N. shortness &c adj.; brevity; littleness &c 193; a

span.

shortening &c v.; abbreviation, abbreviature†; abridgment,

concision, retrenchment, curtailment, decurtation†; reduction &c

(contraction) 195; epitome &c (compendium) 596.

elision, ellipsis; conciseness &c (in style) 572.

abridger, epitomist†, epitomizer†.

V. be short &c adj.; render short &c adj.; shorten, curtail, abridge,

abbreviate, take in, reduce; compress &c (contract) 195; epitomize &c

596.

retrench, cut short, obtruncate†; scrimp, cut, chop up, hack, hew;

cut down, pare down; clip, dock, lop, prune, shear, shave, mow, reap,

crop; snub; truncate, pollard, stunt, nip, check the growth of;

foreshorten (in drawing).

Adj. short, brief, curt; compendious, compact; stubby, scrimp; shorn,

stubbed; stumpy, thickset, pug; chunky [U.S.], decurtate†; retrousse†;

stocky; squab, squabby†; squat, dumpy; little &c 193; curtailed of its

fair proportions; short by; oblate; concise &c 572; summary.

Adv. shortly &c adj.; in short &c (concisely) 572.

202. Breadth, Thickness, — N. breadth, width, latitude, amplitude;

diameter, bore, caliber, radius; superficial extent &c (space) 180.

thickness, crassitude†; corpulence &c (size) 192; dilation &c

(expansion) 194.

V. be broad &c adj.; become broad, render broad &c adj.; expand &c 194;

thicken, widen, calibrate.

Adj. broad, wide, ample, extended; discous†; fanlike; outspread,

outstretched; wide as a church-door [Romeo and Juliet]; latifoliate†,

latifolous†.

thick, dumpy, squab, squat, thickset; thick as a rope.

203. Narrowness. Thinness — N. narrowness &c adj.; closeness, exility†;

exiguity &c (little) 193.

line; hair's breadth, finger's breadth; strip, streak, vein.

monolayer; epitaxial deposition [Eng.].

thinness &c adj.; tenuity; emaciation, macilency†, marcor†.

shaving, slip &c (filament) 205; thread paper, skeleton, shadow,

anatomy, spindleshanks†, lantern jaws, mere skin and bone.

middle constriction, stricture, neck, waist, isthmus, wasp,

hourglass; ridge, ghaut†, ghat†, pass; ravine &c 198.

narrowing, coarctation†, angustation†, tapering; contraction &c

195.

V. be narrow &c adj.; narrow, taper, contract &c 195; render narrow &c

adj.; waste away.

Adj. narrow, close; slender, thin, fine; thread-like &c (filament) 205;

finespun†, gossamer; paper-thin; taper, slim, slight-made; scant,

scanty; spare, delicate, incapacious†; contracted &c 195; unexpanded &c

(expand) &c 194 [Obs.]; slender as a thread.

[in reference to people or animals] emaciated, lean, meager,

gaunt, macilent†; lank, lanky; weedy, skinny; scrawny slinky [U.S.];

starved, starveling; herring gutted; worn to a shadow, lean as a rake

[Chaucer]; thin as a lath, thin as a whipping post, thin as a wafer;

hatchet-faced; lantern-jawed.

attenuated, shriveled, extenuated, tabid†, marcid†, barebone,

rawboned.

monomolecular.

204. Layer — N. layer, stratum, strata, course, bed, zone, substratum,

substrata, floor, flag, stage, story, tier, slab, escarpment; table,

tablet; dess†; flagstone; board, plank; trencher, platter.

plate; lamina, lamella; sheet, foil; wafer; scale, flake, peel;

coat, pellicle; membrane, film; leaf; slice, shive†, cut, rasher,

shaving, integument &c (covering) 223; eschar†.

stratification, scaliness, nest of boxes, coats of an onion.

monolayer; bilayer; trilayer [Bioch.].

V. slice, shave, pare, peel; delaminate; plate, coat, veneer; cover &c

223.

Adj. lamellar, lamellated†, lamelliform†, layered; laminated,

laminiferous†; micaceous†; schistose, schistous†; scaly, filmy,

membranous, pellicular, flaky, squamous [Anat.]; foliated, foliaceous†;

stratified, stratiform; tabular, discoid; spathic†, spathose†.

trilamellar†.

graphitic†.

205. Filament — N. filament, line; fiber, fibril; funicle†, vein; hair,

capillament†, cilium, cilia, pilus, pili; tendril, gossamer; hair

stroke; veinlet†, venula†, venule†.

wire, string, thread, packthread, cotton, sewing silk, twine,

twist, whipcord, tape, ribbon, cord, rope, yarn, hemp, oakum, jute.

strip, shred, slip, spill, list, band, fillet, fascia, ribbon,

riband, roll, lath, splinter, shiver, shaving.

beard &c (roughness) 256; ramification; strand.

Adj. filamentous, filamentiferous†, filaceous†, filiform†; fibrous,

fibrillous†; thread-like, wiry, stringy, ropy; capillary, capilliform†;

funicular, wire-drawn; anguilliform†; flagelliform†; hairy &c (rough)

256; taeniate†, taeniform†, taenioid†; venose†, venous.

206. Height — N. height, altitude, elevation; eminence, pitch;

loftiness &c adj.; sublimity.

tallness &c adj.; stature, procerity†; prominence &c 250.

colossus &c (size) 192; giant, grenadier, giraffe, camelopard.

mount, mountain; hill alto, butte [U.S.], monticle†, fell, knap†;

cape; headland, foreland†; promontory; ridge, hog's back, dune; rising

ground, vantage ground; down; moor, moorland; Alp; uplands, highlands;

heights &c (summit) 210; knob, loma†, pena [U.S.], picacho†, tump†;

knoll, hummock, hillock, barrow, mound, mole; steeps, bluff, cliff,

craig†, tor†, peak, pike, clough†; escarpment, edge, ledge, brae; dizzy

height.

tower, pillar, column, obelisk, monument, steeple, spire, minaret,

campanile, turret, dome, cupola; skyscraper.

pole, pikestaff, maypole, flagstaff; top mast, topgallant mast.

ceiling &c (covering) 223.

high water; high tide, flood tide, spring tide.

altimetry &c (angel) 244 [Obs.]; batophobia†.

satellite, spy-in-the-sky.

V. be high &c adj.; tower, soar, command; hover, hover over, fly over;

orbit, be in orbit; cap, culminate; overhang, hang over, impend,

beetle, bestride, ride, mount; perch, surmount; cover &c 223; overtop

&c (be superior) 33; stand on tiptoe.

become high &c adj.; grow higher, grow taller; upgrow†; rise &c

(ascend) 305; send into orbit.

render high &c adj.; heighten &c (elevate) 307.

Adj. high, elevated, eminent, exalted, lofty, tall; gigantic &c (big)

192; Patagonian; towering, beetling, soaring, hanging (gardens);

elevated &c 307; upper; highest &c (topmost) 210; high reaching,

insessorial†, perching.

upland, moorland; hilly, knobby [U.S.]; mountainous, alpine,

subalpine, heaven kissing; cloudtopt†, cloudcapt†, cloudtouching†;

aerial.

overhanging &c v.; incumbent, overlying, superincumbent†,

supernatant, superimposed; prominent &c v. 250.

tall as a maypole, tall as a poplar, tall as a steeple, lanky &c

(thin) 203.

Adv. on high, high up, aloft, up, above, aloof, overhead; airwind†;

upstairs, abovestairs†; in the clouds; on tiptoe, on stilts, on the

shoulders of; over head and ears; breast high.

over, upwards; from top to bottom &c (completely) 52.

Phr. e meglio cader dalle finistre che dal tetto [It].

207. Lowness — N. lowness &c adj.; debasement, depression, prostration

&c (horizontal) 213; depression &c (concave) 252.

molehill; lowlands; basement floor, ground floor; rez de chaussee

[Fr.]; cellar; hold, bilge; feet, heels.

low water; low tide, ebb tide, neap tide, spring tide.

V. be low &c adj.; lie low, lie flat; underlie; crouch, slouch, wallow,

grovel; lower &c (depress) 308.

Adj. low, neap, debased; nether, nether most; flat, level with the

ground; lying low &c v.; crouched, subjacent, squat, prostrate &c

(horizontal) 213.

Adv. under; beneath, underneath; below; downwards; adown†, at the foot

of; under foot, under ground; down stairs, below stairs; at a low ebb;

below par.

208. Depth — N. depth; deepness &c adj.; profundity, depression &c

(concavity) 252.

hollow, pit, shaft, well, crater; gulf &c 198; bowels of the

earth, botttomless pit†, hell.

soundings, depth of water, water, draught, submersion; plummet,

sound, probe; sounding rod, sounding line; lead.

bathymetry.

[instrument to measure depth] sonar, side-looking sonar;

bathometer†.

V. be deep &c adj.; render deep &c adj.; deepen.

plunge &c 310; sound, fathom, plumb, cast the lead, heave the

lead, take soundings, make soundings; dig &c (excavate) 252.

Adj. deep, deep seated; profound, sunk, buried; submerged &c 310;

subaqueous, submarine, subterranean, subterraneous, subterrene†;

underground.

bottomless, soundless, fathomless; unfathomed, unfathomable;

abysmal; deep as a well; bathycolpian†; benthal†, benthopelagic†;

downreaching†, yawning.

knee deep, ankle deep.

Adv. beyond one's depth, out of one's depth; over head and ears; mark

twine, mark twain.

209. Shallowness — N. shallowness &c adj.; shoals; mere scratch.

Adj. shallow, slight, superficial; skin deep, ankle deep, knee deep;

just enough to wet one's feet; shoal, shoaly†.

210. Summit — N. summit, summity†; top, peak, vertex, apex, zenith,

pinnacle, acme, culmination, meridian, utmost height, ne plus utra,

height, pitch, maximum, climax, culminating point, crowning point,

turning point; turn of the tide, fountain head; water shed, water

parting; sky, pole.

tip, tip top; crest, crow's nest, cap, truck, nib; end &c 67;

crown, brow; head, nob†, noddle†, pate; capsheaf†.

high places, heights.

topgallant mast, sky scraper; quarter deck, hurricane deck.

architrave, frieze, cornice, coping stone, zoophorus†, capital,

epistyle†, sconce, pediment, entablature†; tympanum; ceiling &c

(covering) 223.

attic, loft, garret, house top, upper story.

[metaphorical use] summit conference, summit; peak of achievement,

peak of performance; peaks and troughs, peaks and valleys (in graphs).

V. culminate, crown, top; overtop &c (be superior to) 33.

Adj. highest &c (high) &c 206; top; top most, upper most; tiptop;

culminating &c v.; meridian, meridional†; capital, head, polar, supreme,

supernal, topgallant.

Adv. atop, at the top of the tree.

Phr. en flute; fleur deau [Fr.].

211. Base — N. base, basement; plinth, dado, wainscot; baseboard,

mopboard†; bedrock, hardpan [U.S.]; foundation &c (support) 215;

substructure, substratum, ground, earth, pavement, floor, paving, flag,

carped, ground floor, deck; footing, ground work, basis; hold, bilge.

bottom, nadir, foot, sole, toe, hoof, keel, root; centerboard.

Adj. bottom, undermost, nethermost; fundamental; founded on, based on,

grounded on, built on.

212. Verticality — N. verticality; erectness &c adj.; perpendicularity

&c 216.1; right angle, normal; azimuth circle.

wall, precipice, cliff.

elevation, erection; square, plumb line, plummet.

V. be vertical &c adj.; stand up, stand on end, stand erect, stand

upright; stick up, cock up.

render vertical &c adj.; set up, stick up, raise up, cock up;

erect, rear, raise on its legs.

Adj. vertical, upright, erect, perpendicular, plumb, normal, straight,

bolt, upright; rampant; standing up &c v.; rectangular, orthogonal &c

216.1.

Adv. vertically &c adj.; up, on end; up on end, right on end; a plomb

[Fr.], endwise; one one's legs; at right angles.

213. Horizontality — N. horizontality†; flatness; level, plane; stratum

&c 204; dead level, dead flat; level plane.

recumbency, lying down &c v.; reclination†, decumbence†;

decumbency†, discumbency†; proneness &c adj.; accubation†, supination†,

resupination†, prostration; azimuth.

plain, floor, platform, bowling green; cricket ground; croquet

ground, croquet lawn; billiard table; terrace, estrade†, esplanade,

parterre.

[flat land area] table land, plateau, ledge; butte; mesa (plain)

344.

[instrument to measure horizontality] level, spirit level.

V. be horizontal &c adj.; lie, recline, couch; lie down, lie flat, lie

prostrate; sprawl, loll, sit down.

render horizontal &c adj.; lay down, lay out; level, flatten;

prostrate, knock down, floor, fell.

Adj. horizontal, level, even, plane; flat &c 251; flat as a billiard

table, flat as a bowling green; alluvial; calm, calm as a mill pond;

smooth, smooth as glass.

recumbent, decumbent, procumbent, accumbent†; lying &c v.; prone,

supine, couchant, jacent†, prostrate, recubant†.

Adv. horizontally &c adj.; on one's back, on all fours, on its beam

ends.

214. Pendency — N. pendency†, dependency; suspension, hanging &c v.;

pedicel, pedicle, peduncle; tail, train, flap, skirt, pigtail, pony

tail, pendulum; hangnail peg, knob, button, hook, nail, stud, ring,

staple, tenterhook; fastening &c 45; spar, horse.

V. be pendent &c adj.; hang, depend, swing, dangle; swag; daggle†, flap,

trail, flow; beetle.

suspend, hang, sling, hook up, hitch, fasten to, append.

Adj. pendent, pendulous; pensile; hanging &c v.; beetling, jutting

over, overhanging, projecting; dependent; suspended &c v.; loose,

flowing.

having a peduncle &c n.; pedunculate†, tailed, caudate.

215. Support — N. support, ground, foundation, base, basis; terra

firma; bearing, fulcrum, bait [U.S.], caudex crib†; point d'appui [Fr.],

pou sto [Gr.], purchase footing, hold, locus standi [Lat.]; landing

place, landing stage; stage, platform; block; rest, resting place;

groundwork, substratum, riprap, sustentation, subvention; floor &c

(basement) 211.

supporter; aid &c 707; prop, stand, anvil, fulciment†; cue rest,

jigger; monkey; stay, shore, skid, rib, truss, bandage; sleeper;

stirrup, stilts, shoe, sole, heel, splint, lap, bar, rod, boom, sprit†,

outrigger; ratlings†.

staff, stick, crutch, alpenstock, baton, staddle†; bourdon†,

cowlstaff†, lathi†, mahlstick†.

post, pillar, shaft, thill†, column, pilaster; pediment, pedicle;

pedestal; plinth, shank, leg, socle†, zocle†; buttress, jamb, mullion,

abutment; baluster, banister, stanchion; balustrade; headstone;

upright; door post, jamb, door jamb.

frame, framework; scaffold, skeleton, beam, rafter, girder,

lintel, joist, travis†, trave†, corner stone, summer, transom; rung,

round, step, sill; angle rafter, hip rafter; cantilever, modillion†;

crown post, king post; vertebra.

columella†, backbone; keystone; axle, axletree; axis; arch,

mainstay.

trunnion, pivot, rowlock†; peg &c (pendency) 214 [Obs.]; tiebeam &c

(fastening) 45; thole pin†.

board, ledge, shelf, hob, bracket, trevet†, trivet, arbor, rack;

mantel, mantle piece [Fr.], mantleshelf†; slab, console; counter,

dresser; flange, corbel; table, trestle; shoulder; perch; horse; easel,

desk; clotheshorse, hatrack; retable; teapoy†.

seat, throne, dais; divan, musnud†; chair, bench, form, stool,

sofa, settee, stall; arm chair, easy chair, elbow chair, rocking chair;

couch, fauteuil [Fr.], woolsack†, ottoman, settle, squab, bench;

aparejo†, faldstool†, horn; long chair, long sleeve chair, morris chair;

lamba chauki†, lamba kursi†; saddle, pannel†, pillion; side saddle, pack

saddle; pommel.

bed, berth, pallet, tester, crib, cot, hammock, shakedown,

trucklebed†, cradle, litter, stretcher, bedstead; four poster, French

bed, bunk, kip, palang†; bedding, bichhona, mattress, paillasse†;

pillow, bolster; mat, rug, cushion.

footstool, hassock; tabouret†; tripod, monopod.

Atlas, Persides, Atlantes†, Caryatides, Hercules.

V. be supported &c; lie on, sit on, recline on, lean on, loll on, rest

on, stand on, step on, repose on, abut on, bear on, be based on &c;

have at one's back; bestride, bestraddle†.

support, bear, carry, hold, sustain, shoulder; hold up, back up,

bolster up, shore up; uphold, upbear†; prop; under prop, under pin,

under set; riprap; bandage &c 43.

give support, furnish support, afford support, supply support,

lend support, give foundations, furnish foundations, afford

foundations, supply foundations, lend foundations; bottom, found, base,

ground, imbed, embed.

maintain, keep on foot; aid &c 707.

Adj. supporting, supported &c v.; fundamental; dorsigerous†.

Adv. astride on, straddle.

216. Parallelism — N. {ant.

216a} parallelism; coextension†; equidistance†; similarity &c 17.

Adj. parallel; coextensive; equidistant.

Adv. alongside &c (laterally) 236.

216a. Perpendicularity — N. {ant.

216} perpendicularity, orthogonality; verticality, &c 212.

V. be perpendicular, be orthogonal; intersect at right angles, be

rectangular, be at right angles to, intersect at 90 degrees; have no

correlation.

Adj. orthogonal, perpendicular; rectangular; uncorrelated.

217. Obliquity — N. obliquity, inclination, slope, slant, crookedness

&c adj.; slopeness†; leaning &c v.; bevel, tilt; bias, list, twist,

swag, cant, lurch; distortion &c 243; bend &c (curve) 245; tower of

Pisa.

acclivity, rise, ascent, gradient, khudd†, rising ground, hill,

bank, declivity, downhill, dip, fall, devexity†; gentle slope, rapid

slope, easy ascent, easy descent; shelving beach; talus; monagne Russe

[Fr.]; facilis descensus averni [Lat.].

V. intersect; lack parallelism.

218. Inversion — N. inversion, eversion, subversion, reversion,

retroversion, introversion; contraposition &c 237 [Obs.]; contrariety

&c 14; reversal; turn of the tide.

overturn; somersault, somerset; summerset†; culbute†; revulsion;

pirouette.

transposition, transposal†, anastrophy†, metastasis, hyperbaton†,

anastrophe†, hysteron proteron [Gr.], hypallage†, synchysis†, tmesis†,

parenthesis; metathesis; palindrome.

pronation and supination [Anat.].

V. be inverted &c; turn round, turn about, turn to the right about, go

round, go about, go to the right about, wheel round, wheel about, wheel

to the right about; turn over, go over, tilt over, topple over;

capsize, turn turtle.

invert, subvert, retrovert†, introvert; reverse; up turn, over

turn, up set, over set; turn topsy turvy &c adj.; culbuter†; transpose,

put the cart before the horse, turn the tables.

Adj. inverted &c v.; wrong side out, wrong side up; inside out, upside

down; bottom upwards, keel upwards; supine, on one's head, topsy-turvy,

sens dessus dessous [Fr.].

inverse; reverse &c (contrary) 14; opposite &c 237.

top heavy.

Adv. inversely &c adj.; hirdy-girdy†; heels over head, head over heels.

219. Crossing — N. crossing &c v.; intersection, interdigitation;

decussation†, transversion†; convolution &c 248; level crossing.

reticulation, network; inosculation†, anastomosis, intertexture†,

mortise.

net, plexus, web, mesh, twill, skein, sleeve, felt, lace; wicker;

mat, matting; plait, trellis, wattle, lattice, grating, grille,

gridiron, tracery, fretwork, filigree, reticle; tissue, netting, mokes†;

rivulation†.

cross, chain, wreath, braid, cat's cradle, knot; entangle &c

(disorder) 59.

[woven fabrics] cloth, linen, muslin, cambric &c

V. cross, decussate†; intersect, interlace, intertwine, intertwist†,

interweave, interdigitate, interlink.

twine, entwine, weave, inweave†, twist, wreathe; anastomose [Med.],

inosculate†, dovetail, splice, link; lace, tat.

mat, plait, plat, braid, felt, twill; tangle, entangle, ravel;

net, knot; dishevel, raddle†.

Adj. crossing &c v.; crossed, matted &c, v.. transverse.

cross, cruciform, crucial; retiform†, reticular, reticulated;

areolar†, cancellated†, grated, barred, streaked; textile; crossbarred†,

cruciate†, palmiped†, secant; web-footed.

Adv. cross, thwart, athwart, transversely; at grade [U.S.]; crosswise.

3. CENTRICAL DIMENSIONS

1. General.

220. Exteriority — N. exteriority†; outside, exterior; surface,

superficies; skin &c (covering) 223; superstratum†; disk, disc; face,

facet; extrados†.

excentricity†; eccentricity; circumjacence &c 227 [Obs.].

V. be exterior &c adj.; lie around &c 227.

place exteriorly, place outwardly, place outside; put out, turn

out.

Adj. exterior, external; outer most; outward, outlying, outside,

outdoor; round about &c 227; extramural; extralimitary†, extramundane.

superficial, skin-deep; frontal, discoid.

extraregarding†; excentric†, eccentric; outstanding; extrinsic &c

6; ecdemic [Med.], exomorphic†.

Adv. externally &c adj.; out, with out, over, outwards, ab extra, out

of doors; extra muros [Lat.].

in the open air; sub Jove, sub dio [Lat.]; a la belle etoile

[Fr.], al fresco.

221. Interiority — N. interiority; inside, interior; interspace†,

subsoil, substratum; intrados.

contents &c 190; substance, pith, marrow; backbone &c (center)

222; heart, bosom, breast; abdomen; vitals, viscera, entrails, bowels,

belly, intestines, guts, chitterings†, womb, lap; penetralia [Lat.],

recesses, innermost recesses; cave &c (concavity) 252.

V. be inside &c adj.; within &c adv.. place within, keep within;

inclose &c (circumscribe) 229; intern; imbed &c (insert) 300.

Adj. interior, internal; inner, inside, inward, intraregarding†; inmost,

innermost; deep seated, gut; intestine, intestinal; inland;

subcutaneous; abdominal, coeliac, endomorphic [Physio.]; interstitial

&c (interjacent) 228 [Obs.]; inwrought &c (intrinsic) 5; inclosed &c

v.. home, domestic, indoor, intramural, vernacular; endemic.

Adv. internally &c adj.; inwards, within, in, inly†; here in, there in,

where in; ab intra, withinside†; in doors, within doors; at home, in the

bosom of one's family.

222. Centrality — N. centrality, centricalness†, center; middle &c 68;

focus &c 74.

core, kernel; nucleus, nucleolus; heart, pole axis, bull's eye;

nave, navel; umbilicus, backbone, marrow, pith; vertebra, vertebral

column; hotbed; concentration &c (convergence) 290; centralization;

symmetry.

center of gravity, center of pressure, center of percussion,

center of oscillation, center of buoyancy &c; metacenter†.

V. be central &c adj.; converge &c 290.

render central, centralize, concentrate; bring to a focus.

Adj. central, centrical†; middle &c 68; azygous, axial, focal,

umbilical, concentric; middlemost; rachidian†; spinal, vertebral.

Adv. middle; midst; centrally &c adj..

223. Covering — N. covering, cover; baldachin, baldachino†, baldaquin†;

canopy, tilt, awning, tent, marquee, tente d'abri [Fr.], umbrella,

parasol, sunshade; veil (shade) 424; shield &c (defense) 717.

roof, ceiling, thatch, tile; pantile, pentile†; tiling, slates,

slating, leads; barrack [U.S.], plafond, planchment [U.S.], tiling,

shed &c (abode) 189.

top, lid, covercle†, door, operculum; bulkhead [U.S.].

bandage, plaster, lint, wrapping, dossil†, finger stall.

coverlet, counterpane, sheet, quilt, tarpaulin, blanket, rug,

drugget†; housing; antimacassar, eiderdown, numdah†, pillowcase,

pillowslip†; linoleum; saddle cloth, blanket cloth; tidy; tilpah [U.S.],

apishamore [U.S.].

integument, tegument; skin, pellicle, fleece, fell, fur, leather,

shagreen†, hide; pelt, peltry†; cordwain†; derm†; robe, buffalo robe

[U.S.]; cuticle, scarfskin, epidermis.

clothing &c 225; mask &c (concealment) 530.

peel, crust, bark, rind, cortex, husk, shell, coat; eggshell,

glume†.

capsule; sheath, sheathing; pod, cod; casing, case, theca†;

elytron†; elytrum†; involucrum [Lat.]; wrapping, wrapper; envelope,

vesicle; corn husk, corn shuck [U.S.]; dermatology, conchology;

testaceology†.

inunction†; incrustation, superimposition, superposition,

obduction†; scale &c (layer) 204.

[specific coverings] veneer, facing; overlay; plate, silver plate,

gold plate, copper plate; engobe†; ormolu; Sheffield plate; pavement;

coating, paint; varnish &c (resin) 216.1; plating, barrel plating,

anointing &c v.; enamel; epitaxial deposition [Eng.], vapor deposition;

ground, whitewash, plaster, spackel, stucco, compo; cerement; ointment

&c (grease) 356.

V. cover; superpose, superimpose; overlay, overspread; wrap &c 225;

encase, incase†; face, case, veneer, pave, paper; tip, cap, bind;

bulkhead, bulkhead in; clapboard [U.S.].

coat, paint, varnish, pay, incrust, stucco, dab, plaster, tar;

wash; besmear, bedaub; anoint, do over; gild, plate, japan, lacquer,

lacker†, enamel, whitewash; parget†; lay it on thick.

overlie, overarch†; endome†; conceal &c 528.

[of aluminum] anodize.

[of steel] galvanize.

Adj. covering &c v.; superimposed, overlaid, plated &c v.; cutaneous,

dermal, cortical, cuticular, tegumentary†, skinny, scaly, squamous

[Anat.]; covered &c v.; imbricated, loricated†, armor plated, ironclad;

under cover; cowled, cucullate†, dermatoid†, encuirassed†, hooded,

squamiferous†, tectiform†; vaginate†.

224. Lining — N. lining, inner coating; coating &c (covering) 223;

stalactite, stalagmite.

filling, stuffing, wadding, padding.

wainscot, parietes [Lat.], wall.

V. line, stuff, incrust, wad, pad, fill.

Adj. lined &c v..

225. Clothing — N. clothing, investment; covering &c 223; dress,

raiment, drapery, costume, attire, guise, toilet, toilette, trim;

habiliment; vesture, vestment; garment, garb, palliament†, apparel,

wardrobe, wearing apparel, clothes, things; underclothes.

array; tailoring, millinery; finery &c (ornament) 847; full dress

&c (show) 882; garniture; theatrical properties.

outfit, equipment, trousseau; uniform, regimentals; continentals

[U.S.]; canonicals &c 999; livery, gear, harness, turn-out,

accouterment, caparison, suit, rigging, trappings, traps, slops, togs,

toggery†; day wear, night wear, zoot suit; designer clothes; masquerade.

dishabille, morning dress, undress.

kimono; lungi†; shooting-coat; mufti; rags, tatters, old clothes;

mourning, weeds; duds; slippers.

robe, tunic, paletot†, habit, gown, coat, frock, blouse, toga,

smock frock, claw coat, hammer coat, Prince Albert coat†, sack coat,

tuxedo coat, frock coat, dress coat, tail coat.

cloak, pall, mantle, mantlet mantua†, shawl, pelisse, wrapper;

veil; cape, tippet, kirtle†, plaid, muffler, comforter, haik†, huke†,

chlamys†, mantilla, tabard, housing, horse cloth, burnoose, burnous,

roquelaure†; houppelande [Fr.]; surcoat, overcoat, great coat; surtout

[Fr.], spencer†; mackintosh, waterproof, raincoat; ulster, P-coat,

dreadnought, wraprascal†, poncho, cardinal, pelerine†; barbe†, chudder†,

jubbah†, oilskins, pajamas, pilot jacket, talma jacket†, vest, jerkin,

waistcoat, doublet, camisole, gabardine; farthingale, kilt, jupe†,

crinoline, bustle, panier, skirt, apron, pinafore; bloomer, bloomers;

chaqueta†, songtag [G.], tablier†.

pants, trousers, trowsers†; breeches, pantaloons, inexpressibles†,

overalls, smalls, small clothes; shintiyan†; shorts, jockey shorts,

boxer shorts; tights, drawers, panties, unmentionables; knickers,

knickerbockers; philibeg†, fillibeg†; pants suit; culottes; jeans, blue

jeans, dungarees, denims.

[brand names for jeans] Levis, Calvin Klein, Calvins, Bonjour,

Gloria Vanderbilt.

headdress, headgear; chapeau [Fr.], crush hat, opera hat;

kaffiyeh; sombrero, jam, tam-o-shanter, tarboosh†, topi, sola topi

[Lat.], pagri†, puggaree†; cap, hat, beaver hat, coonskin cap; castor,

bonnet, tile, wideawake, billycock†, wimple; nightcap, mobcap†,

skullcap; hood, coif; capote†, calash; kerchief, snood, babushka; head,

coiffure; crown &c (circle) 247; chignon, pelt, wig, front, peruke,

periwig, caftan, turban, fez, shako, csako†, busby; kepi†, forage cap,

bearskin; baseball cap; fishing hat; helmet &c 717; mask, domino.

body clothes; linen; hickory shirt [U.S.]; shirt, sark†, smock,

shift, chemise; night gown, negligee, dressing gown, night shirt;

bedgown†, sac de nuit [Fr.].

underclothes [underclothing], underpants, undershirt; slip [for

women], brassiere, corset, stays, corsage, corset, corselet, bodice,

girdle &c (circle) 247; stomacher; petticoat, panties; under waistcoat;

jock [for men], athletic supporter, jockstrap.

sweater, jersey; cardigan; turtleneck, pullover; sweater vest.

neckerchief, neckcloth†; tie, ruff, collar, cravat, stock,

handkerchief, scarf; bib, tucker; boa; cummerbund, rumal†, rabat†.

shoe, pump, boot, slipper, sandal, galoche†, galoshes, patten,

clog; sneakers, running shoes, hiking boots; high-low; Blucher boot,

wellington boot, Hessian boot, jack boot, top boot; Balmoral†; arctics,

bootee, bootikin†, brogan, chaparajos†; chavar†, chivarras†, chivarros†;

gums [U.S.], larrigan [U.S.], rubbers, showshoe, stogy†, veldtschoen

[G.], legging, buskin, greave†, galligaskin†, gamache†, gamashes†,

moccasin, gambado, gaiter, spatterdash†, brogue, antigropelos†;

stocking, hose, gaskins†, trunk hose, sock; hosiery.

glove, gauntlet, mitten, cuff, wristband, sleeve.

swaddling cloth, baby linen, layette; ice wool; taffeta.

pocket handkerchief, hanky†, hankie.

clothier, tailor, milliner, costumier, sempstress†, snip;

dressmaker, habitmaker†, breechesmaker†, shoemaker; Crispin; friseur

[Fr.]; cordwainer†, cobbler, hosier†, hatter; draper, linen draper,

haberdasher, mercer.

[underpants for babies] diaper, nappy [Brit.]; disposable diaper,

cloth diaper; [brand names for diapers], Luvs Huggies.

V. invest; cover &c 223; envelope, lap, involve; inwrap†, enwrap; wrap;

fold up, wrap up, lap up, muffle up; overlap; sheath, swathe, swaddle,

roll up in, circumvest.

vest, clothe, array, dress, dight†, drape, robe, enrobe, attire,

apparel, accounter†, rig, fit out; deck &c (ornament) 847; perk, equip,

harness, caparison.

wear; don; put on, huddle on, slip on; mantle.

Adj. invested &c v.; habited; dighted†; barbed, barded; clad, costume,

shod, chausse [Fr.]; en grande tenue &c (show) 882 [Fr.].

sartorial.

Phr. the soul of this man is his clothes [All's Well].

226. Divestment — N. divestment; taking off &c v.. nudity; bareness &c

adj.; undress; dishabille &c 225; the altogether; nudation†, denudation;

decortication, depilation, excoriation, desquamation; molting;

exfoliation; trichosis [Med.].

V. divest; uncover &c (cover) &c 223; denude, bare, strip; disfurnish†;

undress, disrobe &c (dress, enrobe) &c 225; uncoif†; dismantle; put off,

take off, cast off; doff; peel, pare, decorticate, excoriate, skin,

scalp, flay; expose, lay open; exfoliate, molt, mew; cast the skin.

Adj. divested &c v.; bare, naked, nude; undressed, undraped; denuded;

exposed; in dishabille; bald, threadbare, ragged, callow, roofless.

in a state of nature, in nature's garb, in the buff, in native

buff, in birthday suit; in puris naturalibus [Lat.]; with nothing on,

stark naked, stark raving naked [Joc.]; bald as a coot, bare as the

back of one's hand; out at elbows; barefoot; bareback, barebacked;

leafless, napless†, hairless.

227. Circumjacence — N. circumjacence†, circumambience†; environment,

encompassment; atmosphere, medium, surroundings.

outpost; border &c (edge) 231; girdle &c (circumference) 230;

outskirts, boulebards, suburbs, purlieus, precincts, faubourgs†,

environs, entourage, banlieue†; neighborhood, vicinage, vicinity.

V. lie around &c adv.; surround, beset, compass, encompass, environ,

inclose, enclose, encircle, embrace, circumvent, lap, gird; belt;

begird, engird†; skirt, twine round; hem in &c (circumscribe) 229.

Adj. circumjacent, circumambient†, circumfluent†; ambient; surrounding

&c v.; circumferential, suburban.

Adv. around, about; without; on every side; on all sides; right and

left, all round, round about.

228. Interposition — N. interposition, interjacence†, intercurrence†,

intervenience†, interlocation†, interdigitation, interjection,

interpolation, interlineation, interspersion, intercalation.

[interposition at a fine-grained level] interpenetration;

permeation; infiltration.

[interposition by one person in another's affairs, at the

intervenor's initiative] intervention, interference; intrusion,

obtrusion; insinuation.

insertion &c 300; dovetailing; embolism.

intermediary, intermedium†; go between, bodkin†, intruder,

interloper; parenthesis, episode, flyleaf.

partition, septum, diaphragm; midriff; dissepiment†; party wall,

panel, room divider.

halfway house.

V. lie between, come between, get between; intervene, slide in,

interpenetrate, permeate.

put between, introduce, import, throw in, wedge in, edge in, jam

in, worm in, foist in, run in, plow in, work in; interpose, interject,

intercalate, interpolate, interline, interleave, intersperse,

interweave, interlard, interdigitate, sandwich in, fit in, squeeze in;

let in, dovetail, splice, mortise; insinuate, smuggle; infiltrate,

ingrain.

interfere, put in an oar, thrust one's nose in; intrude, obtrude;

have a finger in the pie; introduce the thin end of the wedge; thrust

in &c (insert) 300.

Adj. interjacent†, intercurrent†, intervenient†, intervening &c v.,

intermediate, intermediary, intercalary, interstitial; embolismal†.

parenthetical, episodic; mediterranean; intrusive; embosomed†;

merged.

Adv. between, betwixt; twixt; among, amongst; amid, amidst; mid, midst;

in the thick of; betwixt and between; sandwich-wise; parenthetically,

obiter dictum.

229. Circumscription — N. circumscription, limitation, inclosure;

confinement &c (restraint) 751; circumvallation†; encincture; envelope

&c 232.

container (receptacle) 191.

V. circumscribe, limit, bound, confine, inclose; surround &c 227;

compass about; imprison &c (restrain) 751; hedge in, wall in, rail in;

fence round, fence in, hedge round; picket; corral.

enfold, bury, encase, incase†, pack up, enshrine, inclasp†; wrap up

&c (invest) 225; embay†, embosom†.

containment (inclusion) 76.

Adj. circumscribed &c v.; begirt†, lapt†; buried in, immersed in;

embosomed†, in the bosom of, imbedded, encysted, mewed up; imprisoned &c

751; landlocked, in a ring fence.

230. Outline — N. outline, circumference; perimeter, periphery, ambit,

circuit, lines tournure†, contour, profile, silhouette; bounds; coast

line.

zone, belt, girth, band, baldric, zodiac, girdle, tyre [Brit.],

cingle†, clasp, girt; cordon &c (inclosure) 232; circlet, &c 247.

231. Edge — N. edge, verge, brink, brow, brim, margin, border,

confine, skirt, rim, flange, side, mouth; jaws, chops, chaps, fauces;

lip, muzzle.

threshold, door, porch; portal &c (opening) 260; coast, shore.

frame, fringe, flounce, frill, list, trimming, edging, skirting,

hem, selvedge, welt, furbelow, valance, gimp.

Adj. border, marginal, skirting; labial, labiated†, marginated†.

232. Inclosure — N. inclosure, envelope; case &c (receptacle) 191;

wrapper; girdle &c 230.

pen, fold; pen fold, in fold, sheep fold; paddock, pound; corral;

yard; net, seine net.

wall, hedge, hedge row; espalier; fence &c (defense) 717; pale,

paling, balustrade, rail, railing, quickset hedge, park paling,

circumvallation†, enceinte, ring fence.

barrier, barricade; gate, gateway; bent, dingle [U.S.]; door,

hatch, cordon; prison &c 752.

dike, dyke, ditch, fosse†, moat.

V. inclose, circumscribe &c 229.

233. Limit — N. limit, boundary, bounds, confine, enclave, term,

bourn, verge, curbstone†, but, pale, reservation; termination, terminus;

stint, frontier, precinct, marches; backwoods.

boundary line, landmark; line of demarcation, line of

circumvallation†; pillars of Hercules; Rubicon, turning point; ne plus

ultra [Lat.]; sluice, floodgate.

Adj. definite; conterminate†, conterminable†; terminal, frontier;

bordering.

Adv. thus far, thus far and no further.

Phr. stick to the reservation; go beyond the pale.

2. Special

234. Front — N. front; fore, forepart; foreground; face, disk, disc,

frontage; facade, proscenium, facia [Lat.], frontispiece; anteriority†;

obverse (of a medal or coin).

fore rank, front rank; van, vanguard; advanced guard; outpost;

first line; scout.

brow, forehead, visage, physiognomy, phiz†, countenance, mut

[Slang]; rostrum, beak, bow, stem, prow, prore†, jib.

pioneer &c (precursor) 64; metoposcopy†.

V. be in front, stand in front &c adj.; front, face, confront; bend

forwards; come to the front, come to the fore.

Adj. fore, anterior, front, frontal.

Adv. before; in front, in the van, in advance; ahead, right ahead;

forehead, foremost; in the foreground, in the lee of; before one's

face, before one's eyes; face to face, vis-a-vis; front a front.

Phr. formosa muta commendatio est [Lat.] [Syrus]; frons est animi janua

[Lat.] [Cicero]; Human face divine [Milton]; imago animi vultus est

indices oculi [Lat.] [Cicero]; sea of upturned faces [Scott].

235. Rear — N. rear, back, posteriority; rear rank, rear guard;

background, hinterland.

occiput [Anat.], nape, chine; heels; tail, rump, croup, buttock,

posteriors, backside scut†, breech, dorsum, loin; dorsal region, lumbar

region; hind quarters; aitchbone†; natch, natch bone.

stern, poop, afterpart†, heelpiece†, crupper.

wake; train &c (sequence) 281.

reverse; other side of the shield.

V. be behind &c adv.; fall astern; bend backwards; bring up the rear.

Adj. back, rear; hind, hinder, hindmost, hindermost†; postern,

posterior; dorsal, after; caudal, lumbar; mizzen, tergal†.

Adv. behind; in the rear, in the background; behind one's back; at the

heels of, at the tail of, at the back of; back to back.

after, aft, abaft, astern, sternmost†, aback, rearward.

Phr. ogni medaglia ha il suo rovescio [It]; the other side of the coin.

236. Laterality — N. laterality†; side, flank, quarter, lee; hand;

cheek, jowl, jole†, wing; profile; temple, parietes [Lat.], loin,

haunch, hip; beam.

gable, gable end; broadside; lee side.

points of the compass; East, Orient, Levant; West; orientation.

V. be on one side &c adv.; flank, outflank; sidle; skirt; orientate.

Adj. lateral, sidelong; collateral; parietal, flanking, skirting;

flanked; sideling.

many sided; multilateral, bilateral, trilateral, quadrilateral.

Eastern; orient, oriental; Levantine; Western, occidental,

Hesperian.

Adv. sideways, sidelong; broadside on; on one side, abreast, alongside,

beside, aside; by the side of; side by side; cheek by jowl &c (near)

197; to windward, to leeward; laterally &c adj.; right and left; on her

beam ends.

Phr. his cheek the may of days outworn [Shakespeare].

237. Contraposition — N. contraposition†, opposition; polarity;

inversion &c 218; opposite side; reverse, inverse; counterpart;

antipodes; opposite poles, North and South.

antonym, opposite (contrariety) 14.

V. be opposite &c adj.; subtend.

Adj. opposite; reverse, inverse; converse, antipodal, subcontrary†;

fronting, facing, diametrically opposite.

Northern, septentrional, Boreal, arctic; Southern, Austral,

antarctic.

