_#_Member of: none
_#_Flag: the flag of Norway is used
_*_Economy
_#_Overview: Coal mining is the major economic activity on Svalbard.
By treaty (9 February 1920), the nationals of the treaty powers have
equal rights to exploit mineral deposits, subject to Norwegian
regulation. Although US, UK, Dutch, and Swedish coal companies have mined
in the past, the only companies still mining are Norwegian and Soviet.
Each company mines about half a million tons of coal annually. The
settlements on Svalbard are essentially company towns. The Norwegian
state-owned coal company employs nearly 60% of the Norwegian population
on the island, runs many of the local services, and provides most of the
local infrastructure. There is also some trapping of seal, polar bear,
fox, and walrus.
_#_Budget: revenues $13.3 million, expenditures $13.3 million,
including capital expenditures of $NA (1990)
_#_Electricity: 21,000 kW capacity; 45 million kWh produced,
11,420 kWh per capita (1989)
_#_Currency: Norwegian krone (plural--kroner);
1 Norwegian krone (NKr) = 100 ore
_#_Exchange rates: Norwegian kroner (NKr) per US$1--5.9060 (January
1991), 6.2597 (1990), 6.9045 (1989), 6.5170 (1988), 6.7375 (1987), 7.3947
(1986), 8.5972 (1985)
_*_Communications
_#_Ports: limited facilities--Ny-Alesund, Advent Bay
_#_Airports: 4 total, 4 usable; 1 with permanent-surface runways;
none with runways over 2,439 m; 1 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
_#_Telecommunications: 5 meteorological/radio stations;
stations--1 AM, 1 (2 relays) FM, 1 TV
_*_Defense Forces
_#_Note: demilitarized by treaty (9 February 1920)
_%_
_@_Swaziland
_*_Geography
_#_Total area: 17,360 km2; land area: 17,200 km2
_#_Comparative area: slightly smaller than New Jersey
_#_Land boundaries: 535 km total; Mozambique 105 km, South Africa
430 km
_#_Coastline: none--landlocked
_#_Maritime claims: none--landlocked
_#_Climate: varies from tropical to near temperate
_#_Terrain: mostly mountains and hills; some moderately sloping plains
_#_Natural resources: asbestos, coal, clay, tin, hydropower, forests,
and small gold and diamond deposits
_#_Land use: arable land 8%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and
pastures 67%; forest and woodland 6%; other 19%; includes irrigated
2%
_#_Environment: overgrazing; soil degradation; soil erosion
_#_Note: landlocked; almost completely surrounded by South Africa
_*_People
_#_Population: 859,336 (July 1991), growth rate 2.7% (1991)
_#_Birth rate: 44 births/1,000 population (1991)
_#_Death rate: 12 deaths/1,000 population (1991)
_#_Net migration rate: - 5 migrants/1,000 population (1991)
_#_Infant mortality rate: 101 deaths/1,000 live births (1991)
_#_Life expectancy at birth: 51 years male, 59 years female (1991)
_#_Total fertility rate: 6.2 children born/woman (1991)
_#_Nationality: noun--Swazi(s); adjective--Swazi
_#_Ethnic divisions: African 97%, European 3%
_#_Religion: Christian 60%, indigenous beliefs 40%
_#_Language: English and siSwati (official); government business
conducted in English
_#_Literacy: 55% (male 57%, female 54%) age 15 and over can
read and write (1976)
_#_Labor force: 195,000; over 60,000 engaged in subsistence
agriculture; about 92,000 wage earners (many only intermittently), with
agriculture and forestry 36%, community and social services 20%,
manufacturing 14%, construction 9%, other 21%; 24,000-29,000 employed in
South Africa (1987)
_#_Organized labor: about 10% of wage earners
_*_Government
_#_Long-form name: Kingdom of Swaziland
_#_Type: monarchy; independent member of Commonwealth
_#_Capital: Mbabane (administrative); Lobamba (legislative)
_#_Administrative divisions: 4 districts; Hhohho, Lubombo, Manzini,
Shiselweni
_#_Independence: 6 September 1968 (from UK)
_#_Constitution: none; constitution of 6 September 1968 was suspended
on 12 April 1973; a new constitution was promulgated 13 October 1978, but
has not been formally presented to the people
_#_Legal system: based on South African Roman-Dutch law in statutory
courts, Swazi traditional law and custom in traditional courts; has not
accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
_#_National holiday: Somhlolo (Independence) Day, 6 September (1968)
_#_Executive branch: monarch, prime minister, Cabinet
_#_Legislative branch: bicameral Parliament is advisory and consists
of an upper house or Senate and a lower house or House of Assembly
_#_Judicial branch: High Court, Court of Appeal
_#_Leaders:
Chief of State--King MSWATI III (since 25 April 1986);
Head of Government--Prime Minister Obed DLAMINI (since 12 July
1989)
_#_Political parties: none; banned by the Constitution promulgated on
13 October 1978
_#_Suffrage: none
_#_Elections: no direct elections
_#_Communists: no Communist party
_#_Member of: ACP, AfDB, C, CCC, ECA, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU,
IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU,
PCA, SACU, SADCC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO
_#_Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Absalom Vusani MAMBA;
Chancery at 4301 Connecticut Avenue NW, Washington DC 20008;
telephone (202) 362-6683;
US--Ambassador Stephen H. ROGERS; Embassy at Central Bank Building,
Warner Street, Mbabane (mailing address is P. O. Box 199, Mbabane);
telephone [268] 46441 through 5
_#_Flag: three horizontal bands of blue (top), red (triple width), and
blue; the red band is edged in yellow; centered in the red band is a
large black and white shield covering two spears and a staff decorated
with feather tassels, all placed horizontally
_*_Economy
_#_Overview: The economy is based on subsistence agriculture, which
occupies much of the labor force and contributes about 23% to GDP.