Adv. over, over the way, over against; against; face to face, vis-a-

vis; as poles asunder.

238. Dextrality — N. dextrality†; right, right hand; dexter, offside,

starboard.

Adj. dextral, right-handed; dexter, dextrorsal†, dextrorse†;

ambidextral†, ambidextrous; dextro-.

Adv. dextrad†, dextrally†.

239. Sinistrality — N. sinistrality†; left, left hand, a gauche;

sinister, nearside†, larboard, port.

Adj. left-handed; sinister; sinistral, sinistrorsal†, sinistrorse†,

sinistrous†; laevo- [Pref.].

Adv. sinistrally, sinistrously†.

SECTION III.

FORM

1. GENERAL FORM

240. Form — N. form, figure, shape; conformation, configuration; make,

formation, frame, construction, cut, set, build, trim, cut of one's

jib; stamp, type, cast, mold; fashion; contour &c (outline) 230;

structure &c 329; plasmature†.

feature, lineament, turn; phase &c (aspect) 448; posture,

attitude, pose.

[Science of form] morphism.

[Similarity of form] isomorphism.

forming &c v.; formation, figuration, efformation†; sculpture;

plasmation†.

V. form, shape, figure, fashion, efform†, carve, cut, chisel, hew, cast;

rough hew, rough cast; sketch; block out, hammer out; trim; lick into

shape, put into shape; model, knead, work up into, set, mold,

sculpture; cast, stamp; build &c (construct) 161.

Adj. formed &c v.. [Receiving form] plastic, fictile†; formative; fluid.

[Giving form] plasmic†.

[Similar in form] isomorphous.

[taking several forms] pleomorphic; protean; changeable, &c 149.

241. [Absence of form.] Amorphism — N. amorphism†, informity†; unlicked

cub†; rudis indigestaque moles [Lat.]; disorder &c 59; deformity &c 243.

disfigurement, defacement; mutilation; deforming.

chaos, randomness (disorder) 59.

[taking form from surroundings] fluid &c 333.

V. deface [Destroy form], disfigure, deform, mutilate, truncate;

derange &c 61; blemish, mar.

Adj. shapeless, amorphous, formless; unformed, unhewn†, unfashioned†,

unshaped, unshapen; rough, rude, Gothic, barbarous, rugged.

242. [Regularity of form.] Symmetry — N. symmetry, shapeliness,

finish; beauty &c 845; proportion, eurythmy†, uniformity, parallelism;

bilateral symmetry, trilateral symmetry, multilateral symmetry;

centrality &c 222.

arborescence†, branching, ramification; arbor vitae.

Adj. symmetrical, shapely, well set, finished; beautiful &c 845;

classic, chaste, severe.

regular, uniform, balanced; equal &c 27; parallel, coextensive.

arborescent†, arboriform†; dendriform†, dendroid†; branching;

ramous†, ramose; filiciform†, filicoid†; subarborescent†;

papilionaceous†.

fuji-shaped, fujigata [Jap.].

243. [Irregularity of form.] Distortion — N. distortion, detortion†,

contortion; twist, crookedness &c (obliquity) 217; grimace; deformity;

malformation, malconformation†; harelip; monstrosity, misproportion†,

want of symmetry, anamorphosis†; ugliness &c 846; talipes†; teratology.

asymmetry; irregularity.

V. distort, contort, twist, warp, wrest, writhe, make faces, deform,

misshape.

Adj. distorted &c v.; out of shape, irregular, asymmetric, unsymmetric†,

awry, wry, askew, crooked; not true, not straight; on one side, crump†,

deformed; harelipped; misshapen, misbegotten; misproportioned†, ill

proportioned; ill-made; grotesque, monstrous, crooked as a ram's horn;

camel backed, hump backed, hunch backed, bunch backed, crook backed;

bandy; bandy legged, bow legged; bow kneed, knock kneed; splay footed,

club footed; round shouldered; snub nosed; curtailed of one's fair

proportions; stumpy &c (short) 201; gaunt &c (thin) 203; bloated &c

194; scalene; simous†; taliped†, talipedic†.

Adv. all manner of ways.

Phr. crooked as a Virginia fence [U.S.].

2. SPECIAL FORM

244. Angularity — N. angularity, angularness†; aduncity†; angle, cusp,

bend; fold &c 258; notch &c 257; fork, bifurcation.

elbow, knee, knuckle, ankle, groin, crotch, crutch, crane, fluke,

scythe, sickle, zigzag, kimbo†, akimbo.

corner, nook, recess, niche, oriel [Arch.], coign†.

right angle &c (perpendicular) 216.1, 212; obliquity &c 217; angle

of 45 degrees, miter; acute angle, obtuse angle, salient angle,

reentering angle, spherical angle.

angular measurement, angular elevation, angular distance, angular

velocity; trigonometry, goniometry; altimetry†; clinometer,

graphometer†, goniometer; theodolite; sextant, quadrant; dichotomy.

triangle, trigon†, wedge; rectangle, square, lozenge, diamond;

rhomb, rhombus; quadrangle, quadrilateral; parallelogram; quadrature;

polygon, pentagon, hexagon, heptagon, octagon, oxygon†, decagon.

pyramid, cone.

Platonic bodies; cube, rhomboid; tetrahedron, pentahedron,

hexahedron, octahedron, dodecahedron, icosahedron, eicosahedron; prism,

pyramid; parallelopiped; curb roof, gambrel roof, mansard roof.

V. bend, fork, bifurcate, crinkle.

Adj. angular, bent, crooked, aduncous†, uncinated†, aquiline, jagged,

serrated; falciform†, falcated†; furcated†, forked, bifurcate, zigzag;

furcular†; hooked; dovetailed; knock kneed, crinkled, akimbo, kimbo†,

geniculated†; oblique &c 217.

fusiform [Micro.], wedge-shaped, cuneiform; cuneate†, multangular†,

oxygonal†; triangular, trigonal†, trilateral; quadrangular,

quadrilateral; foursquare; rectangular, square, multilateral; polygonal

&c n.; cubical, rhomboid, rhomboidal, pyramidal.