Manufacturing, which includes a number of agroprocessing factories,
accounts for another 26% of GDP. Mining has declined in importance in
recent years; high-grade iron ore deposits were depleted in 1978, and
health concerns cut world demand for asbestos. Exports of sugar and
forestry products are the main earners of hard currency. Surrounded by
South Africa, except for a short border with Mozambique, Swaziland
is heavily dependent on South Africa, from which it receives 92% of
its imports and to which it sends about 40% of its exports.
_#_GNP: $563 million, per capita $670; real growth rate 5.0% (1990
est.)
_#_Inflation rate (consumer prices): 13% (1990)
_#_Unemployment rate: NA%
_#_Budget: revenues $322.9 million; expenditures $325.5 million,
including capital expenditures of $NA (FY92 est.)
_#_Exports: $543 million (f.o.b., 1990);
commodities--soft drink concentrates, sugar, wood pulp, citrus,
canned fruit;
partners--South Africa 40% (est.), EC, Canada
_#_Imports: $651 million (f.o.b., 1990);
commodities--motor vehicles, machinery, transport equipment,
petroleum products, foodstuffs, chemicals;
partners--South Africa 92% (est.), Japan, Belgium, UK
_#_External debt: $290 million (1990)
_#_Industrial production: growth rate NA; accounts for 26%
of GDP (1989)
_#_Electricity: 50,000 kW capacity; 130 million kWh produced,
170 kWh per capita (1989)
_#_Industries: mining (coal and asbestos), wood pulp, sugar
_#_Agriculture: accounts for 23% of GDP and over 60% of labor force;
mostly subsistence agriculture; cash crops--sugarcane, citrus fruit,
cotton, pineapples; other crops and livestock--corn, sorghum, peanuts,
cattle, goats, sheep; not self-sufficient in grain
_#_Economic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $142
million; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments
(1970-88), $488 million
_#_Currency: lilangeni (plural--emalangeni); 1 lilangeni (E) =
100 cents
_#_Exchange rates: emalangeni (E) per US$1--2.5625 (January 1991),
2.5863 (1990), 2.6166 (1989), 2.2611 (1988), 2.0350 (1987), 2.2685
(1986), 2.1911 (1985); note--the Swazi emalangeni is at par with the
South African rand
_#_Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March
_*_Communications
_#_Railroads: 297 km plus 71 km disused, 1.067-meter gauge, single
track
_#_Highways: 2,853 km total; 510 km paved, 1,230 km crushed stone,
gravel, or stabilized soil, and 1,113 km improved earth
_#_Civil air: 1 major transport aircraft
_#_Airports: 23 total, 22 usable; 1 with permanent-surfaced runways;
none with runways over 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m;
1 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
_#_Telecommunications: system consists of carrier-equipped open-wire
lines and low-capacity radio relay links; 15,400 telephones;
stations--6 AM, 6 FM, 10 TV; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station
_*_Defense Forces
_#_Branches: Umbutfo Swaziland Defense Force, Royal Swaziland Police
Force
_#_Manpower availability: males 15-49, 185,562; 107,254 fit for
military service
_#_Defense expenditures: $8 million, 1.3% of GDP (1988)
_%_
_@_Sweden
_*_Geography
_#_Total area: 449,964 km2; land area: 410,928 km2
_#_Comparative area: slightly smaller than California
_#_Land boundaries: 2,205 km total; Finland 586 km, Norway 1,619 km
_#_Coastline: 3,218 km
_#_Maritime claims:
Continental shelf: 200 m (depth) or to depth of exploitation;
Exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm;